Index. Cambridge University Press Social Theory of International Politics Alexander Wendt. Index.

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1 Note: Bold page numbers refers to gures. Footnotes have not been indexed. Adler, Emanuel, 319 adversary symbiosis, 275 agency dependence of structure on, 185±6 holist view of, 171 and interaction, 184 agent-structure relationship, 12, 16, 23, 26±7, 30±1, 371 culture and, 142±3, 179±80 dualism/duality in, 183±4 agents causal effects of culture on, 165±6, 167±71 constitutive effects of culture on, 171±8, 372 features of structures as, 218±21 and process, 315 Alcoff, Linda, 67 Alford, C. Fred, 276, 278 allies, nature of, 299 Althusser, Louis, 137 altruism, 305±6, 350, 351 anarchy, 6, 33, 103 competition in, 150±2 and distribution of power, 98±103 and hierarchy, 307 Hobbesian, 264±6 international politics structure as, 246±7 Kantian, 299±302 Lockean, 283±5 logic of, 21, 146, 247±9 problematique, 307±8 role under, 257±9 as self-help system, 18, 24, 151, 247, 265, 292 structures of, 247, 308±9 structures under, 251±6 anthropomorphism, of states, 10, 195±6, 221±4, 298 Ashley, Richard, 4, 32, 36, 89, 244 atomism, 84 authority decentralized, 307±8 of internal decision structures, 220±1 right of, 207 autonomy, as national interest, 235±6 Axelrod, Robert, 168±9, 345, 350 Aztecs and Spanish, 56, 141, 158, 208 see also First Encounters Bahamas Problem, 289±90, 360 balance of power in Hobbesian culture, 266±7 in Kantian culture, 300±1 in Lockean anarchy, 284±5 balance of power theory, 68, 102 balancing in Cold War, 17±18 Waltz's view of, 266 Becker, Gary, 27 behavior cultural effects on, 176±7 effect of common knowledge on, 168 effect of system on, 11, 247±8 learning and, 327 socialization and, 101 behavioral laws, 48 belief culture as, 161, 162±3 and desire, in rationalist theory, 115, 116±19 420

2 social kinds as function of, 71 and subjective interests, 232 see also identity Bentham, Jeremy, 120 Berger, Peter and Thomas Luckmann, 76 Berkeley, George, 52, 173 Bhaskar, Roy, 69 biology, role of, 123, 132±3 bipolarity, 20, 103, 297 `blind forces' model of intentionality, 126, 128 Blumer, Herbert, 185 Bodin, Jean, 207 boundaries, states and, 211±13 boundary-drawing process, 74 Boyd, Richard, 59, 154 brute material forces, 24, 94, 95 effects of, 110±13 Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, 48, 80 Bukovansky, Mlada, 250, 270 Bull, Hedley, 3, 32, 101±2, 252±3 Burge, Tyler, 174±5, 176, 179, 180±1 Burke, Edmund, 354 Buzan, Barry, Charles Jones and Richard Little, 19, 21, 145±7, 186, 228, 253 The Logic of Anarchy,21 Campbell, David, 55±6, 275±6 capabilities, 151 composition of, 110±11 distribution of, 99, 110, 255 relative, 262, 282 capitalism, and self-restraint, 361±2 Carneiro, Robert, 323 Carr, E.H., 30, 196 causal effects, 25, 114, 274, 333 of boundaries, 213 individualism and, 26±7, 28 of structures, 165±6, 167±71 causal explanation, 77, 373 causal mechanisms, 81±2, 153±4 causal theory, 78, 79±83, 374 causal theory of reference, 57±60, 65 and social kinds, 71±2 centralization for collective action, 219±20 and hierarchy, 307 monopoly effect of, 205 centralized authority, and creation of shared ideas, 252±3 choice, and self-interest, 271, 287±8 city-states, 9, 214 civilization, standard of, 292±3 classical empiricists, 52 Classical Realism, 2, 19, 30, 32, 132 Claude, Inis, 304 coercion and compliance with cultural norms, 268±70, 286±7, 302±3 material, 302±3 Cold War, 17±18, 76, 375 end of, 4, 314 see also Soviet Union; United States collective action, institutionalization, 219±21 collective identity, 106, 224, 229±31 formation, 317, 363±4 limits of, 337±8 in Lockean culture, 293±4 master variables in formation of, 343±63, 364±5 and self-interest, 242, 305±6 and structural change, 336±43, 375±6 collective knowledge, 143, 161±4 and collective memory, 163 and state structure, 217±18 see also common knowledge; private knowledge collective representation in Durkheim, 161, 162, 164 rivalry as, 283 role as, 257, 264±5 collective security, 299, 300±2 and compliance, 303±4 universalism, 301, 302 collective self-esteem, as national interest, 236±7 common fate, 317, 343 and collective identity formation, 349±53 common knowledge, 142, 143, 333 culture as, 159±61 see also collective knowledge common sense about international politics, 296±7 in scienti c realism, 52, 67 communication, and cooperation, 346±7, 352 competition, 100±1, 150±2, 317 compliance see internalization of culture con ict between Kantian states, 300 and consensus, 357 and cooperation, 252, 253, 255, 310 constitutive effects, 25, 88, 274 and compliance with sovereignty norms, 287 holism and, 26±7, 28 ideas as, 114 in interaction, 334±5 of structure, 171±8 421

3 constitutive theory, 77±8, 83±8, 373, 374±5 construction question, 247±8 constructivism, 1±2, 4, 31±3, 137±8, 193 and interaction, 366 and states systemic project, 7±8 and use of `culture', 142 cooperation among egoists, 343 and collective identity, 352 problem of, 251±2 and shared ideas, 251, 253±4, 310 corporate agency see state as corporate agent correspondence theory of truth, 58±9 creativity, 188 Cross, Charles, 86 crude law of social relations, 331±2, 342 cultural selection, 320, 324±36 imitation mechanism of, 324±6 social learning mechanism, 324±5, 326±33 culture causal effects of, 165±6, 167±71 as collective knowledge, 161±4 as common knowledge, 159±61 constitutive effects of, 165±6, 171±8 and ideas, 134, 310 as self-ful lling prophecy, 184±9, 315 as socially shared knowledge, 141, 180±1 and sources of structural change, 188±9, 311 and structure of international system, 249±50, 310 structure of, 143±5, 144, 185 see also Hobbesian; Kantian; Lockean Cummins, Robert, 86 D'Andrade, Roy, 122±3 Darwinian theory of selection, 101, 318, 320 decentralized authority, 307±8 decision structure, of corporate agency, 219 democracy and self-restraint, 361±2, 364 and transparency, 223 democratic peace, concept of, 68, 226±7 Descartes, Rene, 173 description theory of reference, 53±4, 56±7 desire, 120±1, 122±3, 125 and belief, 115, 116±19 cognitive basis of, 122±5 con icting, 127±8 deliberative basis of, 125±30 as internal, 172±3 states', 123±4 see also interests Dessler, David, 47±8 destruction forces of, 23, 110±11 modes of, 255 relations of, 255 Deudney, Dan, 255 Deutsch, Karl, 3, 299, 331, 343, 347±8 Deutsch, Morton, 331 difference, need for, 355±6 differentiation functional, 256, 356 institutional, 14 diversionary theory of war, 275±6 division of labor, 356±7 domestic politics effects of, 13, 196, 246, 364 and foreign policy behavior, 361 Dray, William, 86 Dunne, Timothy, 31 Durkheim, E Â mile, 160, 161 dyads amity between, 298 interdependence among, 347±8 rivalry between, 281 D-N model, in logical empiricism, 79±80 economic well-being growth), as national interest, 235, 236 egoism, 322, 340 and collective identity, 338, 364 learned, 332 and self-restraint, 359 and simple learning, 345±6 of states, 36±7, 100, 105±6, 239, 306, 368±9 see also collective identity Elias, Norbert, 261, 359 empathy, 333 empiricism and anti-realism, 47±8 classical, 52 logical, 79±80 and rationalist-constructivist comparison, 38±9 see also reference, theories of enemies chimerical, 261, 278 images of, 261 responses to, 262 English School of IR theory, 31 enmity as Hobbesian role), 258, 260±3, 298 construction of identity of, 273±8 rarity of, 281±2 see also collective identity 422

4 epistemology, 372±3 and Third Debate, 38±40, 48, 90 essentialism, 63±4 European Union, 242 evolution of cooperation model, 168 evolution, theories of, 59, 319±20 see also Darwinian; Lamarckian expected-utility theory, 282, 336 Explanation, and Understanding, 50, 85 explanatory relativity, 88±9 exploitation, fear of, 348±9, 359 external constraint, 358±9 external structures, of social kinds, 71, 74, 84±5 externalism, 173±6 Fearon, Jim, 225 Feigl, Herbert, 61 Feminist school of IR theory, 32, 295±6 Fiorina, Morris, 93 First Encounters, 187, 189 Ego and Alter model, 328±31, 332, 334±5 in Hobbesian culture, 267 see also Aztecs force see coercion foreign policy misperception in, 334±5 and process, 313 representation of enemy, 261±2 role, 228, 258 Frank, Robert, 368 Frankfurt, Harry, 126 Frege, Gottlob, 53±4 French Revolution, 270 Friedman, Milton, 61 friendship as Kantian role), 298±9 and altruistic behavior, 305±6 evolution of, 338, 340±2 as strategy, 304±5 functional differentiation, 256, 356 fuzzy sets, 59, 70 game theory, 106±7, 142, 248, 371 and interaction, 148, 315 learning in, 322±3 use of common knowledge, 159±60, 167 Wittgensteinian, 183 geography, as material force, 23, 111 George, Alexander and Robert Keohane, 235, 239 Geser, Hans, 223 Giddens, Anthony, 76, 165, 180 Gilbert, Margaret, 126, 162±3 Gilpin, Robert, 97, 196 Goldstein, Judith and Robert Keohane, 93, 118±19 Goodin, Robert, 312 Gorbachev, Mikhail, re exivity of New Thinking, 76, 129, 375 Granovetter, Mark, 348 Grotius, Hugo, 3, 253 group beliefs, 162±3 group identities, 210, 242 multiple, 306 and need for difference, 355±6 group selection theory, 350±1 Haas, Ernst, 3, 343 Hacking, Ian, 70±1, 74 Halliday, Fred, 354 Hausman, Daniel, 121 Hawkes, Terence, 55 Hechter, Michael, 351 Hegel, G., 3, 171 hierarchy anarchy as absence of, 307 in decision structures, 219±20 of identities, 230±1 Hobbes, Thomas, 120, 207 Hobbesian culture, 259±79 enmity, 260±3 First Encounter in, 267 internalization of culture, 266±78 logic of anarchy of, 264±6 natural selection and, 323, 325, 326 holism, 26±9, 372 and agency, 171 externalism and, 174 towards synthesis with individualism, 178±84 Hollis, Martin, 125±6, 183 Holsti, Kal, 227 homeostatic clusters, 59, 70 homogenization, 317, 343 and collective identity formation, 353±7 Howe, R.B.K., 123, 129 human nature as material force, 23, 30 material needs of, 131±3, 328 Hume, David, 52, 79, 126±7, 173 dualism of desire and belief, 119, 120 Huntington, Samuel, 354 Idea of corporate agency, 218±19 idealism and constitutive effects, 25, 372 and interests, 133±5, 371 in social theory, 24±5 423

5 Idealism, Political, 3, 33, 377±8 ideas as constituting interests, 113±35, 309 and culture, 134 distribution of, 309 interaction with material forces, 111±12 see also knowledge; shared ideas identity, 169±70, 231 constitutive effects of culture on, 177±8 corporate, 224±5, 230, 353, 364 effect of system on, 11, 21, 247±8 external and internal structures of, 224 joint constitution of, 335 multiple, 230 needs of, 130, 231±3 personal, 224±5 reinforced by interaction, 331, 334 role, 224, 227±9, 294±6 type, 224, 225±7, 292±3 see also belief; collective identity; interests; role identity identity con icts, 230 identity formation, 317 and identity change, 365±6 see also collective identity; socialization identity theory, and interactionism, 327±33 imitation, mechanism of cultural selection, 324±6, 341 in-group solidarity, 275, 322 individualism, 2, 26±9, 31 and agency, 172 methodological, 152, 371±2 and multiple realizability, 155 of states, 15±16 towards synthesis with holism, 178±84 individuality, and social terms of, 181±4 individuals and collective knowledge, 161±4 corporate, 291±2 independence of, 169 possessive Foucault effect), 290±1 inertia, in evolutionary theories, 319 inference in constitutive theory, 87 descriptive, 86 of self-restraint, 360 `inference to the best explanation', 62±3, 81 institutional-legal order, of state, 202±4, 219 institutions as external constraint, 358 nature of, 96 role of, 92±3 instrumentalism, 60±2 intentional theory of action, 116±17, 118±19, 125 and interaction structure, 150 role of reason in, 125±30 intentionality, 172, 194±5 intentions, uncertainty about others', 222±3, 281, 360 interaction, 21±2, 145±7, 315±17 alternatives to, 223 and micro-structural analysis, 147±8 reinforcing interests and identity, 331, 334 and social learning, 327±34 Waltz's neglect of, 16±17 interdependence, 13, 228, 317, 343 and collective identity formation, 344±9 economic, 135 interests, 33 constituted by ideas, 113±35 and constitution of power, 96±113, 371 constitutive effects of culture on, 177±8, 289 distribution of, 103±9 national, 233±8 and needs, 130±2 objective, 231±2, 234 reinforced by interaction, 331, 334 role of deliberation in, 128±9 subjective, 232±3 see also desire; identity internal structure of identity, 224 of natural and social kinds, 83±4 internalism in philosophy of mind), 173 internalization for collective action, 220±1 over time, 310±11 internalization of culture, 250, 309±10 First Degree coercion), 268±70, 286±7, 302±3 Foucault effect, 290±1 Second Degree self-interest), 270±2, 287±8, 303±5 Third Degree legitimacy), 272±8, 288±90, 305±7 international law, 290, 307±8 see also sovereignty international structures anarchic), as cultures, 249±50 interpretivism, 85 intersubjectivity, 160±1 intractable con icts, 277±8 Jackson, Frank and Philip Pettit, 154±5 James, Alan,

6 Jervis, Robert, 3 Jevons, Stanley, 120 Kant, Immanuel, 3, 297, 342 Kantian culture, 297±308, 314 collective action in, 337 evolution of, 338±9 friendship, 298±9 internalization, 302±7 logic of anarchy of, 299±302 master variables to create, 342, 343±63, 364±5 and rule of law, 307±8 Kaplan, Morton, 97 Kelley, Harold and John Thibaut, 344 Keohane, Robert, 3 Keohane, Robert and Joseph Nye, 145, 344 King, Gary, Robert Keohane and Sidney Verba, 81, 85±6 Kitcher, Philip, 66 Klein, Melanie, 276 knowledge accumulated, 108±9 collective, 143, 161±4 common, 142, 143, 159±61 distribution of, 20, 140±1 socially shared, 141, 180±1, 187, 253 of unobservables, 60±4, 80±1 see also collective knowledge; common knowledge; ideas; private knowledge Krasner, Stephen, 196 Kratochwil, Friedrich, 3, 31, 32, 36, 161 Kuhn, Thomas, 53, 66 Lamarckian theory of evolution, 320, 326, 336 Laudan, Larry, 65±6 learning simple and complex, 168, 170, 327, 333 social, 320, 326±33 Lebow, Ned, 3 legitimacy and compliance with cultural norms, 272±8, 288±90, 305±7 of group beliefs, 162±3 sources of, 206 through habitual compliance, 360±1 Legro, Jeffery, 315 Lewis, David, 161 Liberalism, 12, 31, 33, 365 compared with Realism, 248±9 self-interest in, 294±5 linguistics, structural, 55, 178 Locke, John, 52, 173, 253 Lockean culture, 279±97 Foucault effect, 290±5 internalization, 285±90 logic of anarchy of, 283±5 rivalry, 279±83 transformation to Kantian, 338±43 see also Westphalian states system McKeown, Timothy, 323 MacPherson, C.B., 294 Mandelbaum, Maurice, 171 Mann, Michael, 211 Marxism, 94±5, 135±6 nature of state, 199, 200 and state form, 136, 137 structural, 137 material forces `brute', 23, 110±11 constituting social kinds, 72±3 interaction with ideas, 111±12, 256 role of, 157 transcended, 112±13 material needs, 130±3 materialism, 23±4, 30±1, 92 and causal effects, 25 and ideas, 93±6 see also brute material forces; rump materialism; Waltz, Kenneth Mead, George Herbert, 170, 264, 327 Mearsheimer, John, 266, 321 mechanism causal, 153±4 use of term, 81±2 membership of system, 291±2 Mercer, Jonathon, 241, 242, 275, 276, 350 merger, of social structures, 223 methodological individualism, 152, 371±2 methodology, in rationalist-constructivist comparison, 33±5, 85±6 Meyer, John, 326 micro-foundationalism, 152±4 Milner, Helen, 307 Miracle Argument see Ultimate Argument mirroring, 327, 333 Montezuma see Aztecs morality, as Reason, 129±30 Moravcsik, Andrew, 104 Morgenthau, Hans, 105 motivation, 99±100, 105±6, 122±3 and self-interest, 240±1 see also belief; desire multiple identities, 230 multiple realizability, 152±6, 162 of international culture, 254 of Kantian culture, 343, 364 Musgrave, Alan,

7 mutual aid, 299, 301, 304 as constraint, 358 national interest, 113±14, 233±8 as objective, 234 NATO, as collective security system, 301±2 natural kinds, 58, 59±60 contrasted with social kinds, 69±72 as self-organizing, 73 natural resources, as material force, 23, 111 natural science see science natural selection, 320, 321±4, 336 and imitation, 325±6 needs, 130±2, 328 identity, 130, 231±3 material, 130±2 Neo-Gramscian Marxism, 31 Neoliberalism, 3, 5, 19±20, 30±1, 32 and ideas, 34±5, 93±4, 114 and materialism, 136±7, 370 and role of institutions, 92 and use of common knowledge, 160 Neorealism, 2±3, 5, 19±20, 30±1, 32 criticisms, 15±18 and materialism, 97±8, 370 responses to, 18±22 and states systemic project, 8 non-alignment, 266, 285 non-state actors, 9, 18±19, 353 non-violence, rule of, 299, 304 Normative IR, 37±67 norms, 82, 165, 185, 253 internalization of, 250 observables, 47, 49, 52 and knowledge of unobservables, 60±4 observation, as theory-laden, 58, 62, 77, 355 ontology, 6, 22, 370±9 post-positivist, 90±1 in rationalist-constructivist comparison, 35±7 of state as corporate agent, 215±18 of structure, 319 Onuf, Nicholas, 1n, 165 ordering principles, in nature of structure, 98 Oren, Ido, 355 Orren, Karen and Theda Skocpol, 93 Other see Self and Other Perinbanayagam, R.S., 260 perspective-taking, 333, 335 Peterson, Spike, 4 physical survival, as national interest, 235 Pluralism, and nature of state, 200 pluralistic security community, 299±300, 303, 304 political culture, 250 Political Realism see Realism, Political Porpora, Douglas, 94 positivism, 39, 49, 77 possessive individuals social constitution of, 286, 290±1 states as, 294±6 post-positivism, 39, 90±1, 372 post-waltzian theory, 19 post-modernism, 32 Poulantzas, Nicos, 137 Powell, Robert, 232 power distribution of, 98±103, 109 meaning constituted by interest, 96±113, 371 power politics, in Realism, 262±3 power relations, in interaction, 331 preference formation, 28±9, 120±1, 315 principles of differentiation, 256 Prisoner's Dilemma, 148, 149±50, 185, 345 private knowledge, 140±1, 157±8, 187±8 in Hobbesian culture, 266±7 process and change, 313±14, 340±1 and structure, 185±6, 310, 313 unconscious, 278 Waltz's theory of, 318±19 production forces of, 23, 94±5 modes of, 255 relations of, 94±5 projective identi cation, 276±7 prosocial behavior, 341±2 psychology, and internalism, 173 Putnam, Hilary, 54, 64, 66, 174, 176 questions in causal and constitutive theories, 78, 83, 85, 88±9, 373±4 centrality of, 40 politics of, 89 Rappaport, Steven, 86 rational behavior, nature of, 282 rational choice theory, 68, 85, 317, 371 and motivation, 120±1 relationship of interests and ideas, 115, 116±19 426

8 `thick' version, 118 `thin' version, 117±18, 368 see also desire rationalism, 27 compared with constructivism, 33±8, 366±8 and interaction, 315±16, 366 neglect of identity, 169±70 see also game theory Realism, Political, 14, 32±3, 70, 194, 317, 376±7 compared with Liberalism, 248±9 material coercion in, 302±3 and national interests, 113±14 and power politics, 262±3 and power relations in IR, 96±7 and self-interest of states, 238±43, 368±9 view of shared ideas, 251±2 see also Classical Realism; Neorealism realism, scienti c, 47±50, 90 and causal explanation, 82±3 and social science, 7, 68±9 and theories of reference, 51±63 Ultimate Argument for, 64±7 realpolitik, 263, 268, 269, 270, 271±2, 341 Reason, in rational choice theory, 126±30 reciprocity, 282, 361, 363 reduction, inter-theoretic, 153 reductionist theory, 83, 147 of state behavior, 11±12, 145 reference indeterminacy of, 59 theories of, 53±60 reference failure, 65±6 re ected appraisals, 327, 333, 341, 347 re exivity, 76, 77, 363, 375 collective, 375±6 rei cation, 76 relational theory of reference, 54±7 relative gains, 102±3 representation in interaction, 328±30, 334±5 and learned identities, 341±2, 355 resistance to, 56 see also collective representation republican states, Kantian world of, 297, 342±3 resistance to representations, 56 revisionism, states', 262 rights, 280 and regression, 312 rivalry as Lockean role), 258, 279±83 compared with enmity, 261 implications for foreign policy, 282±3 in Kantian culture, 301 role structure of, 294±5 rogue states, 270, 286, 294 role as collective representation, 257, 264±5 foreign policy, 228, 258 structural position, 258±9, 309 under anarchy, 257±9 see also role identity role differentiation, 256 role identity, 224, 227±9, 259, 294±6, 309 role-taking, 329±30, 335 Rosenberg, Alexander, 117 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 171 Ruggie, John, 3, 31, 32, 35, 36, 256, 295 rump materialism, 96, 109±13, 130±5 Samuelson, Paul, 120 Satz, Debra and John Ferejohn, 120, 121 Schelling, Thomas, 161, 167±8 Schmitt, Carl, 258, 260, 298 Schueler, G.F., 125±6, 127, 129±30 Schutz, Alfred, 161 Schweller, Randall, 19, 104 science, 51 and epistemology, 39±40, 49, 51, 372±4 success of, 64±7 scienti c realism see realism, scienti c security, 100, 104 collective, 299 in Hobbesian culture, 265, 332 as national interest, 113 security dilemma, 269, 362±3 selection cultural, 320, 324±36 see also natural selection selection effect, 151±2 Self and Other, 22±3 in collective identity, 229±31, 305±6 in Hobbesian culture, 262±4, 273±8 individuality and, 182 in Kantian culture, 305±6 in Lockean culture, 279, 282, 283, 294 mirroring principle, 327 in personal and corporate identity, 225 perspective taking, 333±4 and shared knowledge, 188 see also First Encounters; role identity; self-interest self-help, and alliance, 300±1 self-interest, 317, 349 and compliance with cultural norms, 270±2, 287±8, 303±5 concept of, 239±41,

9 self-interest cont.) and friendship, 298, 304±5 of states, 229±30, 238±43, 322±3 self-organization, 73±5, 231 self-restraint, 317, 343±4 and collective identity formation, 357±63 domestic in uences, 361±2 and external constraints, 358±61 and self-binding, 362±3 Sen, Amartya, 126 shared ideas, 125, 249±50 construction of, 252 and cooperation, 251, 253±4, 310 see also interaction shared knowledge in Hobbesian culture, 268, 272 in security communities, 299±300 Shweder, Richard, 175 Snyder, Richard, H.W. Bruck and Burton Sapin, 3, 92 social construction, 1±2, 4, 244±5 of social kinds, 70±1 social identity theory, 241, 242, 322±3, 350±1 social kinds, 50, 67±77 contrasted with natural kinds, 69±72 independence of individuals, 75 self-organization of, 73±5 social relations, crude law of, 331±2, 342 social science, 61±2, 90, 373 and choice, 120±1 Ultimate Argument in, 67±8 socialization, 82, 101±2, 152, 245, 317, 324 as identity formation, 170 society construction of, 210±11 and state, 199±200, 201, 209±11 Sondermann, Fred, 239 sovereignty and autonomy, 235±6 compliance with norms of, 286±7 empirical, 73, 292 external, 208±9, 284 as an institution, 280±1 internal state, 206±8 juridical, 73, 284, 292 nature of, 73±4, 207±8 popular, 207 as right by mutual recognition, 182±3, 208±9, 237, 279±80 and survival of states, 324, 339 Soviet Union, New Thinking, 76, 129, 314, 363, 375 speech act theory, 84 Spruyt, Hendrik, 291±2 state as corporate agent, 10, 195, 243 Idea of corporate agency, 218±19 ontological status of, 215±18, 244 problems of anthropomorphizing, 221±4 structure of, 218±21 state identity, 11, 38, 198 state interests, 197±8 relation to international system, 37±8 state, nature of, 49, 198±9, 213±14 de ned, 201±14 as pre-social, 198 as referent object, 199±201 state-centrism, 8±10, 33 states autistic, 2 collectivist, 124±5 concern with security, 100, 104, 203±4 death rate of, 265, 284 distribution of interests, 103±9 egoism of, 36±7, 100, 105±6, 239, 306, 322 as homeostatic structures, 238 interactions, 108±9 needs of, 231±3 as possessive individuals, 294±6 and power, 93±103 as purposive actors, 172, 194±7 and regulation of violence, 8±9, 204±6 revisionist, 106±7, 124 self-interest of, 229±30, 238±43, 321±2, 368 and society, 199±200, 201, 209±11 and sovereignty, 73±4, 182±3 survival of, 235, 238, 284, 323±4, 339 and type identity, 226±7 see also state as corporate agent; state identity; state interests; state, nature of; status quo states; Westphalian states system states systemic project, 7±22, 193±4 and collective re exivity, 375±6 state centrism, 8±10 systems theory, 10±15 status quo states, 104±5, 124, 269, 282, 288 Stein, Arthur, 104 Stein, Howard, 277 Stigler, George, 27 structural change, 17, 156, 186, 188±9, 314±16 and collective identity, 336±43, 365±6 dif culty of, 339 path dependent, 340 and progress, 311±12 structural reproduction,

10 structural stability, 339±40 structuralism, 1, 15±16, 28 see also Waltz structure conceptualization of, 20±1, 29, 249 four sociologies of, 22±9 levels of, 144, 145±7, 247 macro-structure, 150±7 micro-structure, 147±50 sovereignty as property of, 207±8 three elements of, 139±40 typology, 189±90 under anarchy, 251±6 see also agent-structure relationship; structural change subject-object distinction, 49±50, 68, 75, 77 substantive theory, 6±7 supervenience, 155±6, 162, 338, 365 Sylvan, David, 84 symbolic interactionism, 170±1, 316, 327, 336 systems theory, 10±15 Tannenwald, Nina, 253 technology and capability, 110±11 as constraint, 358±9 terms of individuality, concept of, 255±6 territory ceding and secession, 235 state and, 211±13 Third Debate, 38±40, 47±8, 90 threat see common fate Tickner, Ann, 4 Tilly, Charles, 204 transparency, 223 trust, 358, 361 truth, correspondence theory of, 58±9 Twin Earth model, 54, 174±5, 180±1 type identity, 224, 225±7, 292±3 and homogeneity, 353±4 Ultimate Argument for realism, 64±7 and concept of state agency, 216 uncertainty of intentions, 107±8 Understanding, and Explanation, 50, 85 unintended consequences, 116, 376 unit, character of, in nature of structure, 98±9 United States and Bahamas Problem, 289±90, 360 foreign policy, 55±6 unobservables corporate agents as, 216±17 knowledge of, 60±4, 80±1 utility, 120 Van Fraassen, Bas, 66±7 variation, in evolutionary theories, 319 variation question, 247, 248 violence limited, 282±3 regulation of, 8±9 shared ideas about, 257 state monopoly on organized, 204±6 Volkan, Vamik, 276 vulnerability, 344±5 Walker, Rob, 4 Walt, Stephen, 19, 106 Waltz, Kenneth and anarchy, 6, 151 cultural theory of structure implicit), 256 and distribution of interests, 104±5 explicit model of structure, 97±103 implicit model of structure, 103±9 and levels of analysis, 145±7 materialist de nition of structure, 249, 252 and states systemic project, 8, 11±12, 239, 244 Theory of International Politics,2±3,15, 228, 318 theory of process, 318±19 see also Neorealism war constrained, 282, 283±4 endemic in Hobbesian culture, 265, 266 Just War Theory, 283 and perception of enemy, 262 Weber, Max, nature of state, 199±200 Weingast, Barry, 287 Westphalian states system as Lockean culture, 285, 314 nature of sovereignty, 182, 280 status of states, 291, 295±6 and survival of states, 323 see also Lockean culture Wight, Martin, 247 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 176, 179, 183 Wolfers, Arnold, 195 world independence, as principle of realism, 52±3 World Society school, 31±2 World Systems Theory, 31 worst-case assumptions, 108, 222, 262,