Answers to RSPL/2. Social Science 10 (1)

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1 Answers to RSPL/2 1. Louise-Sebastien Mercier A satire is a form of writing that criticizes society in a witty and clever way. 2. The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power after the Congress of Vienna in The French assumed control over Tonkin and Annam after the Franco-Chinese war. 3. It requires temperature between 21 C to 27 C. It grows well in old alluvial soil. 4. The term federal division implies power sharing at different levels of government. 5. A society that has similar kinds of people with no significant ethnic differences. 6. In democracy, the term transparency signifies that decisions are taken through the correct procedure by involving the people and that people have the right to examine the process of decision-making. 7. Rampant food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, adulteration of food and edible oil gave birth to the consumer movement in an organised form. 8. There was a large scale participation of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement. (a) During the Salt March, thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to Gandhiji. (b) They took active part in protest marches, produced salt, picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many of them even went to jail. (c) In urban and rural areas, women from rich and upper castes were more closely associated with the movement. 9. The need for water is increasing day-by-day because of following reasons: (a) Growing population: As population is growing its need for water is also growing, so it is necessary to manage the availability of water properly. (b) Increasing urbanization: More and more people are moving to cities where need of water is growing. On the other hand, cities are over-exploiting and polluting water resources, so there is a need to conserve water. (c) Due to industrialization: Due to extreme industrialization also, water is being overexploited. So, without proper conservation it would be difficult to survive. 10. Following are the points of distinction: (a) An integrated steel plant is larger than mini steel plant. (b) Mini steel plant uses steel scrap and sponge iron while integrated steel plant use basic raw materials, i.e. iron ore for making steel. (c) Mini steel plant produces mild and alloy steel while integrated steel plant produces only steel. (1)

2 11. Silk Route links the world in the following ways: (a) The most well known silk routes connected China to Europe. West bound Chinese silk cargoes travelled on this route. Chinese pottery also travelled through this route. (b) Several silk routes have been identified by the historians, both over land and sea, connecting vast regions of Asia and linking Asia to North Africa. Through this route, Chinese pottery, Indian textiles and spices from South East Asia travelled to Europe and North Africa. (c) Trade and cultural exchanges went hand in hand. Early Christian missionaries and later Muslim preachers travelled through this route. New inventions and technology helped in setting up the factory concept in following ways: (a) New inventions and technology increased the efficacy of each step of production process. (b) It enhanced the production output per worker. It made production of stronger threads and yarn. (c) It brought the entire production process under one roof that could be more easily supervised and managed. Underground railways were able to solve transport problems as well as housing crisis. (a) The underground railways carried a large number of people to and from London and solved the transport problem. (b) The people could live in suburbs only when there were some means of travelling to the city for work. The 'underground' partly solved the housing crisis and carried large masses of people to and from London. (c) The population in the city became more dispersed. 12. After independence, in 1948, the democratically elected Sri Lankan government adopted a series of majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy by passing an Act in (a) Sinhala was recognised as the only official language in Sri Lanka. Tamil language was not given due importance. (b) The Sri Lankan government formulated a policy in which only Sinhala applicants were preferred for positions in university and government jobs. (c) The new constitution of Sri Lanka declared that Buddhism would be promoted by the state. 13. The multi-party system has strengthened democracy in India in various constructive ways like the following. (a) Multiparty system has given the opportunities to a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation. For example, in India more than 750 political parties are registered with the Election Commission. (b) Multiparty system is more representative and accountable to democratic ideals. (c) It creates a system of internal checks and balances within a coalition government. (2)

3 14. Communalism is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community. It involves thinking along the following lines: (a) The followers of a particular religion must belong to one community with the same fundamental interests. (b) It also follows that people who follow different religions cannot belong to the same community. (c) If the followers of different religions have some commonalities, these are superficial and immaterial. Their interests are bound to be different and involve a conflict. (d) In its extreme form communalism leads to the belief that people belonging to different religions cannot live as equal citizens within one nation. (Any three) 15. The following are the conditions under which democracies accommodate social diversities. (a) Democracies accommodate social diversities when it is well understood that democracy is not just the rule of the majority and that the rule of the majority is not just the rule of a single religious or social community. (b) It does not believe in any type of discrimination based on the basis of class, caste, religion, sex, creed, etc. All the citizens have the right to voice their grievances without any fear and compulsion. (c) Substantial amount of seats are reserved for women and the underprivileged sections so that they may also participate in decision-making. 16. The issue of sustainability is important due to following reasons. (a) It ensures that the trend of the economy is dynamic and development must be in relation with the future. (b) It takes care of the overall development of the economy such as health services and better education. (c) If the available resources are misused then the development will stagnate after a period of time. This is because in the future, those resources will not be available. 17. Cooperative societies are formed when people with common interest come together and pool their resources to help each other. The values promoted by cooperative societies are: (a) Teamwork (b) Cooperation (c) Self-reliance (d) Social welfare (e) Sustainable development 18. Some of my duties as a consumer are: (a) Checking expiry date of the product to be bought. (b) Paying no more than the maximum retail price printed on the good. (c) Always asking for a cash memo for the items purchased. (d) Ensuring that the retailer does not sell duplicate or defective goods. (e) Registering a complaint with a consumer forum in case the dealer refuses to take responsibility for a defective/adulterated good. (3)

4 19. The National Highways are the primary route system of India. They link extreme parts of the country and provide connectivity between the different states of India. They have been planned to meet the requirements of fast movement of traffic in the country. A number of major national highways run in North-South and East-West directions. They connect most of the important towns and cities of the country. The National Highways are laid and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD). The Border Roads are vital road links along the frontiers of India. These border roads are of strategic importance. They have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain, mainly in the northern and north-eastern border areas. They have played a major role in the economic development of these areas. The Border Roads ganization, a Government of India undertaking, was established in 1960 for building border. 20. When Gandhiji called for the Civil Disobedience Movement, the Muslims had lukewarm response because of the following reasons. (a) The failure of Non-Cooperation Khilafat Movement led to a large number of Muslims to wave out from the nationalist struggle. (b) The Congress was more closely associated with the Hindu nationalists groups like the Hindu Mahasabha, which distanced Muslims from the nationalist activities. (c) The relationship between the Hindus and the Muslims worsened when the two began organising religious processions with militant fervour. (d) Each community began to provoke other community leading to communal clashes and riots. This further increased differences between the two communities. (e) There were attempts at negotiations and compromise by Congress and Muslim League, but these could not get success. Some or the other differences derailed the efforts. (f) Muslim leaders and intellectuals were concerned about their minority status in India and feared that their culture and identity would be suppressed by the domination of Hindu majority. (g) Muslims were disappointed with the way the Civil Disobedience Movement ended without any concrete outcome. (Any five) So when the Civil Disobedience Movement was again launched, Muslims under the clouds of distrust and suspicion, could not respond to the mass struggle. Jawaharlal Nehru presided over the Lahore Congress Session in December The following were the immediate outcomes of this session. (a) The demand for Purna Swaraj or complete independence was formalised. (b) It was declared that 26th January 1930 will be celebrated as the Independence Day. (c) People were asked to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence. (d) Gandhiji tried to find a way to relate this idea of freedom to issues of everyday life. This later came in the form of famous Civil Disobedience Movement. (4)

5 21. Soil is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms, including animals and human beings, by providing them with food for their survival. Human existence and settlement is determined by soil fertility as it determines agricultural productivity of an area. Soil determines the natural vegetation and type of crop production of an area. It also influences the land use of an area. Areas of fertile soil are agriculturally productive and densely populated. It is one of the most important renewable natural resource. Relief, nature of parent rock or bedrock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life (especially decomposers) and time are important factors in the formation of soil. The three most important factors of soil formation are: (a) Nature of parent rock influences the colour and texture of the soil. The mineral content of the soil also depends on the parent rock from which it is formed. (b) Climate influences the rate and types of weathering and erosion of the rocks. Weathering of the parent rocks due to climatic factors and natural forces lead to disintegration of rocks which leads to the formation of soil. (c) Time determines maturity of the soil. The soil is a living system. It takes millions of years to form soil upto a few centimeter in depth. At present, about 130 million hectares of land is degraded in India. Continuous use of land over a prolonged period of time without taking necessary steps to conserve and manage it, has resulted in land degradation. Four human activities responsible for land degradation in India are as follows: (a) In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and issa deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation. Mining sites are dug, drilled and abandoned after excavation work is over, leaving the land overburdened and in a highly degraded state. (b) Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quality of mineral dust in the atmosphere which ultimately settles down on the land. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil, thus, degrading the land. Discharge of industrial effluents and wastes cause pollution and land degradation in industrial regions. (c) In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation. (d) In Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh over-irrigation is responsible for land degradation. It leads to water logging which in turn increases salinity and alkalinity in the soil and reduces its fertility. 22. The following were the reasons for a virtual reading mania in Europe in the 18th century. (a) In the 17th and 18th centuries literacy rate went up in most European countries, because churches set up schools in villages. In some parts literacy was 60 to 70 per cent. (b) People wanted to read books and printers produced books in large number. (5)

6 (c) New forms of literature appeared in public. The publishers employed pedlars to sell books. Penny chapbooks were started in England. In France there were Biliotheque Bleue, which were low priced books. (d) People believed that books were the means to spread knowledge. The press gave information on current affairs and entertainment, about wars and trade. (e) Scientists like Issac Newton could influence a large circle of people. The writings of Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau were widely read. Their idea of reason and rationality was popular among the people. The novels created a sense of pan-indian belonging in the following ways: (a) In Bengal, many historical novels produced a sense of pan-india belonging. (b) The imagined nation was full of adventure, heroism, sacrifice. These qualities were not in the common man of the 19th century world. (c) The novels allowed the colonised to give shape to their desires and feelings. (d) The first historical novel written in Bengal was Anguriya Binimoy written by Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay. The story revolve around the battles between Aurangzeb and Shivaji. Man Singh persuades Shivaji to make peace. (e) Realising, Aurangzeb wanted to make him a house-prisoner, Shivaji escapes and returns to battle. Shivaji, believed that he was a nationalist, fighting for the freedom of Hindus. (f) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay outlines an imagined nation in his novel Anandmath. The novel is about a secret militia that fights Muslims to establish a Hindu kingdom. It inspired many freedom fighters and created a pan-indian feeling. 23. The Constitutional Amendment of 1992 introduced the concrete shape of decentralisation. The three-tier of democracy have been made more effective. The provisions of Constitutional Amendment are as follows: (a) To hold regular elections to the local government bodies has been made compulsory. (b) Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes in the elected bodies. (c) One-third i.e., 33 per cent seats to be reserved for women. (d) To conduct election for the local government bodies at rural and urban level, State Election Commission, an independent institution, has been constituted. (e) The State governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies. In a big country like India, it is essential to have an elected government at the local level also. The basic idea behind decentralization in India was: (a) Local people have better knowledge of local problems. (b) Local people have better ideas of where to spend money and which problem to tackle first, of how to manage things more efficiently. (6)

7 (c) Common citizens can be involved in decision-making, concerning their needs and how to plan development. (d) People can approach a local government for solving their problems easily and quickly. The cost is also reduced to the minimum. (e) Local governments provide training in becoming active participants in the working of a democracy. It trains one for leadership. (f) Local governments at grassroot level ensure stability, strength and health of democracy. 24. The primary sector is the largest employer in India. About 51% of the total population is engaged in primary sector in one way or the other. It contributes to 17% of the country s GDP. This sector produces only a quarter of the GDP because of the following reasons. (a) Productivity in the primary sector is very low because of the use of outdated means of production. (b) Land holdings are very small, which cannot produce the desired output. (c) Primary sector lacks modern irrigational facilities. Dependence on monsoons add to the problem. (d) The government has not been able to provide an effective system of financing and transportation in the rural areas. (e) Difficulty in accessing the marketing facilities. (g) Absence of alternative employment in the rural areas. (Any five) 25. Advantages of globalisation to consumers: (a) They have greater choice. (b) Better quality of products are available for consumption due to competition. (c) It has reduced the cost of goods and services considerably. Advantages of globalisation to producers: (a) They now have access to international markets for their products. (b) They have easier access to foreign investment to enhance their production. (c) Collaboration with MNCs have added up their performance and profits. The effects of globalisation on small producers and workers are: (a) Small producers and workers have been hit hard the most due to the rising competition. Several of the small units have been shut down thereby rendering many workers jobless. (b) Large MNCs especially in the garment industry in Europe and America, order their products from Indian exporters. (c) They look for the cheapest goods in order to maximize their profits. (d) So for getting the large orders from them, the exporters try to cut labour costs wages given are low, and workers are forced to work overtime to make both ends meet. (e) Though MNCs are able to make large profits, the workers are denied their fair share of the benefits of globalisation. (7)

8 26. & 27. INDIA Political Map Amritsar (A) Calcutta (a) Not to Scale (8)

9 28.1 & 28.2 INDIA Political Map Narora (C) (B) Silcher (D) Kandla (A) Bellary Not to Scale (9)