The Islamic Republic of Iran's Foreign Policy and Developmental Activities in Sub-Saharan Africa, Islam in Africa
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1 Florida International University FIU Digital Commons African & African Diaspora Studies Program Faculty Scholarly Presentations African and African Diaspora Studies The Islamic Republic of Iran's Foreign Policy and Developmental Activities in Sub-Saharan Africa, Islam in Africa Eric Lob Florida International University, Follow this and additional works at: Recommended Citation Lob, Eric, "The Islamic Republic of Iran's Foreign Policy and Developmental Activities in Sub-Saharan Africa, Islam in Africa" (2015). African & African Diaspora Studies Program Faculty Scholarly Presentations This work is brought to you for free and open access by the African and African Diaspora Studies at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in African & African Diaspora Studies Program Faculty Scholarly Presentations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact
2 The Islamic Republic of Iran s Foreign Policy and Developmental Activities in Sub-Saharan Africa Eric Lob, PhD Florida International University
3 Question How has the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) instrumentalized development to further its geopolitical, economic, and ideological interests in Sub-Saharan Africa?
4 Case Study Construction Jihad (CJ) ( ) Rural development organization Helped the IRI consolidate power against domestic and foreign opponents ( ) Improved rural infrastructure and services Spread revolutionary and Islamist values Provided logistical support during Iran-Iraq War Became ministry and began overseas operations in Merged with Ministry of Agriculture to form Ministry of Agricultural Jihad (MAJ) in 2001
5 Scholarly Contribution Temporality: De-Radicalization of IRI s Foreign Policy in Africa and Beyond ( ) Geography: IRI s Foreign Policy in Non-Muslim and Sunni-Majority Africa vs. Shiite World Tactics: Development as Soft Power Mechanism vs. Covert, Military Assistance and Ideological Propagation
6 Methods Interviews with IRI/ CJ Officials and Development Experts in Iran and Africa Archival Research at the IRI s Parliamentary Library and National Library & Archives and the MAJ s Library and Research Center
7 Outline Theoretical Framework: Complex Realism De-Radicalization ( ) CJ in Africa ( ) Re-Radicalization ( ) MAJ in Africa ( ) Conclusion
8 Theory: Complex Realism Ehteshami & Hinnebusch Dependent Variable: Foreign Policymaking & Outcomes Three Independent, Structural Variables: Anarchic and Dynamic, Regional & Int l System Domestic Politics: State Formation, Institutional Configuration, Decision-Making, Power Concentration, Intra-Elite Conflict (vs. Agency) Realist or Material and Constructivist or Ideological Objectives
9 Radicalization ( ) International: Bipolar World/ Cold War Regional: Iranian Revolution, American Hostage Crisis, Iran-Iraq War & Radical Regimes in Africa Domestic: Radical Government in Iran Material: Financial and Military Support to National Liberation Movements in Africa Ideological: Revolution & Anti-Imperialism
10 De-Radicalization - Conservatism ( ) International: Bipolar World/ Cold War Regional: Iran-Iraq War, International Sanctions & Radical Regimes in Africa Domestic: Conservative Government in Iran Material: Mitigate Isolation and Establish Diplomatic & Commercial Relations with Africa Ideological: Shiite Islam & Guardianship of the Jurist (velayat-e faqih)
11 De-Radicalization - Pragmatism ( ) International: Unipolar World/ Post-Cold War Regional: Gulf Wars in Middle East & Fragile Democratization in Africa Domestic: Moderate & Reformist Governments in Iran Material: Strengthen Diplomatic & Commercial Relations with Africa Ideological: Minimize Ideological Propagation & Religious Proselytization
12 CJ in Africa ( ) Formalized, Routinized & Professionalized Tanzania (1987) & Ghana (1989) Expanded Mechanized Agriculture, Improved Farming, and Increased Production of Strategic Crops, Livestock, and Fish Distributed Medication, Administered Vaccinations, and Provided Vocational Training Offered Loans, Supplied Irrigation and Drinking Water, Supported Rural Industry, and Constructed Roads, Dams, Hospitals, and Health Clinics
13 CJ in Africa ( ) Sudan & Sierra Leone (1991) Agricultural Mechanization and Extension Road Construction Medication and Hygiene
14 Source: CJ s Office of Stats & Info
15 Re-Radicalization ( ) International: Unipolar World/ Post-Cold War Regional: Iran Nuclear Crisis & Int l Sanctions Domestic: Hardliner Government Material: Intensify Diplomatic & Commercial Relations with Africa Ideological: Radical Anti-Imperialism & Conservative Religious-Political Doctrine
16 MAJ in Africa ( ) Formalized, Routinized & Professionalized Expanded Presence in Africa Economics Assistance w/ Agriculture & Fisheries Vocational Training Bilateral Investment & Trade Agreements Business Contracts & Export Markets
17 MAJ in Africa ( ) Geopolitics Uranium Deposits Access to Strategic Routes along Red Sea Conflict Mediation Multilateral Organizations UN/ IAEA Votes Limitations Geostrategic Priorities Resource Allocations
18 Conclusion: Mixed Results Opportunities Radical Regimes (1960s-1990s) Sizeable Agrarian Economies Widespread Rural Poverty Formidable Developmental Challenges
19 Conclusion: Mixed Results Material & Ideological Gains: Diplomatic Recognition & Regional Clout Conflict Mediation & Multilateral Organizations Business Contracts & Export Markets Strategic Routes along Red Sea (Force Projection) UN Votes for Human Rights Record
20 Conclusion: Mixed Results Constraints: Inauspicious Demographics Foreign Competition
21 Conclusion: Mixed Results Material & Ideological Setbacks: Temporary Cessation of Diplomatic Ties Covert, Military Assistance & Ideological Propagation UN/ IAEA Votes against Nuclear Program Minimal Conversions
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