Available online: 16 Feb Full terms and conditions of use:
|
|
- Barbara Waters
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 This article was downloaded by: [Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam] On: 27 June 2011, At: 04:48 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: Registered office: Mortimer House, Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Environmental Sciences Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: Is environmental scarcity a cause of civil wars? Adrian Martin, Andy Blowers & Jan Boersema Available online: 16 Feb 2007 To cite this article: Adrian Martin, Andy Blowers & Jan Boersema (2006): Is environmental scarcity a cause of civil wars?, Environmental Sciences, 3:1, 1-4 To link to this article: PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
2 Environmental Sciences March 2006; 3(1): 1 4 EDITORIAL Is environmental scarcity a cause of civil wars? ADRIAN MARTIN, ANDY BLOWERS, & JAN BOERSEMA Civil wars often present themselves as tribal, ethnic or religious in origin. And yet large data sets do not confirm any association between a country s social diversity and the likelihood of warfare (or to be more precise, the association is inverse: ethnic and religious diversity tends to foster peace, not war). It is not surprising therefore that there is considerable research effort to look beyond The Myth of Ethnic Conflict (Crawford and Lipschutz 1999) in an attempt to understand more fundamental causes and triggers. One strand of this enquiry has been environmental conflict or environmental security, an area of academic enquiry that explores possible causal relations between the environment and violent conflict. There are two largely independent dimensions to the study of environmental conflict. The first investigates what has been dubbed the resource curse. Resource abundance (especially oil) is viewed as a factor in motivating secessionist movements while a wider range of high value resources (oil, gold, drugs, coltan, tin, diamonds, timbers) provide a means of financing rebel armies and thus sustaining and escalating already existing violence (Bannon and Collier 2003). In contrast to concerns about abundance, the second dimension, and the one that is the focus here, relates to resource scarcity as a possible cause of violence. Scarcity in this context refers mainly to renewable resources such as water, fuelwood and soil, and arises due to reduced supply (depletion or degradation), increased demand and/or increasing inequality of distribution. While Malthusian hypotheses relating to resource scarcity became widely unfashionable in the 1980s, and remain so in many academic circles, they had something of a renaissance within environmental conflict literatures of the 1990s, such as Robert Kaplan s widely read The Coming Anarchy : For a while the media will continue to ascribe riots and other violent upheavals abroad mainly to ethnic and religious conflict. But as these conflicts multiply, it will become apparent that something else is afoot.... It is time to understand the environment for what it is: the national security issue of the early twenty-first century. Kaplan s (1994) work might be dismissed for lack of scientific rigour: it is certainly overreliant on neo-malthusian assumptions to cover over gaps in the evidence. However, since the 1980s there have been more careful examinations of the proposed environment conflict nexus. Thomas Homer-Dixon and the Toronto group of scholars have been the most prolific in analysing cases of violent conflict to establish whether environmental scarcity has been a causal factor. Environment, Scarcity and Violence (Homer-Dixon 1999) is far more subtle and nuanced than Kaplan s work, but the basic findings are not dissimilar: proximate and commonly identified causes of violent conflict (ethnicity, religion, etc.) often conceal the ISSN print/issn online Ó 2006 Taylor & Francis DOI: /
3 2 A. Martin et al. fact that scarcity of renewable natural resources is a significant contributing causal factor. Other major research groups asking the same question, such as a Swiss group led by Günther Baechler (1999), have reached much the same conclusion. Despite a degree of agreement, there remains plenty of scope for critical questioning of this proposed causal relationship. Firstly, Large-N surveys that look for statistical associations between environmental degradation variables and conflict variables prove inconclusive. Even where some apparent trend can be observed, it tends not to provide any evidence of causal linkage. For example, a simple data set containing a variable on conflict incidence and a variable on deforestation rates will result in the observation that violent conflicts are more likely to occur in countries with relatively high rates of deforestation. But this does not mean that deforestation is a cause of conflict. To put this in perspective, a similar methodology might tell us that conflict is most likely to occur in countries with low levels of mobile phone ownership, or with lower consumption of tinned pet food. In each case, all that is really confirmed is that such variables are co-responsive with variations in wealth. The variable poverty has such a strong influence on the likelihood of violent conflict that it tends to mask attempts to explore statistically the role of less prominent variables. As a result, the evidence for causality comes mostly from case studies that seek relatively indepth, qualitative explorations of pathways to conflict. There are two main problems associated with these case studies. Firstly, the approach used only selects cases where violence is the outcome, thereby allowing no variation in the dependent variable. The lack of nonconflict comparisons leaves space for criticism. For example, a case study analysis may conclude that scarcity of water was a factor that contributed to the outbreak of conflict. For each such case, however, there are many dozens of unresearched cases where water scarcity leads to non-violent and even co-operative outcomes. Even within a case of water scarcity that does lead to violence, it is only a minority who resort to this approach to resolving their problems. Can a research programme that fails to compare non-violent cases with violent cases really claim to understand the circumstances under which violence occurs? Secondly, different scholars can and do review much the same case study evidence and arrive at different conclusions. For example, Percival and Homer-Dixon (1998) concluded that land scarcity played only a peripheral role in the 1994 Rwandan genocide, whereas Diamond (2005) considered it to be of central importance. This difference in interpretation of the evidence really amounts to the importance attached to evidence of killings other than Hutus killing Tutsis: there are examples of Hutus killing Hutus, and of Hutus killing BaTwa (the indigenous group sometimes called pygmies). For Percival and Homer-Dixon, such exceptions should not distract from the fact that this was essentially a Hutu Tutsi tribal conflict. For Diamond, it provides unassailable evidence to the contrary. Further differences emerge between those whose analysis focuses largely on local processes (for example, those with theoretical frameworks largely based in social psychology) and those who locate sitespecific processes within the context of wider circuits of capital and power (for example, those employing theoretical frameworks based in political science and political ecology). The latter (e.g. Peluso and Watts 2001) provide a robust critique of Homer-Dixon and others, finding their analysis places too much emphasis on the causal powers of local phenomena such as demographic and environmental change. This provides a strong illustration of how the analytical framework adopted makes a profound difference to the resulting data interpretation and conclusions. So what do we think we know about the scarcity-conflict linkage? Firstly, the basic finding from case study research is that there is a causal linkage, but this is hardly ever simple and direct. Environmental scarcity (in particular reduced or more unequal access to renewable resources) acts indirectly, serving as a contributory factor, the causal impact of which is
4 Editorial 3 mediated by intervening social variables. Secondly, and rather more contentiously, the kind of theoretical approaches that seem to best explain such indirect mechanisms are rooted in the social psychology of inter-group conflict (in particular, theories relating to relative deprivation and social identity). The empirical observation is that environmental scarcity rarely creates fresh social cleavages, but under certain conditions it amplifies existing ones. Resource use competition, under these conditions, becomes entwined with existing perceptions of inequality, contributing to a crystallisation of group identities, a propensity to frame problems in inter-group terms, and a hardening of attitudes between groups. Thus the appearance of an inter-group (tribal, ethnic) conflict. The groups who stand opposed to each other may in fact have different ways of using natural resources, and this may be one way in which they construct their different identities. On the other hand, they may use resources in the same ways and seek to invest/construct differences. This being so, what are the conditions under which resource scarcity amplifies existing social fault-lines? In general, it is variables that tend to render it more likely that resource access issues add to perceptions of relative deprivation (one group relative to another group) and impair self-esteem associated with group membership. A common variable here is the role of leaders, who are sometimes observed to deliberately instrumentalise issues of environmental scarcity, encouraging followers to construct environmental issues in terms of existing social cleavages. Thus, one of the tactics of the organisers of the genocide in Rwanda was to make land scarcity a tribal issue, deliberately encouraging a social construction of the land scarcity issue that connected the slaughter of Tutsis with its solution. A second variable that relates to this is a history of past conflict: having had a recent violent conflict more than anything else renders a society more vulnerable to another conflict. It deepens poverty but also intensifies the propensity to construct environmental issues in terms of competition between groups, and makes it relatively easy for leaders to foster such perceptions for their own parochial interests. Again, Rwanda serves as an example, with a history of leaders deliberately constructing a social chasm between Hutus and Tutsis (the divide and rule tactics of the Germans and then the Belgians) and subsequently drawing on the emotions of this historic conflict while also linking it to land. 1 Other contenders for conditions that favour pathways to conflict include: low level of economic inter-dependence (lack of mutual interests), poor or inappropriate conflict resolution mechanisms (e.g. in Rwanda the Gacaca court system had disappeared prior to 1994), macro-economic change (including hardships associated with structural adjustment), and lack of opportunities for livelihood diversification (including the escape valve of migration). There is no universal set of conditions but sets of intervening variables that serve to influence how a resource scarcity problem becomes socially constructed. This attempt at a summary of causality is brief and, given current knowledge, unavoidably vague. For example, we can say something about the intervening variables that help determine how scarcity situations are socially constructed, but this remains something of a black box that needs unpacking. The same might also be said about the use of the term scarcity. There is therefore much still to be learned if understanding of this complex nexus is to be progressed. However, we should still ask whether the limited understanding that we have is in any way useful. We will restrict this discussion to a few observations about the implications for procedures of environmental governance. Does the environmental conflict literature tell us anything about how scarce resources, especially in areas with prevalent poverty, should be managed? Referring back to the social psychology literature, there are some well-trodden rules for conflict management that are based on the principle of promoting cross-group cooperation to achieve collective goals, thus breaking down the groupness that tends to characterise perceptions of underlying problems. In brief, these procedures involve face-to-face contact between stakeholder groups, with discussion centred on the identification
5 4 A. Martin et al. of shared goals and mutually agreed ways of working collectively to achieve these. Further, the quality of communication is critical, with a special need to ensure that discussions are organised in ways that promote equality of participation (Hewstone and Greenland 2000). What is striking about this is that the kind of best practice procedures advocated by psychologists seeking to alleviate inter-group conflict bear more than a passing resemblance to the kind of best practice advocated by many environmental governance scholars: it shares key features of the procedures followed in deliberative approaches to environmental decisionmaking. This similarity in methods suggests the possibility that approaches to breaking down inter-group rivalry might be complementary with approaches that seek good quality environmental decisions (e.g. more sustainable use of existing resources, increased supply of resources or reduced demand for resources). We should not get carried away with this similarity, and certainly not to the extent of prematurely believing that deliberative processes of environmental decision-making can help to avoid serious conflicts. However, it does offer a potentially attractive entry point for research and practice that seeks to integrate conflict management with environmental management. It should probably also be used to inform the development of Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment (PCIA), a tool used by several international aid agencies to mainstream peacemaking into all areas of intervention, including those that effect natural resources. Note 1. This may appear to side with Diamond s version of events over Homer-Dixon s. In practice, however, while there is evidence of leaders attempting to play the land issue to motivate the Hutu militia, there is no evidence that this attempt was particularly influential. References Baechler G Environmental degradation and violent conflict: hypotheses, research agendas and theory building. In: Suliman M (ed). Ecology, politics and violent conflict. London: Zed Books, pp Bannon I, Collier P, editors Natural resources and violent conflict: options and actions. Washington DC: The World Bank. Crawford B, Lipschutz D The myth of ethnic conflict : politics, economics and cultural violence. Berkeley: University of California. Diamond J Collapse: how societies choose to fail or survive. London: Allen Lane. Hewstone M, Greenland K Intergroup conflict. International Journal of Psychology 35(20): Homer-Dixon T Environment, scarcity and violence. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Kaplan R The coming anarchy. The Atlantic Monthly, February, Peluso N, Watts M Violent environments. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Percival V, Homer-Dixon T The case of Rwanda. In: Homer-Dixon T, Blitt J (eds). Ecoviolence: links among environment, population and security. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield Publisher, pp
Online publication date: 21 July 2010 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by: [University of Denver, Penrose Library] On: 12 January 2011 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 790563955] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE. Full terms and conditions of use:
This article was downloaded by: [UT University of Texas Arlington] On: 3 April 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 907143247] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England
More informationIntroduction Alexandre Guilherme & W. John Morgan Published online: 26 Aug 2014.
This article was downloaded by: [University of Nottingham], [Professor W. John Morgan] On: 29 August 2014, At: 07:18 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number:
More informationOnline publication date: 02 December 2010 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by: [University of Connecticut] On: 10 December 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 922824824] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and
More informationOnline publication date: 08 June 2010
This article was downloaded by: [University of Sussex] On: 17 June 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 920179378] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered
More informationEugene A. Paoline III a & William Terrill b a Department of Criminal Justice, University of Central Florida, Hall, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
This article was downloaded by: [University of Central Florida] On: 31 October 2011, At: 10:29 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office:
More informationThe 'Right to Reside' and Social Security Entitlements
Trinity College Dublin, Ireland From the SelectedWorks of Mel Cousins 2007 The 'Right to Reside' and Social Security Entitlements Mel Cousins, Glasgow Caledonian University Available at: https://works.bepress.com/mel_cousins/35/
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by:[neicon Consortium] [NEICON Consortium] On: 13 July 2007 Access Details: [subscription number 762905488] Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales
More informationDirection of trade and wage inequality
This article was downloaded by: [California State University Fullerton], [Sherif Khalifa] On: 15 May 2014, At: 17:25 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number:
More informationPS CONFLICT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
PS138-08 CONFLICT AND NATURAL RESOURCES Nancy.Gleason@Tufts.Edu Office: Packard Hall Room 306, Third Floor Office Hours: Thursdays 3:15-4:15 or by appointment COURSE DESCRIPTION This course examines the
More informationPopulation Pressure, Natural Resources and Conflict: Insights from Sub-National Studies of India and Indonesia
Population Pressure, Natural Resources and Conflict: Insights from Sub-National Studies of India and Indonesia Henrik Urdal Centre for the Study of Civil War (PRIO) Presentation at the Environmental Change
More informationWorld Conservation Congress
World Conservation Congress Beyond Zoonoses: : One World - One Health, The Threat of Emerging Diseases to Human Security and Conservation, and the Implications for Public Policy November 15, 2004 Bangkok,
More informationComment: Fact or artefact? Analysing core constitutional norms in beyond-the-state contexts Antje Wiener Published online: 17 Feb 2007.
This article was downloaded by: [University of Hamburg] On: 02 September 2013, At: 03:21 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationOverview SEEKING STABILITY: Evidence on Strategies for Reducing the Risk of Conflict in Northern Jordanian Communities Hosting Syrian Refugees
SEEKING STABILITY: Evidence on Strategies for Reducing the Risk of Conflict in Northern Jordanian Communities Hosting Syrian Refugees Overview Three years into the Syrian Civil War, the spill-over of the
More informationWest European Politics Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
This article was downloaded by: [Universiteit Leiden / LUMC] On: 12 September 2013, At: 05:05 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office:
More informationRethinking Migration Decision Making in Contemporary Migration Theories
146,4%5+ RETHINKING MIGRATION DECISION MAKING IN CONTEMPORARY MIGRATION THEORIES Rethinking Migration Decision Making in Contemporary Migration Theories Ai-hsuan Sandra ~ a ' Abstract This paper critically
More informationCRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY: RETHINKING THE LINKS BETWEEN NATURAL RESOURCES AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE
New Issues in Security #5 CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY: RETHINKING THE LINKS BETWEEN NATURAL RESOURCES AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE Edited by Matthew A. Schnurr and Larry A. Swatuk Centre for Foreign Policy
More informationAFRICA: CONFLICT AND CRISIS
AFRICA: CONFLICT AND CRISIS Roddy Fox Rhodes University 1 MINERALS: A BRIEF REMINDER 2 Africa: Selected Geological and Tectonic Features East Saharan Craton Bangweulu Craton 3 Africa: Diamonds in Relation
More informationGlobal Politics and Peace Parks Dr. Rosaleen Duffy Centre for International Politics, Manchester University
Global Politics and Peace Parks Dr. Rosaleen Duffy Centre for International Politics, Manchester University Nowhere is the need for transnational forms of management more apparent than in the realm of
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE. Full terms and conditions of use:
This article was downloaded by: [Consorci de Biblioteques Universitaries de Catalunya] On: 24 November 2009 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 789296667] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd
More informationOnline publication date: 07 December 2010 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by: [University of Denver] On: 13 December 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 922941597] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales
More informationWhose interests are at stake? Civil society and NGOs in South Africa Francien van Driel & Jacqueline van Haren Published online: 03 Jun 2010.
This article was downloaded by: [Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen] On: 16 October 2014, At: 04:47 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office:
More informationTo cite this article: Anna Stilz (2011): ON THE RELATION BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND RIGHTS, Representation, 47:1, 9-17
This article was downloaded by: [Princeton University] On: 31 January 2013, At: 09:54 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationTo link to this article: PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by: [University of Newcastle, Australia] On: 02 January 2015, At: 10:50 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered
More informationThe impacts of the global financial and food crises on the population situation in the Arab World.
DOHA DECLARATION I. Preamble We, the heads of population councils/commissions in the Arab States, representatives of international and regional organizations, and international experts and researchers
More informationSeminar Proceedings. July 3 and 4, 2003
DEALING WITH SCARCITY AND VIOLENT CONFLICT Seminar Proceedings July 3 and 4, 2003 Bart Klem 1 Henk Hilderink 2 1 Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael, Conflict Research Unit 2 National
More informationConflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Background: The Democratic Republic of the Congo is very wealthy and a sizeable country with rich resources, yet the government has not reaped the benefits
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE. Full terms and conditions of use:
This article was downloaded by: [Hans Rohr] On: 26 July 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 731760398] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number:
More informationHorizontal Inequalities:
Horizontal Inequalities: BARRIERS TO PLURALISM Frances Stewart University of Oxford March 2017 HORIZONTAL INEQUALITIES AND PLURALISM Horizontal inequalities (HIs) are inequalities among groups of people.
More informationProgramme Specification
Programme Specification Title: Social Policy and Sociology Final Award: Bachelor of Arts with Honours (BA (Hons)) With Exit Awards at: Certificate of Higher Education (CertHE) Diploma of Higher Education
More informationProgramme Specification
Programme Specification Non-Governmental Public Action Contents 1. Executive Summary 2. Programme Objectives 3. Rationale for the Programme - Why a programme and why now? 3.1 Scientific context 3.2 Practical
More informationBook Review: Natural Resources and Conflict in Africa: The Tragedy of Endowment
Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective Volume 3 Number 2 Globalization and the Unending Frontier Article 10 June 2010 Book Review: Natural Resources and Conflict in Africa: The Tragedy
More informationPublished online: 29 May 2013.
This article was downloaded by: [University of San Francisco] On: 15 July 2013, At: 11:37 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office:
More informationCRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY: RETHINKING THE LINKS BETWEEN NATURAL RESOURCES AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE
New Issues in Security #5 CRITICAL ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY: RETHINKING THE LINKS BETWEEN NATURAL RESOURCES AND POLITICAL VIOLENCE Edited by Matthew A. Schnurr and Larry A. Swatuk Centre for Foreign Policy
More informationPLAN 619 Fall 2014 Cultural Diversity in Planning University of Hawai`i, Department of Urban & Regional Planning
PLAN 619 Fall 2014 Cultural Diversity in Planning University of Hawai`i, Department of Urban & Regional Planning Instructor: Karen Umemoto, PhD Email: kumemoto@hawaii.edu Office: Saunders Hall 118 Phone:
More informationTHE CULTURE AND CONFLICT REVIEW
Program for Culture & Conflict Studies Home About Us Provincial Overview Journal Research CCS People Contact Us Home Admissions Academics Research Technology Library Administration About NPS Home >> Culture
More informationJournal of Conflict Transformation & Security
Louise Shelley Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN: 9780521130875, 356p. Over the last two centuries, human trafficking has grown at an
More informationDreaming big: Democracy in the global economy Maliha Safri; Eray Düzenli
This article was downloaded by: [University of Denver] On: 12 January 2011 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 922941597] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales
More informationEvaluating Integrated Conservation & Development at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Julia Baker 29 th November 2012 Oxford Brookes
Evaluating Integrated Conservation & Development at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda Julia Baker 29 th November 2012 Oxford Brookes Conservation Policy Priorities for managing protected areas
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by:[university Of Melbourne] On: 2 October 2007 Access Details: [subscription number 773216478] Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number:
More informationAvailable online: 24 Jun 2011
This article was downloaded by: [Columbia University] On: 08 July 2011, At: 11:37 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by:[rutgers University] On: 26 December 2007 Access Details: [subscription number 764700825] Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number:
More informationKey Concepts & Research in Political Science and Sociology
SPS 2 nd term seminar 2015-2016 Key Concepts & Research in Political Science and Sociology By Stefanie Reher and Diederik Boertien Tuesdays, 15:00-17:00, Seminar Room 3 (first session on January, 19th)
More informationMarc Trachtenberg a a University of Pennsylvania
This article was downloaded by: [University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)] On: 29 July 2014, At: 14:57 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered
More informationSocio - Economic Impact of Remittance on Households in Lekhnath Municipality, Kaski, Nepal
Economic Literature, Vol. XII (39-49), December 2014 Socio - Economic Impact of Remittance on Households in Lekhnath Municipality, Kaski, Nepal Ananta Raj Dhungana, PhD 1 * Dipendra Pandit** ABSTRACT The
More informationCurrent Issues: Africa
Current Issues: Africa African Politics before European Rule Prior to WWII, the tribe (ethnic group) was the traditional political unit Many of the political problems today are conflicts from and effects
More informationMigration Pressure, Renewable Resource Scarcity, and Internal Armed Conflict
Migration Pressure, Renewable Resource Scarcity, and Internal Armed Conflict Oda Fjeldvær Eggen Master s Thesis in Political Science UNIVERSITY OF OSLO May 2010 II Oda Fjeldvær Eggen 2010 Migration Pressure,
More informationNinth Coordination Meeting on International Migration
Ninth Coordination Meeting on International Migration Measuring migration s economic and social impacts: Core indicators and methodological considerations Laura Chappell Senior Research Fellow, Institute
More informationSearch for Common Ground Rwanda
Search for Common Ground Rwanda Context of Intervention 2017 2021 Country Strategy In the 22 years following the genocide, Rwanda has seen impressive economic growth and a concerted effort from national
More informationNatural Resources and Conflict
20 June 2007 No. 2 Natural Resources and Conflict Expected Council Action On 25 June the Security Council will hold an open debate on the relationship between natural resources and conflict, an initiative
More informationHigh School Model United Nations 2009
GA IV (SPECPOL) The Question of Stewardship of Natural Resources in Conflict OVERVIEW The question of stewardship of natural resources in conflict extends far beyond the concept of sustainability. Mismanagement
More informationINEQUALITY AND INTERNAL CONFLICT. Syed Mansoob Murshed ISS-Erasmus University & Coventry University, UK
INEQUALITY AND INTERNAL CONFLICT Syed Mansoob Murshed ISS-Erasmus University & Coventry University, UK Murshed@iss.nl 1 INTERNAL CONFLICT AND UNDER-DEVELOPMENT This topic has received a great deal of attention
More informationCOUNTRY DATA: RWANDA: Information from the CIA World Factbook INTRODUCTION GEOGRAPHY
COUNTRY DATA: RWANDA: Information from the CIA World Factbook INTRODUCTION In 1959, three years before independence from Belgium, the majority ethnic group, the Hutus, overthrew the ruling Tutsi king.
More informationPolice Science A European Approach By Hans Gerd Jaschke
Police Science A European Approach By Hans Gerd Jaschke The increase of organised and cross border crime follows globalisation. Rapid exchange of information and knowledge, people and goods, cultures and
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by: [Bryn Mawr College] On: 21 August 2008 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 794342784] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered
More informationRobert G. Picard a a Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford. Published online: 16 Jan 2014.
This article was downloaded by: [the Bodleian Libraries of the University of Oxford] On: 21 January 2014, At: 06:55 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954
More information2. Scope and Importance of Economics. 2.0 Introduction: Teaching of Economics
1 2. Scope and Importance of Economics 2.0 Introduction: Scope mean the area or field with in which a subject works, or boundaries and limits. In the present era of LPG, when world is considered as village
More informationPorphant Ouyyanont a a School of Economics, Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University, Nonthaburi, Thailand Published online: 03 Jun 2013.
This article was downloaded by: [Dr Porphant Ouyyanont] On: 11 March 2014, At: 20:47 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationThe Efficiency of Tourism Impact on People's Livelihood: A Theoretical Framework Zhen Su 1,a and Qiuying Li 1,b
2017 2nd International Conference on Humanities Science, Management and Education Technology (HSMET 2017) ISBN: 978-1-60595-494-3 The Efficiency of Tourism Impact on People's Livelihood: A Theoretical
More informationQUALITATIVE SOCIOLOGY. Special issue: Social Equity and Environmental Activism: Utopias, Dystopias and Incrementalism. Allan Schnaiberg, Editor
QUALITATIVE SOCIOLOGY Special issue: Social Equity and Environmental Activism: Utopias, Dystopias and Incrementalism Allan, Editor 1993 INTRODUCTION: INEQUALITY ONCE MORE, WITH (SOME) FEELING Allan Introduction
More informationBOOK SUMMARY. Rivalry and Revenge. The Politics of Violence during Civil War. Laia Balcells Duke University
BOOK SUMMARY Rivalry and Revenge. The Politics of Violence during Civil War Laia Balcells Duke University Introduction What explains violence against civilians in civil wars? Why do armed groups use violence
More informationNatural Resources: Source of Violence, Source of Peace 1
Natural Resources: Source of Violence, Source of Peace 1 Author: Eric van de Giessen Submitted: 18 July 2005 Supervisor: Prof. Georg Frerks Centre for Conflict Studies and Human Rights Utrecht University
More informationTraditional justice and reconciliation after violent conflict: Learning from African experiences
Traditional justice and reconciliation after violent conflict: Learning from African experiences Huyse, Luc and Mark Salter eds. 2008 Stockholm, International IDEA (Institute for Democracy and Electoral
More informationUvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Between local governments and communities van Ewijk, E. Link to publication
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Between local governments and communities van Ewijk, E. Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): van Ewijk, E. (2013). Between local governments
More informationPOLI 111: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Session 8-Political Culture
POLI 111: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Session 8-Political Culture Lecturer: Dr. Evans Aggrey-Darkoh, Department of Political Science Contact Information: aggreydarkoh@ug.edu.gh Session
More informationExecutive Summary Report Preface
Executive Summary Report Executive Summary Report Preface In 1969, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) established the Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) as a unique forum for
More informationTENTATIVE CHAIR S NOTE POST-MDGS CONTACT GROUP -SUMMARY & FRAMING QUESTIONS- SEPTEMBER 2012
TENTATIVE CHAIR S NOTE POST-MDGS CONTACT GROUP -SUMMARY & FRAMING QUESTIONS- SEPTEMBER 2012 The following is the summary of the Tentative Chair s Note of the Post-MDGs Contact Group (CG). The CG is a forum
More informationThe Tyranny of Science
This article was downloaded by: [University of Wollongong] On: 15 May 2012, At: 23:36 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationPublished online: 03 May To link to this article:
This article was downloaded by: [The University of Manchester Library] On: 09 August 2013, At: 15:24 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by:[warren, Dorian] [Bronfenbrenner, Kate] On: 6 December 2007 Access Details: [subscription number 788088800] Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England
More informationEnvironmental grievances along the Extractive Industries Value Chain
Environment Programme Environmental grievances along the Extractive Industries Value Chain Dag Seierstad, UNEP Mismanagement of oil exploitation sparks civil uprising in Ogoniland, Nigeria Uprisings in
More informationMigration: challenging the debate and developing a positive agenda around migration in the Yorkshire region
Migration: challenging the debate and developing a positive agenda around migration in the Yorkshire region Briefing note from the Migration Roundtable event, Leeds, March 2015. Alberti, G., Ciupijus,
More informationSocial cohesion a post-crisis analysis
Theoretical and Applied Economics Volume XIX (2012), No. 11(576), pp. 127-134 Social cohesion a post-crisis analysis Alina Magdalena MANOLE The Bucharest University of Economic Studies magda.manole@economie.ase.ro
More informationStudy on the gender. dimension of trafficking in human beings Executive summary. Migration and. Directorate-General for Development and
Study on the gender dimension of trafficking in human beings Executive summary Migration and Directorate-General for Development and Cooperation Home Affairs EuropeAid Authors Authorship: Sylvia Walby,
More informationExpert group meeting. New research on inequality and its impacts World Social Situation 2019
Expert group meeting New research on inequality and its impacts World Social Situation 2019 New York, 12-13 September 2018 Introduction In 2017, the General Assembly encouraged the Secretary-General to
More informationOn Inequality Traps and Development Policy. Findings
Social Development 268 November 2006 Findings reports on ongoing operational, economic, and sector work carried out by the World Bank and its member governments in the Africa Region. It is published periodically
More informationCall for Papers. Position, Salience and Issue Linkage: Party Strategies in Multinational Democracies
Call for Papers Workshop and subsequent Special Issue Position, Salience and Issue Linkage: Party Strategies in Multinational Democracies Convenors/editors: Anwen Elias (University of Aberystwyth) Edina
More informationPrevention of corruption in the sphere of public purchases: Interviews with experts
Article available at http://www.shs-conferences.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20141000018 SHS Web of Conferences 10, 00018 (2014) DOI: 10.1051/shsconf/20141000018 C Owned by the authors, published
More informationPeace and conflict in Africa
Book review Peace and conflict in Africa Francis, David J. (ed.) 2008 Zed Books, London / New York. 242 pp. ISBN 978 1 84277 953 8 hb, 978 1 84277 954 5 pb Reviewed by Karanja Mbugua Analyst with ACCORD
More informationIS - International Studies
IS - International Studies INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Courses IS 600. Research Methods in International Studies. Lecture 3 hours; 3 credits. Interdisciplinary quantitative techniques applicable to the study
More informationConditionality Briefing: Anti-social Behaviour John Flint
September 2014 Conditionality Briefing: Anti-social Behaviour John Flint Addressing anti-social behaviour (ASB) has been a key priority for successive UK and Scottish governments. In England, the Coalition
More informationExplaining occurrence of conflicts - clashes of cultures or abundance of resources?
Institutionen för samhällsvetenskap Explaining occurrence of conflicts - clashes of cultures or abundance of resources? Bachelor Thesis in Linnaeus University Fall semester 2014 Nathalie Eriksson Tutor:
More informationTHE ROLE OF POLITICAL DIALOGUE IN PEACEBUILDING AND STATEBUILDING: AN INTERPRETATION OF CURRENT EXPERIENCE
THE ROLE OF POLITICAL DIALOGUE IN PEACEBUILDING AND STATEBUILDING: AN INTERPRETATION OF CURRENT EXPERIENCE 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Political dialogue refers to a wide range of activities, from high-level negotiations
More informationWasserman & Faust, chapter 5
Wasserman & Faust, chapter 5 Centrality and Prestige - Primary goal is identification of the most important actors in a social network. - Prestigious actors are those with large indegrees, or choices received.
More informationPolitical participation of Tribal people in Administration A case study of Mayurbhanj in Odisha
6 Political participation of Tribal people in Administration A case study of Mayurbhanj in Odisha Sunaram Hembrom, Research Scholar, Department of Political Science, KIIT School of Social Science, KIIT
More informationSOCIAL POLICY AND CITIZENSHIP
SOCIAL POLICY AND CITIZENSHIP SOCIAL POLICY AND CITIZENSHIP Julia Parker Lecturer in the Department of Social and Administrative Studies, University of Oxford M Julia Parker 1975 Softcover reprint of the
More informationLisa Hultman (Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University)
Action for Protection: What Peacekeepers Do to Protect Civilians Lisa Hultman (Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University) Published in Clayton Govinda (ed.) The Known Knowns and the
More informationRESPONDING TO CHALLENGERS Conflict, change and leadership
Presentation by Penny Mudford Building Dairy Environmental Leaders Forum Palmerston North, NZ 7 November 2007 RESPONDING TO CHALLENGERS Conflict, change and leadership Introduction In political environments
More informationCompass. Domestic violence and women s economic security: Building Australia s capacity for prevention and redress: Key findings and future directions
Compass Research to policy and practice Issue 06 October 2016 Domestic violence and women s economic security: Building Australia s capacity for prevention and redress: Key findings and future directions
More informationThe Spanish housing bubble burst and stabilization measures.
COLLEGIUM OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Piotr Kasprzak, M.A. Dissertation Summary The Spanish housing bubble burst and stabilization measures. Doctoral dissertation written under the guidance of Prof. Marek
More informationCritiques on Mining and Local Corruption in Africa
MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive Critiques on Mining and Local Corruption in Africa Bizuayehu Lema 13 October 2017 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/81938/ MPRA Paper No. 81938, posted 16 October
More informationBeyond Cultural Imperialism: Media Interventions in the Twenty-First Century
Jill E. Hopke PhD student in Department of Life Sciences Communication University of Wisconsin-Madison Beyond Cultural Imperialism: Media Interventions in the Twenty-First Century The world is a messy
More informationSECTION 4: IMPARTIALITY
SECTION 4: IMPARTIALITY 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Principles 4.3 Mandatory Referrals 4.4 Practices Breadth and Diversity of Opinion Controversial Subjects News, Current Affairs and Factual
More informationConvention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
United Nations CEDAW/C/PRK/CO/1 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Distr.: General 22 July 2005 Original: English 110 Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination
More informationGender and sustainability: Emerging issues
Gender and sustainability: Emerging issues Ms. Kulthoum Omari HBS Sustainable Development Programme Manager Sustainability and Gender-emerging issues Resource Inequality One of the barriers to SD and transformative
More informationBryan T. Gervais Curriculum Vitae
Bryan T. Gervais Curriculum Vitae Department of Political Science and Geography University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio, TX 78249 Office Phone: (210)458-5646 Email: bryan.gervais@utsa.edu
More informationSociology Curriculum Maps
Sociology Curriculum Maps Unit 1: Culture and Social Structure Unit 2: The Individual in Society Unit 3: Social Inequality Unit 4: Social Institutions Unit 5: The Changing Social World Grade: 11 and 12
More informationWe the Stakeholders: The Power of Representation beyond Borders? Clara Brandi
REVIEW Clara Brandi We the Stakeholders: The Power of Representation beyond Borders? Terry Macdonald, Global Stakeholder Democracy. Power and Representation Beyond Liberal States, Oxford, Oxford University
More informationTHEME CONCEPT PAPER. Partnerships for migration and human development: shared prosperity shared responsibility
Fourth Meeting of the Global Forum on Migration and Development Mexico 2010 THEME CONCEPT PAPER Partnerships for migration and human development: shared prosperity shared responsibility I. Introduction
More informationDEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND ARMED CONFLICT* Henrik Urdal**
UN/POP/EGM-URB/2008/18 16 January 2008 UNITED NATIONS EXPERT GROUP MEETING ON POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, URBANIZATION, INTERNAL MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT Population Division Department of Economic and Social
More information