Political Parties and Electoral Strategy

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1 Political Parties and Electoral Strategy

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3 Political Parties and Electoral Strategy The Development of Party Organization in East Asia Olli Hellmann Lecturer in Asian Political Economy, School of Government and International Affairs, University of Durham, UK

4 Olli Hellmann 2011 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hellmann, Olli, 1979 Political parties and electoral strategy : the development of party organization in East Asia / Olli Hellmann. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN Political campaigns East Asia. 2. Political parties East Asia. 3. East Asia Politics and government. I. Title. JQ1499.A95H dc

5 For Katie

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7 Contents List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations x xi xii xiv Introduction 1 Theories of party organization: structure vs. agency 1 A historical institutionalist perspective on party organization 7 Case selection and research design 11 Structure and aim of the book 14 1 Explaining Party Organization: Actors, Conflict, Context 17 Politicians and their electoral strategies 17 Electoral markets in new democracies 20 The organizational requirements of electoral strategy 24 The reproduction and change of party organizations 28 Summary 31 2 South Korea 34 The transition to democracy 34 The electoral market: leaders, factions and parties 37 Theeraofthe threekims 37 Exit the charismatic kings, enter programmatic actors 41 Summary 46 The organization of political parties 47 Party membership 48 Candidate selection 52 Distribution of resources and composition of party bodies 59 Summary 63 3 Taiwan 67 The transition to democracy 67 The electoral market: leaders, factions and parties 70 A one-party dominant system 70 vii

8 viii Contents The emergence of catch-all politics 75 Summary 77 The organization of political parties 78 Party membership 79 Candidate selection 84 Distribution of resources and composition of party bodies 89 Summary 94 4 The Philippines 97 The transition to democracy 97 The electoral market: leaders, factions and parties 100 Elections in post-marcos Philippines a family business 100 Political parties as coalitions of family clans 104 Summary 109 The organization of political parties 110 Party membership 110 Candidate selection 112 Distribution of resources and composition of party bodies 114 A different kind of party: Akbayan 116 Summary Indonesia 120 The transition to democracy 120 The electoral market: leaders, factions and parties 123 The relevance of the historical party system 123 Charisma, money and patron client networks 126 Summary 130 The organization of political parties 131 Party membership 132 Candidate selection 134 Distribution of resources and composition of party bodies 137 The 2009 elections a stimulus for party change? 140 Summary Conclusion 147 The development of party organization in East Asia 148 Party formation: electoral markets and electoral strategies 148

9 Contents ix Party change: organizational replacement and gradual transformation 154 Implications for the study of political parties in Asia and elsewhere 160 Questions for future research 163 Notes 168 Bibliography 178 Index 196

10 List of Figures 1.1 Electoral strategies strategically selected outcomes in new democracies Party organization strategically selected outcomes in new democracies Taiwan: inclusiveness of the selectorate 88 x

11 List of Tables I.1 Theoretical approaches to party formation and change 6 I.2 Case selection Socio-economic development in South Korea South Korea: party system indicators South Korea: results for National Assembly elections Socio-economic development in Taiwan Taiwan: party system indicators Taiwan: results for Legislative Yuan elections Taiwan: party membership figures Socio-economic development in the Philippines The Philippines: party system indicators The Philippines: results for House of Representatives elections Socio-economic development in Indonesia Indonesia: results for elections to the People s Representative Council Indonesia: party system indicators 143 xi

12 Acknowledgments I could not have written this book without the help and support of many people. I would like to begin by thanking the POLSIS department at the University of Birmingham for providing a stimulating and supporting environment. In particular, I want to thank the following people (in no particular order) for their help in academic matters and in understanding British culture (although I still cannot get my head around the fact that most bathrooms in this country are fitted with carpet): Julie Gilson, Caroline Hughes, Zoe Pflaeger, Jack Holland, Dave Norman, Sadiya Akram, Chris Holmes and Daniela Tepe. Most importantly, however, I could not have finished my research without the encouragement and constant support of Ingrid van Biezen. In the long tradition of Dutch managers (such as Johan Cruyff, Leo Beenhakker and Guus Hiddink), she gave me the discipline I needed, while at the same time providing an open ear for my problems and cheering me up in times of methodological, theoretical and empirical struggle. In addition, I am very much indebted to a lot of people for sharing their vast knowledge of East Asian politics with me. These are (in alphabetical order) Anies Baswedan, Ramon C. Casiple, Edna E. A. Co, Frank Feulner, Dennis T. Gonzalez, Shiow-duan Hawang, Mirko Herberg, Heike Hermanns, Rainer Heufers, Szu-yin Ho, Hyug-Baeg Im, Werner Kamppeter, Wook Kim, Yong-Ho Kim, Ignas Kleden, Hyeok Yong Kwon, Eun-Jeung Lee, Jih-wen Lin, I-Chou Liu, Mahar Mangahas, Chung Sang Moon, Joel Rocamora, Paul W. Rowland, John Sidel, Benny Subianto, Bima Arya Sugiarto, Rizal Sukma, Bivitri Susanti, Yeh-li Wang, Winfried Weck and Chung-li Wu. I would like to extend a special thank you to four people whose patience I exhausted on more than one occasion: Jin-Min Chung, Dafydd Fell, Marcus Mietzner and Chyn San Juan. Thank you not only for highly stimulating discussions on East Asian party politics but also for giving me useful advice on seemingly mundane, but at the time, highly confusing matters (such as buying a SIM card, haggling with taxi drivers or where to watch the 2008 Euro Cup final). Needless to say, any mistakes in this book are nobody s fault but mine. Finally, I would like to thank Shelagh and Richard for letting me stay in their lovely home while adding the final touches to the book, and xii

13 Acknowledgments xiii my parents, who although always questioning the value of a political science degree have helped and supported me endlessly over the years. First and foremost, however, this book is dedicated to Katie, who not only had to stay home alone for several months while I travelled Asia in search of data, but also put up with my foul temper when writing up the book. Yet after all that, she decided to move up to Durham with me for my first academic job. Dedicating my first book to her is the least Icando.

14 List of Abbreviations BCC CKP COMELEC CPC CTV DJP DLP DP DPP DPP DPP GAD GDP Gerindra GNP Golkar Hanura ICMI KAMPI KBL KCTU KDLP KICAC KMT LABAN Lakas-CMD LAMMP LDP Broadcasting Corporation of China Creative Korea Party Commission on Elections Communist Party of China China Television Company Democratic Justice Party Democratic Liberal Party Democratic Party Democratic People s Party [South Korea] Democratic Progressive Party [Taiwan] Dewan Pimpinan Pusat (central executive board) [Indonesia] Grand Alliance for Democracy Gross domestic product Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya (Great Indonesia Movement Party) Grand National Party Partai Golongan Karya (Party of Functional Groups) Partai Hati Nurani Rakyat (People s Conscience Party) Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia (Association of Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals) Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino (Partner of the Free Filipino) Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New Society Movement) Korean Confederation of Trade Unions Korean Democratic Labour Party Korea Independent Commission Against Corruption Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) Lakas ng Bayan (People Power) Lakas-Christian Muslim Democrats Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino (Struggle of the Patriotic Filipino Masses) Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (Struggle of Democratic Filipinos) xiv

15 List of Abbreviations xv LFP LP M/E M/V MDP NAMFREL NCNP NDRP NGO NKDP NKP NP NP NPC NPP NPRP NPUPP NUCD PAN PBB PBR PD PDI PDI-P PDP PFP PKB PKS PMP PP PPD PPP PR PRC RDP SNTV TAIP Liberty Forward Party Liberal Party Membership/electorate ratio Membership/voter ratio Millennium Democratic Party National Movement for Free Elections National Congress for New Politics New Democratic Republican Party Non-governmental organization New Korea Democratic Party New Korea Party Nacionalista Party [Philippines] New Party [Taiwan] Nationalist People s Coalition New Progressive Party New Political Reform Party Non-Party for a Unified People s Party National Union of Christian Democrats Partai Amanat Nasional (National Mandate Party) Partai Bulan Bintang (Crescent Star Party) Partai Bintang Reformasi (Reform Star Party) Partai Demokrat (Democratic Party) Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (Indonesian Democratic Party) Partai Demokrasi Indonesia-Perjuangan (Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle) Partido Demokratiko Pilipino (Philippine Democratic Party) People First Party Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (National Awakening Party) Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (Prosperous Justice Party) Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (Force of the Filipino Masses) People s Party Party for Peace and Democracy Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (United Development Party) proportional representation People s Republic of China Reunification Democratic Party Single non-transferable vote Taiwan Independence Party

16 xvi List of Abbreviations TSU UDP ULD UMDP UNDP UNIDO UPP Taiwan Solidarity Union United Democratic Party United Liberal Democrats United Muslim Democrats of the Philippines United New Democratic Party United Nationalist Democratic Organization United People s Party