Notes. Preface. 1 Taiwan at the Birth of Lee Teng-hui

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1 Notes Preface Sources included in the Bibliography are listed here in abbreviated form. The Wade-Giles system is used for transliterating Chinese characters with some exceptions for names that are long familiar in the West, such as Chiang Kai-shek (instead of Chiang Chiehshih) and Tamsui (instead of Tan-shui), as well as personal names that were adopted by individuals themselves, such as Lee Teng-hui (instead of Li Teng-hui), Tsiang Yensi (instead of Chiang Yen-shih), and Vincent Siew (instead of Vincent Hsiao). Names of prominent officials in the People s Republic of China are romanized in pinyin system, such as Mao Zedong and Jiang Zemin. 1. It is to be noted that, long before his death in 1975, Chiang Kai-shek had given up implicitly on the idea of going back to the mainland. 2. ROC Mainland Affairs Council, Taipei Speaks Up: Special State-to-State Relationship: Republic of China s Policy Documents, Fairbank and Goldman, China: A New History, For more on nationalism, see Anderson s Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, chapter 4; also Copper, Taiwan: Nation-State or Province? 5. Corcuff, ed. Memories of the Future: National Identity Issues and the Search for a New Taiwan, xiii; also Gary Klintworth, In Search of Identity, Taipei Review (previously Free China Review, hereafter cited as FCR) (September 2002), Independence Evening Post (Taipei) 4/28/1994, 4/30/1994; and Asahi Shimbun (Tokyo), 5/6/ Quoted from Lee Teng-hui s speech at Nantou County s Association of Lee Teng-hui s Friends, Sina Net, 1/11/03. 1 Taiwan at the Birth of Lee Teng-hui 1. Sina Net, 5/11/ For more on Spanish occupation of Taiwan, see Kelly Her, Voyages to Ilha Formosa, Taipei Review, previously FCR (January 2003), and Mateo,

2 226 Notes Spaniards in Taiwan. Mateo lists a total of eight governors during the 16-year Spanish rule of northern Taiwan. They include: Antonio C. Valdes, Juan de Alcarazo, Bartolome Diaz Barrera, Alonso Garcia Romero, Francisco Hernandez, Pedro Palomino, Cristobal Marquez, and Gonzalo Portillo. 3. James W. Davidson, The Island of Formosa, Past and Present, 38 39; also Campbell, Formosa Under the Dutch. 4. Ch in Chiu, Tai-wan chi-fu: Cheng Ch eng-kung, Also Lien Ya-t ang s Tai-wan t ung-shih, chuan 29, Biography of Ch en Yung-hua. 5. Ibid., 38. Edward I-te Ch en goes one step further by declaring that China s interest in the island today is strictly a post-1945 phenomenon. See Ch en s Formosan Political Movements Under Japanese Colonial Rule, , 496; Hughes, Taiwan and Chinese Nationalism: National Identity and Status in International Society, Wills, Embassies and Illusions: Dutch and Portuguese Envoys to K ang-hsi, , 148, 151. For more on Koxinga, see Chikamatsu, The Battles of Coxinga. 7. For more, see Psalmanazar, An Historical and Geographical Description of Formosa. This work was reprinted by R. Davis in London in At the Bancroft Library of the University of California at Berkeley, there is a manuscript copy of a letter from Psalmanazar to the Reverend Mr. Birch, dated London, July 13, Kerr, Formosa Betrayed, 5. In his notes on pp , Kerr cites LeGendre s Is Aboriginal Formosa a Part of the Chinese Empire?, intending to refute the Sinologist thesis that Taiwan remained a Ming-Ch ing macroregions. Also see Lamley, Frontier Days in Formosa, Lamley, From Far Canada to Set Up the First Tamsui Churches, Pickering s book was published in London by Hurst and Blackett in See Kiang s The Hakka Search For A Homeland and Constable, ed., Guest People: Hakka Identity in China and Abroad. 12. Wu Cho-liu, Wu-hua-kuo, History books on Taiwan authored by ethnic Taiwanese include Shih Bing s (Shih Ming) Taiwan s 400 Year History: The Origins and Continuing Development of the Taiwanese Society and People; Edward I-te Ch en, Japanese Colonialism in Korea and Formosa: A Comparison of Its Effects Upon the Development of Nationalism ; Wang Yu-te s Tai-wan k u-men te li-shi (The depressed history of Taiwan); etc. 14. Bailey, A Diplomatic History of the American People, 315; also Kerr, Formosa Betrayed, 5 and Long, Taiwan: China s Last Frontier, Ibid., Long Stream Taiwan History Commission, ed., Tai-pei li-shih sheng-tu lue-you, Hsueh Fu-ch eng memorial to the Emperor Kuang-hsu, Kuang-hsu 19/5/16 (29 June, 1893), in Yuan-an ch uan-chi, 1: Kuo Ting-yee, Early Stages of Sinicization of Taiwan, , Ta-Ch ing hui-tien shih-li, 775:1a. 20. Shepherd, Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier, , Ts ai, One Kind of Control: The hoko system in Taiwan under Japanese rule, , 5. On Ch ing s pao-chia system, Kung-chuan Hsiao writes, many

3 Notes 227 persons of the Ch ing dynasty discussed the pao-chia, but they all were muddled and difficult to understand. See Hsiao s Rural China: Imperial Control in the Nineteenth Century, 26, 48, 55, Meisner, The Development of Formosan Nationalism, 92 and Myers, Taiwan Under Ch ing Rule, : The Traditional Order, Also, Chen Chiu-kun, From Landlords to Local Strongmen: The Transformation of Local Elites in Mid-Ch ing Taiwan, , in Rubinstein, ed., Taiwan: A New History, Long Stream Taiwan History Commission, ed., Tai-pei li-shih sheng-lu lue-you, 6; also Kuhn, Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China: Militarization and Social Structure, , 24 27, For more, see Lamley, The 1895 Taiwan Republic: A Significant Episode in Modern Chinese History, Corcuff, ed., Memories of the Future: National Identity Issues and the Search for a New Taiwan, xiii, 3 20; also Hsu Chi-tun, Hsun-chao Tai-wan hsin tso-piao, Edward I-te Ch en, Japanese Colonialism in Korea and Formosa: A Comparison of the Systems of Political Control, Weng Chia-in, Tai-wan Han-jen wu-chuang k ang-jih-shih yen-chiu, Lo Chi-pu, Ye-hsin ti-kuo, Ibid., 81, Ibid., 97, Ibid., 118; also Lee Teng-hui and Nakajima Mineo, Ajia-no-chiryaku (Intelligence and tact of Asia). Tokyo: Koubunsha, 2000, Goto Shimpei, The Administration of Formosa (Taiwan), in Okuma Shigenobu, ed., Fifty Years of New Japan, Ts ai, One Kind of Control: The hoko System in Taiwan, Lo Chi-pu, Ye-hsin ti-kuo, 112, Also see Tsurumi, Taiwan Under Kodama Gentaro and Goto Shimpei, and Takekoshi Yosaburo s Japanese Rule in Formosa. 35. Borton, Japan s Modern Century, 273. See also Bigelow, Japan and Her Colonies. 36. See Chang Han-yu and Myers, Japanese Colonial Development Policy in Taiwan, : A Case of Bureaucratic Entrepreneurship, ; Myers and Peattie, eds., The Japanese Colonial Empire, , Lamley, Taiwan Under Japanese Rule, : The Vicissitudes of Colonialism, in Rubinstein, ed., Taiwan: A New History, Balcom, A Literary Revolution, Also see, Chao-cheng Chung, The Plight of Taiwanese Literature As Seen From Taiwan s Literary History, in North America Taiwanese Professors Association Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 2 (December 1984), For more on Taiwan Cultural Association, see Wu Mi-ch a, Tai-wan-shih hsiao-shih-tien, 128, Unfortunately, Taiwanese People s Party was forced to dissolve by the colonial government in The Taiwan Youth continued to publish its bilingual issues in Tokyo until 1932 when it was moved to Taipei. For more see Kerr, Formosa: Licensed Revolution and the Home Rule Movement, and Ong Joktik

4 228 Notes A Formosan s View of the Formosan Independence Movement, in Mancall, ed., Formosa Today, Edward I-te Chen, Formosan Political Movements Under Japanese Colonial Rule, , 496; also Wu Mi-ch a, Tai-wan-shih hsiao-shih-tien, Tsurumi, Japanese Colonial Education in Taiwan, , T ang Yao-chung, Ti-yi chia-ting ti tsu-p u (Genealogy of the first family), in Hai-wai hsueh-jen (The Overseas Scholars), 214, 5/31/1990, 28. Hereafter cited as HWHJ. 44. Lo Chi-pu, Ye-hsin ti-kuo, 92. Also Ts ai, One Kind of Control: The hoko System in Taiwan, 46 47, 65, 74 82, Interview with Lee Teng-hui, 10/16/ Lee Teng-hui, Tai-wan ti tsu-chang, HWHJ, 187, 2/29/1988, The top graduate of Lee Teng-hui s class was Chi Fu-ming, who was poor and could not afford advanced education. Chi worked for Tamsui county office and grew vegetables for a living. 49. Tsurumi, Japanese Colonial Education in Taiwan, 109, cf. Kawamura Takeji, Taiwan no ichinen, For more on the role of language as a tool of imperialism, see Kleenman s Under an Imperial Sun: Japanese Colonial Literature of Taiwan and South. 51. Chung-yang jih-pao, 2/2/ The significance of the 1996 presidential election is elaborated on by Lin Chialung in his unpublished paper, Taiwan s Emerging Civic Nationalism: Origin and Implications, presented at the 5th annual North America Taiwan Studies Conference, June 4 7, 1999, University of Wisconsin, Madison. 2 The Japanese Education of a Taiwanese Economist 1. Scottish missionary William Campbell arrived at Tamsui two years before Mackay did. See Huwei Culture and History Workshop, Educator, Medic, and Never-tiring Missionary, trans. Chen Wen-tsung, in FCR (May 1993), In July, 2002, a delegation from Taiwan s Presbyterian Church visited Mackay s native home in Oxford, Ontario and made a payback donation to its St. David s United Church. See Sina Net, 6/25/ Tsurumi, Japanese Colonial Education in Taiwan, Interview with Lee Teng-hui, 10/16/ HWHJ, 140, 3/31/1984, Lee Teng-hui, Tai-wan ti tsu-chang, Tsurumi, Japanese Colonial Education in Taiwan, Lee Teng-hui, Tai-wan ti tsu-chang, Eugenia Yun, The Hakka, The Invisible Group, Aso Makoto and Ikuo Amano, Education and Japan s Modernization, HWHJ, 187, 2/29/1988, 19.

5 Notes Lee Teng-hui, Tai-wan ti tsu-chang, 40. For details, see also Peng Ming-min, A Taste of Freedom, A modified version of Kokutai no hongi was translated into English by John O. Gauntlett, edited by Robert K. Hall, and published by Harvard University Press in Wu Cho-liu, Wu-hua-kuo, Wu Mi-ch a, ed., Tai-wan shih hsiao-shih-tien, Lo Chi-p u, Ye-hsin ti-kuo, 241; also Kerr, Formosa: Licensed Revolution and the Home Rule Movement, Ibid., 168. Also Barclay, Colonial Development and Population in Taiwan and Wu Mi-ch a s Tai-wan shih hsiao-shih-tien, 141, 154. Taiwan s two largest Shinto shrines, both in Taipei, had been converted respectively into the Grand Hotel and the Central Library, while the Tainan Shinto Shrine is rebuilt into a gymnasium. The only large shrine that remains intact is in Taoyuan, which is under government protection. 17. Yen Hsing-chu, ed., Ta-k ai Hsinkan jen ti hsiang-p u, Yeh Jung-chung, Lin Hsien-t ang hsien-sheng chi-nien-chi, For more see, Leo T.S. Ching, Becoming Japanese : Colonial Taiwan and the Politics of Identity Formation. 19. Kamisaka Fuyuko, Kokono souto, Aso Makoto and Ikuo Amano, Education and Japan s Modernization, There were only eight higher schools in Japan; only the very best middle school students could get into such schools. 22. Interview with Lee Teng-hui, 10/16/ Tsurumi, Japanese Colonial Education in Taiwan, 127, 253, 280; also see Itoh Kiyoshi, Ri Tohki shinden, For the Japanese authors and books that presumably have exerted various degrees of influence on Lee Teng-hui, see Lee Teng-hui, Tai-wan ti tsu-chang, For a critique of Nitobe s patriotic cosmopolitanism, see Barshay, State and Intellectual in Imperial Japan: The Public Man in Crisis, 53 54; also McClain, Japan: A Modern History, 393, For more on autobiographical shosetsu, see Hibbett, The Portrait of the Artist in Japanese Fiction, This book was translated into English by Glenn W. Shaw and published by Hokusedo Press in Japan in June Lee Teng-hui, Tai-wan ti tsu-chang, Reischauer and Craig, Japan, Tradition and Transformation, Tai-wan jih-pao, 8/18/1989; also Itoh Kiyoshi, Ri Tohki shinden, Interview with Lee Teng-hui, 10/16/ Taihoku Imperial University was primarily a research institution. When it was first established in 1928, Taihoku University had only two colleges with 60 students, almost all exclusively Japanese. 33. The information about Kyoto University and its agricultural programs comes from Kyoto University s internet website ddb.libnet,kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp.

6 230 Notes 34. In 1931, Kawakami Hajime began translating Das Kapital into Japanese. Lee Teng-hui told the author that he first read Das Kapital in Japanese translation in Japan soon after the war was over. 35. Li Hsien-wen, Fu-ch in yu wou (My Father and I) in Chung-hua jih-pao (China Daily News), 8/8/ Lee Teng-hui, Tai-wan ti tsu-chang, 41; also Kamisaka Fuyuko, Kokono souto, Lu, Sources of Japanese History, II, 164, Peng Ming-min, A Taste of Freedom, General Kuniaki Koiso was among the 28 top Japanese officials who were tried at the Military Tribunal of the Far East between 1946 and He was sentenced to life imprisonment. 40. The show was titled, Annihilating Anglo-American Pilots, in which Taiwanese militia shot down allies airplanes and captured American pilots. See The Puppetmaster (1993), a docudrama directed by Taiwanese filmmaker Hou Hsiao-hsien. 3 Clenched in the Jaws of War and Massacre: Lee Teng-hui s Sorrowful Years, Kerr, Formosa: Licensed Revolution and the Home Rule Movement, Shiba Ryotaro, Kaido o yuku-taiwan-hen, Kamisaka Fuyuko, Kokono souto, HWHJ, 140, 3/31/1984, Interview with Lee Teng-hui, 10/16/2002. More on the training of Japanese student-officers, see Okuno Takeo et al., eds., Seinen shikan no senshi, Diary of a Housewife, , and Imperial Rescript on Surrender, 1945, in Lu, Sources of Japanese History, At the time Hirohito announced Japan s unconditional surrender, a force of 80,000 drafted Taiwanese workers were repairing the severely damaged Taiwan Governor s Office. 7. Enduring the Defeat, 1945, Diary of Yoshizawa Hisako, in Sources of Japanese History, About the house song, see Li Ao, Lee Teng-hui ti chia-mian-chu, Barshay, State and Intellectual in Imperial Japan, Das Kapital s first volume was published in 1867, with the second and third volumes edited by Engels and appearing in 1885 and 1894, respectively. 11. Interview with Lee Teng-hui, 10/16/2002; also Li Ao, Lee Teng-hui ti chia-mianchu, Chuang Yung-ming, ed., Tai-wan shih-chih hui-wei, 24. Of the approximately 40,000 dead Taiwanese soldiers and conscripts, nearly 20,000 have not been claimed by their families. Nevertheless, twice a year, during the spring and fall, monks in the Jihua Shrine, located in Peipu County in Hsinchu prefecture, offer a memorial service for these fallen Taiwanese. See Sina Net, 10/27/ Ch en Fang-ming, Unexpected Encounter at Yuraku-cho, FCR (July 1995), 38.

7 Notes Dr. Ho told this story to the Japanese writers Shiba Ryotaro and Kamisaka Fuyuko. See the former s Kaido o yuku-taiwan-hen, and the latter s Kokono souto, Early in April 1944, the Kuomintang set up a Taiwan Investigation Commission in Chungking, taking preparatory measures for the recovery of Taiwan from the Japanese. The Commission was headed by General Ch en Yi. General Ando, probably because he could not endure the humiliation at the hands of the Chinese, hanged himself in a Shanghai jail on April 19, HWHJ, 96, 7/30/1980, Tai-wan-sheng wu-shih-i-nien lai t ung-chi t i-yao, Ibid.; also see Kerr, Formosa: Licensed Revolution, 179; Tsurumi, Japanese Colonial Education in Taiwan, Brief History of National Taiwan University, in HWHJ,187, 2/29/1988, Wakabayashi Masahiro, Shou-Keikoku to Ri Tohki, 54. In an interview with the author on October 16, 2002, Lee Teng-hui revealed that he thought about changing his major to sociology, but Professors Hsu and Wang promised to give him a teaching fellowship if he would stay and complete his B.A. program in agricultural economics. 22. In his Three Legged Horse, the Taiwanese author Cheng Ching-wen describes the Taiwanese complicity and collaboration with the Japanese police. This book won the 1999 Kiriyama Pacific Rim s Book Prize. 23. Lee Teng-hui, Tai-wan ti tsu-chang, Ibid., Ibid., 47; also see, The T ung-sheng News, in electronic Sina Net, 7/1/ 2002; also Li Ao, Lee Teng-hui ti chia-mian-chu, Lai Tse-han et al., A Tragic Beginning, For more on Lee Teng-hui s alleged complicity with the Communists, see The T ung-sheng News, in Sina Net, 7/1/ 2002 and Li Ao, Lee Teng-hui ti chiamian-chu, 21 23, For more on Chiang Kai-shek, see Keiji Furuya, Chiang Kai-shek: His Life and Times. 29. Kerr, Formosa: Licensed Revolution, and Lai Tse-han et al., A Tragic Beginning, Lai Tse-han et al., A Tragic Beginning, ; also Kerr, Formosa Betrayed, Kerr, Formosa Betrayed, ; For more details on the 2.28 Uprising, see U.S. State Department, The China White Paper, August 1949, Kamisaka Fuyuko, Kokono souto, Peng Ming-min, A Taste of Freedom, Taiwan Legislative Yuan testimony by Wu Den-yih, on 3/1/2003. Wu was incumbent Legislator and former Mayor of Kaohsiung City, as well as the son of the director of the Nantou Farmers Coop. 35. Kamisaka Fuyuko, Kokono souto, 66 67; Huang Wu-tung, Huang Wu-tung hui-i-lu, 163; U.S. State Department Central Files. Formosa: Internal Affairs,

8 232 Notes Reel I (Dean Acheson s report to Senator Joseph H. Bald); Lai Tse-han et al., A Tragic Beginning, Tai-wan hsin-sheng-pao, 4/1/1947, 1; also Meisner, The Development of Formosan Nationalism, Kamisaka Fuyuko, Kokono souto, According to the recollection of Chiang Yuan-lin, the youngest brother of Lee Teng-hui s mother, Lee Teng-hui also sought refuge in his mother s Sanchih home; see Itoh Kiyoshi, Ri Tohki shinden, Lai Tse-han et al., A Tragic Beginning, 9, 158; also Peng Ming-min, A Taste of Freedom, Sina Net, 2/28/ Robert Edmondson, The February 28 Incident and National Identity, in Corcuff, ed., Memories of the Future, 42; also see a review of this anthology by Gary Klintworth, in Taipei Review (September 2002), Wakabayashi Masahiro, Shou-Keikoku To Ri-Tohki, Taiwan Legislative Yuan testimony by Wu Den-yih, former mayor of Kaohsiung, on 3/1/ HWHJ, 216, 7/31/1990, Wakabayashi Masahiro, Shou-Keikoku To Ri-Tohki, The Making of a Scholar 1. Lai Tse-han, et al., A Tragic Beginning, 170; also see Robert Edmondson, The February 28 Incident and National Identity, in Corcuff, ed., Memories of the Future, Yen Hsin-chu, ed., Ta-k ai Hsinkan-jen ti hsiang-p u, , For more on Taiwan s changing economy, see Samuel P.S. Ho, Economic Development of Taiwan, , Also see Riggs, Formosa under Chinese Nationalist Rule. 3. Rankin, China Assignment, For more on Wei Tao-ming, see Boorman, ed., Biographical Dictionary of Republican China, III, Steven Phillips, Between Assimilation and Independence: Taiwanese Political Aspirations Under Nationalist Chinese Rule, , in Rubinstein, ed., Taiwan: A New History, Kerr, Formosa Betrayed, 341; also see About NTU, Brief History at Interview with Lee Teng-hui, 10/16/2002. Colloquial Taiwanese is indeed unique and different from those of the Japanese and the Chinese. In fact, if one fails to fully understand and appreciate the multitudinous Taiwanese slangs, folk sayings and dialect, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to accurately dissect Lee Tenghui s personality, let alone analyze Taiwanese identity issues. 8. Kamisaka Fuyuko, Kokono souto, 50 51, Ibid., For more on Ch en Ch eng, see Boorman, ed., Biographical Dictionary of Republican China, I,

9 Notes Immanuel C.Y. Hsu, The Rise of Modern China, U.S. Department of State Bulletin, January 16, 1950, Kerr, Formosa Betrayed, Taylor, The Generalissimo s Son, HWHJ, 221, 1/31/1991, Peter Chen-main Wang, A Bastion Created, A Regime Reformed, An Economy Reengineered, , in Rubinstein, ed., Taiwan: A New History, These public lands were confiscated from the Japanese individuals, corporations and colonial government at the end of World War II. 18. For more on Taiwan s land reform, see Ch in Hsiao-yi, ed., Chung-hua min-kuo ching-chi fa-chan shih, III, Shu Wei-der, Who Joined the Clandestine Political Organization? Some Preliminary Evidence from the Overseas Taiwan Independence Movement, in Corcuff, ed., Memories of the Future, U.S. Department of State Bulletin, July 3, 1950, 5. For more see Stueck, The Korean War: An International History. 21. Peng Ming-min, A Taste of Freedom, 93. Also see, Douglas H. Mendel, Jr., American Relations With The Republic of China, in John Chay, ed., Problems and Prospects of American-East Asian Relations, 80. For more see Immerman s John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War. 22. U.S. Department of State Bulletin, May 28, 1951, Peter Chen-main Wang, A Bastion Created, in Rubinstein, ed., Taiwan: A New History, 325; HWHJ, 253, 9/30/1993, 32. The total Nationalist government budget for 1961 was $375 million, see Kerr, Formosa Betrayed, 408. After General Chase was removed from his position in 1955, both the budget and the personnel of MAAG were gradually reduced. Only 842 advisors remained in Taiwan by 1964, but the number was further reduced to 60 at the end of the Vietnam War in For more on MAAG, see Kerr, Formosa Betrayed, ; also Wu Mi-ch a, Tai-wan shih hsiao-tien-ku, Ibid., Ames Daily Tribune, 10/11/ Theodore W. Schultz Papers, , Box 1, RS 13/9/14, Iowa State University Library Special Collections. 27. Interview with Lee Teng-hui, 10/16/2002. Lee Teng-hui was particularly impressed with Ohkawa s Nogyo no keizai bunseki. When Lee was teaching at Taita, his students were required to study Ohkawa s economic analysis of agriculture. 28. Ames Daily Tribune, 10/11/ Almost every country s media, including those of Taiwan, Japan, and the United States, and every book on Lee Teng-hui has stated that Lee earned a Master s Degree in 1953 at Iowa State College. But Lee told the author personally that he only stayed at Ames for a little over a year and did not have the time to write a thesis. For that matter, Lee never had a Master s Degree from Iowa State or any where else. He later earned a Ph.D. from Cornell University, in Tai Kuo-hui, Tai-wan tsung-t i-hsiang: chu-min, li-shih, hsin-hsing, Tai cites his sources on the White Corps from an article by a former lieutenant

10 234 Notes colonel named Ogasawara Kiyoshi in Japan s popular journal Bungeishunju (August 1971 issue). 31. Rubinstein, ed., Political Taiwanization and Pragmatic Diplomacy: The Eras of Chiang Ching-kuo and Lee Teng-hui, , Taiwan: A New History, 437. On several occasions, Lee Teng-hui calls Chiang Ching-kuo a statesman, a great leader, who initiated democratization and Taiwanization on the island. 32. Hsu Chieh-lin, Tai-wan shi-chi, VI, More on the early life of Chiang Ching-kuo, see Taylor s The Generalissimo s Son, , and Wakabayashi Masahiro s Shou Keikoku to Ri Tohki, In Chang and Myers, eds., The Storm Clouds Clear Over China: The Memoir of Ch en Li-fu, , Ch en Li-fu would not take the blame for the Kuomintang s paralysis on the mainland. See ibid., ROC Government, A Pictorial History of the Republic of China: Its Founding and Development, II, The KMT elder statesman Ch en Li-fu, however, characterized General Ch en Ch eng as a power-grabbing person. Ch en Li-fu said, Ch en Ch eng would have had me arrested if he had become the president. See Chang and Myers, eds., Memoir of Ch en Li-fu, Human Rights Education Foundation, Green Island Human Rights Memorial, Sina Net, 9/3/2002. In a recent symposium on Taiwan s Democratic Development during the 20th Century, sponsored by ROC s Academia Historica in late September 2003, Wu Nai-teh, an Academia Sinica scholar, characterizes Chiang Ching-kuo as a dictator. Wu s remarks quickly drew reactions from KMT stalwarts who defended Chiang and accused Wu of smearing Chiang and of ignoring Chiang s contributions to the democratic development of Taiwan. Sina Net, 9/25/ Taylor, The Generalissimo s Son, Kamisaka Fuyuko, Kokono souto, Interview of Ch en Hsi-huang, in Wen-hsuen Magazine Publishing, Hsin-hsing, chih-hui yu hsing-tung, ROC government, A Pictorial History of Republic of China, For information regarding U.S. military assistance to Taiwan, see U.S. Senate, Republic of China Military Relations, 1971, Vol. 1, Mark Mancall, Formosa Today, 21; cf, Cheng-hsin hsin-wen pao [Truth Searching News],11/16/ Human Rights Education Foundation Green Island Human Rights Memorial, Ibid., Ibid., Interview with Mr. Ts ao Ch in-jung on the Green Island, 10/20/2002. Ts ao was the Chairman of the Planning Committee of the Green Island Human Rights Memorial Park. 49. Hsu Chieh-lin, Tai-wan shi-chi, VI, Newsweek, Vol.127, Issue 21, 5/20/1996, 38.

11 Notes Human Rights Education Foundation, Green Island Human Rights Memorial, The Chinese and foreign media, as well as the Taiwanese people, generally give credit to Lee Teng-hui for coining the New Taiwanese identity. The truth is that this denouement for resolving Taiwan s conflicting multiple identities Taiwanese versus mainlander Chinese, or independence versus unification actually originated with the author. See Shih-shan Henry Tsai s key note speech at the Association of Chinese Professionals Conference in Houston, Texas, on May 26, Portion of Tsai s speech was reported by Shih-chieh jih-pao [The World Journal], May 29, 1996 on the Texas News page. 5 Lee Teng-hui s Conversion to Christianity and Kuomintang 1. Long Stream Taiwan History Commission, ed., Tai-pei li-shih sheng-tu lue-you, III, For more on religions in Taiwan, see Thompson, Chinese Religion: An Introduction, 56 66; Clart and Jones, eds., Religion in Modern Taiwan: Tradition and Innovation in a Changing Society. 3. Newsweek s interview with Lee Teng-hui, 5/20/96, Vol. 127, Issue 21, For more on this Quemoy crisis, see Tsou Tang, The Embroilment over Quemoy: Mao, Chiang, and Dulles. 5. Interview with Lee Teng-hui, 10/16/ HWHJ, 201, 4/30/1989, 5 6. Lee would stay with this congregation until 1979 when he switched to a Presbyterian church on Chi-nan Road. 7. Chang Yue-yun, Hui-shou lai-shih-lu [Looking back where we came from], collected in Lee Teng-hui, Tai-wan ti tsu-chang, Chang was married to Lee Teng-hui s son Li Hsien-wen who died of cancer in Peng Ming-min, A Taste of Freedom, Ibid., 174; also Taylor, The Generalissimo s son, 271, Interview of Ch en Yue-erh, in Wen-hsun Magazine Publishing, Hsin-hsing, chih-hui yu hsing-tung, 98 99; http// edu ; also HWHJ, 220,12/30/1990, Blaine Friedlander, Memories of Lee Teng-hui at Cornell cornell.edu//campus/lee, 6/27/ Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Carman, Lee Teng-hui: A Man of the Country, Ibid. Also see HWHJ, 220, 12/30/1990, Kamisaka Fuyuko, Kokono souto, Douglas H. Mendel Jr., American Relations With The Republic of China, in Chay, ed., Problems and Prospects of American-East Asian Relations, Figures and percentage come from columnist Jack Anderson and a report in Business Week, 5/17/1982, 24B. 19. Taiwan Tribune, 8/4/1981. For more, see Wei-der Shu, Who Joined the Clandestine Political Organization? Some Preliminary Evidence from the

12 236 Notes Overseas Taiwan Independence Movement, in Corcuff, ed., Memories of the Future Nixon, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, See Wu Cho-liu s Ya-hsi-ya te ku-erh. 22. See, e.g., Newsweek, 5/17/1982, 73. For more see, Mendel, The Politics of Formosan Nationalism, For more on Lee s political views on China and the United States, see Lee Tenghui and Nakajima Mineo, Ajia-no-chiryaku, part one, How to Get Along with China and America? 24. Lee Teng-hui s Spencer T. and Ann W. Olin Lecture at Cornell University Alumni Reunion, 6/9/ In his irrigation investment paper, Lee Teng-hui describes Taiwan s 16,000-meter irrigation canals and their contributions to the island s agriculture and economy. 26. Lee Teng-hui, Intersectoral Capital Flows in the Economic Development of Taiwan, , Ibid., x xi, Kamisaka Fuyuko, Kokono souto, Interview with Lee Teng-hui, 10/16/ Carman, Lee Teng-hui: A Man of the Country, Lee Teng-hui, Tai-wan ti tsu-chang, Kamisaka Fuyuko, Kokono souto, Lee Teng-hui, Tai-wan ti tsu-chang, Ibid., Lee Teng-hui never really divulged the details of his interrogation at the Garrison Command, but the process is well documented by Peng Ming-min and others. See Peng Ming-Min s A Taste of Freedom, ; also Kamisaka Fuyuko, Kokono souto, Lee Teng-hui, Tai-wan ti tsu-chang, Ibid., Wakabayashi Masahiro, Shou-Keikoku to Ri-Tohki, For more on Yen Chia-kan s background, see Wu Mi-ch a, ed., Tai-wan-shih hsiao shih-tien, Taylor, The Generalissimo s Son, Of the 86 Taiwanese members in the Legislative Yuan, 74 were elected and the others were appointed as at large or overseas representatives. For more see, Tien Hung-mao, Political and Social Change in the Republic of China, For more on Taiwan s central government, see Robert G. Sutter, Taiwan Entering the 21st Century, Immanuel C.Y. Hsu, The Rise of Modern China, Tien Hung-mao, Political and Social Change in the Republic of China, 89. For more on Chiang Kai-shek s control of both the party and the state, see Lumley, The Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek. 44. Tien Hung-mao, Political and Social Change in the Republic of China, Lee Teng-hui, Intersectoral Capital Flows in the Economic Development of Taiwan, Kamisaka Fuyuko, Kokono souto,

13 Notes Interview with Lee Teng-hui, 10/16/ Tien Hung-mao, Political and Social Change in the Republic of China, Information on the KMT recruitment procedure and the ceremony for its new members was provided by a KMT member who was on the faculty of National Taiwan University at the time of Lee Teng-hui s political conversion. Also see Wang Tso-jung, Yu Teng-hui lao-you hua-chia-chang [Chatting with old friend Lee Teng-hui], Taipei: Tien-hsia yuan-chien Publishing [World vision]: 2003, Ibid. 51. Kamisaka Fuyuko, Kokono souto, Sina Net, 1/14/ First Taste of Power 1. Clough, Island China, Nixon, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, Two-way trade with Japan quickly resumed. In fact, by 1989, Taiwan sold more than $2.38 billion dollars worth of agricultural goods to Japan. That constituted over 60% of Taiwan s agricultural products, which also included frozen pork, poultry feathers, processed eels, and various kinds of shrimps. 4. Ch en Ku-ying, The Reform Movement among Intellectuals in Taiwan since 1970, Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars ( July September 1982), Itoh Kiyoshi, Ri Tohki shinden, On Taiwan s agricultural development in the 1960s, see K. T. Li, The Experience of Dynamic Economic Growth on Taiwan, Lee Teng-hui, Tai-wan ti tsu-chang, For more see T.C. Wu, The Role of Administrative Support for Agricultural Development in Taiwan, Industry of Free China, Vol. 54, No. 2 (1980), Ibid., 61. For more on the Taiwan s agriculture, see Jack Williams, Vulnerability and Change in Taiwan s Agriculture, HWHJ, 176, 1/31/1988, But not even Lee Teng-hui could foresee the rapid urbanization of Taiwan because by the early 1990s, only 13% of Taiwan s work force was involved in agriculture and agriculture accounted for only 4% of Taiwan s GNP. 11. Itoh Kiyoshi, Ri Tohki shinden, HWHJ, 187, 2/29/1988, 23. Taiwan s agricultural missions also helped Jordanians increase their vegetable yield and taught Thai farmers how to improve fruit production, as well as establishing a hatched freshwater shrimp culturing program in Honduras, etc. 13. Chung-hua jih-pao, 2/27/1975 and Chung-yang jih-pao, 3/5/1976. For more see also Hung Chin-chu, Sino-Japanese War: A Long, Long Way to Go, in FCR (October 1995), The New York Times, 1/30/1977. Taiwan s foreign exchange reserves continued to climb until it reached $76 billion in 1987, only next to Japan and West Germany. By the end of 2003, the figures had reached the $200 billion mark, only next to Japan and China.

14 238 Notes 15. Tai Kuo-hui, T ai-wan chung-ti-hsiang, 183. Also see, K. T. Liu, Population Distribution and the Quality of Life in the Taiwan Area, Industry of Free China, part I, 60, 3: 1 24; part II, 60, 4: Wen Ch ung-yi, Tai-wan ti kung-yueh-hua yu she-hui-pien-ch ien [Industrialization versus social transformation in Taiwan], in Tai-wan ti-ch u she-hui pien-ch ien yu wen-hua fa-chan [Social transformation and cultural development in the Taiwan area]. Taipei: Chung-kuo lun-t an-she [China forum], 1985, Clough, Island China, 80; King-yuh Chang, Partnership in Transition: A Review of Taipei-Washington Relations, Asian Survey ( June 1981), ; Anthony Y. C. Koo, Economic Development of Taiwan, in Paul Shih, ed., Taiwan in Modern Times, Douglas H. Mendel, Jr., American Relations with Republic of China, in Chay, ed., Problems and Prospects of American-East Asian Relations, Clough, Island China, Tai Kuo-hui, T ai-wan chung-ti-hsiang, ; also Tien Hung-mao, Political and Social Change in the Republic of China, Wei Yung, T u-p o yuen-lan hai-wai jen-ts ai te p ing-ching [Breaking through bottlenecks in recruiting overseas talents] in Tien-hsia tsa-chih [The Commonwealth] ( June 1983), Jane Winn, Not by Rule of Law: Mediating State-Society Relations in Taiwan through the Underground Economy, in Rubinstein, ed., The Other Taiwan: 1945 to the Present, Protest against Taiwan s Youth Goodwill Mission to Visit University of Georgia, in Independent Taiwan, 6/28/1976, Frank S. T. Hsiao and Mei-chu W. Hsiao, Direct Foreign Investment and Economic Development the Taiwan Experience, North America Taiwanese Professors Association Bulletin (December 1984), Jack F. Williams, Vulnerability and Change in Taiwan s Agriculture, For more on air pollution versus agricultural production, see W. W. Heck, et al., An Assessment of Crop Loss from Ozone, Journal of Air Pollution Control Association, Vol. 32 (1982), Lee Teng-hui, Tai-wan ti tsu-chang, Interview with Lee Teng-hui, 10/26/2002. Also see Lee Teng-hui s TV speech, 2/25/1996, which was collected in Selected Political Speeches of Lee Teng-hui (published by Kuomintang Cadet Training School, n.d.), HWHJ, 186, 1/31/1988, Interview of Ch en T un-chu, in Wen-hsuen, ed., Hsin-hsing, chih-hui yu hsingtung, Interview of Li Cheng-kuang, in ibid., Interview of Eng Hsiu-kung, in ibid., Eng was a native of Changhua county and a graduate of Tainan Seminary. 32. Carter, Keeping Faith, Memoirs of a President, Ambassador Unger later recalls that the State Department gave him only two hours to prepare Chiang Ching-kuo for the shock, because Carter s brain trust was concerned that if Taiwan had too much time to prepare for the president s television announcement,

15 Notes 239 Taiwanese authorities might have asked the powerful Senator Jesse Helms (R-North Carolina) to block Carter s scheme. For more, see Chou Yu-k ou s article, Today s Early Dawn Ten Years Ago, in Lien-ho pao [The United Daily News], 12/16/ Taylor, The Generalissimo s Son, Harding, China and the U.S.: Normalization and Beyond, Taylor, The Generalissimo s Son, Harding, China and the U.S.: Normalization and Beyond, U.S. Public Law 96 8, April 10, 1979, 96th Congress. For more, see John Copper, The Taiwan Relations Act: A Ten-Year Record, in Chang King-yuh, ed., ROC-US Relations Under the Taiwan Relations Act: Practice and Prospects, Ibid., 6 14; also David Chou, ROC-US Political Relations as Seen from the Implementation of the Taiwan Relations Act, in ibid., Wolff and Simon, eds., Legislative History of the Taiwan Relations Act, Office of Treaty Affairs, U.S. Department of State, Treaties in Force, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987, 1/1/1987; also Federal Register, 51, January 14, 1986, According to Professor June T. Dreyer of University of Miami, Dixie Walker and Ray Cline, both strong friends of Chiang Ching-kuo and of Taiwan, urged Chiang to declare Taiwan independent because they saw the handwriting on the wall of U.S. de-recognition of the Republic of China. However, Chiang refused because he felt he could not delegitimize the KMT and Taiwan s waisheng-jen, which would happen if he declared independence. 42. Chang and Myers, Memoir of Ch en Li-fu, For more see Mab Huang, Intellectual Ferment for Political Reforms in Taiwan, Lin Cheng-chieh and Chang Fu-chung, Hsuan-chu wan-shui, For more on Taiwan election, see Lerman, Taiwan s Politics: The Provincial Assemblyman s World. 45. J. Bruce Jacobs, Political Opposition and Taiwan s Political Future, Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs ( July 1981), Sina Net, 2/28/ Ibid. 48. Formosa Weekly (the American-based successor to the 100,000-circulation banned Formosa), 9/6/1980, 4 and 9/13/1980, Kamisaka Fuyuko, Kokono souto, Hiroo Mukooyama, Taiwan Independence Movement, in Independent Taiwan, 6/28/1976, Time (U.S.), 8/10/1981, The Washington Post, 5/10/1982, A21. For more on U.S. arms sale to Taiwan and China U.S. Taiwan triangular relationships, see Harding, A Fragile Relationship: The United States and China since 1972, Since his retirement from the Presidency, Lee Teng-hui has on many occasions openly proclaimed that he and many other high Taiwanese officials were bought off by Chiang Ching-kuo to serve the KMT exogenous regime. 54. Kamisaka Fuyuko, Kokono souto, 148.

16 240 Notes 7 Governor and Vice President, Chen Shui-bian, A Review of Tangwai Movement, 26; also Far Eastern Economic Review, 11/20/1981, Jim Hwang, From Day One..., FCR (October 1999), Ho Chen-fen, Sheng yi-yuan hsuan-ch ing fen-hsi [An Analysis of electoral campaigns for the provincial assemblymen], in Lien-ho yue-k an [United Monthly] (April 1985), Interview of Huang Ta-chou, in Wen-hsuen, ed., Hsin-hsing, chih-hui yu hsingtung, Interviews of Yu Yu-hsien and Ch en Hsin-you, ibid., 92, Tien Hung-mao, Political and Social Change in the Republic of China, Fu-yuan Cultural Publishing, ed., Chang-tse ti chun-chih, HWHJ, 159, 10/31/1985, Arrigo, Economic and Political Control of Women Workers in Multinational Electronics Factories in Taiwan, Ibid., also HWHJ, 159, 10/31/1985, Ibid., For more on Taiwan s social and economic changes in the 1970s and 1980s, see Robert G. Sutter, Taiwan Entering the 21st Century, After Lee Teng-hui s retirement from the presidency, a few hostile media in Taiwan and Hong Kong repeatedly vilified Lee s alleged involvement in an unsavory stew of murky business deals and rampant bribery. On June 8, 2003, Lee Teng-hui s former KMT treasury czar, Liu Tai-ying, was indicted with 12 counts on kickbacks, corruption, embezzlements, among other crimes. In fact, Lee was called to testify during Liu s trial in November Interview of Chiang Ch ing-hsiang, in Wen-hsuen, ed., Hsin-hsing, chih-hui yu hsing-tung, Interview of Yu Yu-t ang, ibid., Yu Yu-t ang was the brother of Yu Yu-hsien and was then serving as the deputy superintendent of Taichung Police Bureau. 15. Jeffrey H. Mindich, Intractable River Pollution, FCR (October 1991), 12, On Lee Teng-hui s Musical and Cultural Life, see Wen-hsuen, ed., Hsin-hsing, chih-hui yu hsing-tung, For more on the problems of the Tamsui River, see Jeffrey H. Mindich s Intractable River Pollution, Interview of Yang Li-hua, in Wen-hsuen, ed., Hsin-hsing, chih-hui yu hsing-tung, Interview of You Kuo-chien, ibid., Chung-hua min-kuo nien-chien [Republic of China yearbook]. Taipei, 1978, Taylor, The Generalissimo s Son, The KMT government had since 1947 outlawed the Taiwan Independence Movement and branded its leaders as agents of foreign powers, Communist collaborators, ambitious separatists, and traitors of the Chinese nation. 22. The Overseas Torchlight Weekly, 10/21/1983.

17 Notes Taylor, The Generalissimo s Son, Interview with Lee Teng-hui, 10/16/2002. Lee told the author that, during his tenure as the vice president between May 20, 1984 and January 13, 1988, he took notes at every meeting he had with President Chiang Ching-kuo. 25. Fu-yuan Cultural Publishing, Chang-tse ti chun-chih, Ibid., Ibid., The New York Times, 2/11/ Taylor, The Generalissimo s Son, For more see, Robert G. Sutter, Taiwan Entering the 21st Century, The Taiwanese Collegian (November 1985), The Overseas Torchlight Weekly, 9/7/ The Taiwanese Collegian (July 1985), In launching his liberalization, Chiang Ching-kuo first removed General Wang Sheng from his position as the director of the General Political Warfare Department in the Ministry of Defense in May 1983, then appointed him ambassador to Paraguay in September of the same year. For more on political opposition and democratic changes, see Yun-han Chu, Social Protests and Political Democratization in Taiwan, The Washington Post, 10/7/ The Overseas Torchlight Weekly, 6/29/ Chen Shui-bian, A Review of Tangwai Movement, HWHJ, 173, 12/31/1986, Ibid., Ibid., Chung-kuo shih-pao, 11/3/ Ibid., 16/1/1988. Both Tien Hung-mao and Murray A. Rubinstein cite the lifting of martial law on October 15, See Tien s Political and Social Change in the Republic of China, , and Rubinstein, Political Taiwanization and Pragmatic Diplomacy, in Rubinstein, ed., Taiwan: A New History, Interview with Lee Teng-hui, 10/16/ HWHJ, 186, 1/31/1988, KMT official chroniclers list Chiang Kai-shek as a five-term president first term (1948), second term (1954), third term (1960), fourth term (1966), and fifth term (1972). Yen Chia-kan who served as Chiang Kai-shek s fifth term vice president ( ), was listed also as the fifth term president from 1975 to Subsequently, Chiang Chiang-kuo followed Yen as the sixth term (1978) and seventh term (1984) president. Thus, Lee Teng-hui was also considered the seventh term president when he succeeded Chiang Ching-kuo in Lee served out the seventh term presidency in He was then reelected by the National Assembly as the eighth term president of the Republic of China. 46. Interview with Lee Teng-hui, 10/16/2002.

18 242 Notes 8 The Presidency of Lee Teng-hui, Swaine, Taiwan s National Security, Defense Policy, and Weapons Procurement Processes, For more on Taiwan s presidential powers, see Government, in Republic of China Yearbook Taiwan 2002, from 3. For instance, in the first quarter of 1988, U.S. refrigerator imports jumped 163%, imports of U.S. color TV sets increased by 197%, U.S. washing machine sales rose 130%, and imports of U.S. cars increased by 800%. 4. HWHJ 188, 3/31/1988, Kamisaka Fuyuko, Kokono souto, Interview with Lee Teng-hui, 10/16/ Tien Hung-mao, Political and Social Change in the Republic of China, 86, cf. Wen Man-ying, Ts ung-cheng Kuomintang ku-fen yu-hsien kung-szu [Reorganize the Kuomintang, Inc.] Yuan chien (Vision Monthly) (March 1988), Lee Teng-hui, Tai-wan ti tsu-chang, HWHJ, 192, 7/31/1988, 4 5, Ming Pao (of Hong Kong), 5/20/ HWHJ, 191, 6/30/1988, Sheena H.Y. Chang, Lee Teng-hui tse-cheng shih-er-nien, Ibid., Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China Diplomatic Yearbook, 1998, Taipei: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1998, 587. For more on Taiwan s economic strength and Lee s flexible diplomacy, see Sutter and Johnson, ed., Taiwan in World Affairs and a review article of the anthology by Richard R. Vuylsteke, The Road Less Traveled, FCR ( July 1995), L.H. Chang, Flexible Diplomacy, FCR (May 1989), 6 7; Seah Chee Meow, Relations the Taichi Way, ibid., The Strait Times (of Singapore), 3/10/ Shirley Kuo was a first cousin of the Taiwanese independence movement leader Peng Ming-min. For more see HWHJ, 202 5/31/1989, The Japanese writer Kamisaka Fuyuko reports a brief interview with Shirley Kuo in her Kokono souto, Lee Teng-hui and Nakajima Mineo were later to coauthor Ajia-no-Chiryaku. 19. U.S. State Department decoded archives Part 4, no. 16, 1989, 48 51; also Lardy, Integrating China into the Global Economy, In chapter 9 of his recently published reminiscences, Wai-chiao shih-chi, Qian Qichen, former PRC foreign minister, recalls his difficult negotiations with the Bush administration during and immediately after the Tiananmen Square Massacre. 21. HWHJ, 192, 7/31/1988, 16 17; 196,11/30/1988,17; 231, 11/30/1991, Ibid., 204, 7/31/1989, Ibid., 202, 5/31/1989, For more on the elections of 1989, see Free China Journal, 11/30/1989, 12/7/1989, and 12/11/1989. Free China Journal, subsequently renamed the

19 Notes 243 Taiwan Journal, is an English-language newspaper published by the Government Information Office of Taiwan twice weekly. 25. Wu Hsiang-hui, Hsuan-chu-hsueh, Sheena H.Y. Chang, Lee Teng-hui tse-cheng shih-er-nien, 45 46; Wakabayashi Masahiro, Shou-Keikoku To Ri-Tohki, Chung-yang jih-pao international edition, 2/4/ Kamisaka Fuyuko, Kokono souto, HWHJ, 233, 1/31/1992, 4 20; 234, 2/29/1992, A quote from Lee Teng-hui s confidant Su Chih-ch eng in Sheena H.Y. Chang, Lee Teng-hui tse-cheng shih-er-nien, 46. For more on Lee s early rule, see Lin Chialung, Path to Democracy: Taiwan in Comparative Perspective, Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, HWHJ, 227, 7/30/1991, Free China Journal, 6/28/ Huang Hsin-hua, Lee Teng-hui tsu-cheng yi-lai ti liang-ang kuan-hsi, Ibid., On May 30, 1991, Minister of State Huang Kun-hui replaced Vice Premier Shih as the head of the Mainland Affairs Council. 35. Mainland Affairs Council, Cross-Strait Economic Statistics Monthly, No. 83 (Taipei: Executive Yuan, July 1999), 26; HWHJ, 189, 4/30/1988,17 24; 234, 2/29/1991,16. Also see, Tzu-li wan-pao, 4/18/ See Hsu Chieh-lin, Tai-wan shih-chi, For the entire text of the NUC guidelines, see HWHJ, 221, 1/31/1991, For more about the amendments, see HWHJ, 225, 5/30/1991, It is noteworthy that 12 years earlier, on January 1, 1979, Marshal Xu Xiangqian, China s minister of defense, ordered his troops in Fukien to stop the shelling of Kinmen (Quemoy) and other offshore islands. 40. HWHJ, 242, 10/31/1992, Ibid., 240, 8/31/1992, Ibid., 243, 11/30/1992, Ibid. 44. The Spratly Islands are a group of some 250 small islets and coral reefs in the South China Sea. Their ownership is hotly disputed between China, which has occupied 7 of the islets, Vietnam (21), the Philippines (7), Malaysia (3), and Taiwan (2). On June 30, 1989, Taiwan s ministry of the interior erected a huge stele on Spratly s largest island called Taiping, (or Itu Aba), which is about 1,500 kilometers away from Kaohsiung harbor. 45. This chronological itinerary was made known by Presidential Spokesman Cheyne Chiu. See ibid., 223, 3/30/1991, 6 7. In practicing his flexible diplomacy, Lee Teng-hui frequently invited high-profile foreign figures to visit Taiwan, such as Mikhail Gorbachev in January 1991, Margaret Thatcher in September 1992, etc. 46. Ibid., 241, 9/30/1992, 8 9; Newsweek, 4/1/1996, 31; also U.S. Department of Defense, Report to Congress Pursuant to the FY 99 Appropriation Bill, Defense LINK, 3/4/99, Tzu-you shih-pao, 3/13/96; Sina Net, 3/2/2003.

20 244 Notes 48. The dollar figures were first reported by the KMT-owned paper, Chung-yang jih-pao and reprinted in HWHJ, 201, 4/30/1989, 7; 242, 10/31/1992, Hsu Chieh-lin, Tai-wan shih-chi, 229. For more on James Lilley s career as a covert agent and diplomat in the Far East, see his 417-page autobiography, China Hands, published by Public Affairs in Due to the opposition of Berkeley s liberal faculty, the Chiang Ching-kuo Memorial Library was never built. 50. Interview with Lee Teng-hui, 10/16/2002. Since DPP s Chen Shui-bian assumed the ROC presidency in 2000, the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation has gradually increased its funding for Taiwan-oriented research projects. 51. James Carman, Lee Teng-hui: A Man of the Country, 35; also HWHJ, 256, 12/31/1993, Ibid., 244, 12/31/1992, 4 14; also Wu Hsiang-hui, Hsuan-chu-hsueh, 30; Niou et al., Issue Voting in the Republic of China on Taiwan s 1992 Legislative Yuan Election, For more on the significance of the 1992 Legislative Yuan elections, see Tien Hung-mao, ed., Taiwan s Electoral Politics and Democratic Transition: Riding the Third Wave, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, HWHJ, 254, 10/31/1993, For more see, James McGregor, Taiwan Ruling Party s Many Businesses Are Beginning to Be an Embarrassment, Wall Street Journal, 7/22/ Sina Net, 1/22/2003. The dollar figures were revealed during Liu Tai-ying s trial for bribery. 56. For more on the 2000 presidential campaign, see Clark, Taiwan s Elections in 2000, Asia Society Briefing Paper. On October 22, 2003, Lee Teng-hui gave testimony in a Taipei prosecutor s office for a judicial investigation against James Soong s alleged embezzlement of up to NT$1 billion of KMT funds. 57. Ts ai-hsun [Financial Intelligence], Taipei, May 1991 issue. Also see, Chang Cheng-hsiu, Ch uan-chen Lee Teng-hui, Sina Net, 1/22/ Ibid., 11/12/ HWHJ, 251, 7/31/1993, For more on the prospect of China-Taiwan relations, see Herschensohn, ed., Across the Taiwan Strait: Democracy, the Bridge between Mainland China and Taiwan. 62. Even Lee Teng-hui acknowledged that 85 percent of the government money spent on public works in Taiwan involved fraud of some kind. 9 Leading Taiwan to Democratic Consolidation 1. HWHJ, 258, 2/28/1994, FCR (July 1995), and (September 1995), HWHJ, 261, 5/31/1994, As of September 2003, Taiwan had tried 11 times to reenter the United Nations, but due to Beijing s strong opposition, all failed. 5. HWHJ, 271, 4/30/1995,