TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. End of Chapter 14 /Chapter 15

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1 End of Chapter 14 /Chapter 15 Revolution and Nationalism

2 Political Power grows out of the barrel of a gun. -Mao Zedong Victory attained by violence is tantamount to a defeat, for it is momentary. - Mohandas K Gandhi

3 Today Announcements Nationalism in Africa and the Middle East Section 15-3

4 Big Picture Chapter 14/15 is about the development of several countries before WWII. ( ) There will be revolts driven by Nationalism in Russia, China, India, Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia and places in Africa Russia and China will become Communist India will be granted limited self-rule from Britain The Ottoman Empire will break down and The Republic of Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia African countries will have a rise in nationalism to get control

5 Chapter 14/15 Overview Nationalism and Revolution Around the World Revolution-massive change sometimes using force Nationalism-extreme pride in your country or ethnicity. The want to overthrow foreign leaders to be ruled by your own nationality. Why do you think this trend is on the rise between ? Chapter Objective-How did Nationalism and Revolution shape world events in the early 1900 s? Revolutions and Nationalist Movements we will cover: Russian Revolution ( ) Revolutions in Latin America ( ) Nationalism in Africa and the Middle East ( ) Nationalism in India ( ) Revolutions in China ( )

6 Chapter 14 Section 5 Russian Revolution and Civil War

7 Objectives Explain the causes of the March Revolution. Describe the goals of Lenin and the Bolsheviks Outline how the Communists defeated their opponents in Russia s civil war. Analyze how the Communist state developed under Lenin.

8 Terms and People proletariat working class soviet a council of workers and soldiers Cheka early Soviet secret police force commissar Communist party official assigned to the army to teach party principles and ensure party loyalty

9 How did two revolutions and a civil war bring about Communist control of Russia? During the war years, Russia faced increased problems at home. Initially, the goals of the revolution were to end the war and solve the problems that the Revolution of 1905 had not. The March Revolution brought the overthrow of the tsar and the November Revolution brought the end of the provisional government. Lenin and his successor, Stalin, created a Communist Russia.

10 Despite talk of reform after the Revolution of 1905, Tsar Nicholas did little to solve Russia s problems. Rulers lived in luxury while their people lived in poverty. Corruption was rampant. The Duma had no real power.

11 World War I united many Russians, but the war strained the country s mismanaged resources. Factories couldn t produce enough military supplies. The transportation system couldn t deliver food and supplies to the battlefields. Many soldiers had no guns and no ammunition. Millions of soldiers died.

12 Russians lost confidence in the government. Tsar Nicholas traveled to the front but proved to be a poor military leader. Tsarina Alexandra ignored the continued food and fuel shortages at home. Her reliance on the mad monk Rasputin further eroded public confidence in the government. In March, 1917, workers went on strike, and people filled the streets chanting, Bread, bread!

13 Rasputin Alexandra and Nicholas II Rasputin- a self described holy man that claimed to have mystical powers

14 With disaster on the battlefield and protests at home, Nicholas abdicated. The Duma set up a temporary government and began to write a constitution to create a Russian republic. Revolutionaries had other ideas.

15 There were two socialist revolutionary groups in Russia. Mensheviks Favored gradual reform Favored higher wages, increased suffrage, and welfare programs Bolsheviks Believed in radical change Favored total revolution

16 The Bolsheviks were led by V. I. Lenin, a Marxist, who Urged workers to unite and overthrow capitalism Called for unity among workers and farmers Promised Peace, Land, and Bread

17 In November 1917, Lenin s followers seized power. The Bolsheviks, renamed Communists, made changes quickly. Changes under Lenin Ended private ownership of land Gave land to peasants Gave control of factories and mines to workers Withdrew from WWI

18 A brutal civil war broke out between the Communists, known as Reds, and their opponents, known as Whites. Trotsky created a Red Army using former tsarist officers led by commissars. The army was well led and well positioned in the center of Russia to fight against the Whites. In 1918, the former tsar and his family were shot. By 1921, the Red Army had taken control of Russia.

19 Romanov Family Exectued

20 Anna Anderson and Anastasia

21 In the early years of the revolution, Lenin adopted a policy of war communism and took over banks, mines, factories, and railroads. This policy brought the economy to near collapse, and many suffered. Lenin changed course. His New Economic Policy, a compromise with capitalism, helped the economy recover.

22 War Communism State-controlled banks, mines, factories, and railroads New Economic Policy State-controlled banks, trade, and large industries Small businesses forced to give profits to the state Farmers forced to give crops to feed the army Small businesses allowed to keep some profits Farmers allowed to sell surplus crops for profit

23 In 1922, Lenin united Russian lands into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and adopted a new constitution. The government had an elected legislature. Citizens gained the right to vote. Workers were given control of the means of production.

24 Realizing that there was no proletariat in Russia, Lenin created a government where the Communists were the leaders, not the people. Russians lived in fear of secret police and prison camps. Lenin died in His successor, Joseph Stalin, would prove to be a more ruthless dictator than any of those before him.

25 Lenin s Body

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29 Post-Soviet states in alphabetical order: 1. Armenia; 2. Azerbaijan; 3. Belarus; 4. Estonia; 5. Georgia; 6. Kazakhstan; 7. Kyrgyzstan; 8. Latvia; 9. Lithuania; 10. Moldova; 11. Russia; 12. Tajikistan; 13. Turkmenistan; 14. Ukraine; 15. Uzbekistan

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31 Today Review Russian Revolution from yesterday Review activity on Latin America and what you learned last trimester Chapter 15-1 notes on Latin America Quick Kahoot Cartel video on Mexico to tie in modern day government problems for Mexico

32 What did you learn about Latin America in World History A last trimester? Board Race Directions: In teams you will race to the board and write down as many ideas, terms, people or phrases that apply to what you learned last trimester in World History A. Example- Most of Latin America was colonized by Spain Each person can only go up once to the board!!!!!!

33 Chapter 15 Section 1 Revolts and Nationalism in Latin America

34 Things to think about: What did you learn last trimester in World History A about Latin America? Does Latin America have strong developed countries or, weak unstable countries? Why is there such a problem with illegal immigration and drug cartels in this region? *What you learn in World A and World B will help give answers to these questions*

35 Your life in Latin America: You are a poor peasant Indian working on a hacienda (large farm) Your people have gained independence from Spain by 1810 but you wonder why so many foreign companies own land You slave everyday and never see the benefits as the land owner makes all the money-pay is very small The government allows foreign nations to exploit the natural resources like oil which could be developed to give Mexicans high paying jobs. If you are a woman you have no rights in your marriage and you cannot vote

36 How did Latin Americans struggle for change in the early 1900s? Latin America s economy was booming in the early 1900s, but it was highly dependent on foreign, industrialized countries. From military dictatorships to constitutional democracies, Latin American countries struggled to create governments that reflected the nationalist goals of their citizens.

37 Latin America in the early 1900s Strengths Weaknesses Many governments were stable and had democratic constitutions. The economy was booming. Most natural resources and cash crops were sold to industrialized countries. Military dictators or oligarchies held the real power. The middle and lower classes had no say in their own government. Foreign investors controlled many of the natural resources.

38 The elite resented the power of foreign companies. By 1910, the dictator Porfirio Díaz had ruled Mexico for almost 35 years. During this time, foreign investors developed Mexico s resources and the economy grew. But discontent rippled through all levels of society. Many poor peasants labored on haciendas or worked in factories for low wages. The urban middle class wanted democracy.

39 In 1910, liberal reformer Francisco Madero demanded free elections. Faced with widespread rebellion, Díaz resigned. Madero was democratically elected in Within two years he was assassinated by one of his generals, Victoriano Huerta, who became a dictator.

40 Peasants Francisco Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata joined forces with rich landowner Venustiano Carranza to defeat Huerta. Villa and Zapata wanted to make broad changes to improve peasants lives, but Carranza disagreed. After they defeated Huerta, Carranza turned on Villa and Zapata and defeated them.

41 In 1917, Carranza was elected president of Mexico. Constitution of 1917 Land reforms Religious reforms Labor reforms Suffrage Women s rights He reluctantly approved a new constitution, which, with amendments, is still in force today.

42 The Constitution of 1917 Land Religion Labor Rights for women Suffrage Permitted the breakup of large estates Set restrictions on foreigners owning land Allowed nationalization of natural resources Made church land the property of Mexico Set a minimum wage Protected workers right to strike Enforced equal pay for equal work Gave married women some economic and legal rights Allowed only men to vote

43 After Carranza was overthrown in 1920, fighting in Mexico continued throughout the decade. In 1929, the government organized what later became the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The PRI dominated Mexican politics from the 1930s until the free election of 2000.

44 Vicente Fox-former president who broke the PRI election cycle in 200 Enrique Nieto-current Mexican President

45 The PRI: Strengths Adopted some of the goals of business and military leaders, peasants, and workers Brought stability to Mexico Carried out many desired reforms over time Weaknesses Kept the real power in the government s hands Suppressed opposition and dissent

46 As the Mexican government restored order, it began to carry out reforms in the 1920s and 1930s. In the 1920s, the government helped some Indian communities regain their lands. President Lázaro Cárdenas redistributed millions of acres of land to peasants in the 1930s.

47 In 1938, President Cárdenas nationalized Mexico s oil resources and compensated American and British oil companies for their losses. The Mexican government supported labor unions and set up schools and libraries to combat illiteracy. Mexico became the first Latin American nation to pursue real social and economic reforms for the majority of its people.

48 Economic nationalism grew in Latin America in the 1920s and 1930s. World War I and the Great Depression caused hardships. Foreign demand for Latin American exports fell, while the cost of imported goods rose. Latin American nations sought to develop their industries and depend less on foreign trade. Governments invested in industries, raised tariffs, or took over foreign-owned assets. But unequal distribution of wealth held back development.

49 The economic crisis caused people to lose faith in the ruling oligarchies and in liberal government. Political nationalism led to the rise of strong authoritarian governments. People hoped that strong leaders could do a better job controlling each nation s economy.

50 At the same time, cultural nationalism was reflected in the work of Latin American artists, writers, and thinkers. This movement celebrated the culture of Latin American countries, including its Native American roots. In Mexico, artists such as Diego Rivera created large public murals celebrating the struggle for liberty.

51 The United States continued to play a major role in Latin America. American investment in Latin American industries grew during and after World War I. The United States intervened to restore order when its interests were threatened. For example, the U.S. army invaded Mexico in 1916 after Pancho Villa s forces killed several Americans.

52 American intervention stirred up anti-american feelings in Latin America. In the 1930s, U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt improved relations with Latin America through the Good Neighbor Policy. He: Withdrew troops from Haiti and Nicaragua. Removed limits on Cuban independence. Supported nationalization of Mexico s oil industry.

53 Latin American Revolutions Positive and Negative Effects + Land distributed to peasants and native Indians New Constitutions and support of labor unions Women gained more economic rights in workplace and marriage More schools and programs to combat literacy Countries gained control of their own natural resources (ex. Mexico and oil) Foreign countries like the US and British had less power in Latin America Rise in cultural pride (Mexican murals portraying struggle for independence) - As world wide depression set in during the 1920 s and 1930 s people started to favor strong authoritarian leaders backed by military Oligarchies-government power in the hands of a few. Strong governments have existed ever since Many leaders throughout Latin America are supported through corruption

54 Nationalism in Africa and the Middle East Chapter 15 Section 2

55 Today Announcements Review Game-Quick Board Race Game Finish Chapter 15 section 3-Nationalism and Revolution in Middle East Kahoot Go over the Africa and Middle East Questions handed out with the sub HW-Read Chapter 15 Section 4 on India and complete the T/F Questions

56 Objectives Describe how Africans resisted colonial rule. Analyze how nationalism grew in Africa. Explain how Turkey and Persia modernized. Summarize how European mandates contributed to the growth of Arab nationalism.

57 Terms and People apartheid a policy of rigid segregation in South Africa Pan-Africanism a movement that emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent worldwide négritude movement a group of writers who expressed pride in their African roots and protested colonial rule Asia Minor the Turkish peninsula between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea

58 Terms and People (continued) Pan-Arabism a nationalist movement built on the shared heritage of Arabs who lived in lands from the Arabian Peninsula to North Africa Balfour Declaration a 1917 British declaration that advocated setting up a national home for Jews in Palestine

59 When the Treaty of Versailles was signed, the people of the European colonies were ignored. As nationalist sympathies grew, the people of Africa and the Middle East fought to obtain their independence. How did nationalism contribute to changes in Africa and the Middle East following World War I? During World War I, many soldiers came from the colonies. They expected that at the end of the war, their work would be acknowledged and rewarded.

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61 In the early 1900s, almost all of Africa was ruled by European imperialist powers. Under imperialism, Europeans forced Africans to: Work on plantations or in mines Pay taxes to colonial governments Carry identification cards Live and travel only where allowed by Europeans

62 During World War I, more than one million Africans fought on the side of the Allies for their colonial rulers. They hoped to be rewarded with independence after the war. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, the Allies denied independence to African colonies and kept them under European control.

63 Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Africans in Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, and other countries resisted the colonial system. Protesters used many techniques. They: Settled illegally on Europeanowned plantations Organized illegal labor unions Formed unauthorized associations and political parties

64 In the 1920s, a movement known as Pan- Africanism encouraged African nationalism. French-speaking writers in West Africa and the Caribbean started the négritude movement. A leader of the négritude movement, Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey, spoke of Africa for Africans and demanded an end to colonial rule.

65 At the Pan-African Congress in 1919, African and African American leaders called on the Allies to grant Africans a charter of rights. The Allies failed to approve a charter of rights for Africans. Still, the Congress established cooperation between African and African American leaders.

66 Between 1910 and 1940, whites in South Africa imposed a system of racial segregation. At that time, blacks: Could not hold the best-paying jobs Had to carry passes Could not vote Were forced to live on crowded reserves Segregation in South Africa became even stricter after 1948, when apartheid became law.

67 In response, South African blacks formed the African National Congress (ANC). The ANC: Was formed in South Africa in 1912 by African Christian churches and African-run newspapers Demanded rights for black South Africans Worked through legal means to protest unfair laws Built a framework for later political action The South African government ignored the ANC.

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69 The most successful nationalist movement in Africa after World War I took place in Egypt. Egyptians united behind the Wafd party. Protests, strikes, and riots forced Britain to grant Egypt independence in Britain still controlled Egypt s monarchy and left troops to guard the Suez Canal. During the 1930s, many young Egyptians joined the Muslim Brotherhood, a group formed to foster broad Islamic nationalism.

70 Nationalist movements also transformed the Middle East after World War I. The defeated Ottoman empire was on the point of collapse. The postwar mandate system sparked wide resentment of Western influence. In Turkey and Persia, new leaders sought to create modern nations.

71 The Middle East, 1920s

72 In Asia Minor, Turks resisted Western control and fought to build a modern nation apart from other Middle Eastern nations. The sultan of Turkey signed the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920, which gave a great deal of Turkish land to Greece. Nationalist Turks, led by Mustafa Kemal, overthrew the sultan, defeated Greece, formed the modern Republic of Turkey, and negotiated a new treaty.

73 Kemal took the name Atatürk ( father of the Turks ) and led the Turkish republic with an iron hand. Between 1923 and his death in 1938, Atatürk was responsible for many reforms. He: Moved to modernize, Westernize, and secularize Turkey Encouraged industrial expansion Gave women the right to vote and to work outside the home

74 Turkey is modernized to form the country they have today Recep Tayyip Erdoğan- Turkish President Vladimir Putin- Russian President

75 Atatürk s reforms were successful, and nationalists in Persia (present-day Iran) followed his lead. In 1925, army officer Reza Khan overthrew the shah and rushed to modernize and Westernize Persia. He angered some Muslim religious leaders by replacing Islamic law with secular law and introducing Western ways. Khan also persuaded the British company that controlled Persia s oil industry to hire Persians and to give Persia a larger share of the profits.

76 Difference between Western and Middle Eastern Culture

77 During World War I, the Allies promised Arabs independence in return for help against the Ottoman empire. But under the peace treaties, Arab lands became British or French mandates. Arabs felt betrayed by the mandate system. This anger stirred nationalist feelings among the Arabs across borders.

78 Arab nationalists promoted Pan-Arabism This movement linked people in present-day Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, Algeria, and Morocco. The goal was to free Arab lands from foreign domination. Pan-Arabists sought to stop the exploitation of Arab oil reserves by the European powers.

79 The Middle East, 1920s

80 New immigrants joined the Jewish The British mandate of Palestine was a center of conflict between Arab and Jewish settlers. In 1897, Theodor Herzl had founded the Zionist movement in response to growing European anti-semitism. The goal of the movement was to rebuild a Jewish state in Palestine. In addition, pogroms in Russia prompted thousands of Russian Jews to migrate to Palestine.

81 During World War I, the Allies had promised Palestine to both the Arabs and the Jews. The Allies promised Arabs their own kingdoms in former Ottoman lands, including Palestine, after the end of World War I. In 1917, the British tried to win the support of European Jews by issuing the Balfour Declaration. It advocated setting up a national home for the Jewish people. The declaration said civil and religious rights of non- Jewish communities in Palestine had to be preserved.

82 From 1919 to 1940, many Jews and Arabs migrated to Palestine. Tensions between the two groups developed. Jewish settlers set up towns, factories, and farms. Arabs attacked Jewish settlements, hoping to discourage immigration. In response, Jewish settlers established their own defense forces. For the rest of the century, Arabs and Jews fought over the land.

83 Summary In both Africa and the Middle East there was a rise in nationalism because people wanted total freedom or, full control over resources (like oil) Both territories were promised freedom post WWI Since the Germans and Ottomans lost WWI this gave many countries the opportunity to gain freedom as those empires lost territory Instead, the Allies did not give freedom but continued control in parts of Africa and the Middle East through mandates. European control made many Africans angry and they formed unions, political parties and movements for better rights and freedom. In the Middle East some leaders accepted western business and ideals which angered the strict Islamic cultures living there. This starts the Middle Eastern resentment of westernization.

84 Today Announcements Quick Board Race Cover India Ch. 15 sections 3 Begin going over study guide Test MONDAY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Revolution and Nationalism in Russia, Africa, Middle East, India and China post WWI. Ch. 14 section 5 and Ch.15 sections 1-4

85 India Seeks Independence Chapter 15 Section 3

86 Objectives Explain what motivated the Indian independence movement after World War I. Analyze how Mohandas Gandhi influenced the independence movement. Describe the impact of the Salt March on the course of the Indian independence movement.

87 Terms and People Amritsar massacre an incident in 1919 in which British troops fired on an unarmed crowd of Indians ahimsa an ancient Hindu doctrine of nonviolence and reverence for all life civil disobedience the refusal to obey unjust laws untouchables members of the lowest caste in India boycott a refusal to buy goods

88 How did Gandhi and the Congress party work for independence in India? Gandhi was inspired by Hindu traditions as well as American ideas about civil disobedience. He led the Congress party through a series of nonviolent actions against British rule.

89 Since 1885, the Indian National Congress party had pressed for selfrule within the British empire. More than a million Indians fought for the Allies in World War I. In return, the British promised greater self-government in India. After the war, the British proposed only a few small reforms, angering Indian nationalists.

90 Unhappy with British rule, some Indians protested, rioted, and attacked British residents. On April 13, 1919, a large but peaceful crowd gathered in an enclosed field in Amritsar in northern India to hear several Indian speakers. The British commander at Amritsar had banned public meetings. British soldiers fired on the crowd, killing nearly 400 people and wounding more than 1,100 others.

91 The Amritsar massacre was a turning point in Indian independence. Instead of self-rule, the Indian National Congress now called for full independence. Gandhi: In the 1920s, Mohandas Gandhi united Indians across class lines in the struggle for independence.

92 Gandhi came from a middle-class Hindu family. He: Studied law in England Moved to South Africa and fought against laws that discriminated against Indians in South Africa Returned to India in 1914 and became the leader of the Indian National Congress

93 Gandhi urged equal rights for all men and women, as well as for the untouchables He fought injustice with nonviolent resistance and inspired Indians of all religions and ethnic backgrounds. His campaign of civil disobedianceat tracted wide support, catching the attention of the British government and the world.

94 Gandhi s ideas about nonviolent resistance came from many sources. Hindu tradition Western influences The ancient doctrine of ahimsa Equality for men and women Christian teachings about love American philosopher Henry David Thoreau s ideas about civil disobedience Democracy Nationalism

95 Gandhi challenged British rule in nonviolent ways during the 1920s and 1930s. He called for an Indian boycott of British-made goods, especially cotton textiles. He worked to restart India s traditional industries. He mobilized mass support for India s independence by protesting the British monopoly on salt.

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97 Although natural salt was available in the sea, the British required Indians to buy only salt sold by the monopoly. In March 1930, Gandhi and 78 followers began to walk 240 miles to the sea. By the time he arrived, thousands more had joined the Salt March. After picking up a lump of salt from the surf, Gandhi was arrested and jailed. His example inspired tens of thousands to collect sea salt and engage in other nonviolent protests.

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99 Tens of thousands were imprisoned, and newspapers around the world criticized the British for their brutal treatment of Indians. Gandhi s campaign forced the British to give some power to Indians and to meet other demands of the Indian National Congress.

100 In 1939, World War II began. Britain angered Indians by postponing their independence and bringing them into the war without consulting them. Many Indians protested and were jailed, but millions of others did help Britain during the war. When the war ended in 1945, India s independence was at hand, but conflicts between Hindus and Muslims troubled the nation for years to come.

101 Indian Independence By 1947 (post WWII) India was finally granted Independence. India was divided into India and Pakistan due to religious differences between Muslims and Hindus.

102 Upheavals in China Chapter 15 Section 4

103 Objectives Explain the key challenges faced by the Chinese republic in the early 1900s. Analyze the struggle between two rival parties as they fought to control China. Describe how invasion by Japan affected China.

104 Terms and People Twenty-One Demands a list of demands that sought to make China a Japanese protectorate May Fourth Movement a cultural and intellectual ferment, set off on May 4, 1919, by student protests against the Paris Peace Conference vanguard elite leaders Guomindang Nationalist party in China

105 How did China cope with internal division and foreign invasion in the early 1900s? After the collapse of the Qing dynasty, China fell into chaos due to its ineffective government. The republic could not counter the threats posed by warlord uprisings or foreign imperialism. Two strong leaders emerged: Jiang Jieshi and Mao Zedong. They led opposing factions until World War II, when they temporarily put aside their differences to join forces against the

106 China Post WWI Weak country Territories controlled during Imperialism Chinese monarchy (Emperor) collapsed by 1911 China is a huge country but the people are not united Areas are controlled by warlords Nationalist groups formed to unite China and make the country strong Two major groups-nationalists and the Communists These two groups will fight a civil war in China for 22 years. From

107 After the Qing collapse in 1911, new president Sun Yixian hoped to rebuild China. His ideas for rebuilding China were founded on the Three Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy, and economic security for all. In 1912, Sun stepped down as president, and a powerful general, Yuan Shikai, took over.

108 Yuan wanted to set up a dynasty, but wasn t supported by the military. During World War I, the Japanese gave Yuan the Twenty-One Demands, seeking to make China a Japanese protectorate. China was too weak to resist, so Yuan gave in to some of the demands.

109 After Yuan s death, China experienced conflict and upheaval. Armies of warlords battled for control. Foreign powers increased their influence over China. At the Paris Peace Conference, the Allies angered Chinese Nationalists by giving Japan control over former German possessions in China. Students protested the actions of the Allies in May The May Fourth Movement fostered nationalist sentiments.

110 The May Fourth Movement Protests Began with students in Beijing and rapidly spread to other cities. Goals Ideals Role of women Strengthen China and end foreign domination. Rejected both Confucian traditions and Western learning. Women joined marches and campaigned to end traditional practices, such as foot binding.

111 May 4 th 1919 Tiananmen Square May 4 th 1989 Famous Tank Man Photosymbol of democratic protest

112 Some Chinese turned to the revolutionary ideas of Marx and Lenin. The Soviet Union trained Chinese students and military officers to be the vanguard of a communist revolution. A small group of Chinese Communists formed their own political party by the 1920s.

113 Sun Yixian and his nationalist Guomindang set up a government in south China in He planned to raise an army to defeat the warlords. Western democracies would not help, so Sun accepted aid from the Soviet Union. Sun also joined forces with Chinese Communists, although he still believed in his Three Principles of the People.

114 Sun died in 1925, and army officer Jiang Jieshi took over the Guomindang. He wanted to defeat the warlords and reunite China. He had no interest in promoting either democracy or communism.

115 In 1926, Jiang led the Guomindang and the Chinese Communists on the Northern Expedition. They defeated local warlords and captured Beijing. In early 1927, Jiang turned on the Communists because they threatened his position. Guomindang troops slaughtered thousands of Communist Party members and their supporters. The massacre marked the beginning of a bitter civil war that lasted for 22

116 Mao Zedong escaped the massacre to emerge as leader of the Communists. Mao, a young Communist revolutionary of peasant origins, believed that the Communists should seek support from the peasant masses. In southeastern China, the Communists redistributed land to peasants and promised other reforms. In response, Jiang led the Guomindang in a series of extermination campaigns against the Communists.

117 As Mao s army retreated, the Guomindang pursued them on the 6,000-mile Long March.

118 Mao claimed the retreat as a victory because it spread the Communist message. The Long March lasted from 1934 to Chinese peasants, who had been abused by the Guomindang, welcomed the Communists. Of 100,000 Communists who began the march, only 8,000 survived.

119 The two forces put aside their differences to fight a growing threat from Japan. In 1931, Japan captured the northeastern province of Manchuria. Japan attacked again in 1937, starting what became the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Guomindang was forced to join with the Communists to fight the Japanese. The United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union all sent aid to help the Chinese.

120 During the war, the Guomindang left Nanjing and retreated to the interior of the country. In what became known as the rape of Nanjing, Japanese troops captured the city, killed hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians, and brutalized still more. The Guomindang and the Communists remained largely united until the end of the war with Japan.

121 By the end of World War II, Jiang and the Guomindang controlled China s central government. Mao Zedong s Communist Party controlled much of northern and central China. Before long, the Communists would begin revolution across all of China.

122 Both Nationalists leader in China. They teamed up with communists at first then went against them Civil war starts in 1927 Sun Yixian 1 st new President after emperor Communist leader Mao Zedong Gained support of peasants in China VS. Jiang Jieshi Takes over after Sun Yixian. Leader of nationalists during the Chinese Civil War The civil war between nationalists and communists is put on hold when Japan invades China in 1937.