DETAILED CONTENTS. Preface xi. 2. Constitutional Limitations The Nature, Purpose, and Function of Criminal Law 1

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1 DETAILED CONTENTS Preface xi The Case Method xi Chapter Organization xii Organization of the Text xii Third Edition xiii Acknowledgments xiv 1. The Nature, Purpose, and Function of Criminal Law 1 Introduction 1 The Nature of Criminal Law 2 Criminal and Civil Law 2 The Purpose of Criminal Law 3 The Principles of Criminal Law 3 Categories of Crime 4 Felonies and Misdemeanors 4 Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita 4 Subject Matter 5 Sources of Criminal Law 5 The Common Law 6 State Criminal Codes 6 State Police Power 7 The Model Penal Code 7 Federal Statutes 8 Constitutional Limitations 9 Chapter Summary 12 Chapter Review Questions 13 Legal Terminology 13 Criminal Law on the Web 14 Bibliography 14 Appendix: Reading and Briefing Cases 15 Introduction 15 The Structure of Cases 16 Introduction 16 Title 16 Citation 16 Judge 16 Outline 16 Judicial Opinion 16 Briefing a Case 17 Approaching the Case 18 Locating Cases 19 Legal Terminology Constitutional Limitations 21 Introduction 21 The Rule of Legality 22 Bills of Attainder and Ex Post Facto Laws 22 Bills of Attainder 22 Ex Post Facto Laws 23 The Supreme Court and Ex Post Facto Laws 23 Statutory Clarity 24 Clarity 24 Definite Standards for Law Enforcement 24 Void for Vagueness 25 State v. Stanko 26 Equal Protection 29 Three Levels of Scrutiny 29 Wright v. South Carolina 30 Freedom of Speech 33 Overbreadth 35 Hate Speech 36 George T. v. California 37 Privacy 44 The Constitutional Right to Privacy 44 The Constitutional Right to Privacy and Same-Sex Relations Between Consenting Adults in the Home 46 The Right to Bear Arms 47 Chapter Summary 48 Chapter Review Questions 49 Legal Terminology 49 Criminal Law on the Web 50 Bibliography Punishment and Sentencing 51 Introduction 51 Punishment 53 Purposes of Punishment 54 Retribution 54 Deterrence 54 Rehabilitation 54 Incapacitation 54 Restoration 55

2 Sentencing 55 Evaluating Sentencing Schemes 56 Approaches to Sentencing 56 Sentencing Guidelines 57 Truth in Sentencing 59 Victims Rights 59 Cruel and Unusual Punishment 60 Methods of Punishment 60 The Amount of Punishment: Capital Punishment 61 The Juvenile Death Penalty 63 Roper v. Simmons 63 The Amount of Punishment: Sentences for a Term of Years 71 Humphrey v. Wilson 72 The Amount of Punishment: Drug Offenses 77 Criminal Punishment and Status Offenses 78 Cruel and Unusual Punishment: A Summary 79 Equal Protection 79 Chapter Summary 83 Chapter Review Questions 84 Legal Terminology 84 Criminal Law on the Web 85 Bibliography Actus Reus 87 Introduction 87 Criminal Acts 88 A Voluntary Criminal Act 88 State v. Fields 89 Status Offenses 92 People v. Kellogg 93 Omissions 97 The American and European Bystander Rules 97 The Duty to Intervene 98 Jones v. United States 101 Possession 105 State v. Toups 107 Chapter Summary 112 Chapter Review Questions 112 Legal Terminology 112 Criminal Law on the Web 113 Bibliography Mens Rea, Concurrence, Causation 115 Introduction 115 Mens Rea 115 The Evidentiary Burden 116 The Model Penal Code Standard 117 Purposely 118 Commonwealth v. Ferino 119 Knowingly 121 State v. Nations 122 Recklessly 124 Hranicky v. State 124 Negligently 127 People v. Baker 128 Strict Liability 130 State v. Walker 131 Concurrence 134 State v. Rose 135 Causation 136 Cause in Fact 137 Legal or Proximate Cause 137 Intervening Cause 137 Coincidental Intervening Acts 138 Responsive Intervening Acts 138 The Model Penal Code 139 People v. Cervantes 140 Chapter Summary 144 Chapter Review Questions 145 Legal Terminology 146 Criminal Law on the Web 146 Bibliography Parties to Crime and Vicarious Liability 147 Introduction 147 Parties to a Crime 148 Actus Reus of Accomplice Liability 149 State v. Ulvinen 150 Mens Rea of Accomplice Liability 153 United States v. Fountain 155 Natural and Probable Consequences Doctrine 157 State v. Robinson 157 Accessory After the Fact 160 The Common Law 160 The Elements of Accessory After the Fact 161 State v. Chism 162 Vicarious Liability 166 Corporate Liability 166 Public Policy 167 Commonwealth v. Koczwara 168 Automobiles, Parents, and Vicarious Liability 171 Traffic Tickets 171 Parents 171 Chapter Summary 173 Chapter Review Questions 173 Legal Terminology 174 Criminal Law on the Web 174 Bibliography Attempt, Conspiracy, and Solicitation 175 Introduction 175 Attempt 176 History of Attempt 176 Public Policy and Attempt 177 The Elements of Criminal Attempt 177 Mens Rea of Attempt 178 Smallwood v. State 178

3 Actus Reus of Attempt 180 Three Legal Tests 181 The Physical Proximity and Substantial Step Tests 182 Bolton v. State 183 Impossibility 185 State v. Glass 186 Abandonment 189 Ross v. State 190 Conspiracy 192 Actus Reus 192 Overt Act 193 Mens Rea 193 Parties 194 The Structure of Conspiracies 194 Criminal Objectives 195 Conspiracy Prosecutions 196 United States v. Garcia 198 Solicitation 203 Public Policy 203 The Crime of Solicitation 204 State v. Cotton 205 Chapter Summary 207 Chapter Review Questions 209 Legal Terminology 209 Criminal Law on the Web 210 Bibliography Justifications 211 Introduction 211 The Prosecutor s Burden 211 Affirmative Defenses 212 Mitigating Circumstances 213 Self-Defense 214 The Central Components of Self-Defense 214 State v. Marshall 215 Reasonable Belief 217 People v. Goetz 217 Imminence 222 State v. Norman 223 Excessive Force 226 Retreat 227 United States v. Peterson 227 Defense of Others 232 Defense of the Home 233 People v. Ceballos 234 Execution of Public Duties 236 The Modern Legal Standard 237 Tennessee v. Garner 239 Resisting Unlawful Arrests 244 Necessity 246 Commonwealth v. Kendall 249 Consent 253 State v. Dejarlais 255 Chapter Summary 258 Chapter Review Questions 259 Legal Terminology 259 Criminal Law on the Web 259 Bibliography Excuses 261 Introduction 261 The Insanity Defense 261 The Right-Wrong Test 263 The Irresistible Impulse Test 264 The Durham Product Test 266 The Substantial Capacity Test 266 Burden of Proof 267 The Future of the Insanity Defense 267 Galloway v. State 269 Diminished Capacity 275 Intoxication 276 Voluntary Intoxication 277 Involuntary Intoxication 277 Brancaccio v. State 278 Age 280 Brazill v. State 281 State v. Ramer 284 Duress 287 The Elements of Duress 287 Duress and Correctional Institutions 288 The Duress Defense 289 United States v. Moreno 290 Mistake of Law and Mistake of Fact 293 Mistake of Law 293 Mistake of Fact 294 Entrapment 295 The Law of Entrapment 296 The Subjective Test 296 The Objective Test 297 Due Process 298 The Entrapment Defense 298 Miller v. State 299 New Defenses 301 Some New Defenses 302 The Cultural Defense 303 State v. Kargar 304 Chapter Summary 307 Chapter Review Questions 307 Legal Terminology 308 Criminal Law on the Web 308 Bibliography Homicide 309 Introduction 309 Types of Criminal Homicide 310 Actus Reus and Criminal Homicide 312 The Beginning of Human Life 312 People v. Davis 313 The End of Human Life 318 Mens Rea and Criminal Homicide 318

4 Murder 319 First-Degree Murder 319 State v. Forrest 320 Capital and Aggravated First-Degree Murder 322 Owen v. State 323 Second-Degree Murder 327 Midgett v. State 328 Depraved Heart Murder 331 State v. Davidson 332 Felony Murder 335 People v. Lowery 337 Corporate Murder 341 State v. Richard Knutson, Inc. 342 Manslaughter 345 Voluntary Manslaughter 345 Voluntary Manslaughter Reconsidered 347 Girouard v. State 348 Involuntary Manslaughter 352 Negligent Manslaughter 352 State v. Jones 353 Misdemeanor Manslaughter 356 Chapter Summary 357 Chapter Review Questions 358 Legal Terminology 358 Criminal Law on the Web 359 Bibliography Criminal Sexual Conduct, Assault and Battery, Kidnapping, and False Imprisonment 361 Introduction 361 The Common Law of Rape 362 The Elements of the Common Law of Rape 363 Rape Reform 364 The Impact of Rape Reform 365 Punishment and Sexual Assault 365 The Actus Reus of Modern Rape 365 Commonwealth v. Berkowitz 366 In the Interest of M.T.S. 369 Other Approaches to the Actus Reus of Modern Rape 373 Mens Rea 373 Statutory Rape 374 Garnett v. State 375 Withdrawal of Consent 378 People v. John Z. 378 Rape Shield Laws 380 Assault and Battery 382 The Elements of Battery 383 Simple and Aggravated Battery 383 Assault 384 Aggravated Assault 384 The Elements of Assault 385 Carter v. Commonwealth 386 Waldon v. State 390 Kidnapping 393 Criminal Intent 394 Criminal Act 394 People v. Aguilar 396 False Imprisonment 398 Chapter Summary 400 Chapter Review Questions 401 Legal Terminology 401 Criminal Law on the Web 402 Bibliography Burglary, Trespass, Arson, and Mischief 403 Introduction 403 Burglary 403 Breaking 404 Entry 404 Dwelling House 405 Dwelling of Another 405 Nighttime 405 Intent 406 Aggravated Burglary 406 Do We Need the Crime of Burglary? 406 Bruce v. Commonwealth 408 Hitt v. Commonwealth 409 Trespass 412 Arson 415 Burning 415 Dwelling 415 Dwelling of Another 416 Willful and Malicious 416 Grading 416 In re Jessse L. 418 Criminal Mischief 420 Actus Reus 420 Mens Rea 421 People v. Nicholas Y. 421 Chapter Summary 423 Chapter Review Questions 424 Legal Terminology 424 Criminal Law on the Web 424 Bibliography Crimes Against Property 425 Introduction 425 Larceny 426 Actus Reus: Trespassory Taking 426 Asportation 427 Property of Another 428 Mens Rea 428 Grades of Larceny 429 People v. Gasparik 430 Embezzlement 432 Thomas v. State 433 False Pretenses 436 Actus Reus 436 Mens Rea 436

5 State v. Henry 438 Theft 441 Identity Theft 443 City of Liberal, Kansas v. Vargas 444 Computer Crime 446 State v. Schwartz 447 Receiving Stolen Property 450 Actus Reus 450 Mens Rea 451 Hurston v. State 452 Forgery and Uttering 454 Actus Reus 455 Mens Rea 455 Uttering 455 Simulation 455 United States v. Cunningham 456 Robbery 458 Actus Reus 458 Mens Rea 459 Concurrence 459 Grading Robbery 460 Messina v. State 461 Carjacking 463 Extortion 463 Chapter Summary 464 Chapter Review Questions 465 Legal Terminology 466 Criminal Law on the Web 466 Bibliography White-Collar Crime 467 Introduction 467 Environmental Crimes 469 Occupational Health and Safety 470 Securities Fraud 471 Insider Trading 471 United States v. Carpenter 473 Mail and Wire Fraud 475 United States v. Duff 476 The Travel Act 477 Health Care Fraud 478 Money Laundering 478 United States v. Jackson 480 Antitrust Violations 481 Public Corruption 483 State v. Castillo 484 Chapter Summary 487 Chapter Review Questions 488 Legal Terminology 488 Criminal Law on the Web 489 Bibliography Crimes Against Public Order and Morality 491 Introduction 491 Disorderly Conduct 492 City of Cincinnati v. Summers 494 Riot 495 People v. Upshaw 497 Public Indecencies: Quality-of-Life Crimes 499 Vagrancy and Loitering 499 Homelessness 501 Joyce v. City and County of San Francisco 501 Gangs 507 City of Chicago v. Morales 508 The Overreach of Criminal Law 514 Prostitution and Solicitation 515 The Crime of Prostitution 515 Legal Regulation of Prostitution 516 Harwell v. State 518 Obscenity 521 Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association 522 Cruelty to Animals 526 Chapter Summary 526 Chapter Review Questions 527 Legal Terminology 527 Criminal Law on the Web 528 Bibliography Crimes Against the State 529 Introduction 529 Treason 530 Criminal Act and Criminal Intent 530 Prosecuting Treason 531 Sedition 532 Sabotage 533 Espionage 534 Terrorism 535 Definition of Terrorism 535 Terrorism Outside the United States 536 Terrorism Transcending National Boundaries 536 Weapons of Mass Destruction 537 Mass Transportation Systems 537 Harboring or Concealing Terrorists 538 Material Support for Terrorism 538 Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project 539 Combat Immunity 547 United States v. Lindh 547 State Terrorism Statutes 550 Muhammad v. Commonwealth 550 International Criminal Law 557 Chapter Summary 558 Chapter Review Questions 559 Legal Terminology 559 Criminal Law on the Web 560 Bibliography 560 Notes N-1 Glossary G-1 Case Index CI-1 Subject Index SI-1 About the Author A-1