Activity to Develop and Demonstrate Competence. Describe the different categories of law

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1 Paper 6 Hong Kong Business Law Aim This paper aims at providing students with an awareness of the overall legal framework in which business in Hong Kong operates and at enabling them to apply the relevant legal rules and practices to business problems and practical situations. Content. Hong Kong legal system Knowledge of: - the historical and formal sources of Hong Kong law - the system of courts and administration of justice - legislation and statutory interpretation - the work of solicitors and barristers Describe the different categories of law Demonstrate an awareness of why it is essential for business people to have a knowledge of law Describe the origin and development of the Hong Kong SAR legal system Describe the relationship between the constitution of the PRC, Basic Law and Hong Kong SAR law Describe the main provisions of the Hong Kong SAR Basic Law Distinguish between common law rules and rules of equity Outline the main sources of law and show how each operate Explain the doctrine of precedent and the role of the courts in the development of the common law Identify the unique nature of case law Describe the structure and jurisdiction of the courts and tribunals and explain the way disputes are resolved through the courts and through alternative means Outline how appeals may progress from one court to another Explain how the principles of interpretation apply to statutes Describe the main rules of statutory interpretation Describe the work of solicitors and barristers - -

2 . General principles of law Understanding of: - the essentials for the formation of a - formality and terms of a - exemption clauses - the vitiating factors affecting the validity and formality of a - the discharge of a - the remedies for breach of Ability to apply the above principles to problem situations List the requirements for a simple valid Differentiate between valid, void, voidable and unenforceable s Define offer and distinguish it from other similar statements Describe and analyse when an offer comes to an end Define acceptance and identify whether an acceptance is valid Describe the effects of different means of communications of acceptance Explain battle of forms Distinguish between simple and specialty Define consideration and apply the rules in relation to consideration Differentiate between past, executed and executory consideration Explain the equitable doctrine of promissory estoppel Describe the meaning and effect of privity of Explain the meaning of intention to enter into legal relations and apply the various presumptions relating to intention Explain and analyse the effect of incapacity on s Distinguish between a representation and a term Recognise an express term of a Describe how terms may be implied in a Distinguish between conditions and warranties Describe innominate terms - -

3 . General principles of law (continued) Define an exclusion clause Describe how the courts and statute restrict the use of exclusion clauses Define an unconscionable Define actionable misrepresentations Distinguish between the different types of misrepresentation Describe the different remedies for the various types of misrepresentation Explain the different types of mistake and the defences available Identify duress and describe its effect in a Explain undue influence Explain in restraint of trade and the circumstances under which such a will be enforceable Describe the effect of illegality Explain when a is discharged by performance Identify the requirements that are necessary to terminate a by agreement Explain frustration and its effects Explain the nature of breach of Identify the various remedies available for breach Explain the principles in assessing damages Distinguish between liquidated damages and a penalty clause Explain specific performance and injunction Identify those situations where an equitable remedy is applicable - -

4 . General principles of law (continued) Understand rescission and restitution Demonstrate an awareness of the general principles in relation to Sales of Goods Ordinance Demonstrate an awareness of the general principles in relation to agency law. Bills of exchange Understanding of: - the nature, definition and purpose of a bill of exchange - the concept of negotiability of bills of exchange - the duties and liabilities of the parties concerned Define a bill of exchange and a negotiable instrument and demonstrate awareness of the purpose of a bill of exchange Define a cheque and distinguish it from other bills of exchange Identify the parties to a bill of exchange and a cheque Explain the concept of negotiability and describe the process of negotiation Outline the different types of indorsement Describe how a bill of exchange and a cheque can be dishonoured Explain the liabilities of parties to a dishonoured bill of exchange and a dishonoured cheque Explain the effect of a forged or unauthorised signature of a bill of exchange Explain the purpose and describe the different types of crossing in cheques Outline the duties and liabilities of a bank with respect to cheques List the statutory protection available to the paying bank and collecting bank with respect to cheques - 4 -

5 4. Legal personality and the nature of limited company Understanding of: - the differences between a limited company and a partnership - the consequences of separate legal personality - the relationship of legal personality to limited liability and its implications in the business world and ability to apply the above principles to problem situations. Define partnership Describe the nature and characteristics of partnership Explain the advantages and disadvantages of forming a partnership Compare a partnership with a company Explain the advantages and disadvantages of incorporation Recognise the different types of registered company Explain the veil of incorporation and the circumstances when the veil will be lifted Explain the concept and the purpose of limited liability - 5 -

6 5. Company law Knowledge of: - the formation of a company and its constitution - the formalities and the role of the Registrar - the registration of shares, charges, directors and their shareholdings - the ual capacity of a company - the statutory books, records and returns Describe the procedures in the formation of a registered company Describe a promoter and list his duties Describe what is meant by a pre-incorporation and explain the problems of such a Describe the memorandum of association and articles of association and explain their effects List the typical contents of the memorandum of association and articles of association Identify the restriction on its articles which a company can choose Explain what is meant by Table A State how articles and memorandum may be changed Understand the functions and responsibilities of the Registrar of Companies State the requirements for the registration of shares, charges, directors and their shareholdings Explain the ual capacity of a company State the requirements for statutory books, records and annual return - 6 -

7 6. Capital and financing of companies Knowledge of: - share capital of companies - loan capital of companies Ability to apply the above knowledge to problem situations Explain the meaning and purpose of capital and the nature of shares Differentiate between the different classes of share capital Explain class rights and explain how a company can change its class rights Distinguish between the transfer and transmission of shares Explain how shares might be transferred from one person to another and how a company can restrict the free transferability of shares Explain the nature of dividends and the rules on their distribution Describe how a company can alter its share capital Define a debenture and describe different types of debenture Explain the company s power to borrow Contrast the position of a shareholder with the position of a debenture holder Contrast the position of a secured creditor with that of an unsecured creditor Distinguish between a fixed and a floating charge Explain the registration requirement for company charges Outline the effect of a failure to register a charge Explain the priority of different types of charges on a winding up of a company List the remedies available to loan creditors - 7 -

8 7. Management and administration of a company Knowledge of: - company directors - company secretary - auditors - companies meetings Ability to apply the above knowledge to problem situations. Identify a director and explain what a shadow director is Describe how directors are appointed and removed Explain the powers and duties of directors Explain conflict of interests and the rules applicable when directors deal with their own company Explain how directors may avoid liability for breach of duty and outline the remedies available when a director breaches his duty Explain the various forms of protection available to minority shareholders Explain the role and duties of a company secretary and describe how a company secretary is appointed and how his may be terminated Explain the role and duties of an auditor and describe how an auditor is appointed and reappointed and how his may be terminated Explain the differences between an annual general meeting and an extraordinary general meeting Distinguish between an ordinary resolution and a special resolution State the rules and procedures as to the voting rights of members including proxy voting State the quorum requirements in general meetings - 8 -

9 Examination format: Section A 0 5 multiple choice questions 0 marks Section B Not more than 0 short questions 0 marks Section C out of 5 questions (Questions on bills of exchange will not be asked in this section) 60 marks marks ======== Essential reading: Author Title Publisher Cheng, P. W., Clementson, I., Ko, S. H. and Scott, P. Hong Kong Business Law (005 Edition) HKIAAT (formerly HKAAT) Stott, V. Hong Kong Company Law ( th Edition) Longman Additional reading: Author Title Publisher Stott, V. Dobinson, I. and Roebuck, D. Shum, C. An Introduction to Hong Kong Business Law ( rd Edition) Introduction to Law of HKSAR ( nd Edition) General Principles of Hong Kong Law ( rd Edition) Longman Sweet & Maxwell Longman Srivastava, D. K. (ed.) Business Law in Hong Kong ( nd Edition) Sweet & Maxwell Asia Krishnan Arjunan and Abdul Majid bin Nabi Baksh Cheng, P. W., Sum, H. S., Yuen, K. T. Francis Business Law in Hong Kong ( st Edition) The Hong Kong Company Secretary s Handbook, Practice and Procedure (7 th Edition) Legislation in various areas: - The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People s Republic of China - Companies Ordinance - Control of Exemption Clauses Ordinance - Misrepresentation Ordinance - Partnership Ordinance - Sale of Goods Ordinance - Unconscionable Contracts Ordinance LexisNexis Longman HKSAR - 9 -

An Introduction to the Law of CONTRACT STEPHEN GRAW

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