Gender Issues. Cambodia. Dr Leena M Kirjavainen. Gender Specialist CONTENTS. 1. Introduction Population Situation of Women 5

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1 Page 1 of 13 Regional Environmental Technical Assistance 5771 Poverty Reduction & Environmental Management in Remote Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Watersheds (Phase I) Gender Issues Cambodia By Dr Leena M Kirjavainen Gender Specialist CONTENTS 1. Introduction 3 2. Population 3 3. Situation of Women 5 4. Trafficking in Women, Children and Elderly 7 5. Women s Reproductive and Sexual Health 9 6. Domestic Violence Women and Food Security Policy and Planning Focus in Rural Development Closing Note and Appreciation 14 REFERENCES 1. Introduction The Gender Specialist has collected extensive data on women and gender issues in Cambodia, which is retained in the reference library of the project. A list of the References is included as an attachment. The most critical gender and social issues include the highest spread of HIV/AIDS in South-East Asia according to the

2 Page 2 of 13 UNAIDS (December 1998); internal and cross-boarder trafficking of migrants - women, children and elderly - for labour exploitation including prostitution, entertainment industries, begging and other illegal economic activities; cross-border conflicts in logging, trading and smuggling (including humans); increasing feminisation of poverty particularly in rural areas, and rehabilitation of mine victims. This report includes some of the critical data and highlights the key issues. 2. Population Cambodia has not had a census since 1962, but the National Institute of Statistics prepared a socio-economic survey in This has revealed that the total population is approximately Million. Of these 47.6 % are male and 52.4 % female. The data reveals a reflection of the civil and political turmoil, which are also reflected in the situation of women and children in the country. The population is also quite young - children aged under 15 comprise 40 %, and the elderly about 4 % of the population. Figure 1. Female and Male Population Structure in Cambodia Source: National Institute of Statistics (NIS), 1995 The average household size has declined in urban areas from 5.9 in 1993 to 5.2 in 1997, and in the rural sector from 5.5 to 4.9 during the same period. An estimated % of Cambodian households were female headed, of those in Phnom Penh %, other urban areas 25.0 % and rural areas 22.6%. Female-headed households had fewer household members. 7 % of them were single person households, another 40 % had only one or two persons in addition to the female head. 16 % of the female household heads were years old and 50 % of them between years (NIS, 1998) Table 1. Extrapolated Female and Male Population and Household Structure in Cambodia Cambodia Phnom Penh Other Urban Rural Est. no. of Households Female Headed Households % Male Population Female Population Source: Report on the Cambodia Socio-economic Survey 1997, NIS, Ministry of Planning

3 Page 3 of 13 Box 1. The Situation of Female Headed Households in Cambodia 1997 For example in Cambodia, the number of female-headed households is 25.3 percent, and has increased due to the loss of male population in recent wars and conflicts. However, at present the percentage of female-headed household in urban centres is higher than in the rural sector, which can be due to increasing rural poverty and hardships, which pushes the younger generation to seek employment opportunities, which are the "pull-factors" of the urban sector. Female-headed households had fewer household members, 7 % of them were single person households. Another 40 % had only one or two persons in addition to the female head. Only 0.3 % of male-headed households were single person households. Of the female household heads 16 % were years old, and 50 % were between years. Studies of households below the "poverty line" are limited. However, information on the "poorest of the poor" is critically needed for project formulation. One has to know whom the poor are and where they are if one is to develop and use targeted strategies for poverty reduction. In particular, analyses of the woman-headed or women-supported households are necessary to guide the planning and design of targeted poverty alleviation programmes and development projects. (Source: NIS, 1997) A vast majority 85 % - of the people living in rural areas is affected with poverty and is involved in subsistence farming. (UNICEF,1995). Despite of the potential for improved agriculture, Cambodia s rural population is among the poorest in the world. In addition one in every 236 people have list at least one limb, giving Cambodia one of the highest proportions of people with amputations (UNICEF, 1995). Development Indices have been recently frequently reported in making analyses on the level of human development in the UN system countries. The Human Development Index (HDI) ranking for Cambodia was in 1995, 140 of the 174 countries (UNDP, 1998) and indicates thus low life expectancy at birth, a low educational attainment and standard of living. A Gender-related Development Index (GDI) ranking was 129, indicating the gender inequality in life expectancy, educational attainment and standards of living with a difference of +11. This means that there is still plenty to do to build human capacities of women, who live with substantial gender disparities. A third indicator of human development proposed by the UNDP is the Gender Empowerment measure (GEM), which has been calculated for Cambodia for the first time in 1997 (score 0.283). This reflects the relative participation of women and men in the political and economic spheres of activity. The Human Poverty Index (HPI) score for Cambodia is not only among the highest in Asia, but also high in Cambodia s per capita income. This reflects the high levels of mortality and child malnutrition and the poor availability of public services in the Country (Cambodia Human Development Report, 1998) 3. Situation of Women In Khmer society, Cambodian women have been said to enjoy relative equality with men. The organisation in the society is reflected in the language, age and gender hierarchies, and is related to wealth, family reputation, political and religious position and other cultural ideals. The family life patterns have changed and disrupted during the past years, and changes in communities have impacted co-operation and trust. The legal status of women is protected by a new constitution and Cambodian citizens have equality before the law. Women have right to vote and right to stand for political office. Women are also guaranteed equal pay for equal work, by law. However, as the legal system in Cambodia is still very weak in terms of its financial and human resources, law enforcement is insufficient. Legal literacy among Cambodians is also low. Awareness about women s rights remains very low and for example women who are victims of violence do not resort to litigation. Therefore there is a need for (1) training of community-based legal counsellors, (2) training of women in legal literacy and collective actions, (3) production of information materials for women s rights and (4) developing advocacy strategies and drafting legislation. Cambodian women in business are known for their trading skills, but they lack entrepreneurial skills to make it in the 21 st century liberal market (Mu Sochua, 1999). They lack business and managerial skills, marketing knowledge and confidence and self-esteem. In the informal market, women dominate the market places selling street foods and produce. In addition women from the poor rural areas are also drawn to the cities for

4 Page 4 of 13 employment opportunities as maids, waitresses, bar girls and prostitutes. Therefore new opportunities for supporting women s income generating and business opportunities in: (1) business and farm household management, (2) extending banking systems for women in rural areas, (3) technical training, and (4) establishing traders networks. Regarding land ownership both men and women can own land in Cambodia, and both male and female children can inherit land. The major problem is shortage of land and the fact that most of the fields are mined. For example, a recent study in Pursat province has revealed that the landholdings were very small from 0.2 to 2.0 hectares and that due to lack of draft animals and male labour the poverty had increased (Uimonen, 1994). However, the decades of civil war have left many household headed by women with both agricultural and household production tasks. In general, in the agricultural sector, both women and men work in the tasks of farming, but due to shortage of men women often have to work in all farming tasks. The enrolment rates in the schools indicate that both boys and girls start with equal footing in primary education, having similar enrolment rates up to the age of 10. Then girls start falling behind boys, wit ha widening gap. In grade 11, which is the last year of secondary education, the proportion of girls to boys is 36.6 % in Phnom Penh, % in other urban areas and 12 % in rural areas. This makes it very difficult for girls to see many female role models in upper level education as well as in the society. Table 2. Adult Literacy Rates in Cambodia Phnom Penh Other Urban Rural Female Male Source: Socio-Economic Survey, 1997, NIS, Ministry of Planning. Source: NIS, Cambodia, The graph shows that the literacy rate for men is on average 20% higher than that for women. Lack of basic education, literacy and numeracy skills limits the absorption of knowledge and technical skills. Women s disadvantaged status in education impacts social and economic development negatively, since it limits women s contribution not only to income generating activities abut to the family life and raring of children. Low enrolment rates of girls also suggest that it is likely that poverty will be repeated in the next generation unless serious interventions are undertaken in the near future ( H.E. Mu Sochua, 1999). The Ministry for Women s and Veteran s Affairs proposes in its plan that there is need to: (1) expand non-formal education and child care, (2) provide merit-driven scholarships and establishing female-only dormitories in secondary schools, and (3) promote national campaigns for enrolment and literacy for all. 4. Trafficking in Women, Children and Elderly Poverty is the strongest factor in pushing girls and women to sex industry and making them vulnerable to traffickers with promises of good job and better life. Another powerful economic factor is the diminished availability of productive agricultural land. For example in Cambodia, more than 85 % of the people are rural farmers, and now most of the arable land is inaccessible due to heavy mining. Six to ten million landmines and unexploded ordinance make 2,700 square kilometres of Cambodian countryside uninhabitable and unfarmable. Furthermore illegal logging and mining have taken a heavy toll on Cambodia s land and forests

5 Page 5 of 13 causing widespread environmental deterioration. The financial insecurity and instability contributes to the problem of trafficking by creating a supply of girls and women who are desperate to improve their lives, and are thus vulnerable to traffickers. Another economic factor is the rapid change of economic ideology to a free market system. The resulting materialism seems to influence the commercialisation of everything, including girls and women. (Sean & Barr, 1997) The following Box 2 contains information on the sexual exploitation and trafficking in Cambodia, and is intended to reveal a present day social reality at all levels. It is based on the research carried out under the auspices of the Commission on Human Rights and Reception of Complaints of the National Assembly in Cambodia, who believed that the trafficking and abduction of people for the purposes of sexual exploitation constituted a critical threat to the society and an even more serious abuse of the rights of women and children. At the same time they wished to understand about the dissemination and implementation of the Law on the Suppression of Abduction, Trafficking and Exploitation of Human Beings Box 2. About Prostitution in Cambodia - Based on Research from June 1996 to January 1997 by the Commission of Human Rights & Reception of Complaints Based on the locality and their own age and situation, commercial sex workers (CSWs) carry out their work in different forms. In their own homes or rented accommodation; under the management of the brothel-owner; as a singer in a dance hall or karaoke bar, as "beer-girl"; as a masseur; and as a homeless person on the streets. There are total of 14, 492 prostitutes working in brothels throughout the country. The most are in Phnom Penh (8,022), Sihanoukville and Koh Kong. 81% are Cambodian nationals, 18% are Vietnamese, 5% are Thais and there is small number of other nationalities. There are 2,291 children (under 18 years of age) working as prostitutes in brothels in Cambodia, equivalent to 15.5% of the total. Of these 1,1212 are aged 9-15 years mostly in Phnom Penh (of these 22% are Cambodians and 78% are Vietnamese); and 1,079 child prostitutes are aged years old present in almost every province (of these 65% are Cambodian nationals and 35 % are Vietnamese including ethnic Khmers from southern Vietnam). Because of various factors, such as having to receive customers virtually 24 hours a day, some customers' refusal to use condoms, lack of personal hygiene, etc., circa 60% of the prostitutes suffer from sickness. According to statistics from the AIDS Awareness Unit of the Ministry of Health, in the second half of 1996, and estimated 39% of all were infected with the HIV virus. People able to operate or protect brothels are those with power or money, most of whom are members of armed forces such as policemen, gendarmes and soldiers. Most customers are aged 30 years and over and come from all sectors of society, including motorcycle taxi-drivers, workers, traders, students, policemen, with the customers most frequently violent and refusing to wear condoms being soldiers. 5. Women s Reproductive and Sexual Health The proportion of women who have knowledge of birth spacing methods and practice are low: only 13 % according to the Ministry of Health (1995). Further only 7 % use modern methods (pills, IUDs or injections). Due to a low level of knowledge of birth-spacing and low supply of contraceptives, women have high pregnancy rates. Only estimated 3 % use any form of family planning (ABD, 1996). Maternal mortality rate is extremely high, and according to UNFPA reports, complications from induced abortions are the leading cause of maternal mortality. Table 3. Mortality Rates in Cambodia Vietnam Life Expt. at birth Male (years) 52 Life Expt at birth Female (years) 54 Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births) 108

6 Page 6 of 13 Child Mortality rate (per 1,000) 158 Adult Mortality rate (per 1,000) Male 370 Adult Mortality rate (per 1,000) Female 298 Maternal Mortality rate per Live births* 900 Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank, 1997 The HIV/AIDS prevalence in the GMS countries is alarming. A sudden and sharp increase in HIV incidence has happened in Asia during the 1990 s, but the reasons for this are not clear. Spread of HIV/AIDS is a serious concern for both men and women in Cambodia. The predominant mode of transmission is heterosexual with men frequent commercial sex workers and passing it on to their permanent partners. Cambodia has the most rapidly widespread and serious HIV epidemic in Asia, the 600 AIDS cases reported in the mid-1997 had increased to by the end of National rates from the national 1997 serological surveillance reveal that over 40 % of the sex workers, and 6 % of police/military are infected. In December 1998, the UNAIDS reported that Cambodia has the highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the region with almost 50 % of the commercial sex workers HIV positive. Cambodia, Myanmar and Thailand are the three countries of the GMS region, which are the highest incident countries in Asia. According to the UNAIDS data, women have contracted the virus at an alarming rate. This development is largely due to women s low economic and social status in the society, and their dependence on men. Also lack of knowledge on the nature of the disease, transmission and prevention methods among the general population contribute to the spread of HIV virus. There is need for (1) increasing the level of women s reproductive and sexual health through community-based counselling and deferral services, (2) media campaigns targeting general public, decision makers and opinion leaders, (3) improving access to reproductive health services nation-wide, particularly in the rural areas. 6. Domestic Violence As in other countries, violence against women within the household is a serious problem in Cambodia and much more widespread than anticipated. A household survey conducted in Phnom Penh and six provinces in revealed that 16 % of women surveyed reported being physically abused by their husbands. Violence and rape are often linked with excessive use of alcohol and as a corollary sexual abuse and beating. Education of the woman beyond the primary level was observed to significantly reduce the probability of being abused by her husband. The problem of domestic violence is not restricted to adult women. Children are also often victims of violence by both mothers and fathers. In the same survey 67.5 % of all adult respondents believed that they ought to hit children as a disciplinary measure. (UNDP, 1998). Violence may also be impacted by the traumatic conditions in which parents had to live after the upheavals of the 1970 s, when they had to live in extreme poverty and fear and separated from family networks. There has been many factors impacting the quality of parenting in Cambodia. As they themselves have been deprived from quality care and are the products of incomplete nurturing and support from their own parents. (UNICEF, 1995) Cambodian women and children are living with not only the consequences of two decades of civil war but with dangers of continued local conflicts and fights. The direct consequences include the dangers of landmines, of being displaced, of losing family members, of being conscripted to the army, of being lured or trafficked to sexual slavery, entertainment industries and prostitution, and of violence becoming a way of life. Public awareness building, and addressing the immediate needs of women and children are critically needed. Appropriate interventions need to be built into community-based services at schools and health centres. 7. Women and Food Security

7 Page 7 of 13 Most Cambodian households depend on agriculture and its related subsectors of livestock raring, fisheries and forest resources. Crops account for about 60 % of agricultural inputs, with rice contributing about 40 %, livestock about 27 %, fisheries about 10 % and forestry 3 % (FAO, 1997). Box 3. Cambodian Women in Food Production among the farming population over 65% are women women have dual responsibility for farm as well as household management women have on average 20% lower literacy rates than men in rice farming women have a substantial role, which is enlarging women are actively involved in artisan fisheries and manage small livestock marketing of agricultural products is mainly done by women women contribute actively to household income through petty trade, wage/exchange labour and handicrafts women s contribution as family labour is undervalued and never included in accounting as work Source. FAO, 1997 In Cambodia, over 65% of the farming population are female and their employment in the agricultural sector is 80%. Women took over traditional roles of men in the farming system, such as ploughing, during the war years and this has continued to the present time. In addition women are responsible for marketing the agricultural produce in local markets. The predominant crop is rice, which is grown on over 90% of the currently cropped area. The traditional task division in rice production has changed due to lack of male labour. Women are thus increasingly involved in traditionally male tasks, such as land preparation, irrigation and threshing. Apart from rice, rural households produce vegetables and tend palm trees for sugar and wine production. Women are also actively involved in fishing in the Tonlé Sap lake, in rivers, streams and flood planes and offshores. Women are also involved in fish marketing and fishing from smaller ponds and canals. In the livestock sector women take care of small livestock, pigs, chickens, ducks. Men traditionally take care of draught animals, oxen, buffaloes and cows. Table 4. Gender Division of Labour in Rice Farming Tasks Male Adult Female Adult Both Male and Female Clearing field Ploughing Making bundles Preparation seedbed Sowing seedbeds Transport seedlings Transplanting Irrigating Applying fertiliser Weeding

8 Page 8 of 13 Scaring birds Harvesting Threshing Transporting paddy Winnowing Manual milling Pounding Marketing rice MA = Male Adult FA = Female Adult Both = Men and women Source: SAWA, Netherlands, 1995 The Royal Government of Cambodia recognises food security as a critical development priority. The above profile of gender division of labour and task allocation shows the role of women as key contributors to household food security. 8. Policy and Planning Focus in Rural Development According to the Development plans of the Royal Government of Cambodia, the aim is to achieve equitable development and social justice through sustainable economic growth, human resource development and sustainable use of the country s natural resources. Therefore, in order to achieve the above in the context of agricultural and rural production, according to FAO (1997) policy-makers and planners need to: collect gender-desegregated local data and conduct gender sensitive agricultural censuses and formulate gender-sensitive policies and plans based on needs assessment; train field staff in gender sensitive and participatory planning and programme implementation; acknowledge women as farmers, instead as merely wives of male farmers and to improve the extension system to reach both women and men farmers; identify and respond to agricultural and household technology needs of women, in close collaboration among agricultural researchers, implementing agencies and grassroots workers; support women in their marketing activities, by providing local marketing information, improving transportation and storage facilities, improving processing and packaging techniques and provision of credit; conduct adult education to increase literacy among women in order that they can understand and adopt new technologies; provide legal education and support to women in order to improve their access to and control over resources; pay attention to health issues of the population including HIV/AIDS, and the control of water-born diseases and safe pesticide handling methods. 9. Closing Note and Appreciation This Summary Country Report summarises in varying details some of the key points discussed with the

9 Page 9 of 13 informants not only on gender issues but several other social concerns and dimensions. The information reported is a mix, which can be used as a learning reference by he readers about the wide variety of gender issues. It provides background information for prioritising activity areas and working on the feasibility studies during Phase II, and when developing project ideas and approaches for Phase III. The Gender Specialist wants to express sincere appreciation to all the colleagues, Gender Focal Points and Staff Assistants in numerous offices and to many past and present colleagues and friends, who have given their time and shared their information sources and networks and collected and sent documents and data. A special appreciation is expressed to Her Excellency Ms. Mu Sochua, Minister for Women s and Veteran s Affairs. In spite of her very busy schedule she arranged a meeting and provided valuable insights in the future programs of the Royal Government of Cambodia to implement "Rattana Neary" - the Five-year Strategic Plan for the Ministry of Women and Veteran Affairs. Also, she expressed a keen interest in the "Poverty Reduction and Environmental Management in the GMS Subregion" RETA 5771-Project and pledged a full support in cooperating with the Ministry of Environment in the Project Implementation /LMK References-Cambodia Ahmed, M; Navy, H; Vuthy, L; Tiongo, M, Socio-economic Assessment of Freshwater Capture Fisheries in Cambodia. Project for management of Freshwater Capture Fisheries of Cambodia Department of Fisheries. Asian Institute of Technology, Indigenous Women s Knowledge in Health Care and Water Management. Workshop Report August 7-9, Bangkok, Thailand. Bueno, Pedro, Gender Issues in Fisheries with Special reference to the Participation of Women in Fisheries Development. Paper presented at the Seminar on Women in Fisheries in Indo-China, March 6-8, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. CWDA - Cambodian Women s Development Association, Selling Noodles. The Traffic in Women and Children in Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Center for Advanced Study, Interdisciplinary Research on Ethnic Groups in Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Chandler, D, A history of Cambodia. Silkworm Books, Chiang Mai Thailand. CIDSE, Ethnic Communities and Sustainable Development in Northeast Cambodia. Phnom Penh Cambodia. Colm, S, Effects of Oil Palm Plantation Development on Indigenous Communities. Natural Resource Management Project Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia. Commission on Human Rights and Reception of Complaints of the national Assembly, 1997.

10 Page 10 of 13 Report on the Problem of sexual Exploitation and Trafficking in Cambodia. Cambodia. Derks, A, Reintegration of Victims of Trafficking in Cambodia. IOM International Organization for Migration Geneva, Switzerland. Derks, A, Trafficking of Cambodian Women and Children to Thailand. IOM International Organization for Migration Geneva, Switzerland. Derks, A, Trafficking of Vietnamese Women and Children to Cambodia. IOM International Organization for Migration Geneva, Switzerland. FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Women in Agriculture, Environment and Rural Production. Fact Sheets, Regional Office, Thailand. Global Witness, Corruption, War and Forests Policy. The Unsustainable Exploitation of Cambodia s Forests. A Briefing Document London United Kingdom. Hatha, A, P; Narath, S; Gregory, R, A Study of the Roles and Responsibilities of Cambodian Women and Children in Small-Scale Aquaculture. Dof, Ait-Small-Scale Aquaculture Outreach Project. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Strategic Plan. Regional Delegation, Kuala Lumpur. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Cambodia, Institutional Development and Capacity Building. Health, Disaster Preparedness, Red Cross Youth. Regional Delegation, Kuala Lumpur. IWNC, Indigenous Women s Network in Cambodia. Ratanakiri Province. Kelkar, G; Yunxian, W; Sugiarti, S,R; Meijeres, H, Women in Agriculture and Natural Resource Management. Highland Communities in Ratanakiri, Cambodia. Asian Institute of Technology Bangkok Thailand. Kusakabe, K; Yunxian, W; Kelkar, G, Women and Land Rights in Cambodia. Vol., No. 43, pages Economic and Political Weekly. Ledgerwood, J, L, Women in Development. Asian Development Bank Country Briefing Paper Programs Department (West) Social Development Division. Ministry of Agriculture, 1994.

11 Page 11 of 13 Agricultural Development Policy Statements of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Phnom Penh Cambodia. Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports Education Indicators. Phnom Penh Cambodia. Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, Survey on Girls Education in Cambodia. Phnom Penh Cambodia. Ministry of Health, Health Policy and Strategies Health Department Phnom Penh Cambodia. Ministry of Planning, A Poverty Profile of Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Ministry of Planning, Cambodia Human Development Report. Women s Contribution to Development. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Ministry of Women s Affairs, Household Survey on Domestic Violence in Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Ministry of Women s and Veterans Affairs, "Rattana Neary" Five Year Strategic Plan of Women s and Veterans Affairs. By H.E. Mu Sochua, Draft Working Paper, Royal Government of Cambodia Nandeesha, M, C; Heng, N, Yun, K, Role of Women in Small-Scale Aquaculture Development in Southeaster Cambodia. Vol. 17 (4), pages 7-9, Naga, ICLARM. Nandeesha, M, C; Hanglomong, H, Women in Fisheries in Indo-China Countries. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, General Population Census of Cambodia. Provincial Population Totals. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Nooyens, T, Integrated Community Development Plan. Planning Context and Survey Results. CIDSE-Ratanakiri. Osteria, T, S, Briefing Notes for the Seminar on Gender, Population and development in Cambodia. Phnom Penh,

12 Page 12 of 13 Cambodia. PADEK, Bati Fish Seed Production and Research Centre, National Workshop on Women in Cambodian Fisheries. Bati, Peam Ro District, Prey Veng Province. Paris, T, R; Mandac, A, M; Charom, C; Puteah, S, An assessment on the Economic Contribution of Women in Rice Farming in Cambodia. Paper presented at the International Workshop on Gender Concerns in Rice Farming, in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Pran, D, Children of Cambodia s Killing Fields. Memoirs by Survivors. Silkworm Books Chiang Mai Thailand. Royal Government of Cambodia, Draft of the Five-year Strategic Plan for the Ministry of Women and Veteran Affairs. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Samet, H, Women in Cambodia and their Contribution to Agriculture/ Fisheries. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Samrith, C; Vonthanak, S, Report on Sentinel Surveillance in Cambodia pages National Center for Dermatology, Venerology and HIV/AIDS Control. Ministry of Health Cambodia. Sean, S, K; Barr, A, The Case of Trafficking Women for Sexual Exploitation. Regional Conference on Illegal Labour Movements: The Case of Trafficking in Women and Children Bangkok, Thailand. Sivana, R Gender Situation in Cambodia. UNICEF, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Soil and Water Conservation Project, Project Description. Agronomy Office, Provincial Agricultural Department Ratanakiri Province. Sophal, C; Kato, T; Piseth, L, V; Kaplan, J; Nhem, K; Robertson, J; Pohiresky, H; Cambodia: Challenges and Options of Regional Economic Integration. Conference Papers. Cambodia Development Resource Institute Phnom Penh Cambodia. The World Bank, Forest Policy Assessment Cambodia. East Asia pacific External Affairs Washington, D.C. UNICEF WFP, Report on the Cambodian Joint UNICEF-WFP Baseline Survey of CASD project and WFP Target Areas. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. UNICEF United Nation s Children s Fund Towards a Better Future. An Analysis of the Situation of Children and Women in Cambodia. UNICEF Phnom Penh Cambodia.

13 Page 13 of 13 Van der Berg, C, Work and Life of Highland Women. Impacts Influences and Possible Options to Reduce women s workload. Highland People s Programme Carere Ratanakiri Bang Lung. Van Zalinge, N; Thuok, N; Tana, T, S; Loeung, D Where there is water, there is fish? Cambodian Fisheries Issues in a Mekong River Basin Perspective. Mekong River Commission Project, Department of Fisheries Phnom Penh.