Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for Completion of the Corumana Dam

Transcription

1 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized National Directorate of Water Mozambique Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for Completion of the Corumana Dam Volume 4: Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) Final Draft August 2011

2 National Directorate of Water Mozambique Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for Completion of the Corumana Dam Volume 4: Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) Final Draft August 2011 Document no. 2 Version Final Draft for Consultation Date of issue August 2011

3 Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary Objectives of the Resettlement Action Plan Identification of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) Policy, legal and administrative framework Census and socioeconomic surveys Socioeconomic impacts and mitigating measures Consultation and participation Resettlement sites Compensation framework Income Restoration for PAPs and Community Livelihood Plan Institutional organizational structures for RAP implementation 31 2 Introduction The Existing Corumana Dam Completion of Corumana Dam (the Project) Objectives of the Resettlement Action Plan Implementing Agencies and ESIA Consultant Implementing agencies The ESIA Consultant Structure of the RAP Report 40 3 Project description Project Area Definition of Project Affected Area and People 45 4 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework Policy Framework Legal Framework Mozambican Legislation that apply to involuntary resettlement World Bank Operational Policies that apply to involuntary resettlement 63 1

4 4.2.3 Project-specific mechanisms to address the differences between Mozambican legislation and World Bank operational policies Compensation method used for affected assets Administrative Framework 70 5 Methodology of RAP Survey methods Literature review Primary data collection Quantitative Survey Qualitative Survey Public consultation Sampling GIS and Photographic Database and Mapping Quality Control Data Analysis 85 6 Census and Socioeconomic Surveys General socioeconomic profile of the project area Specific Socioeconomic profile of affected communities Origins of the communities living around the reservoir Household composition Civil State of the heads of households Spoken Languages Education levels and access to services Health and access to services Primary and Secondary Activity of the heads of households Skills Income Expenses Possessions Sources of Water and Energy Sanitation Type of Housing Access to services and resources Public Transportation Land owned for agriculture Cattle 103 2

5 Fishing Conclusions of Socioeconomic Survey Socioeconomic Impacts and Mitigating measures Project impacts and mitigation measures Permanent land acquisition losses Permanent structures losses Permanent physical resettlement of businesses losses Income and livelihood losses Environmental Issues Entitlement Matrix Project Attitudes and Concerns Project acceptance Perceived project benefits Consultation and Participation Principles of involuntary resettlement Stakeholders involved in the RAP Consultation and participation of stakeholders in resettlement preparation and planning Consultation and participation stakeholders in resettlement implementation and monitoring Dissemination of information about the RAP Resettlement Sites Overall estimates of land acquisition and resettlement The Consultation process for the selection of resettlement sites Advantages and Disadvantages of the resettlement sites Description of Resettlement sites Location and physical characteristics Description of Resettlement sites in terms of infrastructure and social settings The impacts of the Resettlement process Description of assets affected by the project Housing Compensation Framework Overall Compensation Framework Eligibility and Claim Procedures Methodology for Compensation Valuation 144 3

6 Trees and Food Crops Farming plots, Grazing, Ox-stalls and Hen Houses Impeded Access Graves/ Sacred Places Housing Compensation Process Cash Payments Using Local Banks/Institutions In-Kind Compensation Procedure of Payment Income Restoration for PAPS and Community Livelihood Plan Income restoration principles Income restoration activities for Resettled Households and Host Communities Component 1 - Improved Access to Public Services Component 2 - Restoration and improvement of access to productive capital and livelihood activities Component 3 - Restoration and improvement of capital assets related to housing Component 4 - Vulnerable PAPs Implementation of Community Livelihood Plan Institutional and Organizational Arrangements for implementation of RAP Project Management and Implementation Grievance Redress Mechanisms Proposed Mechanism for Appeal Proposed Procedure for Appeal Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring and Evaluation Process Approval and Disclosure 180 4

7 14 Implementation Schedule Costs and Budget References 191 APPENDIX 1 Summary of Census Data by Affected People and Assets 194 APPENDIX 2 Agreement of Asset Evaluation to be Signed by PAP 209 APPENDIX 3. Monitoring and Evaluation Forms 212 APPENDIX 4. Table of the costs of food crops for compensation due to loss of crops 216 APPENDIX 5. Sabie Game Park Declaration 220 APPENDIX 6. Tables for Calculating the Compensation Costs 222 APPENDIX 7. A3 Maps 257 List of Tables Table 3-1: Affected communities in Sabíe Administrative Post Table 3-2: Project Affected People and Assets by community Table 3-3: Affected Assets per Household Table 4-1: Gaps between Mozambican Legislation and World Bank Safeguards on Resettlement Table 4-2: Gaps between Mozambican Legislation and World Bank Safeguards on Compensation Table 5-1: Survey Tool by target group Table 5-2. Qualitative baseline sample distribution in Corumana Dam Table 6-1: Table of vulnerability Table 6-2: Civil state of the head of household Table 6-3: Language spoken by the head of the household Table 6-4: Education level of head of household Table 6-5: Primary Activity of the head of household Table 6-6: Secondary Activity of the head of household Table 6-7: Skills of the head of the household Table 6-8: Income sources Table 6-9: Expenses at household level Table 6-10: Goods owned by households Table 6-11: Water to drink, wash and cook in the rainy and dry seasons used by the households Table 6-12: Source of energy used by the households Table 6-13: Sanitation used by the households

8 Table 6-14: Access to services and resources by households Table 6-15: Time needed to reach a bus stop Table 7-1: Entitlement Matrix for Direct Project Impact Table 9-1: Summary of affected families and resettlement sites Table 9-2: Housing Classification - Corumana Table 12-1: View of the main actors and their roles Table 14-1: RAP Implementation Schedule Table 15-1: estimated detailed budget of RAP planning, implementation and monitoring Table 15-2: Summarized budget Table 0-1: Monitoring and Evaluation Framework List of figures Figure 3-1: Geographic Location of the Corumana Dam Figure 3-2: Maximum Inundated Area 120 masl and Affected Communities in Corumana Dam Figure 3-3: Location of Affected Infrastructures, Houses and Farm Plots, Corumana Dam Figure 3-4: Map of affected households and plots in the Saddle Dam, Fuse Plug and Emergency Spillway area Figure 3-5: Map of Area of Saddle Dam with Fuse-Plug Emergency Spillway (aerial photography) Figure 5-1: RAP Survey Process Figure 7-1: Type of losses due to land inundation of the Corumana Dam and Reservoir Figure 7-2: Common Residential Building Figure 9-1: Location of Proposed Resettlement sites Figure 9-2: Photographs of Household Types Figure 10-1: Compensation Framework Figure 12-1: Organizational Framework for the Management and Implementation of the Resettlement Figure 12-2: Information flow Figure 12-3: Mechanism for Appeal Figure 12-4: Proposed Procedure for Appeal

9 AIA ARA-Sul CBO DEAT DNA DPOPH DUAT EIA EIR EMP ESIA EPDA FGD FIPAG FSL GFP GIS GMMA GPS GoM GO HIV/AIDS I&APs IDPPE IGP IIP km KNP LA m3/sec masl MICOA Mm 3 /year MT MW NGO NWRD ODA OP PAPs PAZ PRIMA LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental / Environmental Impact Assessment Administração Regional de Águas Zona Sul / Southern Regional Water Administration Community based organization Department for Environmental Affairs and Tourism Direcção Nacional de Águas/ National Directorate of Water Direcção Provincial de Obras Públicas e Habitação / Provincial Directorate of Public Works and Housing Direito de Uso e Aproveitamento de Terra / Right of Use of Land and Benefit Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Impact Report Environmental Management Plans Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Estudo de Pré-viabilidade Ambiental de Definição de Âmbito/ Environmental Pre-feasability Study and Scoping Definition Focus Group Discussion Fundo de Investimento e Património de Abastecimento de Água/ Water Supply Investment and Property Fund Full Supply Level Grievance Focal Point Geographic Information System Greater Maputo Metropolitan Area Global Positioning System Government of Mozambique Grievance Officer Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Interested and Affected Parties Instituto de Desenvolvimento da Pesca de Pequena Escala/ Institute for the Development of Small Scale fisheries Ingwe Game Park Instituto de Investigação Pesqueira/ Institute for Fishing Research Kilometres Kruger National Park Licença Ambiental/ Environmental Licence Cubic metres per second Metres above sea level Ministério para a Coordenação da Acção Ambiental / Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Affairs Million cubic metres per year Metical Mega Watts Non Governmental Organization National Water Resources Development Project Official Development Assistance Operational Policy Project Affected People Project Affected Zone Progress Realisation of the Inco-Maputo Agreement 7

10 PS5 Performance Standard 5 RAP Resettlement Action Plan RSA Republic of South Africa RWP Regional Water Policy SADC Southern African Development Community SGP Sabíe Game Park SIA Socioeconomic Impact Assessment TPTC Tripartite Permanent Technical Committee between Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland ToR Terms of Reference UGBI Unidade de Gestao da Bacia do Incomati / Incomati Watershed Management Unit USD US Dollars WB World Bank WP Water Policy WRMS Water Resources Management Strategy 8

11 1 Executive Summary The Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), Volume 4 of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the completion of Corumana Dam, summarizes the activities and measures proposed for the resettlement of the Project Affected People (PAPs) due to the Completion Works of the Corumana Dam. In light of the results of the Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) previously carried out 1, the RAP analyses the impacts of the completion works in and around the Corumana Dam project area and sets mitigating and compensation measures for the PAPs. Particular emphasis is given to the 187 households that will suffer some sort of loss, including 80 houses to be relocated, 230 farming plots belonging to 142 farmers, 25 family graves and one sacred place that will need to be relocated, among other impacts. The RAP builds on the results of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessments, further deepening the analysis of the impacts and mitigation measures, including compensation to the PAPs, income restoration strategies and community livelihood plan. The RAP indicates resettlement options, costs, roles and responsibilities for the planning, implementation and monitoring of the resettlement process, framing them within the existing policy, legal and administrative framework. The RAP also includes income restoration strategies specifically aiming to mitigate the impacts on the completion works on the resettled PAPs, especially focusing on those vulnerable groups bellow the poverty line and for relocated elderly, female and children headed households. It also includes a community livelihood plan focusing on the host communities that will accommodate the resettled households. The Government of the Republic of Mozambique has initiated a National Water Resources Development Program to strengthen the role of the water resources sector in sustaining economic growth and reducing poverty. The National Water Policy (Política de Águas), the National Water Resources Management Strategy 1 A separate Environmental Impact Assessment dealing with the biophysical environment has been prepared. The National Water Directorate appointed AustralCOWI in collaboration with COWI Denmark and Aurecon to complete the environmental and social impact assessments. 9

12 (Estratégia Nacional de Gestão de Recursos Hídricos - ENGRH) and the Regulations for Licenses and Concessions (Regulamento de Licença e Concessões de Água - RLCA) informs the Program s planned investments to address persistent impacts associated with high hydroclimatic variability and recurrent floods and droughts. As part of the Program, the Government of the Republic of Mozambique is planning for and undertaking a series of large infrastructures improvements to substantially improve both quality and quantity of water supply to its greater capital area of Maputo. Under the auspices of the Tri-Partite Technical Committee of the Interim IncoMaputo Agreement and with several years of feasibility analysis, the rehabilitation and completion of Corumana Dam has been identified as the next source for bulk water supply for Maputo. In realizing the potential of the infrastructure, the Government is being supported by the World Bank. As part of preparation of the Project, the Government has carried out a Social Impact Assessment (SIA) in line with national legislation and with the World Bank safeguard operational policies. The Corumana Dam is an existing embankment dam that was constructed during 1983 to 1989 (inclined core rock fill dam with a 45 m height and 3,050 m crest length). The dam is located on the Sabíe River, immediately downstream of the border with the Republic of South Africa approximately 90 km north-west of Mozambique s capital Maputo in the Moamba District (25 13'10.10"S and 32 8'2.31"E), more specifically in the Sabíe Administrative Post, Locality of Sabíe- Sede (25 13'10.10"S : 32 8'2.31"E). The dam was not completed in 1989 due to lack of funding and ongoing civil war. The Project involves completing the dam by increasing the full supply level (FSL) from the current 111 masl to 117 masl, with a flood surcharge water level of approximately 120 masl (1 in a 200 year return flood event 2 ). Increasing the FSL of the reservoir s originally intended capacity will increase the dam s current storage from 720 Mm 3 at present to an estimated 1,240 Mm 3. Completing the Corumana Dam would however, involve environmental and socioeconomic changes as well as unavoidable relocation for some households and loss of assets. The proposed completion of the Corumana Dam includes civil and hydromechanical works, consulting services for design and supervision and technical assistance. These activities will be completed by DNA who owns the dam through the Government Ministry of Public Works and Housing, and the Administração Regional de Águas do Sul, ARA-Sul (Southern Regional Water Administration) who manages and operates the dam. The specific infrastructure improvements involve the addition of the following elements: Six crest radial spillway gates and ancillary hydromechanical equipment; 2 According to DNA (April 2011), Main Report for Corumana Dam of the Technical Services and Dam Safety Consultancy, Mozambique, Volume 1. SMEC. 10

13 Repair works of concrete pillars/abutments; Strengthening works on the existing dam; and Construction of saddle wall with fuse plug emergency spillway; The dam was intentionally constructed for improving flood control, regulation for downstream irrigation abstractions and provision of hydropower production. The completion is intended to augment bulk water supply for the Greater Maputo Metropolitan Area (GMMA). Projections are that the GMMA will experience shortages of water from 2015 in response to which the Government of Mozambique has undertaken a number of studies to identify the next source of supply for the GMMA. A tripartite study by Mozambique, South Africa and Swaziland under the auspices of the IIMA on the Augmentation of Water Supply to the City of Maputo and its Metropolitan Area (October 2009) identified completion of the Corumana Dam as one of the priority interventions. The Master Plan for the Greater Maputo Water Supply System (February 2011) has also confirmed that completion of the Corumana Dam must be regarded as the first choice for the next step in water resources development given the lower risk in time and cost and the more immediate possibility of implementation. The Environmental Impact Assessment and a Technical Services and Dam Safety assignment undertaken during preparation have both undertaken hydrological analyses to determine the potential impacts of the increased reservoir and the extent of possible back flooding. Alternative operating levels for the reservoir were assessed. Two alternatives were analysed as part of the hydrological modelling in the form of increasing the current FSL of 111 masl to 115 masl and to 117 masl were assessed to elucidate to what extent inundation could be avoided or minimised on the side of Republic of South Africa. Although a flood surcharge water level of approximately 120 masl is only expected to happen once in every200 year return flood event, it was recommended by the ToRs that the SIA should only analyse the impact from the most negative scenario considering the maximum level of inundation of 120 masl and the buffer zone of 250 meter around the reservoir. It was also considered the area to be used for the construction of the saddle dam and a buffer zone of 500 meters downstream the saddle dam. 1.1 Objectives of the Resettlement Action Plan According to the Terms of Reference, the purpose of the RAP is: i) to design the resettlement activities to restore, at least, standards of living and preferably improve the livelihoods of the affected households, families and extended families and individuals who are losing 11

14 land, assets or access to resources due to the implementation of the project; and ii) to propose development activities to support the restoration of conditions for pursuit of economic activities where the original source of livelihood cannot be easily restored. It is expected that the RAP will deliver the following outputs: 1. Delineate all social impacts and proposed mitigation actions, social and economic improvement actions, cost estimates for such actions and estimated schedule for such activities; 2. Recommend any legal or administrative structure needed to implement the proposed actions; 3. Terms of Reference for an economic development action plan for the informal fisheries industry located in the vicinity of the Corumana Dam and reservoir; and 4. Develop a Community Livelihood Plan. 1.2 Identification of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) For the assessment of social and economic impacts, including the census of affected people, existing literature was reviewed. Additional primary data was collected directly from different stakeholders and a detailed census was carried out at the project area that will be inundated by the new level of the reservoir and the saddle dam. As mentioned above, the boundary for assessing impact was the 250 meters buffer zone boundary from a water level of 120 masl which represents the maximum flood level. 120 masl is equivalent to a 1 in a 200 year return flood event which would activate the fuse plug in the saddle dam and the emergency spillway. It should be noted that completing the Corumana Dam allows for increasing the reservoir level from 111 masl to 117 masl though that this is only expected at 10% of the time. Due to the construction of the saddle dam, an additional area was also considered for assessing the impact. In this case, differently from the reservoir, a buffer zone of 500 meters was considered along the saddle dam due to the area that will be covered by the construction and the area needed for the maintenance of the saddle dam. The RAP also assesses the potential impacts on people who have access to resources in and around the Sabie Game Park (SGP) and the proposed Ingwe Game Park (IGP) in Mozambique. 12

15 In summary, the completion works of Corumana Dam are likely to affect 187 households with 341 assets affected by the project as follows: 80 households whose residential units would be reached by the maximum water level (i.e. 120 masl) and that are found within its buffer zone of 250 m, or within the buffer zone of 500 m along the saddle dam, will be relocated as follows: 14 houses, of which one of the three abandoned houses in the community of Ndindiza, will have their residential units affected by the rise of the water level to its maximum level (i.e 120 masl); 19 houses, of which two of the three abandoned houses in the community of Ndindiza, located within the buffer zone of 250 m from the maximum water level boundary around the reservoir (i.e. 120 masl); 47 households whose residential units are located within the buffer zone of 500 m along the saddle dam; 230 recession farm plots will be relocated as follows: 185 recession farm plots will reached by the maximum water level around the reservoir, (i.e. 120 masl), belonging to 25 households also affected in their residential unit; 45 recession farmers will be within the buffer zone of 500 m of the saddle dam, belonging to 4 also affected households; 25 family graves around the reservoir that are going to be reached by the maximum water level, (i.e. 120 masl) will need to be relocated, belonging to 4 also affected households; 1 Church within the buffer zone of 500 m of the saddle dam will need to be relocated, belonging to one also affected household; 4 high voltage electricity towers that are going to be reached by the maximum water level, (i.e. 120 masl) will need to be relocated or will require additional studies to identify technical solutions for the foundation and the isolation of the towers ; 1 former military base belonging to ARA-Sul, no longer at use, will be within the 500m buffer zone of the saddle dam; and During a 1 in 200 year return flood event, and at increased FSL of 117 masl, the backwater effect (upstream inundation in a flood event) extends approximately 1,195 m into South Africa and is confined to the river channel. The backwater effects of the 1 in 200 year return flood event for 13

16 the present FSL of 111 masl will extend 690 m into South Africa. The backwater effect for an alternative scenario of a FSL of 115 masl during a 1 in 200 year return flood event will reach 1,050 m into South Africa. For detailed analysis of the environmental impact and possible operational options, a separate EIA was prepared. There are no infrastructures or human settlements identified in the impacted area in the Republic of South Africa s Kruger National Park. 1.3 Policy, legal and administrative framework Policy Framework The Water Act (Law 16/91 of August 3) and the Water Policy (Resolution 46/2007 of October 30) stipulates that all inland water, including lakes and reservoirs, surface water, transboundary rivers, river beds and groundwater, are considered public water and are regulated under the Ministry of Public Works and Housing through the National Directorate of Water, which delegates the operational water resource management to the Regional Water Administrations. The Land Law and the Water Law recognize the reservoirs of dams as partially protected areas with a buffer zone equivalent to 250 m from the maximum inundated area of the dams. According to the According to the Water Law, article 57, the legal diploma to establish the buffer zone should define its limits and the restrictions for the use of land within it. In the buffer zones, several activities are forbidden including: a) to build houses or buildings that can contaminate the water body: b) to establish industrial or commercial slaughter houses; c) to install graves or tombs; d) to install any equipment resulting from mining activities; e) introduce animals or deposit solid waste) to install pipes or reservoirs for waste water or hydrocarbons; and g) to establish farmland or use compost, fertilizers or any other product to improve soil production or protect the crops. This means that, when, as a result of the completion of the Corumana Dam, the full supply level of the reservoir is raised, houses, farming activities and other infrastructures will have to have been relocated outside the buffer zone areas for safety reasons. No DUATs can be acquired or issued for land within this area. Although community occupation of the partially protected area is not legally excluded if observing the above mentioned restrictions, it should not be allowed for safety reasons. Thus community occupation of the land within the buffer zone is subject to being removed by ARA-Sul at any time, for safety reasons. The National Water Resources Management Strategy (21 of August 2007) aims to effectively implement the Water Policy, covering all the natural aspects of water resource systems, surface and groundwater, issues related to: water quality; pollution and protection of the ecosystems; water uses in all sectors of the economy; legal and institutional framework and capacity; and issues related to national and regional integration. 14

17 The Southern African Development Community (SADC) approved the Regional Water Policy (RWP) in August and the Regional Water Strategy in June The RWP sets the context and long term over-arching goals and the strategic principles for the management of transboundary watercourses. It refers to the importance of shared watercourses management for regional economic development and regional integration, which is operationalized by the RWS. The Corumana Dam lies within the Incomati River basin shared with the Republic of South Africa and the Kingdom of Swaziland. Cooperation among the riparian countries is governed by the Tripartite Interim Agreement for Co-operation on the Protection and Sustainable Utilization of the Incomati and Maputo Watercourses (IIMA) signed by Mozambique, South Africa and Swaziland on August 29, This reflects agreements dating back to 1964 when South Africa signed the Cunene Agreement on the best joint utilization of rivers of common interest with the Portuguese administration. The general objective of the IIMA is to promote co-operation among the Parties to ensure the protection and sustainable utilization of the Incomati and Maputo watercourses. The IIMA is an interim agreement to formalise the water use, water resource development, management and exchange of information to enable the three parties to proceed with their co-operation until more comprehensive agreements have been concluded for the two watercourses. A Tripartite Permanent Technical Committee (TPTC) was established 1983 to advise the three riparian governments on matters relating to the utilization, development and management of water resources of common interest. Its membership comprises technical representatives of each of the three countries. The TPTC has initiated the Project for Progressive Realisation of the Inco- Maputo Agreement (PRIMA). The overall objective is to realize the objectives and purpose of the IIMA. The IIMA was originally scheduled to expire in 2010 by which time it was anticipated that the comprehensive agreement would be in place. While the riparian states work towards this goal, a draft amendment has been finalized by the TPTC to ensure the IIMA remains in force until superseded by the comprehensive agreement. Legal Framework There is no legislation in Mozambique addressing resettlement per se. However some legislation covers aspects related with expropriation, compensation and consultation process. According to World Bank Operational Policy on Involuntary Resettlement, Operational Policy OP 4.12, when resettlement is inevitable for more than 200 people, as it is the case in the Corumana Dam Project, a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) must be done. The Corumana Dam Project is in line with World Bank OP. 4.12, Performance Standard 5 (PS5): Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement. 3 SADC (2005) Regional Water Policy. Southern African Development Community. 4 SADC (2006) Regional Water Strategy. Southern African Development Community. 15

18 The Mozambican legislation relating to resettlement and land requisition draws its strength from relevant national legal instruments that exist in Mozambique. It covers key aspects related to resettlement, including: Right to use and benefit from land; Rules governing Areas of Public Domain/Protected Areas; Relocation Plans; Compensation for Losses; Consultation of affected and interested parties; and Disturbance to or removal of graves. Rights to use and benefit from land The Land Law stipulates that, in the Republic of Mozambique land is the property of the State. This is also implied in Article 46 of the Constitution of Mozambique. Consequently, land may not be sold, alienated or mortgaged. However, although land is owned by the State, all Mozambicans and foreigners, as individual or as corporate persons, have the right to use and enjoy the land by the acquisition of the Right to Land Use and Benefits (DUAT). It guarantees the right of land use and benefit resulting from occupancy by local communities, providing in this case the right of land use and benefit in good faith to national individuals for at least ten years. This formal system has been in place since 1997 for commercial use and foreign investment. However, less than 10% of communities have titling to land (Cossa 2008) 5. Most of the population follows a customary land regime that is managed at the community level by traditional leaders. The Land Law protects local communities and families, as it states that the absence of official title does not impact on land rights acquired through occupancy, which may be demonstrated by testimony of family or community members. The Land Policy also recognizes customary rights over land and the role of community leaders in land conflict prevention and resolution. Areas of Public Domain The Land Law also establishes some areas of total or partial protection. The Land Law places the buffer zone around the dams, within the distance of 250 m around the level of the water bodies upstream the dams, within the realm of partial protected areas. It also specifies that no rights of use and benefit may be acquired in total and partial protection zones; however, special licenses may be issued for specific activities by Provincial Governors in case of partial protected zones. 5 Cossa, R. Legal and Policy Reforms to Increase Security of Tenure and Improve Land Administration, World Bank,

19 The Land Law provides for the revocation of a land use title in the public interest, preceded by payment of fair indemnification and/or compensation. The Land Law Regulations specify that the procedures for the termination of a land title in the public interest has to follow expropriation procedures and after payment of fair compensation. This is corroborated by the Territorial Planning Law, which defines that expropriation for public interest guarantees the right to the payment of fairly calculated compensation in order to compensate for the loss of tangible and intangible goods and productive assets as well as the disruption of social cohesion. Finally, The Right of Eminent Domain (Constitution of Mozambique) says that individuals and entities have the right to equitable compensation for expropriated assets and the right to a new and equal plot of land. The termination of a land title has to be declared by the same entity that has issued the title or recognized the right of occupancy in terms of customary norms and practices (Land Law Regulations). The Territorial Planning Regulations also establish that fair compensation has to be paid before the transfer or expropriation of property and assets, which should not only cover the real value of expropriated assets, but also damages and loss of profit. In the case of Corumana Dam, individuals or groups living bellow the 120 contour and within the buffer zone are entitled to compensation due to permanent or temporarily losses related to land, assets, economic profits and social disruption. None of the relevant national laws mention the need for the preparation and approval of a compensation and/or relocation plan, that is, a resettlement plan. In fact, in national legislation, the term resettlement only appears in three different laws, Mining Law Regulations, Territorial Planning Law and Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, which refer to criteria for defining Category A projects. All dam projects and projects with unavoidable resettlement are classified as Category A. The Land Legislation Supplement says that the household affected by a public project may be moved or transferred to another place. The process has to be carried out in consultation with the Local Leaders for administrative purposes. The resettlement will happen after compensation is paid or a new house similar to the existing one has been constructed. The Legislation requires that the developer seeks to and maintain the same social and economic life style of the affected people. It further states that all the expenses have to be borne by the institution responsible for the relocation. This is corroborated on the environmental legislation. Compensation for Losses Some laws refer to the provision of fair indemnification and/or compensation (e.g. Land Law Regulations, Territorial Planning Law) or to the payment of a fair and reasonable indemnity (e.g. Mining Law). 17

20 The Territorial Planning Law specifies that fair compensation has to be paid for: Loss of tangible or intangible goods; Disruption of social cohesion; and Loss of productive assets. The Territorial Planning Law Regulations states that fair compensation covers the actual and real value of the expropriated assets at the time of payment, and also the damage and loss of profits to the owner as a result of the expropriation of his property. The recently approved Guidelines for the Expropriation Process due to Territorial Planning sets the rules for calculation of compensation for assets, goods and productive assets. Disturbance to or removal of graves Legislation covering the exhumation and reburial of corpses is contained in the Burial Regulations. Apart from stating that the burial of corpses in rural areas may be performed in cemeteries or other places authorized by the relevant authorities, the Regulations do not mention anything referring to the exhumation and reburial of corpses in rural areas by which development projects should abide. The Regulations do not define specifically who those relevant authorities are, but in common practice it is assumed that traditional leaders are to be consulted to define appropriate burial places and traditions to follow. The National Heritage Protection Law (Law 10/88 of December, 1988) is intended to protect all national historical and cultural heritage. Such protected areas are to be avoided in the selection of project sites. World Bank Operational Policies that apply to involuntary resettlement The World Bank Operational Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) addresses the direct economic and social impacts caused by loss of land and assets: Displacement or loss of shelter; Loss of assets or access to important production resources; Loss of sources of income or better subsistence; or Loss of access to the places that offer better production or less costs for businesses or people. According to the World Bank OP 4.12 the term involuntary resettlement refers to actions that could be taken without the agreement or power to choose of Project Affected People (PAPs). Resettlement is involuntary for PAPs who do not have the option to keep the situation in which they are before the project starts. 18

21 To deal with the economic and social impacts associated with the potential losses experienced by PAPs, the World Bank OP 4.12 requires the preparation of a resettlement map (as part of the Resettlement Action Plan - RAP). According to the World Bank OP 4.12, the criteria for determining who is eligible for compensation and support due to resettlements are based on the following categories: i. People who have legal rights to the land, including customary rights and traditions; and religious rights given by Mozambican Law. ii. iii. People who do not have legal rights to the land or assets at the time when the census starts, but have a claim over the land or the benefits on the basis of the Mozambican law and traditions. People without the legal right or claim over the land that they occupy and use for their living. People that fall in the first two categories will receive compensation, resettlement benefits and support for the rehabilitation of the land, any non-removable assets on the land and buildings taken by the project. People in the third category will receive support for resettlement instead of compensation for the occupied land. Consequently, this policy provides support to all affected people, including land owners and people who are illegally settled in the area of the project, independently of whether or not they have a formal title or legal rights. Any person who invades the area of the project after the registered starting date is not entitled to any compensation or assistance. The communities permanently losing land, resources and/or access to assets are eligible to compensation. Compensation can include public baths/toilets, car parking lots, health centres or other compensations chosen by the community. The compensating measures will ensure that the socioeconomic level of preresettlement of the communities is re-established improved or conserved. Project-specific mechanisms to address the differences between Mozambican legislation and World Bank operational policies. Even though the Legislation is very clear in relation to the people entitled to compensation in case of involuntary resettlement, the Legislation is not clear with regard to several procedures and mechanisms that form the Resettlement Action Plan. However, in defining best practice standards, the World Bank OP 4.12 provides a set of standards for resettlement planning. The gaps related to resettlement mechanisms are discussed in detail in chapter 4: Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework. Administrative Framework The RAP analyses two Administrative Frameworks: the watershed administrative framework and the local government administrative framework. 19

22 In what concerns the Watershed Administrative Framework, DNA (Ministry of Public Works and Housing) is responsible for policy guidelines and negotiation with neighbouring countries for regional agreements on transboundary Rivers, such as the Sabíe River (one of the major tributaries of the Incomati River). ARA-Sul, the Regional Water Administration for Southern Mozambique, is an autonomous body responsible for promoting an integrated watershed management and sustainable use of water resources within four of the main watershed in Southern Mozambique, including Incomati where the Corumana Dam is located. Under the jurisdiction of the ARA-Sul, the Incomati Watershed Management Unit (UGBI) is directly responsible for the administration, operation, maintenance and safeguarding of the Corumana Dam, including water quality and pollution controls within the partial protected area around the reservoir of the dam. In what concerns the Local Government, under the jurisdiction of the Maputo Provincial Government, the Moamba District Government is structured around the District Administrator and District Services. The District Administrator heads the Local Government and oversees the Heads of the Administrative Posts. Bellow the Administrative Post level there are only Locality Chiefs who are responsible for providing services within the locality (with the support from the District Services) and link the district authorities to the communities. Within this chain, the flow of information within this structure is hierarchical and vertical. In the district of Moamba there are several development assistance projects being implemented by non governmental and community-based organisations (NGOs and CBOs). Of these, however, only few reach the Sabíe Administrative Post, fewer reach the Locality of Sabíe-Sede and in even much lesser degree the communities surrounding the reservoir. The weak presence of NGOs, CBOs and government institutions in the Corumana Dam area does not facilitate the mitigation of the dam s completion work impact, as there are few support networks already established on the ground and the communities have a strong sense that all mitigation measures must be provided from the outside and be cost-free. Notwithstanding, community leaderships and church based social support groups can be useful to mobilize communities to participate in the implementation of mitigation measures. Leadership forms and social groups provide the basis for overall local social and political organization and conflict management. The neighbourhood secretary (government representative) and the traditional leader régulo are not always easily distinguishable one from another. The communities around the reservoir recognize both forms of leadership and use them in different ways to solve conflicts. Power balance between both forms of leadership shifts from one of leadership to another. Family support networks based on the extended family are used for financial support and for labour. Church based groups seem to be the best organized and most powerful social networks for support in times of need, such as death of a 20

23 relative and weddings. Community leaders are often members of these groups and take part in support actions. In what concerns community external issues, such as the dam completion works and population resettlement, communities expect to be guided by their leaders in relation to what to do. Although both men and women envisage their participation in the process and have views in relation to what should be done, they do not perceive themselves as decision-makers. This role is left for community leaders who, they believe, will defend communities' interests and make the best decision possible for them. 1.4 Census and socioeconomic surveys In summary, the completion works of Corumana Dam are expected 187 households in some sort of loss, including 80 houses, 230 plots belonging to 142 farm owners, and 25 family graves. Families affected in their house will only loose one house each, while those affected in plots and graves might loose one or more plots and graves. These assets are distributed through seven communities located around the reservoir, namely Chavane, Ligongolo, Fungotine, Babitine, Ndindiza, Jone and Panganine. The above mentioned assets (houses, plots and graves) belong to 187 households that will be affected by the completion of the Corumana Dam in different degrees, according to the number of assets that need relocation: 81.3% of households will be affected with one asset (house, farming plot or grave), 11.2% with two assets, 3.2% with three assets and 9% with four assets or more. No community as whole will be displaced as consequence of the completion of Corumana Dam. PAPs that will loose their houses and will need to be resettled, thus leaving their communities of origin, constitute portions of the affected communities. They will be resettled in areas adjacent to their communities of origin, thus expanding the communities to larger areas. PAPs to be resettled from Jone and Panganine communities will be moved to free areas within their communities, further up from the area to be inundated and buffer zone. PAPs from Chavane will be moved to an adjacent area to the existing residential zone, also within Chavane. Finally, PAPs from Ndindiza, Babitine, Ligongolo and Fungotine communities will be moved to two adjacent areas outside Babitine and Ligongolo. The resettlement of affected families will not be homogeneous. Some of the affected communities are both affected and the resettlement communities. The selected resettlement sites are inhabited and include areas for housing and for farming and cattle raising. The Chavane community has the highest number of affected households (a total of 54) and at the same time it will also host some affected households. Chavane has settlements with both urban and rural characteristics. Most affected households come from the community outskirts, due to the rise in the reservoir s maximum inundation level (i.e. 120 masl). 21

24 The Ligongolo Community, located 13 km from ARA-Sul s campground, has very rural characteristics. Housing is disperse, often more than 1 km apart. Housing areas are adjacent to farming and cattle raising areas. Ligongolo has a primary school and a health post. The Ligongolo Community has sufficient space for new housing and new farming and cattle raising areas, especially near mount Corumana. The population of hosting communities has been involved in the identification of two main areas as potential hosting communities of the displaced population. In general all seven communities around the reservoir are living under the poverty line with limited access to social infrastructure such as schools, health services and water supply. Access to social infrastructure in the communities is very low compared with the district levels, and much lower than national standards. Communication and transportation only reaches Chavane, near the dam, while it takes two hours to get to the other side of the reservoir where there is no public transportation, Mozambican radio or telephone. Mobile coverage barely reaches the area. The closest market for the population to sell their crops and buy goods such as seeds, vaccines or fertilizers for their production is about three hours away from those communities. Access to health facilities can be found in Chavane, where the only maternity clinic exists; as well as in Ndindiza and Babitine with two first aid support centres. Primary schools (Cycle 1) can be found in Babitine, Ndindiza and Ligongolo, while Chavane has the only complete primary school in the project area (up to grade 7). Access to electricity grid and potable water is restricted to a small area in Chavane, with a few scattered broken pumps around the reservoir. Most affected people have a mix of income generating activities as coping livelihood strategies, including subsistence agriculture, cattle grazing and fishing. However, the third income source, among the affected households, is formal employment after agriculture and cattle breeding. Thus, for relocated households the impact due to the change of location and accessibility compare to the place of employment will need to be carefully assessed with affected families during the RAP implementation. 1.5 Socioeconomic impacts and mitigating measures Besides the economic value of assets which can be systematically evaluated, there are qualitative losses (such as coping capacity of the affected individuals and/or families) that may be difficult to assess in advance. 22

25 The completion work of the Corumana Dam will result in the following types of losses: Permanent land acquisition; Permanent physical resettlement of houses, buildings, trees and crops; Permanent physical resettlement of businesses; Loss of cultural property; Forest loss; and Environmental related losses. For permanent land acquisition losses, the following mitigation measures are recommended: Residential plots: new residential plots should be at least of similar size to the original size of the lost land; Farming plots: i) should be at least of similar size to the original size of the lost land; ii) seed support for small affected farmers during one year will be provided to affected farmers to support restoration of their production; and iii) temporary relocation of farming land affected by the movement and temporary roads used by heavy construction machines during the construction period of the saddle dam (construction period of the saddle dam, after which land owners go back to their original plots). Fishing: i) promote gender balanced programs for the improvement of fishing arts and equipment for conservation and transportation of fish to market places; ii) protect fishing nets by clearing the area to be inundated along the four main fishing areas, involving local communities in the clearance and allow them to take the resulting firewood as detailed under the implementation of the EMP; and iii) ensure collaboration with the development of the Inundation Preparation Plan which is part of the Environmental Management Plan. Grazing land: relocation of affected cattle raising households to areas with same quality of soil that will offer similar quality of land. For permanent structure losses, the following mitigation measures are recommended: Residential buildings: i) house-by-house type of compensation (2-room house with bathroom and kitchen inside with in-house or yard tap water connections); ii) houses built with durable materials (cement block and zinc sheet roofing); and iii) relocation of affected people to nearby communities with similar cultural and social network environment. Religious building (church): the building will be replaced with at least equivalent standard construction before its demolition. 23

26 Family graves: i) ensure that relocation of family graves respect local rituals and beliefs and takes place before the inundation; and ii) support costs of traditional ceremonies and relocation. For income and livelihood losses, the following mitigation measures are recommended: Standing crops: i) estimate the annual yield of the most common crops based on the data from the Agriculture Campaign; ii) calculate the compensation based on an estimated production of the different cultures registered by each farmer, according to the value of the cultures published by the Ministry of Agriculture; and iii) provide compensation to the 230 farm plots that are located bellow the 120 masl contour around the reservoir and within the buffer zone of 500 m along the saddle dam. Trees: i) compensate owners of fruit trees according to the value of the tree published by the Ministry of Agriculture; and ii) compensate the canhoeiro or marula tree with seedling of the same species. Bush commodities: i) compensate owners of firewood trees with seedlings of similar trees; and ii) since the forests are national land, no compensation will be made available for forest loss but for wooden trees, cash compensation based on the market value will be provided. For subsistence from land resources, the following mitigation measures are recommended: Temporary allocation of land as long as the construction period lasts; Seed support distribution to restart production period after finishing the saddle dam. To compensate for losses on income generation activities, develop activities that improve access to: Protected water sources; Low-cost sanitation and hygiene campaigns; Health post with maternity facilities; Primary school; Extension of low voltage electricity network; Land for agriculture, pasture and firewood; and Fishing campsites with clear access to the reservoir. For lack of access due to the construction of the saddle dam, the following mitigation measure is recommended: 24

27 Monetary compensation for the length of the construction period calculated based on market value of average production to income generation will be similar to what was in No community as whole will be displaced as consequence of the conclusion works of Corumana Dam. PAPs that will need to be resettled and thus leave their communities of origin constitute portions of the affected communities. They will be resettled in areas adjacent to their communities of origin, thus expanding the communities to larger areas. This might cause some disruption of the existing social networks, in the sense that the resettled households will have to adapt to a new physical location. However, it will also allow the PAPs to maintain some proximity with the communities of origin, while at the same time adapting (i.e. creating new social networks and/ or getting involved in the existing networks) to the new location. The following mitigation measures are recommended to respond to the disruption of social networks: Involvement of local religious groups, community leaders and local support groups and associations at hosting communities, to support incoming relocated people, help their integration into the new social environment and monitor potential conflicts between newcomers and residents. Engage with community leaders from the communities of origin to monitor and prevent the return of already resettled PAPs to their original geographic location. Such cases must be immediately communicated to the Grievance Officer, as they are a potential indicator of grievance, and must be solved with the PAPs, the community courts and leaders of both origin and hosting communities. Pay special attention to the integration of single-women head of household and elderly to avoid social stigmatization or discrimination. Encourage NGOs/CBOs or other government institutions to support income generation activities or savings and credits groups in hosting communities, ensuring the participation of affected and non affected households to ensure integration and economic restoration. For the deterioration of the quality of land, the following mitigation measures are recommended: Relocation of affected small farmers to areas with same quality of soil that will offer similar quality of land. Design of resettlement had high-level involvement of affected small farmers, hosting communities and local leaders in the selection of relocation sites. Financing of small irrigation systems using green-low cost technologies. 25

28 For the implementation of mitigation measures proposed, an Entitlement Matrix was produced to define the compensation strategies to what the affected people are entitled due to the different type of losses. The matrix defines the entitlement and compensation policy for the loss of land (for housing and agriculture purposes), loss of main houses and secondary structures, relocation (of households and graves), loss of cultural structures, loss of trees, standing crops, forest resources and quality of land. For the loss of land equal to or more than 20% of existing land, the matrix defines that 100% of the land is compensated with another land of equivalent size and similar characteristics, as well as with cash compensation for affected assets on the land and a seed package. For the loss of less than 20% of existing land, cash compensation for affected assets on the land and a seed package (in the case of farm plots) or for affected secondary infrastructures (in the case of residential land) are foreseen, rather than land-for-land compensation. Regarding the loss of main houses and secondary infrastructures, house-for-house compensation will be provided with an upgrade of the main house to a minimum social house built with durable materials and improved secondary structures. These, and other compensation policies, are presented in detail in Chapter Consultation and participation For the successful recovery and reintegration of resettled communities, the resettlement process must observe: 1) Full disclosure of information on the project; 2) Participation, involvement and consultation of the people and communities to face resettlement, as well as the host communities, in the planning, implementation and monitoring of the project; 3) Non discrimination between resettled and hosting populations; 4) Payment of fair compensation before the transfer or expropriation takes place. While ARA-Sul is responsible for the overall implementation of the RAP, it will require support from different entities at specific stages of the resettlement planning implementation, including the affected communities and parties, the interested parties and a range of government institutions at central, provincial and district level. This coordination shall continue during the RAP implementation and monitoring, particularly to ensure the attribution of land for housing, agriculture and grazing and the timely development of infrastructures and services as defined in the RAP. During the RAP implementation, ARA-Sul shall maintain regular and direct communication with the affected communities (before, during and after resettlement), the hosting communities and interested and affected parties (I&APs). For 26

29 this, meetings with the communities and I&APs shall be established with a standard regularity and included in the RAP implementation schedule. In the resettlement planning phase, direct consultation was made with the potentially affected people and communities (including state and traditional leaderships). Stakeholders were informed about the possibility of resettlement and got summarized explanations about the process of resettlement. For the selection of the resettlement sites in the planning phase, a participatory consultation was made with the government of the Sabíe Administrative Post, Locality Chiefs and the affected community. Visits were made to the sites and consultation was done with the traditional leaders and neighbourhood secretaries of the selected sites. Furthermore, a public meeting was held with each of the hosting communities to present the process of resettlement and gather the communities view about it. 1.7 Resettlement sites In order to cause minimum disturbance to the production systems of the affected communities, the selection of resettlement sites focused on safe areas adjacent to the reservoir, namely Chavane, Ligongolo and Massecate. The criteria for selecting settlement areas were i) the will of PAPs, ii) safety and iii) not being too far away from the previous housing, farming and cattle raising areas of PAPs. The resettlement of the 80 affected families loosing their residential units will not be homogeneous. A total of 7, ha will be necessary for relocation of residential areas, farm land and cattle grazing (16.74 ha, ha and 7,679 ha respectively). Three alternatives for the selection of land for resettlement of affected people and assets have already been suggested by local leaders as follows: Relocation within Chavane, with the need for improvements of the access to infrastructure e.g. water and energy; Relocation within communities nearby Chavane, located on the road to Sabíe Village; Relocation within a new community in between Babitine and Ligongolo, about 21 km of the ARA-Sul camping site, with the need of reinforcing with a health post, school, energy and water supply. Four households from Jone and Panganine loosing their house will be resettled in free areas within their communities, further up from the area to be inundated and buffer zone. Fifty four households from Chavane loosing their house will be resettled in an adjacent area to the existing residential zone, also within Chavane. Finally, twenty two households from Ndindiza, Babitine, Ligongolo and Fun- 27

30 gotine loosing their house will be resettled to two adjacent areas outside Babitine and Ligongolo 6. Host communities were involved in the identification of alternative land for resettlement of neighbouring communities. No negative impacts are foreseen in hosting displaced families from neighbouring communities. The main challenge for the selection of resettlement sites is that most households are disperse in groups of 3 to 10 families and in distinct communities or small settlements. The distance between the settlements can reach km. Another constraint is related to the lack of infrastructure and social networks in the host communities. The selection of the communities of Chavane and Ligongolo as host areas aims to address the spatial needs and take full advantage of existing infrastructure and social settings. The Chavane neighbourhood has a water supply system and electricity as well as a primary school and the only existing Health Centre. The community of Ligongolo has a Primary School and a Health Post. The advantages of existing infrastructure in Chavane contrast with the lack of land for farming and cattle raising. In Ligongolo, on the other hand, there is ample land for housing, farming and cattle raising but a shortage of electricity and water supply. The main negative impact of the resettlement process that requires mitigation is the scarcity of land for farming and cattle raising. This becomes more serious when taking into account the low productivity of the soil and the need for large areas in order for the households to produce a sustainable yield. Another impact is the inevitable growing demand on infrastructure such as health, education, water and electricity in host communities. These services will have to be strengthened. A positive impact will be the possibility to draft programs for infrastructure development in the communities of Chavane and Ligongolo. Areas for farming and cattle raising around mount Corumana can also be identified, however bearing in mind the need to avoid erosion and run-off problems with the selection of these areas. The resettlement strategy suggests intervening in those areas with maximum advantages by complementing existing infrastructure and social settings, which for Chavane and Ligongolo would imply strengthening the capacity of generating energy and supplying water. 6 The 4 households from Jone and Panganine constitute 1.5% of the Sunduíne Locality population; the 54 households from Chavane constitute 2.8% of the Sabíe-Sede Locality population; the 10 households from Ndindiza constitute 2.2% of the Malengane Locality population; the 7 households from Babitine constitute 1.3% of the Macaene Locality population; and the 5 households from Ligongolo and Fungotine constitute 2% of the Matunganhane Locality population. 28

31 1.8 Compensation framework The compensation Framework contemplates three types of compensation schemes targeted at PAPs in order to facilitate livelihood restoration. This could include non-monetary compensation, specific cash amounts for transitional support, relevant training or a combination of these elements to compensate for short, medium and long-term impacts of PAPs. In principle, and based on international best practices, cash compensation will be only provided for short-term impact to ensure flexibility and freedom of choice to re-establish their livelihood; however, medium and long-term impact will be provided in in-kind ensuring that the conditions are the same or better off. The affected persons residing within the Project Areas are eligible for compensation once they suffer damage or have to be resettled. The procedure to deal with these matters is: i) census, ii) confirmation of eligibility, iii) registration and iv) addressing claims and disputes of PAPs. The following methods of payment of damage compensation were identified: Cash payment (to the head of affected households at community level, for the amount of damage compensation agreed); Local banks/ institutions: affected households may be given a check or a voucher for the amount of the compensation agreed upon, redeemable at available banks in the village of Ressano Garcia (Millennium BIM, Barclays). Arrangements with local bank will have to be made before the payment of compensation commences and ARA-Sul (UGBI) will have to supply transport for the affected households to the nearest bank. In-kind compensation: Land and housing will be provided before the resettlement and rights and keys will be handed-over to the head of affected households in-situ. All payment of the agreed compensation will be delivered to each PAP by ARA- Sul (UGBI), with the presence of the local Chief and two witnesses for each PAP. ARA-Sul, the Environmental and Social Management Team and the GoM must verify the lists of PAPs entitled to compensation to ensure that all receive the due compensation. 1.9 Income Restoration for PAPs and Community Livelihood Plan The RAP presents income restoration principles based on WB operational policies and provides recommendations on income restoration strategies that are in line with the mitigation measures recommended by the ESIA Volume 2 SIA. The restoration and compensation of incomes, patrimony and services that existed before the flooding of the area should follow the criteria indicated bellow: 29

32 The expected income from the existing economic activities should not be potentially lower than the ones that existed before resettlement. This is assured with the reposition of productive factors; Families physical assets should not be lower (in terms of quantities and quality) houses, cattle, cattle breeding, fences, etc; Access to public services should at least be similar in terms of quality and accessibility (in terms of distance and type of services provided); The villages and locations that will host resettled people should benefit from the improvement of the public services indicated above. While some actions will take place during the resettlement stage, others may continue over time in a rural development perspective. During the resettlement stage, the project will focus on indemnities and specific activities related to the loss of immediate incomes, which needs to start during the period of and to finish before the completion works of the dam. All affected communities around the reservoir of the Corumana Dam have not been considered by any directed development programs since the construction of the dam, resulting in impoverished communities with poor access to public services and economic opportunities. Income restoration strategies will take the opportunity to strengthen the livelihoods of affected and hosting communities around the reservoir by focusing on four main components: 1. Improved access to public services especially to: health, education, water, sanitation, energy and communications. 2. Restoration and improvement of access to productive capital and livelihood activities such as land for agriculture, land for animal breeding, seeds for cash crops, forests, fisheries and improved use of agriculture, fishery and livestock technologies and support programs. 3. Restoration and improvement of capital assets lost during project implementation related to housing (houses and annexes, barns/ granaries, cattle-stalls/ fences). 4. Especial attention to vulnerable groups. For each sector of activity, income restoration activities are presented subdivided into two groups: (1) income restoration for the PAPs; and (2) community livelihood plan. 30

33 1.10 Institutional organizational structures for RAP implementation The resettlement of PAPs will occur with the intervention of different institutions at central, provincial and district levels. The levels of intervention may be direct or indirect and they may happen at different stages. The coordination within the Public Works and Housing sector is key to a successful implementation of the RAP, namely between the National Directorate of Water (DNA) and ARA-Sul with regards to resettlement strategies. This also applies to the coordination between ARA-Sul and the Incomati Watershed Management Unit (UGBI). The UGBI will be responsible for the implementation of the RAP, through a close follow-up of the RAP execution by the Environmental and Social Management Team (ESMT) to be set up in ARA-Sul. In the frame of this, and benefiting from the already existing relations with the Sabie Administrative Post, the Moamba District and the Maputo Province, UGBI will make the necessary linkages with DNA and ARA-Sul on the one hand, and with the Maputo Province, the Moamba District and the Sabie Post Administration on the other hand. The linkages for coordination, communication and information-sharing with the community level will be done by the ESMT through the Grievance Officer (GO), a staff of the ESMT based in the UGBI (Corumana-Sabíe). The GO will be responsible for coordinating, communicating and exchanging all the needed information regarding the RAP process with the local authorities representing the affected and hosting communities and the Community Tribunals that are part of the grievance redress mechanism. In order to ensure a smooth implementation and hand-over of the RAP, it is important to promote the ownership of the RAP by the Maputo Province, particularly the Provincial Directorate for Public Works and Housing. Ownership of the RAP will be promoted by regular coordination and information-sharing under the responsibility of UGBI. The Maputo Province will receive the monthly RAP implementation progress reports via DNA, and will continue to receive the quarterly reports on the functioning of Corumana dam sent by UGBI 7. The overall project management will fall under the responsibility of DNA, through ARA-Sul and with the support of the internal management and administration services. ARA-Sul will implement the RAP in close coordination with the UGBI, who will be responsible for the execution of the whole resettlement process through the ESMT. ARA-Sul/UGBI will appoint a GO to work in the ESMT in close coordination with the grievance redress mechanism, particularly the Grievance Focal Points and the Community Tribunals. The GO will be part of this mechanism playing a vital role of technical assistance, communication and monitoring of the response to claims presented. 7 These are broad reports about the work of Corumana dam, addressing a variety of issues to which the RAP implementation will be added. 31

34 For monitoring and evaluation purposes, it is important that regular information about the RAP implementation is shared within the RAP organizational framework. The ESMT will produce monthly progress reports and send them to UGBI who, in turn, will send the reports to ARA-Sul, who will send them to DNA. DNA will share the reports with Maputo Province Directorate for Public Works and Housing, who will share them with the Moamba District. Parallel to this, UGBI will continue submitting the already existing quarterly reports on the functioning of Corumana Dam to the Moamba District and Maputo Province, to which a section about the RAP implementation shall be added. The linkage with the community level, and particularly the grievance redress mechanism, will be done by the ESMT through the Grievance Officer (GO). For coordination and decision-making of RAP activities directly related to the PAPs, the GO will be in close contact with the local authorities including the Head of the Administrative Post, Locality Chiefs, Consultative and/or Community Councils, Neighbourhood Secretaries and traditional leaders such as Chiefs of Land, Régulos, the Grievance Focal Point and Community Tribunals. These include, among other decisions, the selection of resettlement, agriculture and cattle raising sites, payment of compensations and final withdrawal to new resettlement sites. At the beginning of the implementation of the resettlement process, a public consultation meeting will be held in each affected community with its members and leaders to explain the resettlement process and present the grievance redress mechanism. Key players of the mechanism will be defined, on behalf of the ESMT and ARA-Sul/ UGBI and on behalf of the community. Existing community leaders, Community Courts and social support networks should also be identified for negotiation of their involvement in the redress mechanism and explanation of their role. Social support networks such as religious groups, in particular, can play an important communication role in the resettlement process, providing information to the community members. At the end of these meetings community members as well as their leaders and the other elements of the grievance redress mechanism should be clear about the resettlement process and the redress mechanism. Additional meetings can be held to clarify doubts on specific resettlement issues (e.g. compensation for losses). Following this initial meeting, the GO should establish a regular visit schedule with each affected community, in the frame of the grievance redress mechanism. The GO will establish a communication and information flow with the elements of the grievance redress mechanism community Grievance Focal Points and Tribunals (from community up to district level) - responding to claims, appeals and disputes related to the RAP implementation. S/he will ensure that the elements of the mechanism have enough information to respond to cases in a proper and timely manner, and will monitor the functioning of the system to ensure that the plaintiffs receive feedback response and information to clarify their doubts. Rather than creating a new, parallel justice system, the grievance redress mechanism is based on community leaders and Community Tribunals, the justice system most commonly used by communities to deal with daily disputes among 32

35 dwellers. With this system, claims can be solved at the community level, through the community leaders and the Grievance Officer, and through the Community Tribunals if a solution is not reached through the leaders. For a successful redress of grievances it is important that ARA-Sul, through the ESMT, ensures the involvement of the customary and formal courts (from the community up to District level). Particularly, ARA-Sul must negotiate with the community leaders and Tribunals to ensure their commitment to deal with claims related to the RAP; for which they must be capacitated and monitored by the ESMT. Throughout the implementation of the RAP, the PAPs or any individual that for no known reason was not taken into account during registration process, or yet any neighbour possibly affected, might pose claims, concerns or complaints about the resettlement process. The following complaints procedure is proposed: 1. All complaints should be presented in person to the Grievance Focal Point (GFP) or, if unavailable, to the local village leader who will later on submit the complaint to the GFP. The GFP should register the complaint in writing, to ensure full agreement with PAP who might lack literacy skills. The GFP will double-check if the person is a registered PAP, through the available list of PAPs and with the support of the GO, check the eligibility of the PAP and the validity of the appeal submitted. 2. If the claim is valid, the GO, together with the GFP and the community leader, will go through all the documentation related to the claim and, if needed, do on-site verification of the claim. Based on this, the GO will issue ARA-Sul s positioning regarding the claim to the local GFP, who will communicate it to the PAP. 3. If the PAP is not satisfied with the response given he/she can take it further to the Community Tribunal, informing the GFP of this or asking him to be referred to the tribunal. When the Tribunal meets to judge the claim, ARA-Sul, through the GO, attends the session(s) and present and the documentation, evidence and steps taken on that claim, which supports its decision. Based on this, the Tribunal will issue a final response and will inform the PAP of it. 4. If a claim is submitted directly by a registered PAP to a Community Tribunal, rather than through the GFP, the Tribunal will notify and assist the complainant, keeping the GO informed. If the claim is made by a nonregistered PAP, the Tribunal will refer the case to the GO who will decide if that person has a valid claim or not, after consulting with the person and his/her community leaders. All complaints must be responded to by the local leader within 14 days after reception. 5. If no understanding or amicable solution can be reached for the complaint presented at the community level, or if the affected person does not receive a response within 14 days of the registry of the complaint, s/he can appeal to the Local Government Authority (LGA) at the Sabie Administrative Post, and then to the District Tribunal as necessary. The 33

36 LGA s decision at district level will be final and all decisions must be reached within a full growing season after the complaint is submitted. Apart from these elements, other entities that are relevant to community life can be involved in the redress mechanism, such as local religious groups, support groups and associations. The groups can help to disseminate information regarding the implementation of the resettlement process. In this mechanism, the claim is presented to and responded by the community-based justice providers (GFP, community leader and/or Community Tribunal), of which the GO is part of and a key figure. The GO represents DNA and ARA-Sul and should able to document and evidence their positioning for each claim presented. The GO is informed about each claim brought forward at the community level to the GFP and/or Community Tribunal. Although the role of the GO is one of communication and technical assistance rather than decision-making, the GO should also be involved in the analysis of each claim presented, to ensure that the decision-making is fair (to both the PAP and ARA-Sul) and in observance of the RAP implementation guidelines. All grievances presented and complaints submitted will be registered by the GFP, for later submission to the GO who shall archive, follow-up and monitor all complaints received. The same applies to meetings and discussions held at the community level for solution of complaints, for which minutes should be taken registering the matters discussed, the recommendations and resolutions made. The GO should take part in these meetings, and shall there be no literacy skills at the community level, s/he should to write the minutes. The GO must regularly visit the communities and GFPs to be updated about the claims presented at the community level. The regularity of these meetings should be defined in the public consultation meeting at the beginning of the RAP implementation, bearing in mind the 14-day response period. Additional visits might be necessary whenever a claim is presented and there is need. 34

37 2 Introduction Volume 4 of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the completion of Corumana Dam summarizes the proposed Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). The RAP has been informed by the findings of the Social Impact Assessment (SIA) presented in Volume 2 of the ESIA. In addition, the RAP contains the list of affected people and assets resulted from the GIS Census and confirmed by the aerial photography resulting from the LiDAR Survey 8. The report also includes a detailed description of the valuation and compensation framework, the implementation arrangements and budget for implementing the RAP, as well the provisions for grievance redress mechanism. The RAP also outlines a Community Livelihood Plan (CLP) elaborated in Chapter 11. The CLP takes previous local resettlement into consideration caused by the original completion of Corumana Dam in the late 1980s 9, the civil war and the establishment of the Sabie Game Park (SGP). The income restoration strategies are directed towards Project Affected Persons (PAPs), especially focusing on those vulnerable groups living bellow the poverty line and often elderly and women headed households. The RAP outlines the necessary planning, implementation and monitoring phases of resettlement, in observance of both Mozambican legislation and the World Bank s operational policies on involuntary resettlement (O.P 4.12). In addition to the RAP, the ESIA for the completion of Corumana Dam includes an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) presented in Volume 1 biophysical environment; a Social Impact Assessment (SIA) presented in Volume 2 Socioeconomic Context; and the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in Volume 3 outlining the necessary measures to mitigate negative impacts on the biophysical environment. 8 LiDAR survey from February 2011 done under the responsibility of the TSDS Consultant received on March 16th. 9 The original construction of the Corumana Dam took place between 1983 and 1989, during a period of the civil war for which data is lacking on resettlement or movement of communities in the area. The initial construction was not supported by funding from the World Bank. 35

38 2.1 The Existing Corumana Dam The Corumana Dam is an existing, inclined core rock fill embankment dam that was established during the period The dam is situated in the Moamba district on the Sabíe River at the border to the Republic of South Africa, approximately 90 km north-west of Maputo. Ownership Purpose of the Dam Previous resettlement Characteristics of the existing dam Location of the dam The Government of Republic of Mozambique owns the dam through the Direcção Nacional de Águas, DNA (the National Directorate for Water) of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing. Operation, management and maintenance of the dam are the responsibility of the Administração Regional de Águas do Sul, ARA-Sul (Southern Regional Water Administration). The original purposes of the dam were the regulation of flow in the Sabíe River for improved flood control, the provision of irrigation water along the Sabíe and Incomati rivers downstream thereof and generation of hydroelectric energy. The construction of the Corumana Dam between 1983 and 1989 led to the relocation of the communities of the locality of Matunganhane situated along the Sabíe River upstream the dam around the reservoir. Local displacement also occurred as a result of the civil war in the 1980s. More recent resettlement has also taken place in 2002 when the Sabie Game Park (SGP) was established on the northern shore of the reservoir where the community of Magonela was relocated and a new community, Ndindiza, was created. The existing dam has a height of 45 m and the inclined core rock fill embankment has a crest length of 3,050 m. The dam has a spillway with six un-gated openings, a concrete chute and a stilling basin at the right abutment. Two concrete ducts for water releases are located under the dam with a control tower at the inlets for operation of trash screens and emergency gates. The dam is operated at 111 masl, the elevation of the spillway sill with a reservoir capacity of approximately 720 Mm 3. The originally intended height (with spillway gates) is 117 masl with an estimated reservoir capacity of 1,240 Mm '10.10"S : 32 8'2.31"E Southern Mozambique, Maputo Province, Moamba District Sabíe River, major tributary of the Incomati River 2.2 Completion of Corumana Dam (the Project) The Corumana Dam is an existing 45 m high embankment dam that was constructed during 1983 to The dam is situated on the Sabíe River, immediately downstream of the border with the Republic of South Africa approximately 90 km north-west of Mozambique s capital Maputo in the Moamba District. The completion is intended to augment bulk water supply for the Greater Maputo Metropolitan Area (GMMA). Projections are that the GMMA will experience 36

39 shortages of water from 2015 in response to which the Government of Mozambique has undertaken a number of studies to identify the next source of supply for the GMMA. A tripartite study by Mozambique, South Africa and Swaziland under the auspices of the IIMA on the Augmentation of Water Supply to the City of Maputo and its Metropolitan Area (October 2009) identified completion of the Corumana Dam as one of the priority interventions. The Master Plan for the Greater Maputo Water Supply System (February 2011) has also confirmed that completion of the Corumana Dam must be regarded as the first choice for the next step in water resources development given the lower risk in time and cost and the more immediate possibility of implementation. The Environmental Impact Assessment and a Technical Services and Dam Safety assignment undertaken during preparation have both undertaken hydrological analyses to determine the potential impacts of the increased reservoir and the extent of possible back flooding. Alternative operating levels for the reservoir were assessed. A maximum inundation level of 120 masl was the recommendation provided by ARA-Sul to identify the potential assets that will need relocation. The dam was intentionally constructed for improving flood control, regulation for downstream irrigation abstractions and provide hydropower production. Since 1989, it has been in operation but resources were insufficient to install the six spillway gates and complete the hydro-mechanical works. As a result, it is being operated at the level of 111 masl, corresponding to the elevation of the spillway sill, seven meters bellow the designed full supply level of 117 masl. Mean inflow is approximately 17.6 m 3 /s of which 9.5m 3 /s can be released as firm water yield. Increasing the water level from 111 masl to its originally intended level of 117 masl could increase the reservoir capacity from 720 Mm 3 to 1,240 Mm 3, thereby increasing the incremental safe yield to provide bulk source for water supply for Maputo. For the RAP, a maximum inundation level of 120 masl was the recommendation provided by ARA-Sul to identify the potential assets that will need relocation. The proposed completion of the Corumana Dam includes civil and hydromechanical works, consulting services for design and supervision and technical assistance. These activities will be completed by Direcção Nacional de Águas, DNA (the National Directorate for Water,) who owns the dam through the Government Ministry of Public Works and Housing, and the Administração Regional de Águas do Sul, ARA-Sul (Southern Regional Water Administration,) who administrates and operates the dam. The specific infrastructure improvements involve the addition of the following elements: Six crest radial spillway gates and ancillary hydromechanical equipment; 37

40 Repair works of concrete pillars/abutments; Strengthening works on the existing dam; and Construction of saddle wall with fuse plug emergency spillway. The completion of Corumana Dam is expected to result in the necessary relocation of residential units, 230 farm plots 11, 25 family graves, one church and four high voltage electricity towers. 2.3 Objectives of the Resettlement Action Plan According to the Terms of Reference, the purpose of the RAP is: iii) iv) to design the resettlement activities to restore, at least, standards of living and preferably improve the livelihoods of the affected households, families and extended families and individuals who are losing land, assets or access to resources due to the implementation of the project; and to propose development activities to support the restoration of conditions for pursuit of economic activities where the original source of livelihood cannot be easily restored. It is expected that the RAP will deliver the following outputs: 10 When confirming field work survey results with aerial photographs, 34 additional houses were identified that still required survey work (gathering of information, georeferences and photographs). As per decision of the client, ARA-Sul conducted a simple survey to identify the owners of these houses, collecting georeferences and photographs for each. The reality in the field showed that only 27 houses existed, of which 3 are abandoned houses in Ndindiza. The remaining 7 structures identified by aerial photography were not individual residential units, but rather infrastructures belonging to some of the 27 identified houses. In the Resettlement Planning phase, a thorough survey shall be done to gather the qualitative and quantitative socioeconomic information from the 27 houses. The total of 80 houses includes those identified by ARA-Sul s additional survey. 11 When confirming field work survey results with aerial photographs, 11 farm plots or machambas were identified that still require survey work (gathering of information, georeferences and photographs). Of these plots, one is already inundated by seasonal flooding of the reservoir and could not be located; thus 10 plots remained to be surveyed. As per decision of the client, ARA-Sul conducted a simple survey to identify the owners of these farm plots, collecting georeferences and photographs for each. ARA-Sul was able to identify nine of the 10 plots; the remaining plot must yet be located. Later on, in the Resettlement Planning phase, a thorough survey shall be done to gather the qualitative and quantitative socioeconomic information from the 10 plots. The total of 230 plots includes the 10 plots covered by ARA-Sul s survey. 38

41 1. Delineate all social impacts and proposed mitigation actions, social and economic improvement actions, cost estimates for such actions and estimated schedule for such activities; 2. Recommend any legal or administrative structure needed to implement the proposed actions; 3. Terms of Reference for an economic development action plan for the informal fisheries industry located in the vicinity of the Corumana Dam and reservoir; and 4. Development of a Community Livelihood Plan. 2.4 Implementing Agencies and ESIA Consultant Implementing agencies The project implementing agencies, i.e. the institution responsible for the development of the project, are the Direcção Nacional de Águas, DNA (the National Directorate for Water) of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing. Operation, management and maintenance of the dam are the responsibility of the Administração Regional de Águas do Sul, ARA-Sul (Southern Regional Water Administration). Their contact details are: National Directorate of Water Rua da Imprensa nº162 Maputo, Mozambique, Fax Ph /2 ARA-Sul Av Samora Machel Nº30-7º floor Maputo, Mozambique, Fax Ph / The ESIA Consultant DNA has appointed AustralCOWI in collaboration with COWI Denmark and Aurecon for the elaboration of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. 39

42 The Social Impact Assessment and Resettlement Action Plan team is composed of: Mario Souto (SIA Team Leader) (AustralCOWI) Ana Lucia Obiols (SIA Specialist) (AustralCOWI) Enoque Mendes (Public Consultation Specialist) (AustralCOWI) Albino Mazembe (Infrastructure Specialist) (AustralCOWI) João Mosca (Agrarian Economist Specialist) (AustralCOWI) Ilundi Cabral (SIA Survey Manager) (AustralCOWI) Arsenia Paulo (SIA Survey Manager) (AustralCOWI) Tolbert Chipire (SIA GIS Specialist) (AustralCOWI) 2.5 Structure of the RAP Report The RAP report is structured as follows: Chapter 3. Project Description. This chapter provides an overall description of the project for the completion works of the Corumana Dam, presenting the project area, the project affected area and persons, the overall estimates of land acquisition and resettlement. Chapter 4. Regulatory Framework. This chapter presents the policy and legal framework of the Government of Mozambique and the World Bank that regulate the completion works of the Corumana Dam as well as the mitigation of its impacts, with particular emphasis on compensation and resettlement. Chapter 5. Methodology of RAP. This chapter describes the process that was followed to elaborate the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), in particular the gathering and analysis of qualitative, quantitative, geographic and visual information used to produce the building blocks for the resettlement action plan. Chapter 6. Census and Socioeconomic Surveys. This chapter provides a summarized description and comparison of the affected surveyed communities, based on the information gathered by the census and socioeconomic survey previously undertaken. Chapter 7. Socioeconomic Impacts and Mitigation Measures. This chapter presents the expected socioeconomic impacts related to the re- 40

43 settlement that will derive from the completion works (land, infrastructure, income and livelihood loss), and proposes measures to mitigate the negative impact. Further on, it introduces the entitlement matrix and explores the attitudes and concerns of the Project Affected Peoples (PAPs) that might have an influence over the project. Chapter 8. Consultation and Participation. This chapter presents the ways in which the affected and hosting communities have participated in and been consulted in the planning of the RAP, and how their consultation and participation will be ensured throughout the implementation and monitoring of the RAP. Chapter 9. Resettlement Sites. This chapter describes how the process of resettlement will take place, explaining the process for the selection of resettlement sites, describing the sites and introducing a resettlement framework involving various actors with roles and responsibilities on the planning, implementation and monitoring of the RAP. It is closely linked with the next chapters. Chapter 10. Compensation Framework. This chapter presents the framework that has been established to calculate the compensation to be provided to the PAPs for the loss of assets (housing, land, trees and access to services), in line with the Mozambican legislation and the World Bank operational policies (also called safeguard policies). Chapter 11. Income Restoration and Community Livelihood Plan. This section presents a series of activities, measures and recommendations for the restoration of the income and livelihoods lost by the PAPs as an impact of the completion works in the Corumana Dam, aiming to at least maintain, if possible improve, their previous living standards prior to resettlement. It approaches income restoration through access to public services and restoration of lost assets in the housing area, economic activities and production capacity. While most of the activities, measures and recommendations presented direct benefit the PAPs, they also indirectly benefit the hosting communities. Chapter 12. Institutional Organization Structures for RAP Implementation. This chapter looks at how are the institutions responsible for the planning, implementation and monitoring of the RAP, and who they engage with to ensure their role is fulfilled. It also presents the roles and responsibilities of each party, and explains how coordination, monitoring and evaluation shall be ensured and maintained throughout the life of the project. Chapter 13. Grievance Redress Mechanisms. This chapter presents the proposed mechanism to be established for grievance redress of PAPs, in response to any potential grievances or disputes that PAPs 41

44 might have during the RAP process. It explores the procedures for the establishment and functioning of a redress mechanism based on existing traditional leaderships, on local level government authorities and on local level Judicial Structures. Chapter 14. Monitoring and Evaluation. This chapter describes the ways in which the project will be monitored and evaluated during its implementation, in the various resettlement activities foreseen. It also provides a description of the entities responsible for the monitoring and evaluation, a framework for their coordination and sets up their roles and responsibilities. Chapter 15. Implementation Schedule. This chapter introduces a detailed schedule of the implementation of the RAP, outlined by the different project phases. Chapter 16. Costs and Budgets. Building on the previous chapters, this section presents the budget framework for the resettlement and calculates its costs per thematic area and activity. The RAP concludes with a list of references and appendixes on census data, agreement for asset evaluation by PAP, data gathering tools, report of the public consultation process and monitoring and evaluation forms. 42

45 3 Project description 3.1 Project Area The Corumana Dam is situated in the Moamba district, Maputo Province, on the Sabíe River. Its reservoir inlet is situated immediately downstream of the border with the Republic of South Africa. The dam is located approximately 90 km north-west of Maputo (See Figure 3-1). The Corumana Dam is located in the Sabíe Administrative Post, Locality of Sabíe-Sede (25 13'10.10"S : 32 8'2.31"E). The Administrative Post is composed of five localities, of which four are located around the reservoir, namely Sabíe- Sede, Macaene, Matunganhane and Sunduíne. 43

46 Figure 3-1: Geographic Location of the Corumana Dam 44

47 The Sabíe Administrative Post has a total of 17,396 inhabitants, with the highest population (9,200 inhabitants) concentrated in the Locality of Sabíe-Sede, near the Corumana Dam, where the Chavane community is located. The other 8,196 are distributed in four other localities around the reservoir, where six additional affected communities are located (See Table 3-1). Table 3-1: Affected communities in Sabíe Administrative Post Sabíe Administrative Post Total Locality Population 2007 Locality Community Sabíe-Sede Chavane 9,800 Macaene Babitine 2,702 Malengane Ndindiza 2,288 Ligongolo and Fungotine Matunganhane 1,251 Sunduíne Jone and Panganine 1,355 Total Administrative Post Population 17,396 Source: 2007 Population Census (Draft figures at Locality level) 3.2 Definition of Project Affected Area and People Project Affected Areas and People According to the Terms of Reference for the SIA assignment, the Project Affected Area refers to areas as notified by the Project Authority or areas where land is acquired for construction of any component of the project, infrastructure, township, offices, construction facilities, access roads, as well as land where actual construction and ground works are taking place. The areas considered by the Project Authority are: 1. The area of the dam, area of saddle dam with fuse plug emergency spillway and reservoir including any perimeter exclusion strip, reserve area or slope exclusion area. According to the TSDS Report 12, the maximum inundation level is expected to be at 120 masl in a 1 in 200 year return period flood event which would activate the fuse plug in the saddle dam and the emergency spillway. It should be noted that completing the Corumana Dam allows for increasing the reservoir level from 111 masl to 117 masl though that this is only expected at 10% of the time. 12 DNA (April 2011), Main Report for Corumana Dam of the Technical Services and Dam Safety Consultancy, Mozambique, Volume 1. SMEC. 45

48 In addition, a buffer zone around the 120 masl contour, of 250 m was identified for partial protection 13. Different to the reservoir, a 500 m of buffer zone was considered along the saddle dam due to the area that will be covered by the infrastructure and the area needed for the maintenance of the saddle dam (See Annex 3 for enlarged maps A3 size.) 2. Area of dam infrastructure and complementary works (roads, borrow areas, pipelines, landscape or security areas, etc); 3. Areas of temporary displacement (construction roads, borrow areas, construction headquarters and maintenance areas, equipment parking areas, river diversions, drainage diversion, etc) 14 ; and 4. Areas that will be without access during the construction or operation of works (as is the case of the access to Jone community during the construction of the saddle dam). 13 According to Mozambican Land Law No. 19/97 of 1 October, the reservoirs are considered to be areas of public domain and partially protected. The buffer areas are considered as buffer strips around the reservoir and delimited by 250 m from the maximum inundation level. 14 This area was not included in the assessment of the PAPs due to the lack of information and the progress on the detailed design of the works under the responsibility of the TSDS Consultant. 46

49 Figure 3-2: Maximum Inundated Area 120 masl and Affected Communities in Corumana Dam 47

50 Project Affected People (PAPs) and Assets As a result of the Baseline Survey, all houses, infrastructures, farming plots and sacred places within the areas referred in points 1) and 2) above were carefully identified and geo-referenced. The Figure 3-3 bellow shows the location of PAPs and Assets around the Corumana Dam reservoir. 48

51 Figure 3-3: Location of Affected Infrastructures, Houses and Farm Plots, Corumana Dam 49

52 For the assessment of social and economic impacts, a detailed census was carried out in the project area that will be inundated by the new level of the reservoir and the saddle dam. The boundary for assessing this impact was the 250 m buffer zone boundary from a water level of 120 masl and the additional buffer zone of 500 meters considered along the saddle dam. This scenario would activate the fuse plug emergency spillway in the saddle dam whereby any excess water is diverted back to the Sabíe River downstream of the dam site so as to prevent damage to assets or people. Consequently, the completion works of Corumana Dam is likely to affect 187 households with 341 assets described as follows: 80 households whose residential units would be reached by the maximum water level (i.e. 120 masl) and that are found within its buffer zone of 250 m, or within the buffer zone of 500 m along the saddle dam, will be relocated as follows: 14 houses, of which one of the three abandoned houses in the community of Ndindiza, will have their residential units affected by the rise of the water level to its maximum level (i.e 120 masl); 19 houses, of which two of the three abandoned houses in the community of Ndindiza, located within the buffer zone of 250 m from the maximum water level boundary around the reservoir (i.e. 120 masl); 47 households whose residential units are located within the buffer zone of 500 m along the saddle dam; 230 recession farm plots will be relocated as follows: 185 recession farm plots will reached by the maximum water level around the reservoir, (i.e. 120 masl), belonging to 25 households also affected in their residential unit; 45 recession farmers will be within the buffer zone of 500 m of the saddle dam, belonging to 4 also affected households; 25 family graves around the reservoir that are going to be reached by the maximum water level, (i.e. 120 masl) will need to be relocated, belonging to 4 also affected households; 1 Church within the buffer zone of 500 m of the saddle dam will need to be relocated, belonging to one also affected household; 4 high voltage electricity towers will be reached by the maximum water level, (i.e. 120 masl) and will need to be relocated (or additional studies 50

53 will be required to identify technical solutions for the foundation and the isolation of the towers); and 1 former military base belonging to ARA-Sul, no longer at use, will be within the 500m buffer zone of the saddle dam. Table 3-2 bellow shows the number of Project Affected Assets distributed by communities around the reservoir. Table 3-2: Project Affected People and Assets by community Affected People and Assets to be relocated Community Chavane Ligongolo Babitine Fungotine Ndindiza Jone Panganine Total Residential Units Farming Plots under 120 masl Farming Plots from saddle dam Family Graves Sacred Places Electricity Towers ARA-Sul military base Total Source: Baseline Survey by AustralCOWI, It is relevant to mention that, of the 80 affected houses, three houses in the Ndindiza community that will be affected by the maximum water level (i.e. 120 masl) are abandoned. According to information gathered in the field from the neighbourhood secretary, the family owners left these houses in 2002 due to the creation of the Sabie Game Park (SGP). The SGP confirmed that the houses were abandoned due to the resettlement of the families (along with other families affected by the creation of the park), who received house-for-house compensation for the loss of their houses, The SGP issued a declaration confirming the abandonment of the three houses (See Appendix 5). The 341 assets belong to 187 households that will be directly affected by the completion of the Corumana Dam. These households will be affected in different degrees, according to the number of assets that will need relocation. Out of the 187 households, 81.3% will be affected with one asset (housing, farming plot or grave), 11.2% with two assets, 4.3% with three assets and 3.2% with 4 assets or more (See Table 3-3 bellow). It is important to note that the PAPs loosing their house have to leave to be resettled in a new, safe site. If they also lose a plot and/or grave, these assets will also be moved to/compensated for in the new resettlement site along with the house. 51

54 PAPs that are affected in assets other than the house, such as plot or grave, will not have to leave and instead will receive a land for farming in the closest safe area (resettlement farming site), or have the grave moved close to their house. Table 3-3: Affected Assets per Household Asset Nr households Percentage Only housing Only farming plot Only family grave Housing and 1 farming plot Housing and 2 farming plots Housing and 3 farming plots Housing and 4 plots Housing and 6 farming plots Farming plot and family grave farming plots and family grave Total Source: Baseline Survey by AustralCOWI, The preliminary data presented by ARA-Sul for the design of the project s ToRs was based on a fieldwork done in In that period, only 60 affected households were identified that needed relocation of their housing infrastructures. During that fieldwork, no farming plots were surveyed and few housing infrastructures were found around the reservoir. By comparing the results of the baseline survey done in November 2010 and February 2011, the main differences are located around the reservoir with additional 17 housing infrastructures. Furthermore, 230 farming plots were found around the reservoir and the saddle dam that need relocation (See Figure 3-4 for detailed visual information of the affected assets along the saddle dam). 52

55 Figure 3-4: Map of affected households and plots in the Saddle Dam, Fuse Plug and Emergency Spillway area 53

56 Delimitation of Project Affected Zone (PAZs). According to the Terms of Reference, Project Affected Zone corresponds to areas notified by the Project Authority to that effect and will include areas affected by the flooding and activation of the saddle dam s fuse plug emergency spillway during floods above the level of 120 masl. According to the Main Report for Corumana Dam of the Technical Services and Dam Safety Consultancy (April ), the likelihood of a flood breaking the fuse-plug in the spillway is 0.1% which is equal to a 1 in 200 year flood. Information on the PAZs was collected through secondary sources. For the objective of the Social Impact Assessment (Volume 2 Socioeconomic context), the potential inundation area and diversion channel 16 downstream the fuse plug emergency spillway in the saddle dam, (i.e. from the fuse-plug through the diversion channel to the Massecate River where excess water will flow to join the Sabíe River downstream) was considered and the following people and assets were identified: No households located downstream the saddle dam with fuse plug emergency spillway and on the way to the Massecate River, will need relocation; and 08 recession farm plots located downstream the saddle dam with fuse plug emergency spillway and on the way to the Massecate River, since these floods can eventually occur once every 200 years, according to EIA report, they will not need relocation. Figure 3-5 bellow shows the position of the saddle dam (coloured in orange) and emergency spillway (coloured in red) with the 500m buffer zone and the 120 masl contour; in a map produced with aerial photography for Corumana Dam. 15 DNA (April 2011), Main Report for Corumana Dam of the Technical Services and Dam Safety Consultancy, Mozambique, Volume 1. SMEC. 16 Identification of the affected housing infrastructures and farming plots was done based on information provided by the TSDS Consultant. 54

57 Figure 3-5: Map of Area of Saddle Dam with Fuse-Plug Emergency Spillway (aerial photography). 55

58 4 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 4.1 Policy Framework The Water Act (Law 16/91 of August 3) and the Water Policy (Resolution 46/2007 of October 30) stipulates that all inland water, including lakes and reservoirs, surface water, transboundary rivers, river beds and groundwater, are considered public water and are regulated under the Ministry of Public Works and Housing through the National Directorate of Water, which delegates the operational water resource management to the Regional Water Administrations. The reservoirs of dams are considered as partially protected areas with a buffer zone equivalent to 250 m from the maximum inundated area of the dams. Any kind of activity within that area is prohibited. This means that, when, because of the completion of the Corumana Dam, the level of the reservoir raises, houses, farming activities and other infrastructures will have to be relocated outside the buffer zone area. The legal framework recognizes the need for harmonization and cooperation among legislation from different sectors, that for the ESIA Consultancy the most relevant sectors are environment, territorial planning and land legislation. The National Water Resources Management Strategy (21 of August 2007) aims to effectively implement the Water Policy, covering all the natural aspects of water resource systems, surface and groundwater, issues related to: water quality; pollution and protection of the ecosystems; water uses in all sectors of the economy; legal and institutional framework and capacity; and issues related to national and regional integration. The water resource management strategy focuses on the development and maintenance of hydraulic infrastructures, such as the Corumana Dam, in order to increase and ensure the availability of water and to respond to water demands linked to basic needs of the population and socioeconomic developments. Dams are also aiming to mitigate negative impacts from floods and droughts, which are all relevant to the Corumana Dam. 56

59 The Southern African Development Community (SADC) members approved the Regional Water Policy (RWP) in August and the Regional Water Strategy in June The RWP sets the context and long term over-arching goals and the strategic principles for the management of transboundary watercourses. It refers to the importance of shared watercourses management for regional economic development and regional integration, which is operationalized by the RWS. The Corumana Dam, within the Incomati River basin shared with the Republic of South Africa and the Kingdom of Swaziland. Cooperation among the riparian countries is governed by the Tripartite Interim Agreement for Co-operation on the Protection and Sustainable Utilization of the Incomati and Maputo Watercourses (IIMA) signed by Mozambique, South Africa and Swaziland on August 29, This reflects agreements dating back to 1964 when South Africa signed the Cunene Agreement on the best joint utilization of rivers of common interest with the Portuguese administration. The general objective of the IIMA is to promote co-operation among the Parties to ensure the protection and sustainable utilization of the Incomati and Maputo watercourses. The IIMA is an interim agreement to formalize the water use, water resource development, management and exchange of information to enable the three parties to proceed with their co-operation until more comprehensive agreements have been concluded for the two watercourses. A Tripartite Permanent Technical Committee (TPTC) was established 1983 to advise the three riparian governments on matters relating to the utilization, development and management of water resources of common interest. Its membership comprises technical representatives of each of the three countries. Recognizing that a detailed implementation activity and action plan was required for the implementation of the IIMA, and for preparation of the comprehensive agreements, the TPTC has initiated the Project for Progressive Realisation of the IncoMaputo Agreement (PRIMA). The overall objective is to realize the objectives and purpose of the IIMA. The IIMA was originally scheduled to expire in 2010 by which time it was anticipated that the comprehensive agreement would be in place. While the riparian states work towards this goal, a draft amendment has been finalized by the TPTC to ensure the IIMA remains in force until superseded by the comprehensive agreement. Notification has been made to the Republic of South Africa and the Kingdom of Swaziland in accordance with the provisions of the IIMA and noobjections have been received. These are hence in compliance with the World Bank s safeguard operational policy on Projects on International Waterways OP In the letter of no objection, the Department of Water Affairs of the Republic of South Africa (RSA) expressed its support to GoM 17 SADC (2005) Regional Water Policy. Southern African Development Community. 18 SADC (2006) Regional Water Strategy. Southern African Development Community. 57

60 with regard to the completion of the Corumana Dam and that it would appreciate constant feedback and regular consultation with the respective bodies, namely the Department of Water Affairs, the South African National Parks and the affected municipalities. In accordance with this request the DNA has continued to provide technical information on project-related activities and issues to both riparians through the TPTC and the Joint Water Committee. Invitations for stakeholder to participate in the consultative events for the dam safety and environmental and social impact assessments have been extended. 4.2 Legal Framework There is no legislation in Mozambique addressing resettlement per se. However some legislation covers aspects related with expropriation, compensation and consultation process. According to World Bank Operational Policy in Involuntary Resettlement, Operational Policy OP 4.12, when resettlement is inevitable for more than 200 people, as it is the case in the Corumana Dam Project, a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) should be formulated, and resettlement planning should adhere to national policies and legislation, and international best practices. In this case, the RAP should also adhere to the borrower's guidelines, that it is the World Bank Operational Policy OP Because of the above, the Corumana Dam Project should be in line with World Bank OP. 4.12, the Performance Standard 5 (PS5): Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement. A Full Resettlement Plan should be prepared whenever the project involves the resettlement of a significant number of people (200 or more). This plan should define the procedures to be adopted during resettlement implementation, as well as monitoring mechanisms of that process (World Bank Resettlement Resource Manual). Thus, the analysis of the SIA provides the basis for developing the RAP. The next sections of this chapter address: A summary of the relevant Mozambican Laws and customs that relate to resettlement and compensations processes; A summary of relevant World Bank Operational Policy to resettlement process and compensation; Identification of the main gaps between Mozambican laws and World Bank Safeguard Operational Policies. 58

61 4.2.1 Mozambican Legislation that apply to involuntary resettlement The Mozambican legislation relating to resettlement and land requisition draws its strength from relevant national legal instruments that exist in Mozambique, specifically: The Article 46 of the Constitution; Land Policy (Law 10/95 of 17 October), Land Law (No. 19/97 of 1 October), Land Law Regulations (Decree 66/98 of 8 December); The Territorial Planning Law (Law No. 17/2007 of 18 July), Territorial Planning Law Regulations (Decree 23/2008 of 1 June) and Guidelines for the Expropriation Process due to Territorial Planning (Ministerial Diploma 181/2010 of November 3 rd ); Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation (Decree No. 45/2004 of 29 December) and the Guidelines for the Environmental Impact Assessment (Ministerial Diploma 129/2006 of 19 July) and Guidelines for the Public consultation of the Environmental Impact Assessment Process (Ministerial Diploma 130/2006 of 19 July); and Burial Regulations (Decree No. 42/90 of 29 December). These legislation and regulations cover key aspects of land occupation and use in Mozambique. Also covered in the regulations are the various situations related to resettlement, including among others: Right to use and benefit from land; Rules governing Areas of Public Domain/Protected Areas; Relocation Plans; Compensation for Losses; Consultation of affected and interested parties; and Disturbance to or removal of graves. Rights to use and benefit from land The Land Law stipulates that, in the Republic of Mozambique land is the property of the State. This is also implied in Article 46 of the Constitution of Mozambique. Consequently, land may not be sold, alienated or mortgaged. The Law states, however, that although land is owned by the State, all Mozambicans and foreigners, as individual or as corporate persons, have the right to use and enjoy the land by the acquisition of the Right to Land Use and Benefits (DUAT). Holders of that right may sell those assets and any improvements made 59

62 on the land. In addition, it guarantees the right of land use and benefit resulting from occupancy by local communities, providing in this case the right of land use and benefit in good faith to national individuals for at least ten years. The official authorization is given by the Right to Land Use and Benefit. The procedures for obtaining the DUAT involve: negotiations with the seller and formulation of contractual documentation, community consultations, district administrators' approvals, submission of a business plan or feasibility study for approval by the Ministry of Planning and Development, land registration and demarcation. This formal system has been in place since 1997 for commercial use and foreign investment. However, probably less than 10% of communities have titling to land (Cossa 2008) 19. For local population, a customary land regime is usually managed at the community level by traditional leaders. The Land Law protects local communities and families, as it states that the absence of official title does not affect land rights acquired through occupancy, which may be demonstrated by testimony of family or community members. If local communities hold the right of land use and benefit through occupancy, this is unlimited in time. The Land Policy also recognizes customary rights over land, including the various inheritance systems; it also recognizes the role of the local community leaders in the prevention and resolution of conflicts. It aims at creating conditions and enhancing synergies for the development and growth of the local community and the promotion of investment by the commercial sector, without contradicting the concept of state ownership of national land. The Land Law further emphasizes the rights acquired through systems of customary occupancy and defines the role of communities in the management of land, natural resources and conflict resolution. Areas of Public Domain The Land Law also establishes some areas of total or partial protection. The Land Law places the buffer zone around the dams, within the distance of 250 m around the level of the water bodies upstream the dams, within the realm of partial protected areas. It also specifies that no rights of use and benefit may be acquired in total and partial protection zones; however, special licenses may be issued for specific activities by Provincial Governors in case of partial protected zones. The Land Law provides for the revocation of a land use title in the public interest, preceded by payment of fair indemnification and/or compensation. The Land Law Regulations specify that the procedures for the termination of a land title in the public interest has to follow expropriation procedures and after payment of fair compensation. 19 Cossa, R. Legal and Policy Reforms to Increase Security of Tenure and Improve Land Administration, World Bank,

63 This is corroborated by the Territorial Planning Law, which defines that expropriation for public interest guarantees the right to the payment of fairly calculated compensation in order to compensate for the loss of tangible and intangible goods and productive assets as well as the disruption of social cohesion. Finally, The Right of Eminent Domain (Constitution of Mozambique) says that individuals and entities have the right to equitable compensation for expropriated assets and the right to a new and equal plot of land. The termination of a land title has to be declared by the same entity that has issued the title or recognized the right of occupancy in terms of customary norms and practices (Land Law Regulations). The Territorial Planning Law Regulations further specify that expropriation for purposes of territorial planning (e.g. land of public domain) is considered to be carried out in the public interest, when the final objective is the safeguard of the common interest of a community through the installation of economic or social infrastructure with large positive social impacts. The Territorial Planning Regulations also establish that fair compensation has to be paid before the transfer or expropriation of property and assets, which should not only cover the real value of expropriated assets, but also damages and loss of profit. In the case of Corumana Dam, the area bellow the 120 masl isoline and its buffer zone of 250 m around the level of water of its reservoir. Thus, individuals or groups living bellow the 120 masl contour and within the buffer zone are entitled to compensation due to permanent or temporarily losses related to land, assets, economic profits and social disruption. Compensation and relocation plans None of the relevant national laws mention the need for the preparation and approval of a compensation and/or relocation plan, that is, a resettlement plan. In fact, in national legislation, the term resettlement only appears in three different laws, Mining Law Regulations, Territorial Planning Law and Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, which refer to criteria for defining Category A projects. All dam projects and projects with unavoidable resettlement are classified as Category A. The Land Legislation Supplement says that the household affected by a public project may be moved or transferred to another place. The process has to be carried out in consultation with the Local Leaders for administrative purposes. The resettlement will happen after compensation is paid or a new house similar to the existing one has been constructed. The Legislation requires that the developer seeks to and maintain the same social and economic life style of the affected people. It further states that all the expenses have to be borne by the institution responsible for the relocation. This is corroborated on the environmental legislation, where the borrower or developer is responsible for compensation and resettlement planning and implementation. 61

64 EIA Regulations and EIA Directives establish the process of conducting EIAs and highlight the importance of the public consultation process in carrying out EIA studies and in development of environmental management plans. The EIA regulations list the activities relevant to the roads sector that may cause significant impacts on the environment. These, among others, include plans, programs and projects that may affect sensitive areas directly, or indirectly; and those that imply the permanent or temporary displacement of populations and communities. Compensation for Losses Some laws refer to the provision of fair indemnification and/or compensation (e.g. Land Law Regulations, Territorial Planning Law) or to the payment of a fair and reasonable indemnity (e.g. Mining Law). The Territorial Planning Law specifies that fair compensation has to be paid for: Loss of tangible or intangible goods; Disruption of social cohesion; and Loss of productive assets. The Territorial Planning Law Regulations states that fair compensation is understood to not only cover the actual and real value of the expropriated assets at the time of payment, but also the damage and loss of profits to the owner as a result of the expropriation of his property. The, recently approved, Guidelines for the Expropriation Process due to Territorial Planning sets the rules for calculation of compensation for assets, goods and productive assets. Consultation of affected and interested parties The Land Law and the Land Law Regulations define a number of mechanisms involving the consultation of affected communities and/or people as part of the process of authorization related to an application for land use title by an individual or corporate person. The Land Law define that the application for a land use title needs to include a statement by the local administration authorities/district administrator, after consultation with the respective communities, with a view to verifying that the area is free and has no occupants. The Territorial Planning Law Regulations provide for affected persons subject to expropriation to contest the terms of the compensation and surrender of assets if they disagree with the proposal made by the entity making the expropriation. If the affected people use their right to contest, the process will be settled by application of the Investment Law (No. 3/93 of 24 July). The Framework Environmental Law, states that any citizen who believes his/her rights have been violated or are under threat of violation may take legal action against the perpetrator. Violation of rights includes personal loss and injury; and the loss of crops and profits. 62

65 Disturbance to or removal of graves Legislation covering the exhumation and reburial of corpses is contained in the Burial Regulations. Apart from stating that the burial of corpses in rural areas may be performed in cemeteries or other places authorized by the relevant authorities, the Regulations do not mention anything referring to the exhumation and reburial of corpses in rural areas by which development projects should abide. The Regulations do not define specifically who those relevant authorities are but, in common practice; it is assumed that traditional leaders are to be consulted to define appropriate burial places and traditions to follow. The National Heritage Protection Law (Law 10/88 of December, 1988) is intended to protect all national historical and cultural heritage. Such protected areas are to be avoided in the selection of project sites World Bank Operational Policies that apply to involuntary resettlement The World Bank Operational Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12), addressing the direct economic and social impacts caused by loss of land and assets, includes: Displacement or loss of shelter; Loss of assets or access to important production resources; Loss of sources of income or better subsistence; or Loss of access to the places that offer better production or less costs for businesses or people. For the purposes of the World Bank (Operation Policy 4.12) the term involuntary refers to the actions that could be taken without the agreement or power to choose of Project Affected People (PAPs). The resettlement is involuntary for affected people who do not have the option to keep the situation in which they are before the project starts. The World Bank OP 4.12 is applied independently of whether people affected have to be resettled in another place or not. It also requires that people that are affected adversely by the activities of the project receive either compensation or supportive measures in a way that guarantees their resources for living are re-established at least at the same level as prior to the project. To deal with the economic and social impacts associated with the potential losses experienced by PAPs, the World Bank OP 4.12 requires the preparation of a resettlement map (as part of the Resettlement Action Plan - RAP). According to the World Bank OP 4.12, the criteria for determining who is eligible for compensation and support due to resettlements are based on the following categories: 63

66 iv. People who have legal rights to the land, including customary rights and traditions; and religious rights given by Mozambican Law. This category of people includes those that own land or are renting it, those that have legal DUATs or customary occupancy, those with customary occupancy that got free land, and land that belongs to a family and which has been transferred through generations. v. People who do not have legal rights to the land or assets at the time when the census starts, but have a claim over the land or the benefits on the basis of the Mozambican law and traditions. vi. People without the legal right or claim over the land that they occupy and use for their living. This category of people includes those that are settled in a semi-permanent manner or those that are settled locally without any formal authorization. People that fall in the first two categories will receive compensation, resettlement benefits and support for the rehabilitation of the land, any non-removable assets on the land and buildings taken by the project. The compensation will be in accordance to the situation of the affected people in the project area before the cutoff date (i.e. registered starting date). People in the third category, will receive support for resettlement instead of compensation for the occupied land. As stated earlier, they should receive the necessary support to satisfy the established dispositions of this policy, in the case that they were in the project area before the registered starting date. Consequently, this policy provides support to all affected people, including land rights owners and people who are illegally settled in the area of the project, independently of whether or not they have a formal title or legal rights. Any person who invades the area of the project after the registered starting date is not entitled to any compensation or assistance. The communities, including districts, towns and rural villages permanently losing land, resources and/or access to assets will be eligible to compensation. Compensation for communities can include public baths/toilets, car parking lots, health centres or other compensations chosen by the community. The compensating measures will ensure that the socioeconomic level of pre-resettlement of the communities is re-established improved or conserved Project-specific mechanisms to address the differences between Mozambican legislation and World Bank operational policies. Because the Mozambican national legislation does not specifically refer to a resettlement plan, there is also no specification of responsibility. However, in defining best practice standards, the World Bank OP 4.12 provides a set of standards for resettlement planning. 64

67 As mentioned before, even though the Mozambican Legislation is very clear in relation to the people entitled to compensation in case of involuntary resettlement, the Legislation is not clear with regard to several procedures and mechanisms that form the Resettlement Action Plan required by the World Bank. These gaps related to resettlement mechanisms are summarized bellow, starting with the World Bank Operational Policy, the provisions of Mozambican law, the associated gaps and the project specific mechanisms to address these gaps. No Institution Guiding Policy/Legislation Table 4-1: Gaps between Mozambican Legislation and World Bank Safeguards on Resettlement World Bank Planning and financing resettlement components should be undertaken as an integral part of preparation for projects that cause land acquisition and involuntary displacement Mozambican Legislation Project specific mechanisms World Bank Mozambican Legislation Project specific mechanisms World Bank Mozambican Legislation Project specific mechanisms World Bank Mozambican Legislation According to the Government of Mozambique (GoM) legislation, the borrower or developer is responsible for compensation and resettlement planning and implementation. At the same time the GoM, as owner of all land in Mozambique, is the ultimate authority regarding land administration, planning and settlement issues. As such it should have overall responsibility for planning and implementing resettlement. However, it is usually recognized that the GoM lacks the financial, technical, logistical and managerial capacity to plan and implement resettlement projects. In practice, the developer usually has to provide the funds for planning and implementation and provide assistance to its partners. Project proponent must establish a Resettlement Coordination Unit that makes high-level decisions, organizes and monitors the implementation of resettlement actions to ensure integration of resettlement and project implementation. Involuntary resettlement should be avoided or minimized where feasible, exploring all alternative project designs. There is no provision regarding the mitigation of resettlement in Mozambican legislation but efforts minimizing resettlement needs are implied both in terms of economy (costs) and social welfare. Involuntary resettlement is unavoidable for the project, and PAPs involving 200 people or more require a resettlement plan that should respond to alternative technical designs when they become available.. Where displacement is unavoidable, resettlement plans should be developed. The Mozambican legislation does not make any provision for the preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan. Since involuntary resettlement is unavoidable, and when PAPs involve over 200 people resettlement plan will be prepared as per World Bank OP Following the SIA report, a RAP report is submitted for approval. Affected populations and impacts should be identified through thematic maps, a census, an inventory of lost and affected assets, socioeconomic surveys and studies, analysis of surveys and studies, consultation with affected populations. All people affected by involuntary resettlement should be consulted and involved in resettlement planning. The Mozambican Legislation clearly defines land user rights (Land Law) and consultation with affected populations as a requirement. However, besides the AIA (Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental - Environmental Impact Evaluation) process (decree 45/2004 Regulamento sobre o processo de AIA ), it does not make any provision for consultation for the Resettlement Process nor any further studies. 65

68 No Institution Guiding Policy/Legislation 5 6 Project specific mechanisms World Bank Mozambican Legislation Project specific mechanisms World Bank Census, Social Impact Assessment and inventory of lost and affected assets are an integrated part of the SIA and RAP reports. A public consultation and consultation plan should be prepared to be implemented during the RAP public disclosure period. This public consultation and consultation plan is presented in Chapter 8. The resettlement site must be chosen through consultation with all displaced people and host communities. For land-based resettlement, the new site s productive potential and location advantages should be at least equivalent to those of the old site. The Mozambican Law does not make any provision for consultation regarding the resettlement sites. Project Affected People (PAPs) have been consulted through SIA surveys, community meetings, information meetings, focus group meetings with participation of local leaders and local government, PAPs and host communities. Specific activities and measures were designed to restore the income and livelihoods of the PAPs to be resettled (Income Restoration) as well as a number of measures to adequate the hosting communities to receive the resettled households (Community Livelihood Plan). The latter benefit both the PAPs and the hosting communities. The Community Livelihood Plan will be part of the income restoration strategies and integrated in Chapter 11. The World Bank OP 4.12 recognizes PAPs entitled to compensation as people (i) that have legal rights on the land, including customary rights and traditions; and religious rights given by Mozambican Law; (ii) that do not have legal rights on the land or assets at the time when the census started, but they have a claim over the land, or the benefits; (iii) without the legal right or claim over the land that they occupy and use for their living. The first two groups are entitled to compensation, resettlement and support for the rehabilitation of the land, buildings and any non-removable assets on the land and buildings taken by the project. The third group is entitled to the support of resettlement instead of compensation for the occupied land. 7 Mozambican Legislation Project specific mechanisms World Bank Mozambican Legislation Project specific mechanisms All losses should be compensated at full replacement of cost of assets prior to the resettlement. Compensation should be calculated based on Ministerial Diploma 181/2010 of November 3 rd. Not only deed holders but also customary owners, tenants, public land users and squatters would be entitled to some compensation. House infrastructures and farming land will be replaced in-kind e.g. house-for-house and land-for-land. Other assets such as crops will be replaced based on market value; firewood trees will be replaced with seedlings, since communities can have access to firewood in common land until trees are grown; and fruit trees and wooden trees will be compensated based on the market value. Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their former living standards, income earning capacity and production levels or at least to restore them. Particular attention is to be paid to the needs of vulnerable groups, especially those bellow the poverty line, the landless, the elderly, woman and children. The Mozambican legislation does not make any provision for the restoration of the living standards of the above-mentioned vulnerable groups. It does however stress that the socioeconomic level of preresettlement of the communities is refurbished or conserved. A Community Livelihood Plan will be part of the income restoration strategies that will be developed as an integrated part of the RAP. The provision of income restoration strategies aim to target resettled people due to the completion of Corumana Dam and hosting communities in general, especially focusing on those vulnerable groups bellow the poverty line, previously resettled communities and for elderly, female and children headed households. It will especially target displaced people that had been affected by previous relocations due to the construction of the Dam and the establishment of the SGP. 66

69 No Institution Guiding Policy/Legislation World Bank Mozambican Legislation Project specific mechanisms World Bank Mozambican Legislation Project specific mechanisms World Bank Mozambican Legislation Project specific mechanisms Adverse impacts on host communities should be minimized. In Mozambican legislation, members of host communities are not considered as project affected people. Therefore, no provision is made to minimize the adverse impacts on host communities. Selection of new sites must take into account the minimization of impacts on host communities. These were properly consulted and their living standards must remain at the same level, or improved. Arrangements for monitoring, implementation of resettlement and evaluating its impacts should be developed. There are no provisions in the Mozambican Legislation on this issue. A project specific monitoring and evaluation program is presented in Chapter 13. Appropriate and accessible grievance mechanisms are established. There are no provisions in the Mozambican Legislation on this issue. A project specific grievance redress mechanism is presented in Chapter Compensation method used for affected assets The recently approved Guidelines for the Expropriation Process due to Territorial Planning set the rules for calculation of compensation for assets, goods and productive assets. Full replacement cost of assets must take into account current market price values as a basis for the calculations and using the principle that the socioeconomic level of pre-resettlement of the communities is re-established, improved or conserved based on the Ministerial Diploma 181/2010 of November 3 rd. 67

70 Table 4-2: Gaps between Mozambican Legislation and World Bank Safeguards on Compensation Category of PAPs and Type of Asset Loss Mozambican Law World Bank OP4.12 Proposed Project Mechanisms Land Owners (Those who hold legal title to the land through official tenure or customary law) Cash compensation based upon market value of what is on the land under statute. Land-for-Land under Customary Law. Recommends land-forland compensation. Other compensation is at replacement cost. Since PAPs have land use rights under the customary law, the project will adopt Land-for-Land for compensation. They will be also entitled to compensation for crops and any other economic assets. Land Tenants (Those who are renting land) Entitled to compensation for what is on the land, based on the amount of rights they hold upon land under relevant laws. Illegal tenants are not entitled to land-for-land compensation. Entitled to some form of compensation whatever the legal/illegal recognition of their occupancy. There are no cases of illegal tenants PAPs. 4 farmers were renting plots. 8 farmers were only given access to the land-by-land tenants. In these cases, the project will provide cash compensation for the crops lost during the construction up to the reintegration to their activities. In addition, the Project will ensure they are entitled to land compensation in the new resettled areas. Land Users (This refers to those that are freely using a piece of land but do not have legal title and are not renting the land from anyone) In some cases land users have some form of secured tenure extended to them under new laws. In other cases land users are not entitled to compensation for the land via landfor-land. They are entitled to compensation for crops and any other economic assets. Land-for-land compensation under customary Law. Entitled to compensation for crops, may be entitled to replacement land and income must be restored to at least pre-project levels. 142 farming plot owners were subject of use of land, of which 22% for 25 years and 12% for 14 years. They will be entitled to compensation for crops and any other economic assets. Land-for-land compensation under customary Law. Owners of Temporary Buildings (Usually constructed with local materials) Cash compensation based on market value or entitled to new housing on authorized land, under government (state or local) housing programs. Entitled to in-kind compensation at full replacement cost including labour and relocation expenses, prior to displacement. All buildings that will be affected are used for housing, out of which, 04 are build with local/temporary materials (huts with thatched roof). The project will upgrade these households to a minimum social house (2 bedrooms) built with durable materials such as cement blocks and zinc roofing sheets. Owners of Permanent buildings (Constructed in durable materials such as cement, bricks and steel) Cash Compensation based on market value. Entitled to in-kind compensation at full replacement cost including labour and relocation expenses, prior to displacement. 44 houses are currently built of mixed materials (durable and nondurable) and 5 build with durable materials. However, they are all categorized as social house 20. The project will compensate house-byhouse with a social house (2 bed- 20 According to the Ministerial Diploma 181/2010 of November 3 rd, Habitação Social or Social Housing is considered the lowest standard of housing infrastructures and has an average cost of MT 7, per square meter (equivalent to 230 USD per square meter, at an exchange rate of 1 USD = 32.6 MT). 68

71 Category of PAPs and Type of Asset Loss Mozambican Law World Bank OP4.12 Proposed Project Mechanisms Businesses Not covered Not Applicable Informal Businesses Crops Trees Not covered Cash compensation based upon the Ministerial Diploma 181/2010 of November 3rd based on average annual production, price of sale. The Local Administration in the district uses the Ministry of Agriculture s (MINAG) table of the costs of food crops for compensation due to loss of crops. Cash compensation based upon the Ministerial Diploma 181/2010 of November 3 rd based on average annual production, price of sale, life of tree and life expectancy. For timber trees, the value of a tree equals that of the lumber. For fruit or fodder trees, the value is equal to the cumulative value of the fruit crop for its productive life (and any timber value). Relates to fishing activities during clearing of inundation area. Affected fisherfolks are entitled to compensation equivalent to the estimated net loss to the owner of the business. Entitled to compensation equivalent to the market value for lost cash crops. Entitled to compensation equivalent to the market value for lost trees and their production. room) built with durable materials such as cement blocks and zinc roofing sheets. For the 5 houses that are above those standards, built entirely with conventional materials, cash compensation based on market value will be adopted by the Project. Not Applicable because there are no Business are going to be affected by the completion of the Corumana Dam. Not Applicable because there are no Informal Business are going to be affected by the completion of the Corumana Dam. Compensation method does not consider loss of income by PAPs during the transition period up to the time of the new harvest. The project will adopt the cost of market value for crops based on the existing pattern of productivity as well as average yield and current average market price provided by MINAG and will consider one year of transition period. This is suggesting adding one year period on top of WB s operational policies and GoM legislation to ensure income restoration of PAPs. Compensation method does not consider loss of income by PAPs during the transition period up to the time that replacement fruit trees develop to maturity. The project will adopt the cost of market value of the production based on yield at full maturity, market price of crop and number of years required for a replacement plant/tree to reach a similar level of maturity. For wooden trees, cash compensation will be calculated based on the market value provided by MINAG. For firewood trees, seedlings will be provided. 69

72 4.3 Administrative Framework There are two parallel Administrative Frameworks that need to be analysed and compared in relation to the project and more specifically to the resettlement action plan: the watershed administrative framework and the local government administrative framework. Watershed Administration DNA, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, is responsible for policy guidelines and negotiation processes with neighbouring countries in the case of transboundary Rivers, such as the Sabíe River, which is one of the effluents of the Incomati River. Regional agreements provide a background for local decisions, implementation of best practices and for strengthening integrated water resource management. ARA-Sul, the Regional Water Administration for Southern Mozambique, is an autonomous body responsible for promoting an integrated watershed management and sustainable use of water resources within four of the main watershed in Southern Mozambique namely: Limpopo, Save, Umbeluzi and Incomati. The Corumana Dam is located on the latter. Under the jurisdiction of the ARA-Sul, the Incomati Watershed Management Unit (UGBI) is directly responsible for the administration, operation and maintenance and safeguarding of the Corumana Dam. The hydrometeorological and hydroinformatic network supports the decision making process for flood and drought control and the regulation of the Sabíe River water flow, which provides water for irrigation and hydropower production. The UGBI directly controls the quality of water and any potential source of pollution within the partial protected area around the reservoir of the dam. Local Government The district of Moamba, which is located in the Maputo Province, is composed of four Administrative Posts, namely Moamba, Ressano Garcia, Pessene and Sabíe. The Sabíe Administrative Post comprises five localities, namely Sabíe- Sede, Macaene, Malengane, Matunganhane and Sunduíne. Each of them is composed by a number of settlements or communities. Under the jurisdiction of the provincial government, the district government is structured around the District Administrator and its District Services (health services, social action, education, economic activities, public construction and housing, registry office and district attorney). The District Administrator heads the Local Government and oversees the Heads of the Administrative Posts. The District Service Directors oversee their respective Administrative Post representatives. Bellow the Administrative Post level there are only Locality Chiefs (Chefes de Localidade), who, with the support from the District Services, coordinate provi- 70

73 sion of services within all sectors (health services, education, economic activities, justice, security and public infrastructure) within their locality. In a Localidade, the Head of Locality provides the main connection between the district and the communities or settlements. The flow of information within this structure is hierarchical and vertical. The Locality Chiefs gathers information from the communities through the community leaders and pass it on to the Head of the Administrative Post, who, in turn, processes the information arrived from all localities and forwards it to the District Administrator. Government Planning and Community Consultation Process Decentralized public services and policy implementation are based on participatory planning mechanisms, which are materialised by the creation of the District Consultative Council (DCC). The DCCs are composed by community members representing social groups from their community and are headed by local government representatives and local leaders representative of those thematic groups e.g. agriculture associations. In Moamba the DCCs have been constituted, but they have not yet started to operate. Overseas Development Aid, Non-Governmental Organization and other Support Programs In the district of Moamba there are several development assistance projects in place operating in the fields of education (teacher training, technical and vocational education), health (malaria and HIV/AIDS treatment, training of health staff), agriculture, fishing, aquaculture, ecotourism and assistance to orphan and vulnerable children (OVC). These are financed by international development agencies and run by government institutions as well as by non-governmental organizations (NGO) and community based organizations (CBO). Of these, however, only few initiatives reach the Sabíe Administrative Post, and fewer reach the Locality of Sabíe-Sede where Corumana Dam is located and in even much lesser degree the communities surrounding the reservoir. Some of the specific projects are: The American NGO Elisabeth Glaser Paediatric Aids Foundation (EGPAF) supports Health Posts in all of Moamba s Administrative Posts, including Sabíe; The Mozambican NGO Nkulo Nkulo provides health training in Sabie s Locality of Malengane; The Italian NGO Centro Cooperazione allo Svillupo sponsors OVCs in Sabíe; The Dutch NGO SNV with partner CBOs develops agricultural projects in Sabíe; The Faith-based organization Mozambican Christian Council does monitoring of public policies and supports people living with HIV-AIDS in Sabíe; The State-run Fisheries Development Fund provides training and work tools to affiliated fishermen operating in the Corumana Dam; and 71

74 CEDES, a FBO supporting the education sector through the construction of local schools. Baseline survey results show that only fishermen enrolled in the existing fishing associations mentioned being involved in a support project or development activity. The associations currently receive training and work tools (fishing nets provided in rotation credit system) from the Fisheries Development Fund (Fundo de Fomento da Pesca - FFP). In summary, faith based organizations and government institutions manage to provide the basic services and meet some of the needs of the population. The weak presence of NGOs, CBOs and government institutions within the Corumana Dam area will not facilitate the mitigation of the dam s completion work impact, as there are few support networks already established on the ground and the communities have a strong sense that all mitigation measures must be provided from the outside and be cost-free. Notwithstanding, community leaderships and church based social support groups can be useful to mobilize communities to participate in the implementation of mitigation measures. Community Organization and Conflict Resolution Mechanisms The following leadership forms and social groups provide the basis for overall local social and political organization and conflict management: Administrative Post government institutions, providing the basic services of education (primary schools), health services (Health Post and First Aid Health Post) and support to livestock production (veterinary services); and Community leadership: the neighbourhood secretary and the traditional leader régulo. Communities are commonly organized around two forms of leadership that are not always easily distinguishable one from another: the neighbourhood secretary, government representative, and the régulo, the traditional community leader, recognized by the government. Corumana communities recognize both forms of leadership and use them in different ways to reach specific targets: seeking conflict resolution with the traditional leader or seeking access to land and livelihood distribution through the neighbourhood secretary. The community leaders are usually appointed to their position, rather than selected by community choice; however the community has some degree of power to press for their substitution in case they fail to fulfil their tasks as leaders. The Neighbourhood Secretary is usually appointed by the Chief of Locality, while the régulo is a descendant from the family that has traditionally occupied this position the role is passed from one generation to another, through a selection process carried out by the family members within the family. Power balance between both forms of leadership shifts from one of leadership to another. In recent communities such as Ndindiza, resettled from Magonela area 72

75 in 2002 due to the creation of the Sabie Game Park, neither form of leadership is particularly strong, and the social organization is rather loose. Social support networks based on kinship (extended family) and on religious faith (church based groups). Family support networks are used for financial support (remittances from migrant relatives working in South Africa or Maputo city) and for labour. Church based groups, on the other hand, seem to be the best organized and most powerful social networks for support in times of need, such as death of a relative and weddings. Community leaders are often members of these groups and take part in support actions. Traditional leaders and the neighbourhood secretaries play a fundamental role in community decision making processes providing guidance and essential inputs. In what concerns community external issues, such as the dam completion works and population resettlement, communities expect to be guided by their leaders in relation to what to do. Although both men and women envisage their participation in the process and have views in relation to what should be done, they do not perceive themselves as decision-makers. This role is left for community leaders who, they believe, will defend communities' interests and make the best decision possible for them. A variety of social conflicts are reported, such as marital conflicts, robberies and cattle theft which are solved through similar community-based mechanisms. The mechanism is usually the following: i) the problem is presented to the Head of the Block by the aggrieved party; ii) the Head of the Block meets with the conflicting parties, together with three other community elders, to discuss and seek a solution to the problem; iii) if it the conflict is not solved with this meeting, the Head of the Block forwards it to the local Grupo Dinamizador, which is responsible for social affairs; iv) the same group meets with the Grupo Dinamizador to seek a solution to the conflict; and v) if the conflict is not solved at the Grupo Dinamizador level, it is forwarded to customary Land Chief. He/she meets with the same group and the Grupo Dinamizador, and if this too fails to solve the conflict the case is forwarded to the Community Court, the highest conflict resolution mechanism available. Mouth-to-mouth communication channels play an important role in the community organization mechanisms. A mixed social network of local authorities, religious groups and traditional leaders is normally used for mouth-to-mouth delivery of important information and meeting announcements throughout the local population of all the communities in the Sabíe Administrative Post. This social network plays an important role in ensuring a better understanding of project related issues and activities. 73

76 5 Methodology of RAP This section looks at the methodological process that was followed to elaborate the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). The objective of the resettlement program should be to improve or at least restore, in real terms, the incomes and standards of living of the affected people (World Bank, 2004:15) 21 The qualitative, quantitative, geographic and visual information gathered as part of the SIA was used to produce the building blocks for the resettlement action plan. The identification of the impacts due to people and asset relocation and the potential mitigation measures resulted from the survey analysis as it was the identification of the final list of affected people and assets (PAPs). This analysis informed the asset valuation and compensation framework as well as the design of the income restoration programs and global budget of RAP. Figure 3-1 bellow summarizes the steps taken to elaborate the RAP: 21 World Bank (2004), Involuntary resettlement sourcebook: planning and implementation in development projects. 74

77 Figure 5-1: RAP Survey Process 5.1 Survey methods In order to have a good understanding of the project affected area and possible resettlement site alternatives data was obtained from various sources that ranged from a literature review of relevant studies, documents and legislation, to gathering of primary data and direct interviews with key individuals and institutions. These are explained in more detail bellow Literature review Relevant data was collected from secondary (literature) sources and primary (affected communities) sources, with an effort to ensure that the data collection was as participatory and inclusive as possible for the affected communities and their leaderships. Data collected from secondary sources considered officially recognized sources at national, provincial and international level and also from plans and projects proposed by public or private institutions, working in the study area. The secondary data sources include: Mozambique Population Data from 1997 and 2007 Population Census; Household data from the 2002 and 2008 Household Survey by the Na- 75

78 tional Statistics Institute; Data from the 2001 Survey on Basic Welfare Indicators; Data from the 2003 and 2007 Fisheries Census; 2011 Maputo Provincial Development Plan (Draft Version); Minutes of meetings of the Incomati Basin Management Unit; 2005 Moamba District Profile; Moamba District Development Plan for 2007; Sabíe Administrative Post January-August 2010 Progress Report (Draft); Population Data from Localities of Sabíe Administrative Post by Locality Chiefs; and ODA Database Primary data collection Data collected from primary sources considered a baseline socioeconomic survey, interviews with government officials, a public consultation meeting and meetings with the interested and affected parties. Direct interviews were conducted with government officials at national, provincial and district level to identify main issues and concerns related to the completion works of the Corumana Dam. One public consultation meeting was held with local communities and their leaderships to present the completion works, the assessment process and gather concerns and expectations around the completion works in Corumana Dam. Following the public consultation meeting, a socioeconomic baseline was conducted. The baseline survey collected qualitative, quantitative and visual data from affected households, small plot farmers, local traditional leaderships and infrastructures located in all of the communities surrounding the reservoir and thus affected by the inundation levels of 120 masl. Specific questionnaires were designed to inquire about households, resource use and infrastructure use. During this process, Interested and Affected Parties were also identified and contacted to share information about the project and the ESIA process, for them to raise their concerns and expectations on the completion works of the Corumana Dam. An additional questionnaire was designed to gather information from the Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs). Four thematic focus group discussion guidelines were also designed to guide the discussions with community members in what concerns community life, resources use, livelihoods and infrastructure and service provision (see qualitative survey section bellow for more information). 76

79 The baseline survey was initiated on November 8, 2010 with a public consultation meeting with affected communities and ended on November 27, covering the communities living around the reservoir. An additional 3 days were needed in December for baseline data validation, plus one additional day in January 2011 for public infrastructure survey and 7 days in February 2011 to correct the overlapping of plots previously surveyed in November A similar survey of the saddle dam area took place in February 2011 for 8 days, from January 31st to February 8th. After completion of the field work, the impact assessment team received aerial photography of Corumana dam. When confirming field work survey results with aerial photographs, an additional 34 houses and 11 plots were identified that still required survey work (gathering of information, georeferences and photographs). As per decision of the client, ARA-Sul conducted a simple survey to identify the owners of these houses, collecting georeferences and photographs for each. ARA-Sul s survey took place between May and June 2011, with tools and reference coordinates provided by the consultant. With regards to the houses, the reality in the field showed that only 24 houses existed, plus an additional 3 abandoned houses in Ndindiza. The remaining 7 structures identified by aerial photography were not individual residential units, but rather infrastructures belonging to some of the 24 identified houses. With regards to the plots, one is already inundated by seasonal flooding of the reservoir and could not be located on the field; thus 10 plots remain to be surveyed. Until the moment of producing the current report, ARA-Sul was able to identify four of the 10 plots; the remaining six are yet to be located. The simple survey carried out by ARA-Sul did not gather qualitative and quantitative survey for the description of the affected assets. Due to this, it is proposed that in the Resettlement Planning phase a thorough survey is done to gather the qualitative and quantitative socioeconomic information from the 24 houses and 10 plots Quantitative Survey The Consultant collected primary data from households with houses, land for agriculture, engaged in grazing or extraction of natural resources and other infrastructures within the area that to be inundated with the completion of the Corumana Dam and its buffer zone. Structured questionnaires for households, plots and infrastructure other than houses were designed to collect data that are more specific to the asset. Full copies of these questionnaires can be found in the Social Impact Assessment (SIA) Report. Household survey The household survey was carried out with all households residing within the inundated area of the reservoir and the saddle dam of Corumana Dam, and its respective buffer zones. This was a quantitative survey, using a 30-minute structured questionnaire. 77

80 The survey aimed at looking into social variables such as gender, age, language, mobility and major socioeconomic indicators, to allow for a broad description of the identified households. The survey also included the basic livelihood strategies and housing. This included the different income sources, residential building materials, existing annexes, size of the homestead's plot, access to services, etc. A specific section was included in the questionnaire to enquire on livelihoods related to fisheries and their importance as compared to other livelihood strategies. Interviews were carried in the household, with the head of the household or the oldest household member available. All households have a technical data sheet with a picture of the homestead plot: Plots were marked by GPS, to be included in the GIS database and report maps. Infrastructure survey According to the ToRs, the infrastructure survey should identify infrastructure related to availability of electricity, pathways and accesses, water sources, social and leisure infrastructures. The infrastructure survey aimed at collecting indicators such as: Availability of electricity: including information on the source, alternative sources, users of electricity, activities which require electricity, among other; Pathways and accesses: including information on classification of roads, flux, maintenance, access to the different areas (dwellings, production, cult, leisure areas), main intersections, etc.; Water sources: including information on diversity of water sources used, cost of accessing water, maintenance and safety of water sources, consumption levels, different uses, etc.; Social infrastructures: including information on the number of schools and hospitals, number of users, quality of construction material, adjacent constructions to these infrastructures, etc.; and Leisure infrastructures: these included sports fields, gardens, parks, culture houses and associations, among others. Although an infrastructure survey was carried out through the household survey, a separate infrastructure focused-questionnaire allowed identification of owners or users that have a private or public infrastructure within the inundation area. All identified infrastructures were mapped and registered through photographs and GPS coordinates. Resource use survey The resource use survey aimed to study mainly the land used for agriculture, horticulture, pasture/grazing and firewood/ extraction of natural resources. All land owned and used for production, commonly known as machamba, located within the inundation area was listed, their owners identified and their GPS coor- 78

81 dinates taken. The plot owners whose households are also located within the inundation area were interviewed and their plots registered using GPS coordinates and photographs. Although a resource use survey was carried out through the household survey, a separate questionnaire was designed to interview owners or users of land whose machambas were located within the area to be inundated and its buffer zone. The owner or user was asked about products cultivated in the land, estimate production volumes, average income revenue, plans for expansion and expected impact due to the existing investments. Complementary to the basic livelihood assessment carried out through the household survey, a more detailed assessment of the Corumana Community was done to enquire about the fishing practices and livelihoods associated with the Corumana reservoir. A focus group discussion with the three fishing associations operating in the Dam assessed the importance of fisheries compared to other livelihoods; gathered concerns and expectations towards the proposed construction works; and assessed training and infrastructure needs for the community to cope with the expected change. Additionally, a meeting was held with the head of the Community Fishing Council, followed by a visit to the two main fishing spots (Jone and Fungotine) Qualitative Survey In order to better understand the socioeconomic dynamics of the affected population and the communities they live in, their understanding of the project, concern and expectations as well as to allow for a crosscheck and validation of the information obtained from the quantitative surveys, a range of qualitative methods were used and are described bellow. Semi-Structured Interviews Prior to the baseline survey, technical meetings were held with senior representatives of the National Water Directorate, the Incomati River Management Unit (UGBI) and the Regional Water Administration Board for Southern Mozambique (ARA-Sul). Technical meetings were also held with the Maputo Province Directorates of Public Works and Housing and of Public Finances and Planning, Moamba District Administration and Sabíe Administrative Post. The meetings were used to inform the authorities in detail about the completion works of the Dam and assessment process, and gather their concerns and expectations related to the works. Focus Group Discussions with Communities In order to fully understand the reality of Corumana communities everyday lives and their socioeconomic and environmental relation with the Dam, to assess the impact of the completion works on them, focus groups discussions were held with the communities located around the dam, namely Chavane, Fungotine, Babitine, Ligongolo, Ndindiza, Jone and Panganine. All members of the commu- 79

82 nities were invited to participate in the focus groups discussions regardless of whether they were directly or indirectly affected by the inundation. Focus group discussions followed thematic grids with semi-structured and openended questions on resources and economic life, infrastructure and service provision, historical and demographic dynamics, social relations and vulnerabilities. Full copies of these grids can be found in the Social Impact Assessment (SIA) Report. Group discussions started with a collective, participatory drawing of a map of the community s life; followed by open-ended thematic discussions. The focus groups analysis had a gender approach. Separate group discussions were held with men and women, to counteract the fact that in Southern Mozambique the power of voice and speech is traditionally granted to men, while women and children are seen but not heard. Given the weight of fishing in the economy of households around the Dam, a separate focus group discussion was held with the Fishing Community Council and representatives of three fishing associations that are members of the Council Public consultation Prior to the beginning of the baseline survey, one public consultation meeting was held with the communities located around the dam, to present the completion works, the assessment process and gather their concerns and expectations around the completion works. DNA and ARA-Sul representatives also participated in these meetings. The selection of resettlement sites was done in two phases. Firstly, consultation was held with the affected communities to map alternative sites for resettlement. Secondly, following the community consultation, two consultation meetings were held with the Head of the Sabíe Administrative Post, the Chiefs of the hosting Localities and hosting community leaders (Chiefs of Land and Neighbourhood Secretaries). The proposed resettlement sites were visited in order to select the areas and analyze the improvements needed for the benefit of both the resettled and the hosting populations Sampling The target groups for each survey tool designed are described in Table 5-1 bellow. For households that had a house and a machamba or another infrastructure within the area to be inundated and its buffer zone, only the household questionnaire was applied. The infrastructure checklist was only applied for each additional asset that they had. 80

83 Key Informants Stakeholders Community Leaders and population Fisher folks & Associations Residential Infrastructure Machamba Infrastructure Infrastructure Table 5-1: Survey Tool by target group Private Public Survey Tool Scoping trip guide Stakeholder data sheet 4 Household listing guide Machamba listing guide 7 Infrastructure listing guide Household questionnaire Resource use questionnaire 134 Infrastructure checklist 26 5 Participatory Community Map Livelihood assessment group discussion guide 1 Resource use group discussion guide 4 Infrastructure group discussion guide 4 GIS-photographical Data Sheet Source: Baseline Survey by AustralCOWI, 2010 The sampling strategy proposed in the contract was revised and adjusted according to information collected during the scoping visit and directly at the moment of the baseline survey. Focus Group Discussions sampling Four participatory focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted to produce a qualitative baseline. Contrary to the quantitative baseline, the sample of the qualitative baseline does not need to be representative. Instead, this sample aims at gathering in-depth understanding of the most relevant issues affecting the assessment of the completion works in the Corumana Dam. Table 5-2 shown bellow presents the sample distribution for the qualitative baseline that was actually enquired in Corumana Reservoir Area. 6 Table 5-2. Qualitative baseline sample distribution in Corumana Dam Surveys Stakeholder meeting and scoping visit Beneficiary assessment (rural participatory appraisal) Livelihood assessment Resource use 81 Infrastructure Planned Surveyed Source: Baseline Survey by AustralCOWI, 2010 Total

84 There is a difference between planned and conducted focus group discussions in terms of type of survey. Projections from DNA indicated that there would be 4 to 5 affected communities around the reservoir, whereas the baseline survey found seven communities (Chavane, Fungotine, Babitine, Ligongolo, Ndindiza, Jone and Panganine). Due to disperse location and long distances between communities, lack of transportation and bad road quality, a different focus group discussion approach was designed in order to compensate and the lack of participation of community members during the Consultation Meeting. That included a series of rural participatory maps around the reservoir and the meeting with the Stakeholders as part of a meeting with the Management Committee Meeting. For the FGDs about livelihood, resource and infrastructure the team gathered neighbour communities when possible (such was the case for Fungotine, Ligongolo and Babitine). Male and female participants were divided into smaller groups in order to ensure participation from affected population that have different access to basic infrastructures and resources. The scoping trip and stakeholder analysis conducted in Chavane indicated that the baseline survey would require more time than planned due to the scatter population. All FGDs with affected communities were conducted in the local language Xichangana, to ensure full understanding of the issue and participation, particularly of women who are generally not fluent in Portuguese. Participants in focus group discussions reluctantly allowed to record the discussion, and did not allow photographs to be taken, as they feared the photographs would allow identifying the persons who had voiced specific concerns or provided specific information. Household sampling Projections received from DNA indicated that the completion works in the Corumana Dam would lead to the resettlement of roughly 330 people or 60 households. In the approved methodology, it was proposed that only the population to be resettled is surveyed in totality. 80 houses belonging to an equal number of affected households, of which three already abandoned houses 22, were found to be 22 A total of 72 households were surveyed by the baseline and their affected location checked with GPS coordinates. However, given the large extension of the survey area, only after the analysis of the coordinates with GIS it was possible to identify the affected households. Of the 72 inquired households, 53 were found to have their house affected. The remaining 19 households are located outside the 120 masl, saddle dam and respective buffer zones. Additionally, when confirming field work survey results with aerial photographs, 34 houses were identified that still required survey work. ARA-Sul conducted a simple survey to identify the owners of these houses, collecting georeferences and photographs for each. The reality in the field showed that only 27 houses existed, of which 3 are abandoned houses in Ndindiza. The remaining 7 structures identified by aerial photography were not individual residential units, but rather infrastructures belonging to some of the 27 identified houses. 82

85 directly affected by the completion works in the dam (including the fuse plug emergency spillway), and thus in need of resettlement. Sampled households were identified through GPS, with support from community leaders and an ARA-Sul technician allocated to the survey team. Existing geodesic landmarks set up by DNA in 2005, supported the validation of sample in the communities where they still exist 23. The same process was followed to identify affected plots as well as public and private infrastructure. Resource use sampling A total of 230 plots were found within the area to be inundated by the 120 masl and the saddle dam with its buffer zone of 500 m. A total of 220 farm plots were surveyed by the baseline and their affected location checked with GPS coordinates. They were all found to be located within the area to be inundated. Additionally, when confirming field work survey results with aerial photographs, 11 farm plots or machambas were identified that still require survey work. Of these, one is already inundated by seasonal flooding of the reservoir and could not be located; thus 10 plots remained to be surveyed. As per decision of the client, ARA-Sul conducted a simple survey to identify the owners of these farm plots, collecting georeferences and photographs for each. ARA-Sul was able to identify nine of the 10 plots; the remaining one (ID 3006) has not been located 24 despite four field visits conducted with the support of coordinates of reference. The start up of the baseline survey coincided with the beginning of the rain season in November Due to this, the vast majority of affected plots identified were not yet ploughed. The verification of plot dimension was limited to the owner indications. Most of the plots limits are not marked by physical landmarks. As a result, some owners did not provide an accurate location and size of their plot, in some cases going to another owner s plot, and causing the overlapping of neighbour plots. This overlapping was confirmed by the GIS analysis, and corrected in February Some of the overlapping plots were fully inundated in February 2011 due to the heavy rains of January and could not be corrected via GPS, for these the baseline survey will use the quantitative information provided in the resources use questionnaire. Infrastructure sampling The infrastructures identified within the inundation area comprise 25 family graves (within family land property), one church and four high voltage electricity posts of the Komatipoort Power Line. The entrance of the Sabie Game Park (SGP) will not be inundated. 23 Since being set up by ARA-Sul in 2005, a considerable portion of geodesic landmarks have been taken away or removed by local communities. 24 As suggested in the RAP Budget (Chapter 15), plot 3006 will be covered by the baseline survey that will take place in the RAP Planning phase, gathering socioeconomic data from all houses and plots covered by ARA-Sul s simple survey. 83

86 Other relevant economic, social and religious infrastructures for community life also identified outside the inundation area (thus not affected) include: Health Post (Chavane, ARA-Sul Camp) Three Cycle-1 Primary Schools (Babitine, Ligongolo and Ndindiza) Complete Primary School (Chavane) Dirt road linking Mahungo and the Sabíe Game Park Several churches Public cemetery (Chavane) Bridge (Mahungo) Several stalls and shops (Mahungo and Chavane) Areas for extraction of medicine plants (border with South Africa and mount Corumana) Sacred areas in the Mahungo and Malengane mounts GIS and Photographic Database and Mapping The GPS coordinates taken were inserted in the GIS software to draw maps of affected communities, pertaining to affected households, plots and infrastructures. These maps were linked with photographs taken in the field. In order to elaborate an Identification Document (ID) of each of the affected households, pictures of 80 houses, 224 farm plots and 31 infrastructures were taken. This will be used as an Identification Card for the Affected Households, containing the conditions in which each one of the assets were at the moment of the Baseline Survey Quality Control The baseline survey team was composed of two survey managers, one supervisor, one assistant, three GPS technicians and five interviewers. All were trained to apply the survey methodology and use the GPS. All questionnaires and coordinates sheets from surveyed households, plots and infrastructure were reviewed by the team supervisors, while the coordinator made quality checks to selected questionnaires and coordinates sheets. Sheets were attached to corresponding questionnaires and photographs were titled on a daily basis during fieldwork. General fieldwork impressions were shared with local community leaders on a regular basis to validate the methodology in use. Due to inconsistency on data, a second, shorter fieldwork of data collection took place in mid December to validate some fieldwork data and verify information 84

87 gathered. This process ensured quality of information, although implied some delays in data entering and further data analysis Data Analysis The data gathered through the baseline survey (household, plot and infrastructure questionnaires) entered into SPSS databases; complemented with the qualitative information gathered through the FGDs. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate the current situation of the affected population. The GPS coordinates were inserted in the ArcGIS software to draw maps of affected communities, pertaining to affected households, plots and infrastructures. These maps were linked with photographs taken in the field. Further analysis of type of affected houses and farm plots, their classification and size estimation of houses and farm plots were used for the analysis of impact as part of the SIA. 85

88 6 Census and Socioeconomic Surveys This section will describe the affected households and assets based on information obtained with the baseline survey 25. In summary, the completion works of Corumana Dam are likely to affect 187 households with 341 assets affected by the project as follows: 80 households whose residential units would be reached by the maximum water level (i.e. 120 masl) and that are found within its buffer zone of 250 m, or within the buffer zone of 500 m along the saddle dam, will be relocated as follows: 14 houses, of which one of the three abandoned houses in the community of Ndindiza, will have their residential units affected by the rise of the water level to its maximum level (i.e 120 masl); 19 houses, of which two of the three abandoned houses in the community of Ndindiza, located within the buffer zone of 250 m from the maximum water level boundary around the reservoir (i.e. 120 masl); 47 households whose residential units are located within the buffer zone of 500 m along the saddle dam; 230 recession farm plots will be relocated as follows: 185 recession farm plots will reached by the maximum water level around the reservoir, (i.e. 120 masl), belonging to 25 households also affected in their residential unit; 45 recession farmers will be within the buffer zone of 500 m of the saddle dam, belonging to 4 also affected households (See Figure 3-4); 25 Of the 80 households affected in their residential units, 53 were covered by the Consultant s baseline survey. The remaining 27 were covered by the simple survey conducted by ARA-Sul, in which geographic coordinates and photographs were taken but no socioeconomic data was gathered. 86

89 25 family graves around the reservoir that are going to be reached by the maximum water level, (i.e. 120 masl) will need to be relocated, belonging to 4 also affected households; 1 Church within the buffer zone of 500 m of the saddle dam will need to be relocated, belonging to one also affected household; 4 high voltage electricity Towers will be reached by the maximum water level, (i.e. 120 masl) and will need to be relocated (or additional studies will be required to identify technical solutions for the foundation and the isolation of the towers); 1 former military base belonging to ARA-Sul, no longer at use, will be within the 500m buffer zone of the saddle dam; and During a 1 in 200 return year flood event, and at increased FSL of 117 masl, the backwater effect (upstream inundation in a flood event) extends approximately 1,195 m into South Africa and is confined to the river channel. The backwater effects of the 1 in 200 return year flood event for the present FSL of 111 masl will extend 690 m into South Africa. The backwater effect for an alternative scenario of a FSL of 115 masl during a 1 in 200 return year flood event will reach 1,050 m into South Africa. For detailed analysis of the environmental impact and possible operational options, a separate EIA was prepared. There are no infrastructures or human settlements identified in the impacted area in the Republic of South Africa s Kruger National Park. The affected families and assets are distributed per seven different communities located around the reservoir, named Chavane, Ligongolo, Fungotine, Babitine, Ndindiza, Jone and Panganine. The resettlement of affected families will not be homogeneous. Some of the affected communities are both affected and the resettlement communities. The selected resettlement sites are inhabited and include areas for housing and for farming and cattle raising. The Chavane community has the highest number of affected households, a total of 54. At the same time this community will also host some affected households. Chavane Neighbourhood has settlements with both urban and rural characteristics. About 30% of its area benefits from electricity and water supply whilst the remaining 70% have no infrastructure. Most affected households come from the outskirts of the neighbourhood, due to the increase of the reservoir s maximum inundation level (120 masl). The Ligongolo Community, 13 km from ARA-Sul s campground, has very rural characteristics. Housing is dispersing, often more than 1 km apart. Housing areas are adjacent to farming and cattle raising areas. Ligongolo has a Primary School and a Health Post. The Ligongolo Community has sufficient space for new housing and new farming and cattle raising areas, especially near mount Corumana. 87

90 The population of hosting communities has been involved in the identification of two main areas as potential hosting communities of the displaced population from all communities around the reservoir: Chavane and Ligongolo. Chavane might host the households displaced from the saddle dam and Ligongolo, whose resettlement area spreads down to the outskirts of Fungotine community, might host communities from Babitine, Ndindiza, Fungotine and Ligongolo. 6.1 General socioeconomic profile of the project area Broadly speaking, all seven communities around the reservoir are living under the poverty line with limited access to social infrastructure such as schools, health services and water supply. Communication and transportation only reaches Chavane, near the dam, while it takes two hours to get to the other side of the reservoir where there is no public transportation, Mozambican radio or telephone. Mobile coverage barely reaches the area. The closest market for the population to sell their crops and buy goods such as seeds, vaccines or fertilizers for their production is about three hours away from those communities. The average size per agriculture plot is 2.16 ha among PAPs. Out of the total, 1.3% plots are larger than 5 ha, 67% of plots are sized between 1 and 5 ha and 32% of plots are sized less than 1 ha. In Chavane, PAPs have smaller plots since they live in a more concentrated setting in the middle of the village, while in Babitine, PAPs have a more rural setting with larger plots up to 5 ha or larger. The average house is a traditional African hut with dirt floor covered with dried grass. Some houses are made of stick-and-mud or bricks and are covered with zinc sheet. Some also posses structures to store rain water. Most households have complementary adjacent compartments such as kitchen, barn and separate bath room and latrine. There is only one large house found in the buffer zone of the reservoir made of conventional materials near the locality of Jone. It was not possible to see the approval documents for the construction of the property. Since the construction works were subject of a special license, the compensation for this property should be subject of the approval of the Provincial Governor. Most affected people have a mix of income generating activities as coping livelihood strategies, including subsistence agriculture, cattle grazing and fishing. However, the third income source, among the affected households, is formal employment after agriculture and cattle breeding. Thus, for relocated households the impact due to the change of location and accessibility compare to the place of employment will need to be carefully assessed with affected families during the RAP implementation. Current extraction of fish is about 30 tons per year. Actual fishing is mainly done by men, while women are highly involved in the activity by owning the boats and commercialising the fish. There are 26 fishing camp sites around the reservoir with approximately 430 active fishermen, of which only 217 are legally licensed to fish. All camps are provisory, small and dispersed; however, four main 88

91 fishing areas concentrate larger quantities of boats. These areas can be suggested for vegetation clearing before inundation to ensure free access to the reservoir. Two of the four sites, Jone and Fungotine, concentrate the larger number of fishermen and have wider extension, while Chavane and Mahungo are less extended. Access to social infrastructure in affected communities is very low compared with the district levels, and much lower than national standards. Access to health facilities can be found in Chavane, which is the only community providing maternity services; as well as in Ndindiza and Babitine with two first aid support centres. Cycle-1 primary schools can be found in Babitine, Ndindiza and Ligongolo, while Chavane has the only complete primary school in the project area. There is no access to electricity grid except in a restricted area in Chavane. Access to potable water is also restricted to Chavane, with a few scattered broken pumps around the reservoir. Thus, access to firewood and alternative water sources is an issue for relocation. Affected people and community members have a great sense of integration within their communities and enjoy the advantages of solidarity among its members. Only the community of Ndindiza, which was already resettled in 2002, shows a weak cohesion among its members. This fact led the ESIA consultants to believe that relocation has a long term effect on community integration, which can affect the social integration, sense of kinship among the community members and social support among them. It is important to highlight that Jone community will be target of two resettlement action plans, one related to the works of Corumana Dam and another separate one related to the potential creation of a game park south of the reservoir, the Ingwe Game Park. Local communities have raised the issue of conflict of interest upon the land near Jone and Chavane due to the land that is going to be assigned for the Ingwe Game Park. There is no problem of availability of land; however, there are problems related to the quality of land available. According to the surveyed communities, the land of Ndindiza and Jone is the best suitable for agriculture, located within the Lebombo South Landscape. These two communities are the ones that might need to move to a place with a different type of landscape (Acacia nigrescens Savannah), due to the land that is being allocated to the new Ingwe Game Park. 6.2 Specific Socioeconomic profile of affected communities This section will describe the specific characteristics of the affected households by community, paying attention to the following indicators: demographic indicators (such as gender, education level and age), access to public services, sanitation, energy sources, health, mortality, cemeteries and sacred sites, use and access to Resources, household Income, assets and Furniture, expenses and costs, nutrition and Social support networks. 89

92 The profile of the PAPs sets the setting on which the project is inserted as well as proposes some socioeconomic baseline indicators for project impact monitoring purposes and external auditing. It is important to note that these social indicators are in addition to other RAP performance indicators, namely those developed for internal monitoring purposes Origins of the communities living around the reservoir The communities around the reservoir are composed by local people from the region and immigrants, with a varied ethnic, racial and religious composition. 75,5% of the surveyed households were born in the district of Moamba and the remaining 24,5% came from outside the district. Among the affected population, all households have been residing around the Corumana Dam for more than 4 years. Those coming from the outside the project area were mainly from Cabo Delgado, Inhambane, Gaza and Maputo provinces. Due to the completion works the PAPs will be resettled in new areas. The affected communities have a strong sense of social cohesion and strong link with their neighbours, assets (land for agriculture and grazing). Special attention must be provided to families coming from outside the affected communities who, despite having lived there for many years, might struggle harder to adapt to the resettlement site. After families are resettled it is important that, in a few years time, the adaptation of resettled families is evaluated Household composition The survey considered as members of the household all those people who share, or contribute to, the household income; regardless of whether they permanently reside or not in the house. According to this definition, the 53 fully surveyed households were in average composed by 5 members, which is in line with the Moamba District sociologic profile (MAE, 2005:14). Of the surveyed households, 73,6% are headed by men and 24,6% by women. This percentage is slightly similar to that of the 1997 Population Census, which states that at national level 73% of households are headed by men and 27% by women. The average age of the heads of household is 49,69 years. Women head of household are relatively older, with an average age of 59,86 years. Men head of households are younger, with an average age of 53,38 years. No child-headed household was identified, while 14 elderly women headed households (33,3%) were identified, along with 8 widow women headed households, 3 single women headed households and only one married woman headed household. Of the male headed households, 10 are headed by elderly men and 6 by widow elderly. These households are more vulnerable comparatively to the 90

93 couple-headed households. Households headed by a single person are more vulnerable and thus must receive special attention in the RAP implementation. Table 6-1: Table of vulnerability Head of Household Nr of households Single-headed households (Male) 14 Single-headed households (Female) 39 Single women 3 Married woman 1 Widow woman 8 Children 0 Elderly men 5 Elderly women 10 Single elderly 2 Widow elderly Civil State of the heads of households Most of the heads of the affected households live in monogamous de facto marital relations (43,4%), while 22,6% are widows, 15,1% are married, 9,4% are single, 3,8% are separated or divorced and only 5,7% live in polygamous de facto marital relations. Single headed households are more vulnerable than those headed by a couple; the fact there are less single headed households than couple headed households should not lead to ignore this vulnerability. Single headed households will need special follow-up in the RAP implementation. Table 6-2: Civil state of the head of household Civil state of the head of household Nr % Single 5 9,4 Married 8 15,1 De facto marital relations, monogamous 23 43,4 De facto marital relations, polygamous 3 5,7 Divorced/ separated 2 3,8 Widow 12 22, Spoken Languages As shown in table 10, of the 53 fully surveyed households, 79,2% speak Changana, 9,4% speak English, 7,5% speak xitswa, 1,9% speaks Bitonga and 1,9% speaks Xichope. This is in line with the Moamba District Profile, according to 91

94 which 51,5% of the district population cannot speak Portuguese and instead speaks Changana as mother language (MAE, 2005:15). Table 6-3: Language spoken by the head of the household Language Nr % Portuguese 0 0 English 5 9,4 Ndau 0 0 Sena 0 0 Shona 0 0 Bitonga 1 1,9 Xitswa 4 7,5 Changana 42 79,2 Chope 1 1,9 Other Education levels and access to services The literacy rate of the surveyed households is low. 45,3% of the heads of household do not have any schooling, while 39,6% have not finished primary schooling, 9,4% have not finished the secondary schooling and only 5.7% finished the secondary schooling. Of the 14 women heads of households, 6 have not finished primary schooling and 7 do not have any schooling at all. The highest education level completed by the heads and members of the households is the primary schooling. According to the Moamba District Profile, 55% of the district population is illiterate and only 51% (mostly men) aged 5 years or older are or have been enrolled in primary schooling. This is quite significant, particularly for already vulnerable groups such as women heads of household as low educated households are more vulnerable to the project s impact. Furthermore a low educated community is more prone to fears, uncertainty and negative speculation regarding their future after the project impacts and requires more frequent information. As such dissemination of information strategies adequate to the education level should be implemented throughout the project area. This can be explained by the fact that the closest secondary school is located in the village of Moamba. To reach it, students must go to/from the village and this implies costs that most households cannot afford. Alternatively, it takes two hours to reach the secondary school by foot and one hour by car from the Corumana reservoir. Primary schools, however, tend to be located closer to the residential areas. In the Chavane community there is one Complete Primary School, while in Ndindiza, Babitine and Ligongolo there are three Cycle-One Primary 92

95 Schools (grades 1-5). PAPs demand one more complete primary school lecturing up to grade 7 and located closer than the one in Chavane, to which children must walk between one and a half and two hours by foot to reach it. They also demand a secondary school in Corumana. The existing schools will not be affected by the completion works of the dam; however, PAPs will be resettled in communities further away from these schools and will not be able to continue using them, except for the PAPs from Chavane. Table 6-4: Education level of head of household Education level Nr % None 24 45,3 Incomplete primary schooling 21 39,6 Complete primary schooling 5 9,4 Incomplete secondary schooling 2 3,8 Complete secondary schooling 1 1,9 University Health and access to services The only existing Health Post in the Corumana Dam area belongs to ARA-Sul and functions within its campground, located in Chavane. This Health Post also has a pharmacy and a maternity clinic. Although it belongs to a public institution, it serves the local population as well. Community members say that appointment fees are accessible (5,00MT); however the health post cannot fully answer the community demand. Complicated health problems and medicine prescriptions need to be taken to Sabíe, Moamba or even Maputo City. Local communities often resort to pedlars commonly known as ambulant pharmacies. They also resort to traditional healers for treatment of asthma and spiritual illness. 92, 5% of affected PAPs have access to the health post and it takes almost 30 minutes to get there. The only alternatives for the affected PAPs of the communities around the reservoir are the First Aid Posts in Ndindiza and Babitine. For households from outside Chavane, it takes three to four hours by foot to reach the Chavane Health Post. As this is the only Health Post with a Maternity, pregnant women must go to Chavane to give birth. The most common diseases in the surveyed households, in the month before the survey took place, are malaria and diarrhoea. Besides these, it was relatively common that one of the household members had cough, tooth ache or an ear, nose or throat disease. There is no information about the amounts paid by households to traditional doctors and the so-called ambulant pharmacies. There are no NGOs providing health services, or any other type of services, in the affected communities. 93

96 6.2.7 Primary and Secondary Activity of the heads of households Agriculture is the main and primary activity for 62,3% of the heads of households. After agriculture, employment in a given institution is the primary activity for 20,8% of the heads of households and self-owned businesses is for 3,8%. Shepherding and odd jobs are less practiced as primary activities (1,9% each, for heads of households). On the other hand, agriculture is also the secondary activity for 22,9% of heads of households, followed by self-owned businesses which are the secondary activity for 20% of heads of households. Table 6-5: Primary Activity of the head of household Activity Nr % Agriculture 33 62,3 Shepherding 1 1,9 Employee 11 20,8 Self-owned business 2 3,8 Odd jobs 1 1,9 Unemployed, seeking a job 0 0 Too old or sick to work 0 0 Domestic 0 0 Student 0 0 Other 5 9,4 Agriculture is the main activity for members of most of the surveyed households (39,6%). However, 23,5% of household members are students, followed by employed members (15,4%), unemployed members looking for a Job (6,7%), shepherds (6%) and 5,4% occupied as domestic workers in the house. Only 2,7% of household members run self-owned businesses and only one person does odd jobs. It is important to bear in mind that the surveyed communities are based on agriculture, so that when the PAPs are resettled they receive land for agriculture and have access to employment or other type of work. Table 6-6: Secondary Activity of the head of household Activity Nr % Agriculture 59 39,6 Shepherding 9 6 Employee 23 15,4 Self-owned business 4 2,7 Odd jobs 1 0,7 94

97 Unemployed, seeking a job 10 6,7 Too old or sick to work 0 0 Domestic 8 5,4 Student 35 23,5 Other Skills A considerable portion of the heads of households have driving skills (35,8%) while a smaller portion (17%) can operate other types of machines. 11,3 % of the heads of households have knowledge about agriculture, the same number of households have skills in electronics and 11.3% in bumbling, 9,4% have mechanics skills and the same number has skills in stocking. Although they have acquired skills to work in these areas, not all of them have actually worked. 15,1% has worked as a driver, 7,5% has worked as a machinery operator, 3,8% has worked in plumbing and only 1.9% respectively has worked with electricity, electronics and carpentry. Despite this, 62,3% of the households do not have skills nor have worked in driving, 88,7% with electricity and 90,6% in carpentry. The area with the less skilled people is carpentry. Table 6-7: Skills of the head of the household Skills Is skilled or has acquired skills Has worked in the area Has never worked but has skills Has never worked and does not have skills Nr % Nr % Nr % Nr % Driving 19 35,8 8 15,1 8 15, ,3 Operator of any type of machinery ,5 5 9, Mechanics 5 9,4 2 3,8 5 9, ,9 Knowledge on agriculture 6 11,3 2 3,8 5 9, ,2 Electricity 5 9,4 1 1,9 5 9, ,7 Electronics 6 11,3 1 1,9 5 9, ,8 Plumbing 6 11,3 2 3,8 6 11, ,9 Carpentry 4 7,5 1 1,9 4 7, ,6 Stocking 5 9, , ,6 Helper 4 7, , ,6 Blacksmith 5 9,4 3 5,7 5 9, ,9 Construction 3 5,7 3 5,7 3 5, ,7 95

98 Other , ,1 The fact that a rather small portion of households (11,3%) has agriculture training is an indicator that needs monitoring throughout the RAP implementation. It will be useful to train the remaining households in agrarian practices for subsistence agriculture and in trade of agriculture production. These households will also have to be monitored. This will allow for a better understanding of the income restoration support as well as to measure the extent to which, after resettlement, agriculture continues or not to have the same status as a source of livelihood security against income shortages Income In the month that preceded the survey, the most common sources of income for surveyed families were remittances (20,8%) and salaries earned (15,1%), followed by profit from self-owned businesses (15,1%), selling of agriculture produce (13,2%), selling of cattle (11,3%) and selling of fish (7,5%). There are 5.7% of other households who have other sources of income. This suggests that, within the affected zone, agriculture is mostly practiced for subsistence and not for income generation. Notwithstanding, the main income sources are related to agriculture or the exploitation of resources accessible in agriculture areas. It is relevant to note that regular income from salaries is scarce and precarious, for only nine households get income from this source. Table 6-8: Income sources Income sources Nr % Remittances 11 20,8 Profit from self-owned business 8 15,1 Salaries 9 17,1 Odd jobs 1 1,9 Rents 0 0 Selling of cattle 6 11,3 Selling of agriculture produce 7 13,2 Selling of produce from animals 0 0 Selling of firewood 0 0 Selling of natural products 0 0 Selling of fish 4 7,5 Selling of medicinal herbs 0 0 Selling of construction materials 1 1,9 Selling of art crafts 0 0 Selling of other natural resources

99 Other 3 5,7 The average monthly income of households in the month that preceded the survey was less than 2.472,08 Mt. Households receiving remittances (20,8%) have higher incomes than those living off the sale of agriculture produce (13,2%) Expenses The most common expenses done in the month that preceded the baseline survey (October 2010) were related to the acquisition of food products (96,2%), followed by church related expenses (50,9%), transportation (45,3%), energy (43,4%), clothing (35,8%), cell phone airtime (28,3%) and medical expenses (26,4%). The reason why nearly all households have expenses with food products is that there is little diversity of household produce. The weak expenditure in other categories of expense points that the households are still greatly dependent upon the surrounding environment for their subsistence, e.g. for obtaining energy and water. Yet a significant portion of household invest in agriculture products for the plot, including seeds and fertilizers (32,1%). This suggests that the amount of production is not enough to produce a surplus for sale and for production. Table 6-9: Expenses at household level Type of expense Nr % Food 51 96,2 Transportation (ticket) 24 45,3 School expenses (books, notebooks, uniform) 10 18,9 Clothing 19 35,8 Funeral/ Savings 5 9,4 Energy (petrol, firewood, etc) 23 43,4 Cell phone 15 28,3 Water (acquisition and transportation) 4 7,5 Health or medical related expenses 14 26,4 Furniture 6 11,3 Rent (house rent) 1 1,9 Agriculture related expenses (seed, fertilizer) 17 32,1 Cattle related expenses 6 11,3 97

100 House construction/ maintenance 11 20,8 Church related expenses 27 50,9 There is little investment with the construction or maintenance of the house (20,8%) and education (18,9%). The latter might be linked with the fact that the surveyed household have not gone beyond primary schooling and a small portion of household members is in primary school age. Other expenses are related to funerals (9,4%) when someone dies. According to the focus group discussions, in Chavane there are no social support networks the community gives moral support but the family copes alone with the burial costs. Transportation (45,3%) is considered very expensive and household members usually travel by foot or bicycle to save money. 20,8% of household members own bicycles, and there are no public or private transportation systems between the communities around the reservoir. Chapas circulate from Chavane to/from Sabíe and Moamba. As the existing dirt road linking the communities around the reservoir is in bad shape and no transport circulates, households from Ligongolo, Babitine, Ndindiza, Fungotine, Panganine and Jone must go by foot or ask for a ride in order to reach Chavane and get an informal chapa Possessions There are no considerable differences among surveyed households, in what concerns goods owned. Almost all households (86,8%) own one bed and (88,9%) own one hoe (key good for agriculture, primary activity). About 35,8% of households own a wheelbarrow, used in agriculture and other tasks. Most households own chairs (66%) and tables (54,7%). 18,9% of households own a car, 20,8% own bicycles and 17% own motorbikes as means of transportation within/ to outside the community. Households own other goods such as: television (20,8%), freezer (18,9%), solar panel and sewing machine (7,5% each). Table 6-10: Goods owned by households Good Nr % Bed 46 86,8 Bicycle 11 20,8 Chairs Coal stove 22 41,5 Firewood stove 20 37,7 Closet 25 47,2 Hoe 47 88,7 Mill 14 26,4 98

101 Cell phone 32 60,4 Mosquito net 15 28,3 Car 10 18,9 Radio 20 37,7 Sewing machine 4 7,5 Motorbike 9 17 Table 29 54,7 Wheelbarrow 19 35,8 Television 11 20,8 Freezer 10 18,9 Solar panel 4 7,5 Other 13 24,5 Changes in this indicator could reflect changes in household income security and would need to be correlated as far as is possible with impacts of resettlement, people s livelihood adjustment strategies and the extent of participation of PAPs in RAP income restitution activities Sources of Water and Energy In general the surveyed households use the water from the dam or the river to drink, wash and cook during the rainy season (41,5%). During the dry season 18,9% of households resort to water fountains. Only one household said to have a tap, outside home, which is used to get water for drinking, washing and cooking in both seasons. Another household claimed to use the water well to drink and wash in both seasons. This might be linked with the fact that there is no plumbing water in Babitine, Fungotine, Ligongolo, Jone and Ndindiza despite their close location to the reservoir; and also to the fact that the plumbing system in Chavane is precarious and the water has no pressure. Table 6-11: Water to drink, wash and cook in the rainy and dry seasons used by the households Water to drink/ Rainy season Nr % Water to drink/ Dry season Nr % Tap inside the house 0 0 Tap inside the house 0 0 Tap outside the house 1 1,9 Tap outside the house 1 1,9 Public fountain 10 18,9 Public fountain 10 18,9 Well 0 0 Well 0 0 Borehole 1 1,9 Borehole 1 1,9 River/ reservoir 22 41,5 River/ reservoir 29 54,7 Rain 10 18,9 Rain 2 3,8 Bottled water 0 0 Bottled water 0 0 Other 0 0 Other 9 17 No answer 0 0 No answer 1 1,9 88,7% of households uses firewood to cook while only 3,8% use coal. 3,8% use oil and another 3,8% use a car battery or solar panel. While the main source of energy for light is oil (52,8%), electricity is used by 34% of households. Only 99

102 1,9% uses coal for this purpose. In general the areas in which households extract firewood are not very distant from the house, they can be reached in 30 minutes. Table 6-12: Source of energy used by the households Source of energy for cooking Nr % Source of energy for light N % Electricity 0 0 Electricity Gas 0 0 Gas 0 0 Oil/ Paraffin/ Kerosene 2 3,8 Oil/ Paraffin/ Kerosene 28 52,8 Coal 2 3,8 Coal 1 1,9 Firewood 47 88,7 Firewood 3 5,7 Car battery/ solar panel 2 3,8 Car battery/ solar panel 0 0 Cow dung 0 0 Cow dung 0 0 Other 0 0 Other 2 3,8 No answer 0 0 No answer 1 1, Sanitation 52,8% of surveyed households do not use any sanitation system and do their needs in the surrounding woods. 34% of households have traditional latrines and 7,5% have improved latrines. 1,9% has mentioned to have had a toilet connected to a sewage system and 1,9% has a toilet connected to a septic tank. Table 6-13: Sanitation used by the households Type of sanitation Nr % Toilet, connected to sewage system 1 1,9 Toilet, connected to septic tank 1 1,9 Improved latrine 4 7,5 Traditional latrine Ecological latrine 1 1,9 Does not use any sanitation system 28 52,8 No answer Type of Housing Current type of Housing The census fully identified 53 houses which classify as social housing, as per the classification in Ministerial Diploma 181/2010. Of the 53 houses fully identified by the census, one was a conventional house (masonry and zinc roof), 34 were mixed houses (reed walls and zinc roofs) and one was thatched huts. None of the houses has an indoor bathroom or kitchen. Only one house has a formal surrounding fence or wall. The remaining houses have hedges, if any. Most houses are multipurpose. On average, households have five buildings around the main house. At least two households have 11 and 10 constructions 100

103 within their household area. Multipurpose houses and bedrooms are composed of two rooms, whilst the other annexes only have one. In general terms, additional buildings are latrines, extra rooms, kitchens, barns and henhouses. Most buildings are rectangular or square. Only barns are round. An in-depth analysis of the structure and typical characteristics of housing concludes that the recurring model is construction with one single room and single inclined roof covering the minimum units. Roofs are inclined in order to ensure that rain water falls towards the same side. Houses usually have one bedroom and living room or one living room and two bedrooms. Most houses are made from reed and thatched or zinc roof. However, people who are better off build masonry houses. The typical house has three main rooms inside: a living room and two bedrooms. It is also common to build extra bedrooms as annexes. The parents sleep in one of the rooms and the children in the other until they reach their teenage years. For teenagers, people usually build rooms in the yard, if you have boys and girls you build separate rooms. In the yard, apart from the children s rooms, there is usually a kitchen, barn and a hencoop, if the family can afford it. The yard has no fence. The limits are usually verbally agreed upon with closest neighbours; they negotiate each one s plots limits Access to services and resources 92,5% of households has access to a Health Post and 88,7% has access to church. 86,8 % has access to an informal bus station and 83% has access to an informal market for the sale of agriculture produce (mostly stalls). Access to railway station and bank is particularly low, since these services are only available in the village of Moamba. 75,5% of households have access to a primary school and only 26,4% have access to a secondary school. There are no secondary and vocational training schools in the area of Corumana. Leisure infrastructures such as Houses of Culture, Sports Structures and Cinemas are also missing. The existing social and administrative services are located in the village of Moamba and from Corumana households need approximately 1h30 by chapa to get there. Table 6-14: Access to services and resources by households Services/ Resources Nr % Church 47 88,7 Primary school 40 75,5 101

104 Secondary school 14 26,4 Bus/chapa stop 46 86,8 Train station 26 49,1 Health Post 49 92,5 Stall 42 79,2 Market for agriculture produce Bank 12 22, Public Transportation 34% of the affected households need 5 to 30 minutes to reach a bus stop, 28,3% need 30 min to 1h and 22,6% takes more than 1h. Only 1 household claimed to take less than 5 minutes to reach a bus stop. Bus stops are only available for informal transportation services, known as chapa. Table 6-15: Time needed to reach a bus stop Time needed to reach a bus stop Nr % Less than 5 minutes 1 1,9 5 to 30 minutes minutes to 1 hour 15 28,3 More than 1 hour 12 22,6 No answer 7 13,2 Total Land owned for agriculture The Sabíe Valley has alluvial soils with a fertility ranging from average to high and good land use suitable for agriculture. According to the interviewees, the best land for agriculture is found in Jone and Ndindiza, corresponding to the Lebombo South. The land around the reservoir is part of the Acacia Savannah ecoregion. The type of soil suggests that the farm plots from Jone and Ndindiza needing to be relocated might suffer changes in the quality of their plots due to lack of good land available for agriculture. The small farmers from other communities might be relocated in similar type of soil. Land is predominantly used for agriculture and cattle breeding. Wooded and scrub areas tend to decrease due to deforestation (for the extraction of construction materials, wood and charcoal) and slash and burn agriculture. Human settlements are essentially rural, with the exception of the Sabíe Administrative Post Head Village and the Chavane neighbourhood where urban settlements are slowly developing. The surveyed households practice various activities of subsistence, of which the most important is agriculture for subsistence. The level of investment and use of 102

105 fertilizers and pesticides is limited and farmers resort mostly to traditional production techniques. Given that the aim of production is to provide food for the family, only a small portion of the harvest is sold, with the aim of earning money to buy other essential food and non-food products. The average size per agriculture plot is 2.16 ha among PAPs. Out of the total, 1.3% plots are larger than 5 ha, 67% of plots are sized between 1 and 5 ha and 32% of plots are sized less than 1 ha. In Chavane, PAPs have smaller plots since they live in a more concentrated setting in the middle of the village, while in Babitine, PAPs have a more rural setting with larger plots up to 5 ha or larger. Most surveyed households cultivate their own land, while another portion has inherited the land and a minority borrows the land. None of them have a DUAT. For those households coming from outside the district, land was given to them by the local authorities and they too do not have a DUAT. Despite this, surveyed households are not worried about land conflict due to lack of DUAT. However, they are concerned about potential conflicts of interest between local affected population and private foreign investors, due to the undergoing process of land relocation where the planned Ingwe Game Park is requesting the right of use and benefit of land for long term investment near Jone Community. Apparently, there is no problem of scarcity of land. However, not all the remaining land is suitable for agriculture and livestock which are the main economic activities for the communities of Jone and Ndindiza. It is the understanding of the local population, that the best land still remaining for agriculture and livestock is exactly the same land that is under dispute. The main cultures cultivated by affected farmers are corn, peanuts, cassava, beans, pumpkin and greens. 85,3% of affected households produce corn, followed by peanut (4,3%) and sweet potato (3,4%) Cattle Surveyed households own herds of cattle and goats as well as chickens. Although these assets are not directly affected by the completion works of the dam, the movement of households to a new (resettlement) area needs to consider that these assets continue to access for grazing and other services to maintain/ improve the actual production level Fishing Considering that fishing is one of the main activities of communities around the reservoir, as it was indicated in focus group discussion, it is important to analyse the fishing community in more detail and examine the impacts caused by the expansion of the Corumana reservoir. The district of Moamba (where the project area is located) has a significant weight in the fisheries sector in the Province of Maputo. 103

106 Fishing is an essentially male activity; is not specialized and this activity is particularly important for the household income of family in Moamba and Maputo. The main type of fishing done in the Corumana Dam is artisanal fishing using fishing nets. It supplies fresh and dried fish to the neighbouring districts and Maputo city. The document from MAE (2005:23) refers to 56 licensed fishermen in Corumana, and estimates a further 200 unlicensed fishermen. This fact was confirmed through Focus Groups Discussions and interviews with local leaders, the fishing associations and the Community Fishing Council. They informed that there are about 400 fishermen in Corumana, of which 217 are registered in the fishing associations, owning with one boat in average and employing 3-4 workers. There is an administrative regulation to avoid saturation to have more than one boat. From a gender point of view, among the registered fisherfolks are some women who own the boats; however, men are responsible for fishing. On the other hand, women are responsible for buying the fish from the fishermen and re-selling it in the local Corumana, Moamba and Maputo City markets. Fishing community from Jone are concerned about losing access to the reservoir due to the establishment of the proposed Ingwe Game Park. The fishing area in Jone hosts the largest number of fishermen and provides the best yield for fishing activities. 6.3 Conclusions of Socioeconomic Survey The PAPs must be informed at an early stage of the resettlement about the resettlement options, and development plans must consider their opinion. Conflict resolution mechanisms must be identified to apply in the RAP planning and implementation. Particular attention must be given to vulnerable groups, particularly households living bellow the poverty line and headed by elderly and women. The coming chapter presents the expected socioeconomic impacts that will derive from the completion works (land, infrastructure, income and livelihood loss), and proposes measures to mitigate the negative impact. Further on, it introduces the entitlement matrix and explores the attitudes and concerns of the PAPs that might have an influence over the project. 104

107 7 Socioeconomic Impacts and Mitigating measures 7.1 Project impacts and mitigation measures The increase the inundation area of the Corumana Dam reservoir will affect a range of people and assets and these will need to be compensated and relocated. Besides the economic value of assets, which can be systematically evaluated, there are qualitative losses (such as coping capacity of the affected individuals and/or families) that may be difficult to assess in advance. This chapter is aiming to provide mitigation measures targeting the PAPs due to the stress (impact) experienced due to the resettlement process would be a function of individual vulnerability, resilience and livelihood strategies and capacity of the resettlement process to respond to personal and family needs and expectations. Out of the 187 identified PAPs, 78% live bellow poverty line with household income under 100 USD/month. In addition, 35% are elderly headed households and 45% are women headed household, both groups are less able to adapt to new physical environments and social networks. Out of these vulnerable groups, 18% of inquired households live bellow poverty line and are headed by women older than 65 year of age 26. Thus, their capacity to adapt to new socioeconomic environment is very limited. The completion work of the Corumana Dam will result in the following types of losses: Permanent land acquisition; Permanent physical resettlement of houses, buildings, trees and crops; Permanent physical resettlement of businesses; Loss of cultural property; Forest loss; and Environmental related losses. 26 The vulnerability data was produced with information collected by the baseline survey. 105

108 Figure 7-1: Type of losses due to land inundation of the Corumana Dam and Reservoir Category Land losses Structures losses Permanent physical resettlement of businesses losses Income and livelihood losses Environmental related losses Type of Losses 80 House Plots; 230 Agriculture Plots; 4 Access points to fishing places; 7,679 ha of Grazing Land; 80 houses; 25 family graves; 1 church; 4 high voltage electricity towers. Not Applicable Income from standing crops; Income from tree or perennial crops; Subsistence from firewood from bush; Subsistence from land resources; and Income losses due to lack of access during the time of the construction of saddle dam. Deterioration of quality of alternative land Permanent land acquisition losses Housing Plots The average size of residential plot is 0.32 ha, which varies from 0.07 ha to 1.29 and can be classified in 3 groups: less than 0.5 ha (79.22% of residential plots), between 0.5 and 1 ha (17% of residential plots), and 1 ha or larger (3,7% of plots). The following mitigation measures are recommended: New residential plots should be at least of similar size to the original size of the lost land. Farm Plots The average size per agriculture plot is 2.16 ha among PAPs. Out of the total, 1.3% plots are larger than 5 ha, 67% of plots are sized between 1 and 5 ha and 32% of plots are sized less than 1 ha. In Chavane, PAPs have smaller plots since they live in a more concentrated setting in the middle of the village, while in Babitine, PAPs have a more rural setting with larger plots up to 5 ha or larger. The following mitigation measures are recommended: Farming plots should be at least of similar size to the original size of the lost land. Seed support for small affected farmers during one year will be provided to affected farmers to support restoration of their production. Farming 106

109 land affected by the movement and temporary roads used by heavy construction machines during the construction period of the saddle dam will need temporary relocation. This temporary access to farming land will cover the construction period of the saddle dam. After the construction period, landholders can go back to their original plots 27. Access to fishing places During the consultation on fishery, the president of Corumana Community Fishing Council (CFC) raised the issue of clearance of trees in the future inundated areas. This, according to CFC, would be beneficial for the fishing community and the fishermen feel that they could avoid high maintenance costs on fishing nets, which will be easily trapped and broken by roots and tree branches left in the shallow waters. The CFC president suggested that trees in the Jone and Fungotine fishing areas should be cleared prior to inundation. Assessing the best way to address these concerns of the CFC will be developed in the Inundation Preparation Plan which will be included as part of the final EMP. According to recommendations from the EIA Report, the area to be inundated will not be cleared out in order to provide a better nesting area for fish. The branches of trees left will make access difficult for fishing, increasing the cost of maintenance of fishing nets that could be easily torn by the branches. There are 26 fishing campsites around the reservoir, all small and dispersed. Out of these, there are four main fishing areas. Two of these, namely Jone and Fungotine concentrate a larger number of fishermen and have wider extension. The other two, namely Chavane and Mahungo, are less extensively used but nonetheless important. As stated above, clearance of vegetation were suggested by the CFC to provide better access to the reservoir and reduction in the foreseen damage to fishing assets. The following mitigation measures are recommended: Protect the fishing nets and assets by clearing the area to be inundated along the four main fishing areas located in Jone, Fungotine, Chavane, and Mahungo. Involve local communities in clearing the four selected areas for fishing and to allow them to take the resulting firewood for local consumption. Ensure close collaboration with the development of the Inundation Preparation Plan which is part of the Environmental Management Plan (see ESIA Volume 3 EMP). 27 No detailed information about affected assets could be estimated due to the lack of detailed construction plans at the time of production of the RAP. 107

110 7.1.2 Permanent structures losses a) Residential Buildings The average residential building is a hut with dirt floor covered with dried grass. Some houses are made of stickand-mud or bricks and are covered with zinc sheet. Some also posses structures to store rainwater. Most households have multifunctional houses with complementary adjacent structures such as rooms for young people, kitchen, barn and separate bathroom and latrine. Outside the housing plot, households might have a livestock yard and a hut for family worship of their ancestors. Figure 7-2: Common Residential Building locality of Jone. There is only one large building found in the buffer zone of the reservoir made of conventional materials near the Given that the construction of that building was done after the demarcation of the buffer zone around the reservoir and placement of the topographical reference marks, the law would require that the construction works be subject to a special license issued by the Provincial Governor. Consequently, since it was not possible to see the approval documents for the construction of the structure, it is recommended that the compensation for this building should be subject of the approval by the Provincial Governor. The stress (impact) experienced due to relocation of households can change the sense of belonging to the different groups within the community such as support from leaders, religious groups, family networks, agriculture and fishing associations and ethnic groups among the most mentioned in focus group discussions. Affected people and community members have a great sense of integration within their communities and enjoy the advantages of solidarity among its members. Only the community of Ndindiza, which was established during the resettlement process in 2002 because of the establishment of the Sabie Game Park and permanent resettlement of the Magonela community, shows a weak cohesion among its members. This reinforced the previously researched assumption that relocation has a long-term effect on community relations, which can affect social integration, sense of neighbourliness among the community members and social support among them, among others. The following mitigation measures are recommended: House-by-house type of compensation should respect the local customs and the design of the house should reflect those customs. A 2-room house with bathroom and kitchen inside will be built, with in-house or yard tap water connections Houses will be built with durable materials such as cement block and zinc sheet roofing. 108

111 Relocation of affected people to nearby communities will offer similar cultural and social network environment. Further legal assessment and approval from Provincial Governor is needed to define if the large cement block structure near Jone Community is eligible for compensation or not. In addition to the monetary and in-kind compensation, the resettlement process will: Involve local religious groups and support groups and associations at hosting communities to support incoming relocated people and help their integration into the new social environment; Special attention will be given to the integration of single-women headed households and elderly to avoid social stigmatization or discrimination; and NGOs/CBOs or other government institutions will be involved to support income generation activities or savings and credits groups in hosting communities, ensuring the participation of affected and non affected households to ensure integration and economic restoration. b) Religious Buildings One public religious worship infrastructure will be affected by the project, namely one church. The church was under construction at the time of the GIS census. The second round of the census near the location of the planned saddle dam revealed that the church was built using local materials. The following mitigation measures are recommended: The building will be replaced, with at least equivalent standard construction before its demolition. c) Family Graves and Tombs The stress (impact) experienced due to relocation of family graves and worship places is unavoidable within the inundated area. According to GIS Census, there are 25 family graves found within the area to be inundated by the maximum water level (i.e. 120 masl), that will be inundated and need relocation. According to focus groups discussion and information from the affected families, a ceremony to request permission and blessing from the ancestors will need to done for each household with affected graves before moving the graves. The ceremonies shall be conducted by a local traditional leader, with the participation of the members of the affected household and a community leader (ideally a régulo, if not a neighbourhood secretary). The ceremonies must be set up with each household, individually. There are costs involved in this process, namely the compensation of the traditional healer, the costs of an animal to be sacrificed in each ceremony and the machinery to dig and relocate the 25 graves. 109

112 The following mitigation measures are recommended: Ensure that relocation of family graves respect local rituals and beliefs; Support costs of traditional ceremonies and relocation; and Ensure that relocation of family graves takes place before the inundation Permanent physical resettlement of businesses losses There are no business affected that would need relocation, and hence no mitigation measure applies Income and livelihood losses Income from standing crops All around the reservoir, approximately 142 small farmers practicing recession farming 28 will be affected by raising the water level of the reservoir since they make advantage of the flood variation to grow different seasonal crops, including cash crop vegetables. The main cultures cultivated by affected farmers are corn, peanuts, cassava, beans and greens. These cultures are not only an important source of household revenue when sold (as cash crop) but also a very important source of important nutrients for the family. It is estimated that 142 farmers will be compensated in the area covering approximately ha. The following mitigation measures are recommended: The most common cultivated crops in the project area are corn, peanuts, cassava, beans and greens. The annual yield will be estimated based on the data from the Table of Costs of Food Crops for Compensation due to Loss of Crops (Appendix 4). The compensation will be calculated based on an estimated production of the different crops registered by each farmer and its value will be according to the value of the crops that is published by the Ministry of Agriculture, taking into account the market price of the produce. Compensation will be given to 230 farm plot owners that are located bellow the maximum inundation level (120 masl) contour around the reservoir and within the buffer zone of 500 m along the saddle dam. 28 Recession farming is used throughout Africa wherever possible because it is an efficient and productive system. It is common along major rivers as well as reservoirs in relation to inundation and recession of flood waters, promoting forestry, crop cultivation, fisheries and livestock husbandry in synchrony with annual inundation patterns. 110

113 Additional compensation will be made for the temporary loss of crops for farm plots during the construction of the saddle dam 29. Income from trees The main fruit trees cultivated are banana, lemon, mandarins, mango, papaya, maçanica, mafureira or natal mahogany 30, and canhoeiro or marula tree. Fruits trees are not only an important source of household revenue when sold (as well as a good trading asset) but also a very important source of important nutrients for the household. It is estimated that 139 tree-owners will be compensated in the area. The marula tree does not have an economic value for the calculation of the compensation. However, it has a cultural value since its beverage is the main ingredient used for the Family Feast celebrated in Southern Mozambique. There were no respondents that have individual hardwood trees of commercial value. Thus, compensation is not applicable in the area. The following mitigation measures are recommended: The owners of fruit trees will be compensated according to the value of the tree that is published by the Ministry of Agriculture and attached in Appendix 4. In the case of the canhoeiro or marula tree, it is recommended to compensate the affected families with seedling of the same species. Subsistence from bush commodities From the ESIA s Volume 1, containing the Environmental Impact Assessment, the non-marginal zone (e.g. vegetation adjacent to the reservoir), 11 woody taxa and one non-woody taxon were identified. The marginal zone was dominated by non-woody taxa. This was confirmed with the GIS Census, which reflected that the most common wild trees species (Combretum Imberbe, Dichrostachys cinerea, I cahine and Xipuputsu as per indigenous names) are commonly used for firewood. One hundred and thirty-nine tree-owners will be affected with approximately 730 firewood trees. Families are also affected by the forests around the reservoir that will be inundated by the maximum water level of 120 masl. Out of total PAPs 93% claimed to use local resources from the forest, mainly construction material and firewood. Therefore, forest loss could have a direct impact on local population livelihoods, as it could reduce the availability and quality of these forest products, which play a vital role in sustaining local lives. 29 The calculation of the costs of this additional compensation will only be possible after having the detailed construction plan. 30 Trichilia emetica 111

114 The following mitigation measures are recommended: The owners of firewood trees will be compensated with seedlings of similar trees. Since the forests are considered national land and timber extraction and/or charcoal production require government licence, no compensation will be made available for forest loss. However, PAPs will be provided with firewood seedlings for the restoration of alternative firewood trees. In the case of wooden trees, cash compensation based on the market value will be provided. Income from fishing places There are 26 fishing campsites around the reservoir, all small and dispersed. However, four main fishing areas can be suggested for clearing before inundation, to ensure free access to the reservoir. Two of the four sites, Jone and Fungotine, concentrate the larger number of fishermen and have wider extension, while Chavane and Mahungo are less extended. Current extraction of fish is about 30 tons per year. Men mainly do actual fishing, while women are highly involved in owning the boats and commercializing the fish. Although fishing is important for the communities around the reservoir, for the affected households it appears as the fifth source of cash income for families (after agriculture, formal employment, owning a business and cattle breeding). Fishing is the main source of income for about 7% of the affected households. It can be concluded that the fishing community and their assets are not highly affected by the additional inundation of the reservoir as they live outside of the reservoir and the buffer zone. Instead, the fishing households affected are located in the proximity of the fuse plug and within the 500 m buffer zone of the fuse plug. The following mitigation measures are recommended: Promote gender balanced support programs for the improvement of fishing arts and equipment for conservation and transportation of fish to market places. Explore the possibility of protecting the fishing nets by clearing the area to be inundated along the four main areas of fishing located in Jone, Chavane, Mahungo and Fungotine under the EMP s Inundation Preparation Plan. Involve local communities in potential clearance of the four selected areas for fishing and allow them to take the resulting firewood for local consumption. Income from grazing land 112

115 Approximately 7,679 ha of grazing land are to be inundated by the maximum water level of 120 masl and the buffer zone of 500 m along the saddle dam affecting 101 cattle-owning households. The following mitigation measures are recommended: Relocation of affected cattle raising households to areas with same quality of soil that will offer similar quality of land. Subsistence from land resources For all PAPs, about half the plots are located less than 100 m from the house and 67.9% plots are located less than 1 km from the house. The economic base of the population is small-scale agriculture done by families and friends and cash income from different sources. Out of affected households, 96.6% have cash incomes. The main cash income generating activities are: i) selling of agricultural surplus (23.7%); ii) remittances from emigrated relatives (18.4%); iii) selling of cattle (15.8%); iv) salaries (13.8%); and v) selling of fish (10.5%). Only a small percentage (3.3%) of PAPs are generating some income from renting a plot of land. Agriculture production is mainly used for domestic consumption and only 42.4% of the yield is sold. Only 17% of the households sell more than half of the yield. Crops that are not considered main crops (i.e. that cover less surface of the plots considered, in relation to the main crop that covers more surface) are mainly used for domestic consumption: 75.9% of the yield is for domestic use and only 13% is sold. Nearly all plots (close to 100%) are used for food production, by either seasonal crops or annual crops. Corn is the main crop for 79.7% of the plots. Peanut is the second most common crop and is the main crop for only five plots. Peanut is the second main crop in 40% of the plots that have a second crop. Beans (nhemba and butter) are third. The following mitigation measures are recommended: Temporary allocation of land as long as the construction period lasts 31 ; Seed support distribution to restart production period after finishing the saddle dam. Compensation due to losses on income generation activities should also include development activities that improve access to: Protected water sources; Low-cost sanitation and hygiene campaigns; 31 No detailed information about affected assets could be estimated due to the lack of detailed construction plans at the time of production of the RAP. 113

116 Health post with maternity facilities; Primary school; Extension of low voltage electricity network; Land for agriculture, pasture and firewood; and Fishing campsites with clear access to the reservoir. Lack of access due to the construction of saddle dam Although access to social infrastructure in affected communities is very low and access around the reservoir is very poor, it might get worse due to the construction of the saddle dam. This will directly affect Chavane, Fungotine and Jone communities. Access to land for agriculture will be also limited in both sides of the saddle dam. Most affected people have a mix of income generating activities as coping livelihood strategies, including subsistence agriculture, cattle rising and fishing. However, the third income source of affected households is formal employment. Thus the impact on change of location and accessibility to the place of employment of the people living in Jone and Fungotine might affect 05 families. The following mitigation measures are recommended: Monetary compensation for the length of the construction period calculated based on market value of average production to income generation would be similar to what was in Disruption of social networks The stress (impact) experienced due to relocation of households will change in the sense of kinship to the different groups within their community, e.g. support from leaders, religious groups, family support networks, agriculture or fishing associations and ethnic groups among the most mentioned in the focus group discussions. Affected people and community members have a great sense of integration within their communities and enjoy the advantages of solidarity among its members. Only the community of Ndindiza, which was already resettled in 2002, shows a weak cohesion among its members. This fact led us to believe that relocation has a long-term effect on community integration, which can affect the social integration, sense of kinship among the community members and social support among them. The following mitigation measures are recommended: Involvement of local religious groups and local support groups and associations at hosting communities should be promoted to support incoming relocated people and help their integration into the new social environment. 114

117 Special attention should be provided to the integration of single-women head of household and elderly to avoid social stigmatization or discrimination. Promotion of NGOs/CBOs or other government institutions to support income generation activities or savings and credits groups in hosting communities, ensuring the participation of affected and non affected households to ensure integration and economic restoration Environmental Issues Deterioration on the quality of land The stress (impact) experienced due to the deterioration of quality of land will reflect on the type of products to be raised and the yield of production. According to recommendations from the EIA Report, there are two types of landscapes around the reservoir (Acacia nigrescens Savanna and Lebombo South Landscape). There is no problem of availability of land; however, there are problems related to the quality of the land available. According to the communities, the land of Ndindiza and Jone are best suitable for agriculture, which are located within the Lebombo South Landscape. These two communities are the ones that might need to move to a place in which the landscape changes (Acacia nigrescens Savanna) due to the land that is being allocated to the new Ingwe Game Park. The following mitigation measures are recommended: Relocation of affected small farmers to areas with same quality of soil that will offer similar quality of land. Community participation and consultation in selection of land for resettlement the design of the new resettlement sites had high-level involvement of affected small farmers, hosting communities and local leaders in the selection of relocation sites (for more details see sections 8.3 and 9.2). Financing of small irrigation systems using green-low cost technologies. 7.2 Entitlement Matrix For the elaboration of the Entitled Matrix, the following general principles were applied: Replacement of homesteads: Homesteads that need to be relocated will be replaced by a new homestead of a better standard. 115

118 Land for Resettlement: A new area has been identified by the Sabíe authorities and the local leaders. It will be developed and will be made available to the PAPs to be resettled prior to inundation of the reservoir; Alternative machambas: In cases of total or partial loss of land-use opportunities and rights, alternative land for farming plots have been be identified and made available to those losing land. Transitional support: Will be provided to those that need to be moved off their land as a result of resettlement or during construction and during the period of reestablishment. Crop losses: Compensation for loss of crops and trees was determined. It will be paid as soon as possible thereafter, as the process unfolds. Graves: The re-interment of graves will be treated in accordance with the wishes of the next of kin. These principles are in line with Mozambican framework and the World Bank Operational Policies as described in previous chapters. Table 7-1 comprises the compensation strategies to what the affected people are entitled due to the different type of losses, identifying who is entitled to receive any compensation for the losses of assets and their livelihood. 116

119 Table 7-1: Entitlement Matrix for Direct Project Impact Type of Loss Description of Affected Asset Definition of Entitled Person Compensation Policy Entitlement Loss of land (equal to or more than 20% of the existing land) Loss of land (less than 20% of the existing land) Loss of residential land (equal to or more than 20% of the existing land) Loss of residential land (less than 20% of the existing land) Loss of main houses and secondary structures (barns, kitchen, bathrooms, livestock yards) Farm Plot located bellow 120 masl contour and within the saddle dam buffer zone of 500 m. Farm Plot located bellow 120 masl contour and within the saddle dam buffer zone of 500 m. Residential land located: - bellow 120 masl contour; - within the 250 m buffer zone around the reservoir; and - within the saddle dam buffer zone of 500 m. Residential land located: - bellow 120 masl contour; - within the 250 m buffer zone around the reservoir; and - within the saddle dam buffer zone of 500 m. Residential land located: - bellow 120 masl contour; - within the 250 m buffer zone around the reservoir; and - within the saddle dam buffer zone of 500 m. All affected tenants with DUAT or Customary Rights. All affected tenants with DUAT or Customary Rights. All affected tenants with DUAT or Customary Rights. All affected tenants with DUAT or Customary Rights. All affected tenants with DUAT or Customary Rights with houses built with local/temporary materials. Land-for-Land for compensation in nearby communities. Cash compensation for crops that will be lost, based on market value. Land-for-Land for compensation in nearby communities. Cash compensation for infrastructures that will be lost, based on market value. ARA-Sul (UGBI) to build improved structures based on market values, after construction from affected parties % of the land is compensated. Entitled to another land of equivalent size and similar characteristics (e.g. soil quality, distance to water, distance to house and community services) - They are entitled to compensation for affected assets on the land (crops during one and half year after resettlement and trees), as well as additional seed package. - They are entitled to compensation for affected assets on the land (crops during one and half year after resettlement and trees), as well as additional seed package % of the land is compensated. Entitled to another land of equivalent size. The new land must be near to public infrastructure such as water, health and education and energy. - If services are not available, they must be provided as part of Community Livelihood Plan. - They should be also entitled to compensation for affected secondary structures. - ARA-Sul (UGBI) will upgrade the main house to a minimum social house 32 built with durable materials in addition to improved secondary structures. - A moving package will also be provided to the affected households, which will include support in relocation and disturbance allowance. 32 According to the Ministerial Diploma No. 181/2010 of November 3 rd a social house is composed of one open room and two bedrooms. 117

120 Type of Loss Description of Affected Asset Definition of Entitled Person Compensation Policy Entitlement All affected tenants with DUAT or Customary Rights with houses built with a mixture of temporary and durable materials and categorized as social house ARA-Sul (UGBI) to build improved structures based on market values, after construction from affected parties. - ARA-Sul (UGBI) will upgrade the existing house to a social house built with durable materials, in addition to the improved secondary structures. - A moving package will also be provided to the affected households, which will include support in relocation and disturbance allowance. Relocation People living in the structures located: - bellow 120 masl contour; - within the 250 m buffer zone around the reservoir; and - within the saddle dam buffer zone of 500 m. All affected tenants with DUAT or Customary Rights and people renting/using the structure. Moving allowance. - Allowance for transportation of all household effects (through direct assistance or cash compensation) Special assistance should be provided to vulnerable households e.g. female, elder or children headed households or household with members with disabilities or special health care needs. Communities hosting resettled households Communities hosting resettled households Community to benefit from a Livelihood plan. - Community Livelihood Plan to be implemented in host communities. Relocation of Tombs and Family Graves Family graves located: - bellow 120 masl contour; and - within the saddle dam buffer zone of 500 m. Elder member of the Family representative e.g. elder member of the family Cash compensation with bonus if grave is relocated within the time established by the project (and agreed by the PAP). - Cash compensation for the cost of ceremonies and relocation of tombs and family graves if requested by the Family. - Average cost should be established by local leaders after consultation of all affected families. Loss of Cultural Structures e.g. Church Cultural structures located: - bellow 120 masl contour; - within the 250 m buffer zone around the reservoir; and - within the saddle dam buffer zone of 500 m. Community representative (e.g. Régulo) In kind compensation. - The project will compensate with an equivalent but improved structure, built with durable materials such as cement blocks and zinc roofing sheets. Standing Crops Crops grown bellow 120 masl contour and within the saddle dam buffer zone of 500 m. Farmers that cultivate the land Cash compensation, based on current average market price. - Cash compensation for crops will be calculated based on the existing pattern of productivity, average yield and current average market price provided by MINAG. - A land clearing package will be given to affected households for the preparation of new crops. 33 It is recommended to provide an additional bonus payment if PAP clears the area and/or finishes construction on time. 118

121 Type of Loss Description of Affected Asset Definition of Entitled Person Compensation Policy Entitlement Trees Loss of forest resources (timber or firewood) Fruit trees bellow 120 masl contour and within the saddle dam buffer zone of 500 m. Forest bellow 120 masl contour and within the saddle dam buffer zone of 500 m. Loss of quality of land Farm Plots located bellow 120 masl contour and within the saddle dam buffer zone of 500 m. - Special assistance should be provided to vulnerable households e.g. female, elder or children headed households. - They should also be entitled to compensation for crops during one and half year after resettlement, as well as a seed package. Owners of fruit trees. Cash compensation. - The project will calculate the losses based on the existing pattern of productivity and current average market price provided by MINAG. Families gathering firewood and indigenous hunters that use the local resources. All affected tenants with DUAT or Customary Rights. Compensatory measures will be implemented. Compensatory measures will be implemented. - PAPs and members of host community will benefit from the Community Livelihood Plan. - PAPs will receive larger plots to compensate the reduction of yield production. 119

122 7.3 Project Attitudes and Concerns Project acceptance The majority of the I&APs expressed positive attitude towards the completion works during the consultation process; however, further information was requested to clarify some misunderstanding e.g. commercial farmers were concerned about the amount of water that is expected to be used for water supply of Maputo Metropolitan Area in detriment of the water for commercial agriculture. Further clarification was also requested by the Kruger National Park in order to understand the dimension of the biophysical impact to which it will be affected. During the SIA process, several interviews were related to the identification of suitable land for resettlement. Interviews were held with ARA-Sul, the Head of Sabíe Administrative Post and local leaders at locality and community level. No intention to mobilize a group against the project has been detected. Participation and collaboration of stakeholders in different meetings and specific interviews might be assessed as positive response to the project. The following optimization measures are recommended: Continuing information sharing of project documents and inclusion of comments as necessary. Carry out Public Consultations to ensure full understanding and inclusion of public recommendation. Carry out Information Meetings in the Republic of South Africa for direct sessions on questions and answers for clarification, and recording comments to ensure responding to local needs. Promote an interactive involvement of Stakeholders to ensure that there is no further grievance along the process. Direct communication with major parties in Mozambique and South Africa should continue all the way to the implementation of the RAP and EMP. 7.4 Perceived project benefits Raising the FSL of the Corumana Dam reservoir will have a number of positive effects: Additional water will increase the yield from Corumana Dam to augment water supply available for potential use or transfer to the Greater Maputo Met- 120

123 ropolitan Area. The Tripartite Interim Agreement for Co-operation on the Protection and Sustainable Utilization of the Incomati and Maputo Watercourses Agreement (IIMA) states that 87.6 Mm3/a of water is reserved for the city of Maputo from the Incomati and Maputo basins; the additional storage in the Corumana reservoir would assist in meeting those allocations; Improved regulation will increase the reliability of water available for irrigation during low flow periods and allow for limited expansion; Although not a direct project related impact, the incremental yield available for augmentation of water supply to the Greater Maputo Metropolitan Area has the potential to reduce the incidences of waterborne diseases and increase the welfare of local people by allowing the expansion of the area covered with water supply system; The project will provide conditions for increasing hydropower generation by nearly 4.8 GWh/year in firm energy; The new inundated areas in the reservoir will potentially enlarge the existing fishery in the reservoir. It has been estimated that a net increase in the total size of the fishery of up to 2% can be expected; and The construction work will create employment opportunities by requiring local and regional labour. These positive impacts are described in more detail in the ESIA s Volume 2 Socioeconomic context (SIA). 121

124 8 Consultation and Participation This section describes how public consultation and participation of affected people in the resettlement process will be ensured, from the planning to implementation and monitoring. It highlights how the people, communities and stakeholders affected by the completion works of the Corumana Dam have been involved in the process of preparing and planning the resettlement, as well as how they shall be involved in the process of implementing the resettlement and monitoring it. 8.1 Principles of involuntary resettlement The involuntary resettlement of a given population must always ensure that the population is left better off, or at least as good as it was prior to being resettled, in what concerns income generation, assets and access to services. For the successful recovery and reintegration of resettled communities, the resettlement process must observe: 5) Full disclosure of information on the project (Corumana Dam completion works), particularly its impacts and mitigation measures; 6) Participation, involvement and consultation of the people and communities to face resettlement, as well as the host communities, in the planning, implementation and monitoring of the project; 7) Non discrimination between resettled and hosting populations; and 8) Payment of fair compensation for the real value of expropriated property, assets and resources, damage and loss of profit before the transfer or expropriation takes place 34. The displaced populations must be consulted on the selection of resettlement options; provided with the space and means to participate in the resettlement planning, implementation and monitoring; given the space to voice their con- 34 As stated in World Bank (2004) Involuntary Resettlement Sourcebook and in the following Mozambican legislation: Land Law Regulations (Article 19, No. 3), Territorial Planning Law (Law No. 17/2007 of 18 July) and the new constitution of Mozambique (Article 86 on the right of eminent domain). 122

125 cerns on resettlement, for which they are to get proper and timely feedback and obtain accurate, relevant and timely information about the resettlement process. Moreover hosting communities must also be provided with accurate, relevant and timely information about the resettlement process and must be consulted to agree to be the host of the resettled people and communities. On the other hand, resettled and hosting communities must have similar living conditions, particularly in what concerns access and quality of facilities and services. Thus the resettlement process must not promote positive discrimination measures and, if necessary, it shall improve the public services available in the hosting area, available to both the resettled and the hosting populations. These principles are the foundation of this RAP. After the RAP has been approved by the DNA and the WB, it needs to be publicly disclosed and presented to the affected communities, in particular, and the wider society in general. The public disclosure will be done in three steps, 1) a disclosure meeting in Corumana Dam reaching the affected and interested parties, 2) a disclosure meeting in Maputo reaching the wider society and 3) posting the RAP in the WB InfoShop (following authorization in writing from the Government of Mozambique). The dissemination of disclosure meetings will use local media, such as daily newspapers and radio, bearing in mind the limitations of access to information and the media in the area of Corumana Dam. The meetings will be done by ARA-Sul through the traditional leaders of affected and hosting communities (including neighbourhood secretaries and régulos). 8.2 Stakeholders involved in the RAP As described in chapter 12, while ARA-Sul is responsible for the overall implementation of the RAP, it will require the support of different entities at specific stages of the resettlement planning implementation. The resettlement planning and implementation will involve various stakeholders, including the affected communities and parties, the interested parties and the Government of Mozambique through DNA/ ARA-Sul and a range of government institutions at provincial and district level. At the central level, DNA/ ARA-Sul shall coordinate the implementation of the RAP with the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, the Ministry for Environmental Coordination, the Ministry of Agriculture and the Administration Board of the Corumana Dam. At the district level, DNA/ ARA-Sul shall coordinate the planning of the RAP with the Sabíe Administrative Post and its Locality Chiefs, as well as with the Moamba District Administrator and Services; particularly in what concerns the selection of resettlement sites and assessment of needs for improvement in existing infrastructures and services. 123

126 This coordination shall continue during the RAP implementation and monitoring, particularly to ensure the attribution of land for housing, agriculture and grazing and the timely development of infrastructures and services as defined in the RAP. During the RAP implementation, ARA-Sul shall maintain regular and direct communication with the affected communities (before, during and after resettlement), the hosting communities and interested and affected parties (I&APs) 35. For this, meetings with the communities and I&APs shall be established with a standard regularity and included in the RAP implementation schedule. For a thorough description of the stakeholders involved, as well as their roles and responsibilities in the RAP implementation, please refer to chapter 12) Institutional organization structures for RAP implementation. 8.3 Consultation and participation of stakeholders in resettlement preparation and planning In the resettlement planning phase, direct consultation was made with the potentially affected people and communities (including state and traditional leaderships) during the public meetings, survey interviews and focus group discussions. Stakeholders were informed about the possibility of resettlement and got summarized explanations about the process of resettlement. Both the interviews and the focus group discussions looked into the community s concerns and perceptions about resettlement, including how a good resettlement should be carried out. These views informed the SIA and the RAP. For the selection of the resettlement sites, a participatory consultation was made with the government of the Sabíe Administrative Post, Locality Chiefs and the affected community - including traditional leaders (leaders of the 7 affected communities, representatives from the Administrative Post Consulting Council, Chiefs of Land and Régulos of the hosting communities), under the supervision of the consultant and ARA-Sul. Also in the resettlement planning phase, following the selection of resettlement sites by affected persons and their leaders, visits were made to the sites with the respective Locality Chiefs and consultation was done with the traditional leader of Chavane and Ligongolo communities as well as the neighbourhood secretaries of the selected sites. The leaders debated the benefits and disadvantages of hosting the resettled households and pointed out the needs for the resettlement (availability of land for agriculture, without compromising the al- 35 Affected parties include the Kruger National Park (South Africa) and the Sabie Game Park (Mozambique). Interested parties include the COFAMOSA, Agri Sul, Maragra and Xinavane Sugar Estates from the private sector; EDM and FIPAG from the public sector. 124

127 ready existing local farmers; improvement of water supply, health and education services). Furthermore, in the planning phase a public meeting was held with each of the hosting communities, together with their traditional leaders, to present the process of resettlement and gather the communities view about it. The issues gathered from the host communities and leaders were taken into account for the elaboration of the RAP. 8.4 Consultation and participation stakeholders in resettlement implementation and monitoring At the beginning of implementation of resettlement, ARA-Sul must hold a meeting with each of the affected communities, to explain how resettlement will occur (steps, goals and desired results), the location of resettlement sites, types of economic rehabilitation, procedures for calculation and payment of compensation, resettlement implementation schedule and grievance redress mechanisms; with the participation of community and traditional leaders. At this meeting, communication focal points will be publicly nominated and their roles and responsibilities publicly defined by ARA-Sul and the affected communities. This will ensure good communication channels, as the affected persons know whom to contact in case of need (for further information, complaints and redress) and ARA-Sul knows through whom gather the communities concerns, complaints and channel the proper feedback. Following this initial meeting, regular meetings will be held to evaluate how resettlement is going and monitor its implementation with the affected communities. These regular meetings will ensure direct consultation with affected and hosting communities and will provide feedback for the RAP monitoring, along with monitoring visits targeting specific phases of the RAP implementation such as attribution of land titles, housing, payment of compensations, development of infrastructures and services (as per the implementation schedule). Monitoring shall pay particular attention to the mitigation of the impact of the dam completion works over the vulnerable groups identified around the dam: households living bellow the poverty line and elderly and women headed households. A monitoring team shall be established, composed by representatives of ARA- Sul, Moamba District Administration, Sabíe Administrative Post, Sabíe Consultative Council and leaders of the resettled and hosting communities. This team shall gather on a set, regular basis to monitor and evaluate the implementation of the RAP. 125

128 As described in chapter 13, the monitoring shall observe affected communities and parties both before and after the resettlement, using the baseline information provided by the Census and gathering its own data. It will look at how PAPs are adapting to the new resettlement sites and housing conditions, as well as how they are adapting their income generation strategies and level of access to infrastructures and services. The monitoring will measure the level of satisfaction of PAPs concerning the RAP implementation, including the effectiveness of the grievance redress mechanisms, and will propose correction measures as necessary. The monitoring meetings and visits will be included in the resettlement implementation schedule. For more information on the RAP monitoring please refer to Chapter Dissemination of information about the RAP The affected and hosting communities must receive information about compensation for lost assets, eligibility for compensation, resettlement assistance and grievance redress mechanisms. Given the high illiteracy rates among the affected population, as well as low levels of access to media and channels of information such as newspaper and radio, two strategies are suggested to disseminate information about the RAP: 1) Schedule and hold regular meetings for direct consultation with the affected and hosting communities, preferably in the same day (e.g. first Monday of every month). The meetings, run by ARA-Sul, will have the support of the Sabíe Administrative Post, Locality Chiefs and community leaders of resettled and hosting populations, and they will be attended by the resettled and hosting communities. In the first meeting, to be held at the very beginning of the RAP implementation in order to present the RAP, a resettlement committee should be set up with fix focal points from ARA-Sul, Sabíe Administrative Post, community leaders and other influential community members (pointed by the community itself). These focal points are to receive basic training on the resettlement process and can become sources of information for the communities. 2) Use church-based groups to disseminate information about the RAP stages. These groups meet on a regular basis and have a wide reach over their communities. They can also channel unsolved complaints and grievances. Depending on the improvement of the affected communities access to radio, informative programs and/or spots can be produced and broadcasted in community radios such as Moamba Community Radio and Radio Mozambique. 126

129 9 Resettlement Sites In order to cause minimum disturbance to the production systems of the affected communities, the selection of resettlement sites focused on safe areas adjacent to the reservoir, namely Chavane, Ligongolo and Massecate. The first criterion for selecting settlement areas was the will of those affected following a consultation and participation process. The second criterion was safety, with the establishment of a 250 and 500 m buffer area of the maximum inundation level (i.e.120 masl). The third criterion was that of not moving the communities to areas that are far away from their previous housing, farming and cattle raising areas. The resettlement of the 80 families affected in their residential unit will not be homogeneous. Five areas were selected, namely Chavane, Ligongolo, Jone, Massecate, Panganine and Mabane. Table 9-1: Summary of affected families and resettlement sites N Communities Encompassed 1 Chavane Houses Machambas encompassed* Resettlement sites Chavane Current Resettlement operation resident population Integration of 54 families in the existing urbanized areas in Chavane and areas above the 500 m buffer zone; Delimitation of 223 plots for farming and an area for cattle raising. 2 Ligongolo 2 0 Ligongolo 613 Parcelling of an area for 22 families, foreseeing their growth within a 20-3 Babitine 7 1 Ligongolo year timeline. 4 Fungotine 3 0 Ligongolo Delimitation of 4 plots for farming and 5 Ndindiza 10 3 Ligongolo 80 delimitation of an area for cattle raising. 6 Jone 3 3 Jone Integration of 3 families in resettlement sites outside the reservoir s buffer zone perimeter; Delimitation of 3 plots for farming and delimitation of an area for cattle raising. Integration of 1 family in resettlement sites outside the reservoir s buffer zone 7 Panganine 1 0 Chavane perimeter; Delimitation of an area for cattle raising. Total *These are farming areas located within the area of the saddle dam and the reservoir s buffer zone. 127

130 9.1 Overall estimates of land acquisition and resettlement. A total of 7,817,62 ha will be necessary for relocation of residential areas, farmland and cattle grazing (16.74 ha, ha and 7,679 ha respectively 36 ). Three alternatives for the selection of land for resettlement of affected people and assets have already been suggested by local leaders as follows: Areas 1 and 2: Relocation within a new community in between Babitine (Area 1) and Ligongolo (Area 2), about 21 km of the ARA-Sul camping site, with the need of reinforcing with a health post, school, energy and water supply. Area 3: Relocation within Chavane and within communities nearby Chavane located on the road to Sabíe Village, with the need for improvements of the access to infrastructure e.g. water and energy. Host communities have been involved in the identification of alternative land for resettlement of neighbouring communities. No negative impacts are foreseen in hosting displaced families from neighbouring communities. 36 As explained in the RAP Budget (Chapter 15), the total land for relocation of housing, agriculture and grazing land has been calculated based on the original budget projections of 87 households affected in their residential unit and 231 affected plots (rather than the final figure of 80 affected residential units and 230 plots following ARA- Sul s simple survey of additional assets identified by aerial photograph). 128

131 Figure 9-1: Location of Proposed Resettlement sites 129

132 9.2 The Consultation process for the selection of resettlement sites The selection of resettlement sites was done through a consultation and participation process that involved the local government and communities, under the supervision of the Consultancy Company and representatives from ARA- Sul. At the government level, the identification of those sites involved the Locality Chiefs and the Head of the Sabíe Administrative Post. At the community level, it involved the community leaders of the communities affected by the increase in the maximum inundation level (120 masl) of the reservoir (Chavane, Ligongolo, Babitine, Fungotine, Ndindiza, Jone and Panganine). It also included local authorities namely representatives from the Consultative Councils of the Administrative Post, traditional Chiefs of Land and Régulos, as well as the leaders of the host communities (Ligongolo and Chavane). In a first phase, the affected communities were consulted to speak up about their new resettlement locations taking housing, farming and cattle raising into account. Areas were also selected for the transfer of family graves. Representatives from the local government (Head of the Administrative Post and Locality Chiefs) and from ARA-Sul participated in the consultation. Individual and group meetings were also held with the affected communities. The alternative resettlement sites were presented to the communities and local authorities throughout the meetings with a focus on their pros and cons. The final selection of resettlement sites was preceded by field visits with the leaders of the affected communities and of the host communities. The selection of resettlement sites was also supported by technical information from previous surveys, such as satellite images, aerial photographs and studies on the natural landscape and soil capacity for farming and cattle raising. All the information was stored as a database linked to a Geographical Information System. Throughout the participation and consultation process, the affected communities and local authorities stated they wanted to be resettled in areas close to their current locations. The main constraint was the dispersion of the affected populations that would complicate the provision of infrastructure and social equipment due to high implementation costs. 9.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of the resettlement sites The main challenge for the selection of resettlement sites is that most households are dispersed in groups of 3 to 10 families, with the exception of Chavane and in distinct communities or small settlements. The distance between 130

133 the settlements can reach km. Another constraint is related to the lack of infrastructure and social networks in the host communities. The selection of the communities of Chavane and Ligongolo as host areas aims to address the spatial needs and take full advantage of existing infrastructure and social settings. The Chavane neighbourhood has a water supply system and electricity as well as a primary school and the only existing Health Centre. The community of Ligongolo has a Primary School and a Health Post. The advantages in terms of existing infrastructure in Chavane contrast with the lack of land for farming and cattle raising. In Ligongolo, on the other hand, there is ample land for housing, farming and cattle raising but a shortage of electricity and water supply. The resettlement strategy suggests intervening in those areas with maximum advantages by complementing existing infrastructure and social settings, which for Chavane and Ligongolo would imply strengthening the capacity of generating energy and supplying water. 9.4 Description of Resettlement sites Location and physical characteristics Both the communities to be resettled and the resettlement sites are located within the perimeter of the reservoir and belong to the same Administrative Post - Sabíe. The areas selected for resettlement are already inhabited but could host new families. They are all within 2 km of the old locations. Geology There are several geological formations in the Sabíe Administrative Post dating back to the Karoo sedimentation that starts in Swaziland and the Transvaal Lowveld, with the fragmentation of Gondwanaland. The Karoo designation originates from its namesake area in South Africa where the system has been represented, by forming huge basins with a geological sequence that is characterized by fossils. In Mozambique, the basins are irregular. In the Quaternary, a relatively narrow strip of land was formed along the border between Mozambique and South Africa. It corresponds to volcanic rocks from the Karoo system, the Stomberg series. It is worth noting the presence of volcanic rocks such as rhyolite, basalt and volcanic tuff. The Quaternary has more representation in the Sabíe Administrative Post. There are inland dunes, terraces and alluvial formations as well as sediment formations. Climate According to Koppen s classification, the Sabíe Administrative Post (district of Moamba) is dominated by the dryland steppe BS climate, with an average 131

134 annual temperature ranging between C and an annual precipitation of 580 to 590 mm. Close to the border with Kruger National Park the climate is BSW with a dry winter and an average annual temperature ranging between C. The Sabíe Administrative Post has two seasons, a hot and wet season with high temperatures and rainfall from October to March and a cool season from April to September. Average rainfall is around 571 mm mainly between December and February. The potential average annual evaporation is high ranging from mm to mm. Relief The Sabíe Administrative Post has ample plains mostly bellow 100m, with mount Corumana, at 275m, being the only significant relief. There are three distinct areas: Valleys and plains with average altitudes of 60 to 80 meters; Small elevations of 80 and 170 meters that increase towards West; and Irregular areas with altitudes of 200 and 400 meters, an extension to the Lebombo chain. Soils In general, terms, Sabíe has alluvial and basaltic soils. These are soils with an average texture and depth that vary from marginal to good. The soils in the Sabíe river valleys are alluvial and have an average to high fertility with good farming potential. The more common types of soils in the Sabíe Administrative Post are red, pedocalic, brown, hydromorphic and alluvial soils (Gouveia & Azevedo, 1949). The red soils are characterized by a reddish brown, often dark, clayish topsoil with a granular structure. Thickness varies between 10 to 25 cm and gradually changes to a chocolate colored red soil, with a strong clay content, compact to very compact, split, with limy nodules and usually very thick. The C Horizon consists in basalt in an advanced state of meteorization. The typical Namaacha soils occur fairly often in Sabíe. These are red soils, sandy-clay to clayish, with a brownish red topsoil. The thickness varies and lean soils are common. This is related to the geological formation of post- Karoo lava and certain rocks similar to basalt. The pedocalic soils are dark and irregular with black clay and are found in Sabíe and border lying areas. Black soils have a high clay content and are very split when dry and are usually associated to red soils on basalt. In some cases 132

135 the first layer is quite thick (30-60cm), visibly black and clayish, with a generally graded structure and limy nodules, followed by brownish-red soil with a high content of clay and a compact, prismatic and split structure with limy nodules on basalt in an advanced state of meteorization. In other cases, the soils are completely black. Brown soils are sub-divided into brown-reddish and brown-greyish of the arid and semi-arid regions. They are about 30 cm, brown-split, crumbly, loamy sand soils being one overlapped on top of the other. Generally they have a slightly reddish colour and high clay content with several lime concretion and a PH of 8,3. Forest and Fauna The Sabíe Administrative Post is characterized by savannah and South-African forests with the following main formations (Moamba district Profile, 2005): Low altitude forest with a coverage of 70%; Shrubby Forest: encompasses the entire border strip in the West portion of the Administrative Post with 0,5-3 meters high. Thicket: These are largely visible near the reservoir, in Corumana and in small spots along the rivers. The potential of natural resources is insufficient to meet the region s growing needs that are aggravated by demand for firewood and coal in Maputo. There is no coordination between the different authorities, which is leading to a risk of deforestation and desertification in the Maputo province, and in particular, in the Moamba district. The faunal resources worth highlighting in Sabíe near the Corumana Dam are antelopes, rabbits, birds and reptiles, particularly in the region bordering South Africa. 9.5 Description of Resettlement sites in terms of infrastructure and social settings The selected resettlement sites are inhabited and include areas for housing and for farming and cattle raising. The Chavane community has the highest number of affected households, a total of 54 of which one is in the reservoir area and 53 are in the saddle dam area. At the same time, this community will also host some affected households. Chavane Neighbourhood has settlements with both urban and rural characteristics. About 30% of its area benefits from electricity and water supply whilst the remaining 70% have no infrastructure. Most affected households come from the outskirts of the neighbourhood, due to the increase of the reservoir s maximum inundation level (120 masl). 133

136 The Ligongolo Community, 13 km from ARA-Sul s campground, has very rural characteristics. Housing is dispersed, often more than 1 km apart. Housing areas are adjacent to farming and cattle raising areas. Ligongolo has a Primary School and a Health Post. Ligongolo will host 29 households from Ligongolo (11), Babitine (7), Fungotine (2) and Ndindiza (9). The Ligongolo Community has sufficient space for new housing and new farming and cattle raising areas, especially near mount Corumana. 9.6 The impacts of the Resettlement process The main negative impact of the resettlement process that requires mitigation is the scarcity of land for farming and cattle raising to compensate farm land for those within the inundation area and within the buffer zone of the saddle dam as stated in the Entitlement Matrix. This becomes more serious when taking into account the low productivity of the soil and the need for large areas in order for the households to produce a sustainable yield. Another impact worth noting results from the inevitable growing demand on infrastructure such as health, education, water and electricity in host communities. These services will have to be strengthened. A positive impact will be the possibility to draft programs for infrastructure development in the communities of Chavane and Ligongolo. Areas for farming and cattle raising along mount Corumana can also be identified. 9.7 Description of assets affected by the project Housing Current type of Housing The census identified 80 affected houses, which classify as social housing, as per the classification in Ministerial Diploma 181/2010. As explained earlier on, out of the 80 households all consisted of a single affected house, 53 of which were fully identified by the census with gathering of information via questionnaire, geographic coordinates and photos; while the remaining 27 were identified via aerial photographs but not covered by the census 37. Of the 53 houses fully identified by the census, 5 were conventional houses (masonry and zinc roof), 44 were mixed houses (reed walls and zinc roofs) and 4 were thatched huts. None of the houses has an indoor bathroom or kitchen. Only one house has a formal surrounding fence or wall. The remaining houses have hedges, if any. 37 The identification of these 34 houses took place after completion of field work, when aerial photography was received and was compared with the field work census. 134

137 Most houses are multipurpose. On average, households have 6 buildings around the main house. At least 3 households have 10 constructions within their household area. Multipurpose houses and bedrooms are composed of two rooms, whilst the other annexes only have one. In general terms, additional buildings are latrines, extra rooms, kitchens, barns and henhouses. Most buildings are rectangular or square. Only barns are round. 135

138 Figure 9-2: Photographs of Household Types Above: Thatched hut of Elisabete Mucavele. Above: Conventional house of José Elias Cossa Above: Mixed housing of Adelina Tovela 136

139 An in-depth analysis of the structure and typical characteristics of housing concludes that the recurring model is construction with one single room and single inclined roof covering the minimum units. Roofs are inclined in order to ensure that rain water falls towards the same side. Houses usually have one bedroom and living room or one living room and two bedrooms. Most houses are made from reed and thatched or zinc roof. However, people who are better off build masonry houses. Table 9-2 bellow presents a summarized description of the affected surveyed households. The description relies on baseline information collected in the field. As previously explained in Chapter 5, following the baseline survey a simple survey was conducted by ARA-Sul to gather coordinates and photographs of 27 additional houses identified by aerial photography. For the latter, the baseline survey tools were not applied and with the information available it is not possible to present a summarized description of these assets, rather only their ID codes and names of the owners are inserted. The Remarks column identifies the 27 houses. 137

140 Table 9-2: Housing Classification - Corumana Nr Community ID Social Housing Bathroom Kitchen Nº buildings Remarks Conventional Mixed Hut Improvised None Inside Outside Inside Outside Materials and/or building s characteristics 1 Chavane 002 X Shower room and bathroom X Zinc roof in 1 building X Zinc roof in 3 buildings X Zinc roof in 2 buildings X Lusalite roof in 2 buildings, outdoor shower room X reed and zinc buildings and 1 building made of bricks X reed and zinc building. Others are huts X X brick bathroom, 2 brick and zinc houses, 1 tick-and-mud and zinc house, 1 reed and zinc house X reed and zinc rooms 1 brick and zinc room, open kitchen with X X 1 2 zinc X reed and zinc buildings X reed and zinc rooms X zinc rooms X House made of bricks and zinc roof. 9 buildings, 2 bedrooms under construction, only foundation X X reed and zinc rooms X reed and zinc rooms X House with bedroom, garage and bathroom made of bricks and zinc roof X reed and zinc rooms X Multipurpose house with zinc roof X Multipurpose house with zinc roof, improvised kitchen indoors X Multipurpose house and rooms made with bricks and zinc roof Multipurpose house and kitchen with zinc X roof 138

141 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Babitine 008 X X X X X X X X X Ligongolo 013 X X Fungotine 014 X X Ndindiza X X X Multipurpose house with reed and zinc roof 2 reed and zinc rooms 1 reed and zinc room Reed kitchen and room with zinc roof 2 multipurpose reed and zinc houses 2 reed and zinc rooms House made of bricks and zinc roof, open sky brick bathroom and 2 reed rooms with zinc roof 3 reed rooms and zinc roof, barn made of sticks and zinc roof 2 reed rooms with zinc roof 1 room and 1 multipurpose house with reed walls and zinc roof 2 reed rooms with zinc roof, 2 wire open sky pens. Reed room with zinc roof. Open kitchen Reed room with zinc roof Zinc roof in 3 buildings Zinc roof in 1 building One building partially covered with zinc Zinc roof in 1 building Zinc roof in 3 buildings Zinc roof in 3 buildings, 1 stick-and-mud building. Zinc roof in 2 buildings Zinc roof in 3 buildings. 1 stick-and-mud building Zinc roof in 2 buildings Zinc roof in 1 building Multipurpose household with zinc and concrete, remaining buildings reed walls and zinc roof (1) or open sky (5) Shower room and bathroom 139

142 X X X X Jone 024 X X X X X Panganine X X 1 2 Chavane Multipurpose household with zinc and lusalite sheets; other 2 buildings are pen and hencoop. Multipurpose household with zinc and concrete, 1 building with zinc roof and others thatched/open sky Zinc roof in 1 building; 2 open pens. Wood and zinc bedroom; 2 buildings: pen and barn. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. 140

143 Ndindiza Babitine 594 House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. House identified by aerial photography and not covered by the baseline survey. Source: Baseline survey by AustralCOWI

144 The typical house has three main rooms inside: a living room and two bedrooms. It is also common to build extra bedrooms as annexes. The parents sleep in one of the rooms and the children in the other until they reach their teenage years. For teenagers, people usually build rooms in the yard, if you have boys and girls you build separate rooms. In the yard, apart from the children s rooms, there is usually a kitchen, barn and a hencoop, if the family can afford it. The yard has no fence. The limits are usually verbally agreed upon with closest neighbours; they negotiate each one s plots limits. Main characteristics of the project and construction materials for new houses The project s houses will be built in modules so the beneficiaries can expand them in the future to suit their needs and financial power. They will basically have a living room and two bedrooms, an outdoor latrine and a kitchen area; The construction will follow the existing local standard with some improvements in terms of building technology and quality and durability of the materials. The walls will be masonry; the roof will be zinc sheets and wooden doors and windows. The number of rooms will be standardized unless it is specifically instructed to build a house with more rooms. In these cases the new house will be similar in size and with the same or more number of rooms. Construction Key in hand household replacement will, if possible, be done using a local contractor. Local labor will be employed in the construction wherever possible. Self-help housing The Environmental and Social Management Team may also suggest as an alternative, setting up a small team to participate in construction with proper training and assistance, made up only of the beneficiaries. This team will consist in 3 masons, 3 bricklayer s assistants, 2 carpenters, 2 assistants and 3 errand-boys. Technical Support A technical construction team under the guidance of Environmental and Social Management Team will be formed and headed by a Junior Civil Engineer who will provide training, supervision and control the construction works in the different stages. 142

145 10 Compensation Framework This chapter aims to describe the overall compensation framework, the eligibility and claim procedures; the methodology used for valuation of compensation values for compensation of losses described in previous chapters Overall Compensation Framework The Compensation Framework contemplates three types of compensation schemes targeted at PAPs in order to facilitate livelihood restoration. This could include non-monetary compensation, specific cash amounts for transitional support, relevant training or a combination of these elements to compensate for short, medium and long-term impacts of PAPs. In principle, and base on international best practices, cash compensation will be only provided for short-term impact to ensure flexibility and freedom of choice to reestablish their livelihood; however, medium and long-term impact will be provided in in-kind ensuring that there conditions are the same or better off. Figure 10-1: Compensation Framework Compensation Framework Relocation Phase Restoration Phase Development Phase In-Cash Compesation In-Kind Compensation Community Livelihood Plan Long-term impact Medium-term Impact Short-term Impact Compensation for losses of perennial crops Temporary housing, if needed Transportation of affected people and assets Compensation for losses of permanent crops Compensation for lost trees Short-term labor for clearing fishing access to reservoir Short-term labor for clearing land for housing and farming Temporary housing if needed Firewood seedling Seed Package Land-for-Land for housing Land-for-Land for farming House-for-improved house Relocation of gamily graves Protected water sources Primary School First-Aid Health Post and Maternity Rural Roads around the reservoir Low voltage Line and Transformation Point Source: Consultant s Proposal. 143

146 10.2 Eligibility and Claim Procedures The affected persons residing within the Project Areas are eligible for compensation once they suffer damage or have to be resettled. The procedure to deal with these matters is: Census: The ESIA Team has identified all potential affected people and assets in project area, registering names of head of households and landholders as well as detailed photographical and geographical coordinates records. Confirmation of Eligibility: The assets that were geo-referenced during the census were compared with the satellite images and aerial photography from LiDAR taken on March 2011 In the case of identifying some assets that were not included in the original census, the ESIA Team went back to the field to register any asset left out to update and finalized the list of PAPs. It is recommended to use the date of the LiDAR and Aerial Photographical Surveys as the Cut-off- Date for the eligibility of affected assets. Any asset that could eventually be established after the cut-off-date will not be eligible for compensation of losses. Registration: the ESIA Team has identified and registered all potential PAPs (name, identity number and contact details) during census and after the confirmation of the results of the census with the information from the satellite and aerial photography. The final lists of PAPs will be used as the Padrao de Registo for the implementation of the RAP. Claims and Disputes: in case of any claim or dispute from any registered PAP, any other person that was eventually not taken into account as part of the registered PAPs or any neighbour that might be affected during the process of the project implementation can submit a formal complain as suggested in Chapter 13 where the Grievance Redress Mechanisms are described Methodology for Compensation Valuation The methodology used to calculate compensation is based on the Mozambican Law for compensation of assets (Ministerial Diploma 181/2010). A detailed procedure is described for the calculation of the compensation of temporary crops, permanent crops and other losses Trees and Food Crops The calculation of compensation for loss of trees and food crops has followed the directives of the Ministry of Agriculture s Table of Costs of Food Crops for Compensation due to Loss of Crops. The calculation of compensation costs for food crops has considered only plants in production phase. Two productive agriculture seasons were considered (first 144

147 and second season), with up to five crops being produced 38. The first season considers the farming plot area occupied by crop 1. The second season considers the proportion of farming plot area per number of crops. Food and commercial crops were identified in each of the affected plot along with the plot area, and the calculation of compensation followed the costs stated by the Ministry of Agriculture. For the crops not addressed by the Ministry of Agriculture, equivalencies were made to crops of similar use (consumption/ trade) and value cost: such is the case of tobacco and millet, made equivalent to sesame; as well as nhemba beans (cow peas), made equivalent to boer beans. With regards to sweet potato, compensation has been calculated based on the costs set by the Ministry of Agriculture considering all plantations with ripe plants (in production phase). Concerning trees, they were divided into two groups fruit trees and trees for extraction of firewood. All trees identified by the census were considered to be in production phase, as most of the affected families have been living in the region for a long period of time. Calculation of compensation for fruit trees followed the costs stated by the Ministry of Agriculture 39, and for trees for extraction of firewood a fix cost of 1,000 MT or USD 40 per tree. 0.5 ha were considered for each household losing trees in order to plant new seedlings Farming plots, Grazing, Ox-stalls and Hen Houses The area of affected farming plots has been quantified in hectares, per affected household and in total. Calculation of compensation has been made for each affected hectare at the cost of USD per hectare. The grazing area estimated for compensation includes grazing areas for bovine and caprine cattle. An area of 5 ha has been considered for each cow or goat owned by the PAPs. This amounts to 6,820 ha for bovine cattle and 855 ha for caprine cattle, totalling the amount of 7,679 ha for grazing. The calculation of costs for ox-stalls considered the area occupied by each cow and goat owned by the PAPs, i.e. 2,5 m² and 1m² respectively. For chickens, an area of 2m² was considered. The majority of building materials for ox-stalls and hen houses are local (pickets), except for nails and wire. It was estimated that the linear meter for ox-stall building costs USD for cattle stalls, USD for goat stalls and USD for hen houses. 38 According to the data of the farming plots baseline survey. 39 Except for indigenous fruit trees, which not addressed by the Table of Costs of Food Crops for Compensation due to Loss of Crops. These trees were made equivalent to coconut tree value cost. 40 An exchange rate of 1 USD = Meticais has been applied, for May

148 Impeded Access The new inundation level of the reservoir (117 masl) will partially inundate and interrupt the dirt road to the community of Jone; forcing the community to make a detour and follow a longer pathway to reach the community. As a compensation measure, a new dirt road shall be opened with the smallest extension possible Graves/ Sacred Places The compensation for loss of family graves includes costs of transportation (from the exhumation place to the new burial place), body removal, materials for building new tombs (cement and lime) and the costs of a mason. The global compensation costs for family graves total the amount of 2,000 USD. Of these, the costs for the ceremony will not be higher than USD per each grave Housing Indemnity for housing infrastructures followed the parameters of the Ministerial Diploma 181/2010 of November 3 rd on Expropriation for Territorial Planning Purposes. The houses affected by the completion works of Corumana Dam were classified as per the Ministerial Diploma. They all fall under the category of social housing, as they do not meet the standard of having at least one of the following: Fully equipped bathroom inside the house; and Fully equipped kitchen inside the house with at least one sink and tap, inside the house. Other elements of the building were also considered: Type of building; Location; Age ; Value of building at construction date; and Current value of building. These variables are expressed in the formula bellow: Vn = A x P x K1 x K2 x K3 xk4 Where: Vn = value of the building (new) A = Inside area of building P= Building construction price (per square meter) Kl = Typology factor; K2 = Importance of Building factor K3 = Building construction quality factor K4 = Building location factor (P) is the market price for social housing per square meter, estimated at 7,500 MT per m². Considering the exchange rate of 1 USD = MT, the construction cost of social houses is estimated at 241 USD per m². This is in line with the 146

149 average prices of the different housing categories, and it can be re-evaluated whenever necessary, based on the costs of building materials. The coefficients identified and used for calculation are: Kl Coefficient of housing typology: 1.70 K2 Coefficient of the importance of the house: 0.90 K3 Coefficient of house location: 0,60 K4 Coefficient of location for rural areas: Areas with planning 1.10 Areas without planning 1.00 The building depreciation value (D) was also applied. It was calculated based on the following formula: D=dxIxCxMxVn Where: D = Building depreciation d = Annual % of building depreciation I= Age of building C = Preservation state of building: Very well preserved buildings 0.10 Well preserved buildings 0.40 Sufficiently preserved buildings 0.60 Badly preserved buildings 1.0 Very badly preserved buildings 1.50 M: Building antiquity margin Vn = Value of building (new). The calculation of depreciation was based on the following parameters: Name Useful Life (year) Residual Value (%) 41 Antiquity Margin % Depreciation % Social housing Building made of reed and covered with zinc sheet Building made of Wood and zinc sheet with no concrete foundation One floor building, masonry self-construction, in an area with no drainage Masonry facilities for animals Hen houses and other roughly finished facilities Annexes and garages Source: Ministerial Diploma 181/2010 of November 3 rd. 41 The residual value is a percentage of depreciation calculated based on the useful life of the property. 147

150 Finally, the building s real value was calculated based on the following formula: V= Vn D V= AxPxK1xK2xK3xK4x(1-dxIxCxM) Where: V = Vn = D = Building value New building value Building depreciation value. Factor y was added to the calculations, relating to the loss of intangible goods and the rupture of social cohesion i.e. the level of damage suffered by the PAP. This factor ranges from 0 to 20% of the building s value. The size of housing and agriculture areas for compensation was measured through the georeferences gathered in the Field work survey, to which 20% have been added ha have been estimated to compensate for housing area and ha to compensate for agriculture area Compensation Process The following methods of payment of damage compensation were identified: Cash Payments Cash payments may be made to the head of affected households at community level, to the amount of damage compensation agreed upon as soon as possible after damage is caused. The local Chief and two witnesses will verify the genuine identification of the person receiving the compensation. This would seem to be the easiest way, but it creates a security risk and danger of being robbed or hijacked. For this reason, the cash payments will be reduced to the minimum extend as possible Using Local Banks/Institutions Affected households may be given a check or a voucher for the amount of the compensation agreed upon. The check or voucher may be redeemable at available bank in the village of Ressano Garcia (Millennium BIM). However, arrangement with local bank will have to be in place before the payment of compensation commences. This option will also require ARA-Sul (UGBI) to supply transport for the affected households to the nearest bank In-Kind Compensation Land and housing will be provided before the resettlement and rights and keys will be handed-over to the head of affected households in-situ. The local Chief 148

151 and two witnesses will verify the genuine identification of the person receiving the compensated asset in the presence of the Grievance Officer (GO) and the Environmental and Social Management Unit from ARA-Sul Procedure of Payment Compensation can be paid before actual damage in different ways: in-cash or inkind. All payment of the compensation agreed upon would be delivered by community by ARA-Sul (UGBI) with the presence of the local Chief and two witnesses for each PAP who will verify the genuine identification of the person receiving the compensation. Compensations should be handled in the following manner: a. In the case of cash payment: the head of the PAP must sign a voucher and acknowledge that it is in full and final settlement of his/her claim and that no further claims may be submitted. This will be in the form of an agreement with ARA-Sul (UGBI), pertaining to resettlement and damage compensation. b. In the case of check, transport must be provided to beneficiaries not residing close to towns to enable them to cash the check to the nearest bank. They should be informed of a predetermined schedule, to ensure cashing within the validity period of the check. c. In the case of in-kind compensation: the head of the PAP must be properly identified in order to receive the right of use of the land and/or the property documents of the house which should be in the name of the head of the PAP. d. ARA-Sul, Environmental and Social Management Team and GOM must verify these lists of compensation to ensure that all PAPs receive the compensation due to them. e. A report will be compiled in such a format that it reflects the consensus between all parties concerned. 149

152 11 Income Restoration for PAPS and Community Livelihood Plan The Project Affected People (PAP) that will need to be resettled have mainly land-based livelihoods. According to the World Bank Operational Policies (safeguard policies), the project should assure that resettlement would result in an improvement, or at least restoration, of the PAP livelihoods and quality of life 42. The Operational Policy 4.12 also notes that replacement of assets and/or compensation alone does not guarantee peoples livelihood restoration. Consequently, the World Bank encourages project proponents to undertake resettlement as a sustainable development initiative. This chapter presents the income restoration principles based on the Operational Policies and provides some recommendations on income restoration strategies and enhancement of community livelihood that encompass these principles and are in line with the mitigation measures recommended by the ESIA Volume 2 Social Impact Assessment undertaken by AustralCOWI et al in February Income restoration principles The restoration or compensation of incomes, patrimony and services that existed before the flooding of the area should follow the criteria indicated bellow: The expected income from the existing economic activities should not be potentially lower than the ones that existed before resettlement. This principle can be assured with the reposition of productive factors (for instance, size of the plots; distance and access to natural resources pastures, forests, fishery, and water; opportunities of employment and performance of other economic activities, etc.) Families physical assets should not be lower (in terms of quantities and quality) houses, cattle, cattle breeding, fences, etc. 42 To ensure land-based livelihood, RAP should include: i) acquisition of replacement land; ii) access to grazing land, forest and water resources; iii) physical preparation of farm land (clearing, leveling, access routes and soil stabilization); iv) fencing of pasture and cropland; v) agricultural inputs (seeds, seedlings, fertilizer, irrigation); vi) veterinary services; vii) availability of credit; and viii) access to markets. 150

153 Access to public services (education, health, transportation, communications, trade, water, rural extension, among others) should at least be similar in terms of quality and accessibility (in terms of distance and type of services provided) The villages and locations that will host resettled people should benefit from the improvement of the public services indicated above. The implementation of the actions and proposals for the development of social and economic activities should, as far as possible, follow the principles indicated bellow: The principle of local participation through the involvement of individuals, family members, traditional and state authorities at a local level, faith-based groups and other local groups representing the community. The principle of subsidiarity, that is, that all mechanisms for the coordination, development and implementation of activities operate through local institutions and resources. The principle of development endogeneity, that is, the involvement and launching of economic interests of local economic agents in order enhance new business people. Use and development of synergies with existing activities and through interlinks between initiatives resulting from the Project. While some actions will take place during the resettlement stage, others may continue over time in a rural development perspective. During the resettlement stage, the project will focus on indemnities and specific activities related to the loss of immediate incomes, which needs to start during the period of and to finish before the completion works of the dam Income restoration activities for Resettled Households and Host Communities Income restoration As shown in Chapter 6 and the ESIA Vol 2 SIA Report, all affected communities around the Corumana Dam and its reservoir have not been considered by any directed development programs since the construction of the dam, resulting on impoverished communities with poor access to public services and economic opportunities. Income restoration strategies will take the opportunity to strengthen the community livelihood of affected and hosting communities around the reservoir by focusing on four main components: 1. Improved access to public services especially to: health, education, water, sanitation, energy and communications. 151

154 2. Restoration and improvement of access to productive capital and livelihood activities such as land for agriculture, land for animal breeding, seeds for cash crops, forests, fisheries and improved use of agriculture, fishery and livestock technologies and support programs. 3. Restoration and improvement of capital assets lost during project implementation related to housing (houses and annexes, barns/ granaries, livestock stalls/ fences). 4. Especial attention to vulnerable groups. For each sector of activity, income restoration activities are presented subdivided into two groups: (1) income restoration for the PAPs; and (2) community livelihood plan Component 1 - Improved Access to Public Services It is expected that by focusing on access and support programs in the area of health, education, water, sanitation and energy, the Community Livelihood Plan will improve the minimum living standards of the affected host communities. It will allow community members to reduce time used to collect water, firewood and walking to school and health services and use their time on livelihood related activities. Health Three vulnerable groups were identified during the SIA, namely children under 5, pregnant women and elder people. In order to ensure better health of target people it is recommended to improve access to health posts, maternity services and support programs related to maternal-child care and elderly care. PAPs It is suggested that one mobile unit is set up to provide basic health services and one health technician is allocated to serve the affected population, as well as satisfy the needs of the populations in the surrounding villages during the resettlement period. COMMUNITY LIVELIHOOD The construction and equipment of a health post with maternity services and pharmacy in a First-aid post with midwife and pharmacy in Babitine, one health post with midwife and pharmacy in Ligongolo, and reinforce Chavane 43 health post. 43 Considering that Chavane already has a health post with maternity services and pharmacy. 152

155 Implementation of a maternal child care program focusing on i) nutrition, HIV testing and monitoring of pregnant women and children under 5 and ii) midwife training to provide support to pregnant women including delivery. Implementation of a sanitation campaign at family level by providing support to communities to promote the construction of latrines and the adoption of personal, domestic and community sanitation and hygiene practices. Implementation of elder support programs focusing on nutrition and social integration of elders in general and especially elder headed households in hosting communities. Education There are three small primary school classrooms in the villages of Ndindiza, Babitine, Ligongolo, a full primary school in Chavane and a secondary school in Moamba Village at a distance of about 50 km from Chavane community. The livelihood restoration programs related to education include recommendations that strengthen the existing education facilities with the construction and equipment of six classrooms as well as complementary staff allocation and training activities: PAPs All the proposed activities benefit the communities in which the PAPs will be resettled. COMMUNITY LIVELIHOOD Construction and equipment of six classrooms in three in Chavane, two in Ligongolo and one in Babitine. Allocation of six primary school teachers for a two-year period to ensure the use of the new education facilities and the insertion of the teachers in the education public system. An adult literacy campaign (considering gender issues), using the infrastructures of the local primary schools in the late afternoon period, looking beyond literacy and also focusing on various practical issues such as: Basic financial management and small business development training. Artisanal handcrafting of more suitable fishing tools training. Dissemination of crop conservation techniques after reaping, 153

156 Operation and maintenance of hand pumps, infrastructures, solar panels training. Dissemination of xitique 44 and other modalities of local saving and microcredit schemes. Water Currently, the population living around the dam is using water from the reservoir for drinking, cooking and animal breeding purposes. Only Chavane community has irregular supply of tap water in a few houses, supplied by ARA-Sul. For the improvement of access to water for domestic use it is recommended to: PAPs For new houses for resettled population, public water taps will be provided. COMMUNITY LIVELIHOOD Rehabilitate and extend the piped water supply system of Chavane and build a new piped system in Mahungo. Three levels of services can be provided as alternatives i.e. in-house connection, yard tap connections and public taps. Households of Non-affected PAPs will be able to choose according to their capacity and willingness to pay for their monthly consumption. Construct 10 water boreholes with hand pumps in six rural communities affected around the reservoir, ensuring one hand pump per 500 people. Train local mechanics for the operation and maintenance of hand pumps. Coordinate with health Authorities, for the construction of improved latrines for affected PAPs and non-affected people. Energy (for both the PAPs and the Community Livelihood) There are two high voltage power lines passing through the Corumana Dam area and yet there are no transformation units to benefit the population. It is difficult for the population to understand how electricity and water are provided to larger settlements that are even further from the sources of such public commodities. The following suggestions are made: Extension of 30 km of low voltage power line for Ligongolo and Babitine communities. 44 Xitique is a local rotative saving schemes used in peri-urban and rural areas in Southern Mozambique. 154

157 Construction of 10 power transformation units and a distribution network in the Chavane, Mahungo and Ligongolo communities, giving households the possibility to sign a contract using a pre-paid system according to their capacity to pay for monthly consumption. For more remote communities (Jone, Babitine and Ndindiza) solar panels systems can be installed in health posts and schools. For non affected people, particularly fisherfolks, it is suggested to introduce solar panels for solar panel refrigeration systems to be used by fishery community. Communication (for both the PAPs and the Community Livelihood Plan) Complementary benefits due to the completion works of Corumana Dam might demand the rehabilitation of the Moamba-Sabíe road. This will facilitate transportation of construction machinery while at the same time benefiting local population to evacuate their crops. The existing dirt road provides the only access for communities around the reservoir, furthermore during rainy season its accessibility is limited to four-wheel drive vehicles. To improve communication services, it is also recommended to implement a rehabilitation and maintenance program for opening of local roads around the reservoir. It will establish social services in the remote areas, using labour-based methods for the rehabilitation and maintenance of roads that will significantly contribute to the local economic and social recovery of PAPs and all communities around the reservoir Component 2 - Restoration and improvement of access to productive capital and livelihood activities As mentioned in Chapter 6 and the ESIA Vol 2 SIA Report, agriculture, livestock and fishing are the most important activities of the affected communities in the project area, as well as the main source of food and income at the household level, especially those of PAPs. Agriculture Given the importance of agriculture for the livelihoods of the population in the area, it is recommended that the rural extensions services be widened to encompass the all communities around the dam, including resettled households. The following activities are recommended: PAPs Distribution of the main productive inputs during the first the agriculture campaign (fertilizers and improved seeds of main crops such as maize, cassava, beans and peanuts). Land clearing and preparation for planting. It is further recommended that this activity uses, when possible, the resettled population (giving priority to vulnerable groups) as paid labour. 155

158 Provision of land rights titles called DUATs (Direito de Utilização e Aproveitamento da Terra or Right of Use of Land and Benefit). COMMUNITY LIVELIHOOD Rural extension services will assist resettlement-affected households to re-establish agricultural and livestock activities, increase production and develop new economic activities. Extension services will include: Rural extension staff with the equipment and materials needed to provide services such as livestock vaccination and pest control; Demonstration projects to provide examples of new and green agricultural practices and technologies with potential to help PAPs increase their incomes. Demonstration projects could include small investments for irrigation (construction of irrigation channels, selling of windmills, etc). They shall go hand-in-hand with training sessions on agriculture and livestock techniques focusing on: Establishment of tree nurseries and selling of these plants. Use of manures and other organic fertilizers. Dissemination of crop conservation techniques after reaping. Dissemination of the existing experience in the use of animals traction for work (agriculture, irrigation and transportation) Dissemination of feeding techniques based on local resources and remains of agricultural production (hay, green dough, etc.) Provision of training for families on how to build granaries, as a way to reduce post-harvest losses. Fisheries (for both the PAPs and the Community Livelihood) Fishing is the only positive impact of the Corumana Dam that has benefited household livelihoods and it is estimated that a larger reservoir will increase fishery because of completing the dam. In order to optimize this impact on the communities around the reservoir, the following activities are proposed for the maintenance and increase of the income from fishing activities: Protection of fishing areas will be confirmed as part of the reservoir management plan and will include zoning of the main fishing areas. Four areas located in Jone, Chavane, Mahungo and Fungotine will be cleared before the inundation, to facilitate access to the reservoir and avoid destruction of fishing nets. 156

159 Community labour will be engaged to remove vegetation in the above mention areas for fishing. This is also addressed as part of the ESIA Vol 3 Environmental Management Plan as it needs to balance technical feasibility, cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability. Promote gender balanced support programs for the improvement of fishing arts and equipment for conservation and transportation of fish to market places. Training sessions on fishing and business techniques focusing on: Treatment and conservation of fish without freezing conditions. Artisanal handcrafting of more suitable fishing nets and other handmade tools, allowing the ability to target and capture fish by size and species during harvesting operations, i.e., small (or juvenile) fish and non-target species to escape unharmed. Basic financial management and small business development training Component 3 - Restoration and improvement of capital assets related to housing As mentioned in previous Chapters and the ESIA Vol 2 SIA Report, houses located under the maximum inundation level and the buffer zone need relocation for which ARA-Sul will provide the housing infrastructures to substitute the existing affected houses in the areas above mentioned (See Chapter 9). Replacement and improvement of housing infrastructures: The housing infrastructures in the new resettlement areas will be built in modules so that the beneficiaries can expand them in the future to suit their needs and financial power. The housing infrastructure will be characterized as follows: PAPs They will be composed by living room and two bedrooms, an outdoor latrine and a kitchen area. The construction will follow the existing local standard with some improvements in terms of building technology and quality and durability of the materials. The walls will be masonry; the roof will be zinc sheets and wooden doors and windows. The number of rooms will be standardized unless it is specifically instructed to build a house with more rooms. In these cases, the new house 157

160 will be similar in size of the affected house and will have the same or more number of rooms. COMMUNITY LIVELIHOOD Training of local masons and carpenters who will work in the construction of houses for compensation to affected PAPs Component 4 - Vulnerable PAPs During implementation of the resettlement program, special attention should be given to vulnerable PAPs to provide equitable access to resettlement entitlements and to enable adequate re-establishment of livelihoods social integration in the new communities after resettlement and. The gender and age of heads of household were used to identify a total of 53 vulnerable households. Vulnerable households heads include those above the age of 64 (elderly) and those who are single parent heads of household, particularly single women. ARA-Sul will provide special assistance to vulnerable homesteads insofar as they are disproportionately affected by resettlement as follows: compilation of a complete list of vulnerable homesteads (and individuals as this may be relevant) and identification of the cause and effects of their vulnerability; Involvement of local religious and other local support groups and associations at hosting communities, to support incoming relocated people and help their integration into the new social environment. Special attention should be provided to the integration of single-women heads of household and elderly to avoid social stigmatization or discrimination. Promotion of NGOs/CBOs or other government institutions to support income generation activities or savings and credits groups in hosting communities, ensuring the participation of affected and non affected households to ensure social integration and economic restoration Implementation of Community Livelihood Plan For the implementation of component 1 - Improved Access to Public Services, ARA-Sul will cover the costs of construction and equipment of the facilities by subcontracting a construction company. It is recommended that the construction company use local labour, which will ensure short-term income for local population as well as long term skills that people can use as part of their livelihood activities. Short-term training on construction, maintenance and repair will be part of a training package of the construction company in order to ensure long-term maintenance of the public infrastructure. 158

161 For training associated with these activities and community support programs, ARA-Sul will cover the cost of implementation of community support programs and training for the first two years of the program. Unfortunately, there are no on-going development projects working in the project area. In order to create synergies with potential institutions and organizations that would eventually be interested to work in the area, these funds could be used as a match fund to leverage resources that can allow at least for extra three years of the program. ARA- Sul can promote a Private-Public-Partnership by seeking support from ODA partners, International NGOs or Private Companies interested in financing such activities as part of their Social Responsibility Programs. Maintenance and Repair teams will be promoted as small businesses to ensure that local government and households can contract them for maintenance, repair and rehabilitation of local private and public infrastructures, hand pumps and/or solar panels. This is in line with local development strategy of the process of decentralization to local governments. For the implementation of component 3 - Restoration and improvement of access to productive capital and livelihood activities, a close cooperation should be established with the Ministry of Agriculture and the Institute for Development of Small Scale Fishery (IDPPE) in order to enable a successful support to the district rural extension services. An Agricultural and Livestock Demonstration Centre should be set up and equipped with tools and inputs for technicians to provide the training sessions and carry out the vaccination and pest control activities. It should be located in one of the equidistant villages from the agricultural fields. For implementation of the component 3 - Restoration and improvement of capital assets related to housing, ARA-Sul through the Sabíe Administrative Post will contract a local construction company, if possible, to promote employment of local labour in the construction process. An alternative set-up can be applied for which it is recommended to contract a small team to participate in construction of houses for PAPs with proper training and assistance. This team will consist in three masons, three bricklayer s assistants, two carpenters, two assistants and three errand-boys. The purpose of this set-up is to use exclusively of local labour force from the PAPs and hosting communities based on Self-Help construction process, which will ensure longterm maintenance of housing, health and education infrastructures build by the project. Key-in-hand household replacement and support with transportation of household members and personal belongings to new houses must also be done before the inundation of the reservoir. A technical quality control construction team will be contracted by ARA-Sul, under the guidance of Environmental and Social Management Team who will supervise and control the construction works in the different stages. 159

162 12 Institutional and Organizational Arrangements for implementation of RAP The resettlement will occur with the intervention of different institutions at central, provincial and district levels. The level of intervention may be direct or indirect and may happen at different moments. The resettlement activities proposed emerged from a public consultation process in which different institutions and levels of power participated: 1) at the central level: DNA, ARA-Sul, Ministry of Environmental Coordination, Ministry of Tourism, IDPPE; 2) at the provincial level: the Maputo Province Government and the Directorate for Environmental Coordination; 3) at the district level: Moamba, Magude and Manhiça District Services of Infrastructure, Head of Sabie Administrative Post and Locality Chiefs; 4) at the community level: Corumana Dam Community Fishing Council, the affected and hosting communities and their community leaders (Neighbourhood Secretaries, Chiefs of Land and Régulo); 5) at the level of the I&APs: Sabie Game Park, Cofamosa and Agri-Sul. The coordination within the Public Works and Housing sector is key to a successful implementation of the RAP, namely between the National Directorate of Water (DNA) and ARA-Sul with regards to resettlement strategies. This also applies to the coordination between ARA-Sul and the Incomati Watershed Management Unit (UGBI). The UGBI will be responsible for the implementation of the RAP, through a close follow-up of the RAP execution by the Environmental and Social Management Team. In the frame of this, and benefiting from the already existing relations with the Sabie Administrative Post, the Moamba District and the Maputo Province, UGBI will make the necessary linkages with DNA and ARA- Sul on the one hand, and with the Maputo Province (including the Directorate for Public Works and Housing), the Moamba District Administration (including the District Services for Economic Activities, Infrastructures and Planning, Health and Social Action) and the Sabie Post Administration on the other hand. The linkages for coordination, communication and information-sharing with the community level will be done by the Environmental and Social Management Team (ESMT) through the Grievance Officer, a staff of the ESMT based in the 160

163 UGBI. The Grievance Officer will be responsible for coordinating and exchanging all the needed communication regarding the RAP process with the local authorities representing the affected and hosting communities and the Community Tribunals that are part of the grievance redress mechanism. Decisions regarding the choice of sites for resettlement and for agricultural and cattle raising activities, as well as discussions on compensations and final withdrawal to new places of resettlement should always involve the Head of the Administrative Post, the Locality Chiefs and the members of the District or Locality Consultative Councils, the Chiefs of Land and the community leaders. At the district level, the coordination of UGBI with the District Services for Infrastructure and Planning, Economic Activities, Health and Social Action and Education will be crucial to ensure land for the resettlement process, the development of agricultural and cattle raising activities and the provision of health and education infrastructures. In order to ensure a smooth implementation and hand-over of the RAP, it is important to promote the ownership of the RAP by the Maputo Province, particularly the Provincial Directorate for Public Works and Housing (Direcção Provincial de Obras Públicas e Habitação, DPOPH). Ownership of the RAP by the province will be promoted by regular coordination and information-sharing, for which UGBI is responsible. The Maputo Province and DPOPH will receive the monthly RAP implementation progress reports via DNA, and will continue to receive the quarterly reports on the functioning of Corumana dam sent by UGBI 45. Table 12-1 bellow summarizes the institutional organization structure for the implementation of the RAP. Table 12-1: View of the main actors and their roles N.º Institution(s) Role/ Responsibility 1 National Directorate of Water Ruling entity Role proposed in the implementation of the RAP Central/ National Level Coordinate the implementation of the Project within the World Bank safeguards Set the coordination for the resettlement process with ARA-Sul Coordinate with ARA-Sul the Environmental and Social Management Team (ESMT), who will be responsible for the execution of the Action Plan Coordinate with UGBI the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the resettlement process Carry out the Procurement for Resettlement, namely the bidding and payment of services, in coordination 45 These are broad reports about the work of Corumana dam, addressing a variety of issues to which the RAP implementation will be added. 161

164 2 3 4 ARA-Sul ARA-Sul/ UGBI Provincial Directorate of Agriculture Crop valuation District Administration Manager and ruling institution of the dam Project Promoter. Manager and direct ruling institution of the water resources located to the south of Mozambique. Ensure community mobilisation with ARA-Sul and the ESMT Launch the bid for the contract for the construction of houses, health centre and broadening of class rooms, as well as sources of water and electricity Review and comment the Monitoring and Evaluation Reports. Coordinate the implementation of the resettlement process Carry out external monitoring of the project s outputs and outcomes and participate in the project s evaluation Appoint a technician to direct the Environmental and Social Management Team (ESMT) Manage the ESMT Through the ESMT, ensure the communication with PAPs and the affected and hosting communities, with the support of local authorities and community leaders Coordinate the local construction team Through the ESMT, perform the payment of all financial costs regarding compensations Through the ESMT and the Grievance Officer, receive and answer the claims, complaints and appeal requests in the frame of the grievance redress mechanism Follow-up the progress of housing and infrastructure construction. Provincial/ Regional Level Coordinate all RAP activities and the process of identification of new areas of resettlement Carry out internal monitoring of the implementation of the RAP Appoint a technician to work in the ESMT as the Grievance Officer Coordinate all resettlement activities with local and District level authorities (payment of compensations, response and referral of claims and complaints). Validate the proposals for the compensation for the loss of crops and fruit trees Follow-up the Project implementation process Review and comment the monthly progress reports produced by the ESMT Ensure communication between the Project (ESMT) and the District Consulting Council Ensure coordination for the set up of resettlement services and infrastructures with the relevant district institutions (education, health, agriculture, housing and planning) and service providers (water/ FIPAG and electricity/ EDM). 162

165 5 District and Administrative Post Consulting Councils Ensure community mobilisation and participation Ensure the flow of information about the progress of the Project to the members of the Consulting Councils. 6 District Services for Infrastructure and Planning Local territorial planning and infrastructures Approve new areas for resettlement and formalize their occupation in observance of territorial planning regulations. 7 District Services for Economic Activities Local Agricultural and Land Development Approve the new areas for the development of cattle raising and agricultural activities as well as measures to compensate for the loss of crops and trees. 8 District Services for Health and Social Action Health and Social Action Define and approve the parameters for the Health services to be installed. 9 District Services for Education, Youth and Technology Education and training Define and approve the parameters for the education services to be installed. 10 Head of Sabíe Administrative Post and Chiefs of Localities envisaged Management of human settlements under their responsibility Selection of the members of the households that will participate in the self-construction teams Sensitization of host communities towards the acceptance of new families Participate in training programs. Considering the different institutions involved and roles fulfilled for the implementation of the RAP, as well as the multiplicity and complexity of tasks to be performed, the teams and institutions involved in the RAP implementation, monitoring and evaluation should receive adequate training on these three items, in order for them to successfully perform their duties Project Management and Implementation For the RAP implementation, different sets of relations will be established and/or strengthened among the strengthened among the institutions involved for coordination and information-sharing sharing purposes, as outlined in 163

166 Figure 12-1 bellow: Figure 12-1: Organizational Framework for the Management and Implementation of the Resettlement Ministry of Public Works and Housing National Directorate of Water ARA-Sul Maputo Province Directorate of Public Works and Housing Moamba District Administration Incomati Watershed Management Unit (UGBI) Head of Sabie Administrative Post Locality Chiefs Community Leaders Environmental & Social Management Team Grievance Officer Affected households Community Tribunals Project implementation information flow Project implementation information and coordination flow Resettlement information flow 164

167 The overall project management will fall under the responsibility of DNA, through ARA-Sul and with the support of the internal Project Management and Administration services. The implementation of the RAP will be carried out by ARA-Sul through an Environmental and Social Management Team (ESMT). The execution of the whole resettlement process will fall under the responsibility of the Incomati Watershed Management Unit (UGBI), based in Corumana-Sabie. As such, ARA-Sul will be responsible for the normal resettlement administration, from construction of houses and payment of compensations to PAPs to answering queries, doubts and complaints about the process. Communication and solution of grievances presented will be ensured by the Grievance Officer, staff of the ESMT, in the frame of the grievance redress mechanism presented ahead. The Grievance Officer, based in the UGBI (Corumana Sabíe) will be appointed by ARA-Sul/UGBI to work in the ESMT, in close coordination with the grievance redress mechanism, particularly the Grievance Focal Points and the Community Tribunals. The GO will be part of this mechanism and will play a vital role of technical assistance, communication and monitoring of the response to claims. As previously explained, the implementation of the RAP will require the establishment of coordination, communication and information-sharing linkages. UGBI will play a key role in this, for the execution of the RAP through the ESMT to be created. The UGBI has already established linkages with the Maputo Province, Moamba District and Sabíe Administrative Post for coordination and reporting regarding the functioning of Corumana dam. In the frame of this, and benefiting from the already existing relations, UGBI will make the necessary linkages with DNA and ARA-Sul, on the one hand, as well as with the Maputo Province (with particular emphasis for the Directorate for Public Works and Housing), the Moamba District Administration and the Sabie Administrative Post on the other hand. At the district level, the coordination of UGBI with the District Services for Economic Activities, Infrastructure and Planning, Health and Social Action and Education will be crucial to ensure land for the resettlement process, the development of agricultural and cattle raising activities and the provision of health and education infrastructures. The linkage with the community level, and particularly the grievance redress mechanism, will be done by the ESMT through the Grievance Officer (GO). For coordination and decision-making of RAP activities directly related to the PAPs, the GO will be in close contact with the local authorities including the Head of the Administrative Post, Locality Chiefs, Consultative and/or Community Councils, Neighbourhood Secretaries and traditional leaders such as Chiefs of Land, Régulos, the Grievance Focal Point and Community Tribunals. These include, among other decisions, the selection of resettlement, agriculture and cattle raising sites, payment of compensations and final withdrawal to new resettlement sites. At the beginning of the implementation of the resettlement process, a public consultation meeting will be held in each affected community with its members and leaders, to explain the resettlement process, present its schedule and introduce 165

168 the grievance redress mechanism. At the meeting, the key role players of the redress mechanism will be defined: the Grievance Officer on behalf of the ESMT and ARA-Sul/ UGBI, and the Grievance Focal Point on behalf of the community. Existing community leaders, Community Courts and social support networks should also be identified for negotiation of their involvement in the redress mechanism and explanation of their role. Social support networks such as religious groups, in particular, can play an important communication role in the resettlement process, providing information to the community members. At the end of these meetings, community members as well as their leaders and the other elements of the grievance redress mechanism should be clear about the resettlement process, the functioning of the redress mechanism and their role in it. Additional meetings can be held to clarify doubts and further explain specific resettlement issues (e.g. compensation for losses) to community members. These additional meetings can be held by the ESMT and, when deemed necessary, a senior member of ARA-Sul/UGBI, the Chiefs of Land, Locality chiefs and the head of the Sabie Administrative Post. Following this initial public consultation meeting, the GO should establish a regular visit schedule with each affected community, to gather complaints presented to the redress mechanism and follow-up their solution as explained ahead. To ensure the efficiency, flexibility and transparency of the project implementation, an Environmental and Social Management Team (ESMT) will be set up to manage the implementation of the RAP. The ESMT will fulfil the following tasks: Ensure the implementation of the resettlement plan within the set deadlines; Set up and implement coordination mechanisms at local and central levels to ensure timely execution of the implementation schedule; Gather claims, complaints and suggestions from affected and hosting communities and institutions, analyse them and ensure their to the relevant institutions to be solved; Observing the principle of subsidiarity, involve local institutions for the resolution of possible conflicts; On a monthly basis, prepare progress reports on the implementation of the resettlement action plan, including challenges faced and measures adopted; to be sent to UGBI; Inform DNA and ARA-Sul, through UGBI, of possible gaps in the resettlement plan and propose mitigating measures in consultation with local communities and institutions; Monitor the implementation of specific activities under the responsibility of other sectors. The ESMT will archive and keep records of documentation related to the implementation of RAP activities. A separate archive should be created to file and record the documentation of the complaints presented to the grievance redress 166

169 mechanism, to be managed by the Grievance Officer in its regular contact with the affected and hosting communities. The implementation of the RAP will require the involvement of other government sectors apart from Public Works and Housing. DNA will inform the other government sectors and institutions about the tasks and responsibilities of the ESMT, its composition, coordination and articulation channels. DNA will also request them to name a focal point to the project at the central and local level, as applicable, in order to ensure fluidity of coordination and communication. For monitoring and evaluation purposes, it is important that regular information about the RAP implementation is prepared and shared within the RAP organizational framework. The ESMT, entity responsible for executing the RAP, will produce monthly progress reports and send them to UGBI. In its turn, UGBI will send the reports to ARA-Sul, who will send them to DNA. DNA will share the reports with DPOPH, who will finally share them with the Moamba District. Parallel to this, UGBI will continue submitting the already existing quarterly reports on the functioning of Corumana Dam to the Moamba District and Maputo Province. A section about the RAP implementation shall be added to these reports. A communication and information flow must also be established by the Grievance Officer with the elements of the grievance redress mechanism - Grievance Focal Points in the community and Tribunals (from community up to district level) - receiving and responding to claims, appeals and disputes in relation to the RAP implementation. S/he will ensure that the elements of the mechanism have enough information to respond to the cases in a proper and timely manner, and will monitor the functioning of the system to ensure that the persons who reported the cases receive feedback response and information to clarify their doubts. This is further developed in Section Figure 12-2 bellow illustrates the information sharing flow: Figure 12-2: Information flow DPOPH DNA Moamba District ARA- Sul UGBI Community Tribunal ESMT 167

170 The ESMT will be composed by a Program Coordinator and a Secretariat. The Program Coordinator will be responsible for ensuring the functioning of the ESMT while the Secretariat will be responsible for assisting the Program Coordinator and linking with the party responsible for the project s financial execution (DNA) in order to ensure that procedures for team expenses run smoothly. The Program Coordinator has the following profile: Senior Staff of DNA with experience in community work; Experience in community mobilisation and use of community participation techniques; Experience in project management and implementation; Coordination and institutional relationship skills; Leadership skills. The ESMT will be based in ARA-Sul (Maputo city) and will commute regularly to Corumana dam (e.g. every other week), in order to address both the bureaucracy and practicalities of the RAP implementation. Additionally to the Program Coordinator and the Secretariat, the ESMT will have a Grievance Officer (GO) appointed by ARA-Sul/UGBI to work in close coordination with the ESMT, based in UGBI (Corumana-Sabíe). S/he will keep close and regular contact with the affected and hosting communities for gathering, follow-up and referral of any complaints, grievances and disputes arising in relation to the RAP implementation. The regularity of contact between the GO and the communities should be defined at the beginning of the RAP implementation process; however, if necessary, the contact can become more regular even on a daily basis to ensure timely response to the claims presented. In its work the ESMT will continue the coordination, consultation and operational involvement previously initiated at the times of the RAP design, ensuring in particular the participation of the following entities: 1) At the local level: Community Leaders; Chiefs of Land; Community Councils; Community tribunals; Neighbourhood Secretaries; Chiefs of Localities involved; Administrative Post Chief; Peasant associations; Farming companies; Sabie Game Park; District Services of Economic Activities Services; District Services for Planning and Infrastructures; District Services for Education; District Services for Health, Woman and Social Action; 168

171 District Administrator. 2) At the central level and the corresponding provincial levels when applicable: DNA; ARA-Sul; FIPAG; IDPPE; IIP; National Roads Directorate; Ministry of Tourism; Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Action; Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Education. The ESMT shall formally communicate the activities of sectoral responsibility and their schedule/ program to the relevant entities, in the frame of the resettlement plan. Coordination must focus on operational meetings involving only the parties directly involved in the meeting s agenda. The ESMT will seek to establish as much as possible one-on-one relations in order to save time and resources. The ESMT, through the GO, is a key player in the functioning of the grievance redress mechanism, which demands separate channels for dealing with communication issues and with appeals issues. ARA-Sul, through the ESMT and the GO, is responsible for ensuring the communication with PAPs and the affected and hosting communities, with the support of local authorities and community leaders; as well as the communication, information-sharing and capacity building with the Community Tribunals and the Grievance Focal Point (GFP). In its turn, the grievance redress mechanism, anchored in the Community Tribunals and the GFP, will be responsible for responding to the appeals presented. When a claim or complaint is presented at the community the GFP will record it, clarify it if possible with the support of the GO and, if a solution is not reached at this level, s/he will refer the claim to the Community Tribunal. This tribunal will hear both the person who presented the claim and the GO and will issue a decision in response to the claim. If the person is unsatisfied with the solution reached at this stage, s/he can appeal to higher instance tribunals up to the District level, if necessary. The GO will keep regular contact with the Tribunals, recording, monitoring and providing the technical assistance necessary for the Tribunals decision-making on the claim. While the ESMT will implement the RAP ensuring coordination with a wide range of power levels and executing a broad range of activities, the GO will ensure the exchange of communication and capacity building of the grievance redress mechanisms, keeping a close relation with the affected and hosting communities to guarantee that PAPs are not lost in the big picture of resettlement and receive the treatment and compensations they are entitled to. Thus the GO and 169

172 the Grievance Redress Mechanism play a major role in the successful implementation of the RAP. As explained in the next section, through the GO the ESMT will keep record of and monitor claims presented related to the resettlement process, ensuring provision of satisfactory and fair response. The GO will work with the affected and hosting communities before and after the resettlement, and establish a system for gathering and responding to grievances with the involvement of traditional leaders, customary courts at the community level and formal Judicial courts up to District or Provincial levels. The GO will train and provide technical assistance to local tribunals (customary and Judicial) to address claims related to the resettlement process, as well as monitor the response to cases. In essence, the GO will ensure that every claim gets proper and prompt response. The GO will not make decisions for the claims presented this is the role of the Tribunals - but will make sure that the institutions addressing the claims (from the community court to the district tribunal) have enough information about the claim and knowledge of the resettlement process to do so. A more thorough description of the GO s tasks and profile is presented bellow Grievance Redress Mechanisms Proposed Mechanism for Appeal Given the complexity and the myriad of impacts of the resettlement process, potential grievances, conflicts or disputes might arise from the affected population during the resettlement process. In the frame of the RAP, a grievance redress mechanism is specifically established to respond to these grievances. This section aims to present clear procedures for the establishment of a grievance redress mechanism for the RAP implementation. This will facilitate the solution of conflicts and disagreements in relation to the resettlement process and, more specifically, the payment of compensations. Rather than creating a new, parallel justice system, the mechanism is based on community leaders and Community Tribunals, the justice system most commonly used by communities to deal with daily disputes among dwellers. With this system claims can be solved at the community level, through the community leaders and the Grievance Officer, and through the Community Tribunals if a solution is not reached through the leaders. For a successful redress of grievances it is important that ARA-Sul, through the ESMT, ensures the involvement of the customary and formal courts (from the community up to District level) and, particularly, negotiates with the leaders and Community Tribunals to ensure their commitment to deal with claims related to the resettlement process; for which they must be capacitated and monitored by the ESMT. In the frame of this mechanism, the claim is presented by the affected person at the community level, rather than directly at ARA-Sul/ UGBI. The Grievance 170

173 Officer will keep regular contact with each affected community, to gather and monitor each claim presented and the response given, as well as provide the necessary technical assistance for the analysis and resolution of the claim. According to World Bank operational policies, the borrower should ensure the establishment of a mechanism, at no cost, to timely and satisfactorily respond to claims raised by PAPs along the resettlement process. In the case of the RAP for the completion works of Corumana dam, the ESMT is responsible for establishing a grievance redress mechanism and ensuring that the entities involved are well informed and have access to specific information to respond to grievances presented, on a case by case basis. Within the suggested mechanism, the provision of Justice to the cases reported relies on customary law and Judicial law enacted by the existing traditional leaderships and government Judicial structures at the local and district level, such as Community Courts, Locality, Administrative Post and District Tribunals (See Figure 12-3 bellow). Currently the process to solve land and resources conflicts is managed by Community Tribunals composed by traditional chiefs and elders of the community 46. Disputes involving different villages are addressed by Locality and Administrative Post Tribunals of the area, composed by traditional chiefs as well as the head of the Administrative Post. In addition to these structures, the grievance redress mechanism should include: ARA-Sul, responsible for negotiating the involvement of the Judicial Structures from the Community up to District level, to ensure that the Grievance Redress Mechanism is established within the existing Judicial system and all appeals presented by affected population related to the RAP implementation will be timely and transparently addressed by the mechanism, according to these guidelines. the Grievance Officer (GO), ESMT staff appointed by ARA-Sul/ UGBI and based in UGBI (Corumana-Sabie). The GO will be responsible for training and providing technical assistance to local customary and judicial tribunals (from Community to District level) and the community Grievance Focal Points to address appeals related to the resettlement process, as well as monitoring the appeals presented. Training and technical assistance are necessary for tribunal members to clearly understand the resettlement process, entitlement to compensations, the grievance redress mechanism and its procedures. The GO should be also part of the community tribunals to provide information, knowledge and assistance to resettlement-related cases, to support tribunals to define if complaints are raised by entitled PAPs or not, and the type of compensation for which they are entitled to. 46 Law nº 4/92 of May

174 The Grievance Focal Point (GFP), who is one of the leaders of the community, to be appointed by the members of his/her community. S/he will be the first contact for PAPs who face a grievance related to the RAP and wish to present a complaint. S/he will be responsible for the transcription of verbal claims presented by PAPs to written records and for forwarding the information to Community Tribunals for response as needed (See Figure 12-3). The GO will collect the records prepared by the GFP for archive and monitoring. The GFP will also be responsible for communicating the response on the claim to the person who presented it and, if the person is not satisfied with the response, the GFP will forward the case to the Community Tribunal. Women and members of vulnerable groups, which should be involved in/ make as part of the community tribunals all the way up to district tribunals, in order to ensure equal and fair access to and treatment by the grievance redress mechanisms. Figure 12-3: Mechanism for Appeal Source: AustralCOWI Proposed Procedure for Appeal The proposed procedure for appeal aims to smooth and promptly response to the claims, conflicts or formal complaints presented by PAPs, any other individual that for no known reasons was not taken into account during the registration of PAPs or any neighbour that might be affected by the project implementation. It is based on the already exiting justice system most commonly used at the community level, that of provision of justice by community leaders and Community Tribunals, properly informed and capacitated by the GO to deal with the RAP- 172

175 related claims presented. For the functioning of the system, the GO will be informed of each claim presented, in order to be able to support the system. The proposed procedures should build on amicable understanding and agreement of the solutions. They ought to be discussed at the public consultation meeting to be held at the beginning of project implementation, for possible improvements that make them more meaningful to the communities as well as to ensure that PAPs fully comprehend the functioning and access to the mechanism for a transparent and equitable implementation of the grievance redress mechanism. The following procedure for appeal is proposed (see Figure 12-4): 6. All complaints should be presented in person to the Grievance Focal Point (GFP) or, if unavailable, to the local village leader who will later on submit the complaint to the GFP. The GFP should register the complaint in writing, to ensure full agreement with PAP who might lack literacy skills 47. The GFP will double-check if the person is a registered PAP, through the available list of PAPs and with the support of the GO, check the eligibility of the PAP and the validity of the appeal submitted. 7. If the claim is valid, the GO, together with the GFP and the community leader, will go through all the documentation related to the claim and, if needed, do on-site verification of the claim. Based on this, the GO will issue ARA-Sul s positioning regarding the claim to the local GFP, who will communicate it to the PAP. 8. If the PAP is not satisfied with the response given he/she can take it further to the Community Tribunal, informing the GFP of this or asking him to be referred to the tribunal. When the Tribunal meets to judge the claim, ARA-Sul, through the GO, attends the session(s) and present and the documentation, evidence and steps taken on that claim, which supports its decision. Based on this, the Tribunal will issue a final response and will inform the PAP of it. 9. If a claim is submitted directly by a registered PAP to the community tribunal, rather than through the GFP, the community tribunal will notify and assist the complainant, keeping the GO informed. If the claim is made by a non-registered PAP, the community tribunal will refer the case to the GO who will decide if that person has a valid claim or not, after consulting with the person and his/her community leaders. All complaints must be responded to by the local leader within 14 days after reception. 10. If no understanding or amicable solution can be reached for the complaint presented at the community level, or if the affected person does not receive a response within 14 days of the registry of the complaint, s/he can appeal to the Local Government Authority (LGA) at the Sabíe Administrative Post, and then to the District Tribunal as necessary. The 47 The ESMT will provide the necessary materials for the writing and filling of claims. 173

176 LGA s decision at district level will be final and all decisions must be reached within a full growing season after the complaint is submitted. Apart from these elements, other entities that are relevant to community life can be involved in the redress mechanism, such as local religious groups, support groups and associations. The groups can help to disseminate information regarding the implementation of the resettlement process. In this mechanism, the claim is presented to and responded by the community-based justice providers (GFP, community leader and/or Community Tribunal), of which the GO is part of and a key figure. After registering the complaints, the GFP will ensure they are responded by the GO through the procedure established either by reaching a solution at the community level or by the Community Tribunal. The GO represents DNA and ARA-Sul in the mechanism and should able to document and evidence their positioning for each claim presented. For this, the GO is informed and updated about each and every single claim that is brought forward at the community level to the GFP and/or Community Tribunal. Although the role of the GO is one of communication and technical assistance rather than decision-making, the GO should also be involved in the analysis of each claim presented, to ensure that the decision-making is fair (to both the PAP and ARA-Sul) and in observance of the RAP implementation guidelines. The PAPs should be exempt from all administrative and legal fees incurred pursuant to the grievance redress procedures, from the community to the district level tribunals. All grievances presented and complaints submitted in writing, or written when received verbally, will be documented by the GFP/ local leader/ Community Tribunal to whom they are presented, for later submission to the GO who shall gather and archive all complaints received for follow-up and monitoring of each claim. The same applies to meetings and discussions held at the community level for solution of complaints presented, for which minutes should be taken registering the matters discussed, the recommendations and resolutions made at all levels. The GO should take part in these meetings, and in case there are no literacy skills at the community level to write the minutes, s/he should perform this task. To ensure that the GO is updated about the claims presented at the community level, s/he must regularly visit the communities and GFPs. The regularity of these meetings should be defined in the public consultation meeting at the beginning of the RAP implementation, bearing in mind the 14-day response period. Additional visits might be necessary whenever a claim is presented and there is need for it (for example, a community in which claims are sporadically presented, whenever a claim is made the GO should make a visit). Two practical examples are provided bellow, to illustrate the functioning of the grievance redress mechanism. 174

177 Example 1. PAP claiming that land compensation for loss of farming plot received is unfair because his farming plot neighbour declared as his a portion of the plaintiff s plot. A community member plot owner, who is a registered PAP, claims to his community s GFP that, without his knowledge, his plot neighbour declared some of his own land to the baseline survey team, thus robbing land to make his own plot seem bigger than it really is. The GFP registers the claim in writing, checks that the plaintiff is a registered PAP and informs the GO at his next visit. The GO reviews the documentation of the PAPs involved in the claim (through the database and the asset evaluation form), requests a meeting with both PAPs, the GFP and a community leader that can testify the limits of each plot. The claim is verified and no solution is reached; the community leader requests a field visit to the plots to settle the dispute, asking other plot neighbours to attend in order to support the delimination of plots. The field visit confirms that the neighbour s plot is indeed smaller and he declared as his a portion of the plaintiff s plot. Since ARA-Sul has already compensated the plaintiff s plot neighbour for loss of farming land, the case is forwarded to the Community Tribunal to decide how the plot neighbour will compensate the plaintiff. The GO be part of the Tribunal sessions, to ensure that the final solution is in line with the resettlement implementation and compensation guidelines. Claim presented to GFP Meeting with community leader Field visit Decision about compensation by Community Tribunal Example 2: PAP claiming that her farming plot is within affected area but she has not been registered as a PAP entitled to receive compensation. A community member plot owner, who is not registered in the list of PAPs, claims to her community s GFP that her plot is located within the project affected area, because her plot neighbours have been registered as PAPs and received land compensation for loss of plot, to which she should also be entitled. The GFP registers the claim in writing and informs the GO, who checks the methodology used for the baseline survey of identification of PAPs. The GO meets with the plaintiff and the community leaders that were involved in the baseline survey, to confirm and understand why the plaintiff was not cov- 175

178 ered by the baseline survey. The community leader organizes a field visit to the plot and the GO verifies whether or not it is located within affected area. If the plot is indeed within affected area, the claim is valid and the plaintiff is registered as a PAP and entitled to compensation (for loss of land and loss of existing crops and fruit/ wood trees). If the plot is found outside affected area and the claim is not valid, this is thoroughly explained to the PAP in the presence of the GFP and the community leader, and is recorded in writing signed by all parties involved in the decision-making, including the plaintiff and the community leader. The process is archived by the GO and a copy is given to the plaintiff. Claim presented to GFP Meeting with community leader Field visit If a recurrent issue is claimed - for example cash compensation for loss of standing crops the ESMT, through the GO, should organize informative sessions in the community to further explain to the community members and leaders how the calculation of compensation costs is done. These sessions can be attended by higher ESMT and ARA-Sul/ UGBI staff, as well as heads of Locality and the Sabie Administrative Post, to ensure transparency and strengthen legitimacy of the process. 176

179 Figure 12-4: Proposed Procedure for Appeal Source: Consultant s Proposal based on AES Sonel AES Sonel, Kribi Resettlement Action Plan Report, December

180 13 Monitoring and Evaluation This chapter is presenting the monitoring and evaluation system designed for the RAP. It includes the monitoring process along RAP implementation; key monitoring indicators; and process for integrating feedback from internal monitoring into implementation Monitoring and Evaluation Process The RAP aims to mitigate any negative impact caused by involuntary resettlement by proposing a series of activities that will support the restoration process of the PAPs. The use of an M&E system will provide a timely feedback to finetune the proposed implementation activities to ensure the proper restoration or improvement of PAP s livelihood to the levels prior to the resettlement process. The World Bank s operational policy (OP) 4.12 requires that the borrower will keep the World Bank informed on the proper use of inputs and progress on the achievement of activities, outputs, outcomes and impact of the resettlement plan. To comply with these requirements, four specific processes are proposed. These are: i) internal monitoring; ii) external monitoring; iii) supervision; and iv) evaluation. Process Responsible Inputs Activities Outputs Outcomes Impact Internal Monitoring External Monitoring Supervision Evaluation ARA-Sul (UGBI) ARA-Sul (UGBI) World Bank ARA-Sul (UGBI) What does it measure? Financial and physical resources used by implementing agencies Progress of planned activities by implementing agency Assets, resources, training and other support provided to PAPs Use of new resources by PAPs Livelihood restoration For RAP preparation and proper comparison of the monitoring and evaluation of progress and impact of activity implementation, the following information was obtained during the elaboration of the SIA prior to the RAP elaboration: 1. Identification of impacts due to resettlement by: 178

181 a. Estimating magnitude of displacement and asset losses; b. Identifying mitigation measures; and c. Identifying public infrastructure and community services present in the area. 2. Census to establish eligibility criteria and entitlement criteria by a. Enumerating all affected people and assets to avoid fraudulent claims for compensations; b. Categorizing all affected assets and losses; and c. Determining standard household and demographic characteristics. 3. Baseline socioeconomic information for income restoration and living standards gathering information related to: a. Socioeconomic information of PAPs; b. Use of and access to infrastructures, natural and economic resources coming from formal or informal sectors; and c. Land and asset ownership such as DUAT, customary system or common property. 4. Information for the design of the resettlement plan and restoration by a. Identifying local organizations and feasible structures capable of helping to design and implement resettlement provisions; and b. Determining perceptions of, and preferences for, potential resettlement options. Internal Performance Monitoring will be based on the resettlement implementation plan and will check the physical progress made in execution of required actions. Narrative progress reports should be produced by the ESMT on a monthly basis and sent to DNA, who will forward them to ARA-Sul and from there to DNA. ARA-Sul, as the project implementation and coordination agency, should report to DNA on a quarterly and annual basis based on the following sources of information and indicators: Financial reports; Progress reports from service providers and implementing agencies; Public consultation meetings; Census, assets inventories and assessments completed; Socioeconomic baseline; Grievance and redress reports and records; Income restoration activities reports; and Monitoring and evaluation reports. 179

182 Output and Outcome Monitoring: The impact monitoring will be used to assess the effectiveness of the RAP and its implementation in meeting the needs of the affected population. It will also allow for an assessment of the level of satisfaction of the affected households. Carried out ARA-Sul, the output and outcome monitoring report should follow the internal monitoring procedures set above. The methodology for impact monitoring should involve field checks of: Payment of compensation and timing of payments records; Quality of Housing/structure construction audit report; Provision of displacement & disturbance compensation records; Number of affected people and NGOs trained records; Infrastructure formal delivery records; Periodic Focal Groups Discussions; Interviews with a random sample of affected people from different sites to assess their satisfaction as well as knowledge and concerns regarding the resettlement process, their entitlements and rehabilitation; Check of the type of grievance issues and the effective functioning of the grievance redress mechanisms by interviewed aggrieved affected people and reviewing grievance and appeals processing; and Project management reports on changes necessary to improve implementation of the RAP. External Audit will be undertaken by an independent consultant or NGO to assess or carry out special studies such as quality control of construction process of physical assets; financial and social audits of compensation process; and audits of NGOs involved in the implementation of the RAP. Reports of such monitoring will inform project management on changes that are necessary to improve of RAP implementation. Supervision undertaken by World Bank mission will focus on field check and stakeholder meetings to assess the progress of the RAP and should inform project management on changes needed for RAP implementation improvement. External Evaluations will focus on impact of resettlement, CLP and income restoration activities. It will assess the effectiveness of the RAP and its implementation in meeting the needs and livelihood restoration of the affected population. The methodology for impact evaluation should involve qualitative field checks, focus groups discussions and individual interview of affected people and assets before and after resettlement and income restoration activities. For quantitative impact assessment will use socioeconomic data and census information gathered at the beginning of the project as baseline information as well as external monitoring reports. 180

183 13.2 Approval and Disclosure The approval of this RAP by the Government of Mozambique, through the National Directorate of Water and ARA-Sul represents a commitment of the GoM to implement this RAP in accordance with the principles and procedures mentioned therein. Furthermore, in order to be consistent with the World Bank s operational policies and access to information policy, disclosure will take place in Mozambique, as well as the World Bank s InfoShop (on approval by the Government of Mozambique). It is recommended that the disclosure of this document for the affected communities be done through the régulos whilst also using local media to disseminate the information to the wider public. 181

184 Implementation Management Community Livelihood Plan RAP Planning Resettlement 14 Implementation Schedule The implementation of the Resettlement Plan has different stages that start with the conclusion of the draft of the Resettlement Plan and conclude with a final evaluation of the process. Thus in the implementation stage, apart from the execution of the resettlement tasks, there are also monitoring and evaluation activities as described in Table Table 14-1: RAP Implementation Schedule Nº Phase Component Activity Identification of Potential Areas for Resettlement Final Delimitation of Areas for Resettlement (Housing, agriculture and Pasture) Design of Resettlement Plan Area (RPA) Land acquisition for Resettlement Assessment of community fishing activities and access to public services Responsible Institution DNA/ ARA- Sul and Consultant DNA/ ARA- Sul and Consultant DNA/ ARA- Sul and Consultant DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul and Consultant 6 Constitution and Set up of ESMT DNA/ Sul ARA- 7 Public Consultation Mechanism Set up DNA/ Sul ARA- 8 Grievance and Redress Mechanism Set up and Training DNA/ Sul ARA- 182

185 Compensation Resettlement 9 Monitoring and Evaluation System Set up and Training DNA/ Sul ARA- 10 External Monitoring Special Studies (Quality Assurance of the Construction Process of Houses and Latrines; water boreholes; Health Post and School; Electricity Grid) DNA/ Sul and Bank ARA- World 11 Bidding for Housing and Basic Sanitation Project Design and Costing DNA/ Sul ARA- 12 Bidding for Housing and Basic Sanitation Construction DNA/ Sul ARA- 13 DNA/ Sul Construction of Housing and Basic Sanitation Infrastructures. ARA- 14 Official Delivering of Housing and Basic Sanitation Infrastructures DNA/ Sul ARA Official Attribution of Land for Agriculture and Pasture Exhumation and relocation of Family Graves Demolition of Affected Assets Transportation of People and Personal Assets Cash Compensation for losses of crops and trees Land Clearing for Agriculture Land Clearing for Access to Fishing Areas Compensation Package DNA/ Sul DNA/ Sul DNA/ Sul DNA/ Sul DNA/ Sul DNA/ Sul DNA/ Sul ARA- ARA- ARA- ARA- ARA- ARA- ARA- 22 Seed and Seedling Compensation Package DNA/ Sul ARA- 23 Firewood Seedling Restoration Package DNA/ Sul ARA- 24 Clearing and Opening Access to Resettlement Areas Compensation Package DNA/ Sul ARA- 183

186 Community Livelihood Plan 25 Bidding Process for Construction of Housing; Water Boreholes; Electricity Grid; First Aid and Maternity Health Post; and Schools. DNA/ Sul ARA- 26 Construction of Water Boreholes and Hand pump Maintenance Training Program DNA/ Sul ARA- 27 Construction and Equipping of Schools DNA/ Sul ARA- 28 Upgrading, Rehabilitation and Equipping of First Aid and Maternity Health Post DNA/ Sul ARA- 29 Construction of 30 Km of Low Transmission Line and 3 Low Voltage Transformation Points DNA/ Sul ARA- 30 Training of Trainers on Community Lead Total Sanitation Campaign Awareness Campaign DNA/ Sul ARA- 31 Community Lead Total Sanitation Campaign Awareness Campaign Support Package DNA/ Sul ARA- 32 PAP Training on Agriculture and Animal Traction Techniques DNA/ Sul ARA- 33 Training and Establishment of Local Teams for Construction, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Houses, Basic Sanitation, Health Posts, Schools and Hand Pumps DNA/ Sul ARA- Local Teams Contracted for Construction, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Houses, Basic Sanitation, Health Posts, Schools and Hand Pumps DNA/ Sul ARA- 184

187 Project Completion Evaluation 34 Clearing and Opening Access to Resettlement Areas Compensation Package DNA/ Sul ARA- 35 Impact Evaluation DNA/ Sul and Bank ARA- World 185

188 15 Costs and Budget The budget was designed with the following structure: i) RAP Planning: includes the costs of the additional census, design of houses, identification and acquisition of land, among other; ii) RAP Implementation: includes costs of staff salaries, logistics and institutional coordination for the RAP; iii) Technical Assistance: includes external consultancies and monitoring and evaluation costs; iv) Investment Costs: (1) Resettlement (2) Income Restoration (Compensation Cost) (3) Community Livelihood Plan. The aim of the RAP investment costs should be to improve, or at least maintain, the living standards of the PAPs before and after resettlement, as well as support the hosting community to integrate the resettled families with the necessary infrastructures and service provision. The RAP budget is designed for a total of 87 affected houses and 231 plots, which is a higher figure than that presented in this final version of the RAP for Corumana Dam. This is due to the fact that, when the budget was designed 49, ARA-Sul still had not carried out the simple survey of the 34 houses and 11 plots identified by aerial photography in the aftermath of consultant s baseline survey. The reality in the field showed that only 27 houses and 10 plots existed, as the remaining 7 structures were not individual residential units (rather infrastructures belonging to some of the 27 houses) and one plot is already inundated by seasonal flooding of the reservoir. ARA-Sul surveyed 27 houses, of which three abandoned houses in Ndindiza and nine of the 10 plots. The 10 th plot, located in Ligongolo community, could not be located by ARA-Sul (See Chapter 5 for more information on the survey methodology). 49 Final Draft of the RAP for Corumana Dam, submitted on 06/05/

189 Of the total affected houses and plots, the name of the owners is unknown for the three abandoned houses in the Ndindiza community and the one plot in the Ligongolo community that could not be located (ID code 3006). After discussions with the client, it was decided that the RAP budget should be guided by the initial total figure of 87 affected houses and 231 plots rather than the final figure of affected assets presented in the current version of the RAP, to accommodate for possible future claims of non-registered affected assets. It was also decided that, in the RAP Planning phase, the 27 houses and 10 plots covered by ARA-Sul s simple survey (including the plot with ID code 3006 in Ligongolo community) would be subject to a baseline survey for gathering of socioeconomic data about the affected households; as done for the households covered by the consultant s baseline survey. Bearing in mind the need for a budget that is flexible enough to accommodate for possible future claims of non-registered affected assets, it is suggested to create an escrow account for these assets to set aside funds for a possible future claim of compensation by owners. An escrow account is a form of account held by an "escrow agent" (an individual or a company) that is used to put something of value (such as money or a written instrument) into the custody of a third person by its owner or grantor or promisor; to be retained until the performance of a condition that is agreed with (and binding to) by the account parties prior to making the deposit. In this sense, the escrow account, or agreement, is a contract. The escrow agent is an independent holder and agent for both parties. As the project implementing agency, ARA-Sul would be the Escrow Agent of this account. If no claims for compensation are brought forward and validated, the funds set aside can be applied in another investment cost planned and agreed with DNA. In Appendix 1, these three abandoned houses and six unsurveyed plots are identified in the lists of affected houses and plots. The budget foresees the acquisition and delimitation of land for resettlement (housing, agriculture and grazing). According to the Entitlement Matrix (Chapter 7.2), affected tenants loosing less than 20% of their existing land for agriculture are not entitled to land-for-land compensation but rather a cash compensation for affected assets on the land and a seed package. Likewise, affected tenants loosing less than 20% of their residential land are not entitled to land-for-land compensation but rather a cash compensation for the affected secondary structures. In Appendix 6, the tables for calculation of compensation costs for loss of land for agriculture and for residential purposes indicate the percentage of land affected per tenant. Additional expenses Additional expenses related to the resettlement process will be covered by the costs of the completion works. They will be incorporated into the costs of the contractor, namely: 187

190 Planning and Implementation Costs Planning Improvement of roads around the reservoir, at the quality level of rural roads, Improvement of water supply systems in Chavane and Mahungo. Sources of financing The RAP will be financed by three main sources of financing, namely: i) Budget financed by DNA equivalent to 1,000,000 USD in kind, covering expenses such as: (1) Environmental and Social Management Team and Implementation Technical Staff (staff salaries, procurement, coordination and logistic costs); (2) Costs of other government agencies involved in the RAP (local government, health, education, agriculture, local authorities, etc.); (3) Income Restoration costs. ii) Budget financed by the World Bank from the fund approved for the Environmental Management Plan, to support the management of the resettlement. It shall not surpass the total amount of 250,000 USD which will be applied in: (1) Technical Assistance to RAP implementation (2) Consultancies to design and implement the RAP (census of additional 34 households and 11 plots, design of houses, quality control of RAP implementation, supervision, monitoring and evaluation of RAP activities). iii) Budget financed by the World Band, covering investment costs equivalent to 3,000,000 USD, covering expenses such as: (1) Resettlement costs (2) Community Livelihood Plan costs (3) Income Restoration (Compensation Cost). An estimated detailed calculation of budget costs follows bellow in Table 15-1: Table 15-1: estimated detailed budget of RAP planning, implementation and monitoring Nº Phas e Compo nent Activity Amount Unit Unit Cost (USD) Total Cost USD Financing Institution Responsible Institution Identification of Potential Areas for Resettlement 1 Report 5,000 5,000 GOM Survey census of 27 households and 10 plots identified by aerial photography and ARA- Sul s simple survey 1 Report 10,000 10,000 GOM Delimitation of Areas for Resettlement (Housing 16,74 ha, agriculture 129,6 ha and Pasture ha) 7, Hectares 10 78,253.4 GOM DNA/ ARA- Sul and Consultant DNA/ ARA- Sul and Consultant DNA/ ARA- Sul and Consultant 188

191 RAP Investment Costs Resettlement Technical Assistance Management Design of Resettlement Plan Area 10 Days 350 3,500 GOM Bidding for Housing and Basic Sanitation Project Design and Costing 1 Process 20,000 20,000 GOM Land acquisition for Resettlement 87 Process 100 8,700 GOM DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul 7 Sub Total Planning 125,453.4 GOM Constitution and set up of ESMT 10 Months 20, ,000 GOM Set up of Public Consultation Mechanism 3 Meetings 2,000 6,000 GOM Grievance and Redress Mechanism Set up and Training 1 Process 5,000 5,000 GOM Bidding Process for Construction of Housing; Water Boreholes; Electricity Grid; First Aid and Maternity Health Post; and Schools. 1 Process 2,000 2,000 GOM Bidding for Housing and Basic 12 Sanitation Construction 1 Process 2,000 2,000 GOM 13 Sub Total Management 215,000 GOM Technical Assistance on Resettlement 1 Year 200, ,000 WB Assessment of community fishing activities 1 Survey and Census 5,000 5,000 WB Monitoring and Evaluation System Set up and Training 1 Process 7,500 7,500 WB External Monitoring Special Studies (Quality Assurance of the Construction Process of Houses and Latrines; water boreholes; Health Post and School; Electricity Grid) 1 Studies 99, ,011.3 WB Monitoring visits 3 Visit 2,000 6,000 WB DNA 189 DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul External Consultants External Consultants External Consultants External Consultants 18 Impact Evaluation 1 Report 15,000 15,000 WB External Consultants 19 Sub Total Technical Assistance 332,511.3 WB - Environmental Monitoring and Resettlement Support Program 20 Total Planning and Implementation Costs 672,964.7 GOM and Environmental Monitoring and Resettlement Support Program Construction of Housing and Basic Sanitation Infrastructures. 87 Official Delivering of Housing and Basic Sanitation Infrastructures 87 Official Attribution of Land for Agriculture and Pasture 231 Transportation of People and Personal Assets 87 Houses and Latrines 8, ,413 WB Houses and Latrines 1,000 87,000 WB Farm Plots ,100 GOM Households 100 8,700 WB DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul

192 Community Livelihood Plan Income Restoration and Compensation 25 Demolition of affected assets 87 Houses 100 8,700 WB Improving water supply systems of Chavane and Mahungo. Linear Meter 25 37,500 WB 27 Sub Total Resettlement 904,413 WB Cash Compensation for losses of crops 142 Farm plot owners 1, ,376 GoM Cash Compensation for losses of fruit trees 50 Trees GoM Cash Compensation for losses of trees for extraction of firewood 389 Trees , GoM Compensation for ox-stalls 1, Linear 50 92,691 (cows) Meter Compensation for ox-stalls (goats) Linear Meter Compensation for hen houses Linear Meter Exhumation and relocation of Family Graves 25 Family Graves 35 9, , , Land Clearing for Agriculture Hectares ,440 GoM Land Clearing for Access to Fishing Areas Compensation 36 Package 10 Hectares 150 1,500 GoM Seed and Seedling Compensation Package 142 GoM GoM GoM GoM Farm Plot owners 50 7,100 GoM Firewood Seedling Restoration Package 43.5 Hectares 50 2,175 GoM Clearing and Opening Access to Resettlement Areas Compensation Package 5 Km 5,000 25,000 GoM 40 Sub Total Income Restoration and Compensation 357, GoM Construction of Water Sources (water fountain from borehole) Protected and Hand pump Maintenance Water 41 Training Program 6 Sources 10,000 60,000 WB Construction and Equipping of Schools 6 Upgrading, Rehabilitation and Equipping of First Aid and Maternity Health Post 4 Construction of 30 Km of Low Transmission Line and 3 Low Voltage Transformation Points 1 Training of Trainers on Community Led Total Sanitation Campaign Awareness Campaign 3 Community Led Total Sanitation Campaign Awareness Campaign Support Package 1 PAP Training on Agriculture and Animal Traction Tech- 5 School Rooms 12,200 73,200 WB Health Post Rooms 12,200 48,800 WB Electricity Grid 80,000 80,000 WB Training Meetings 3,000 9,000 WB Awareness Campaign 10,000 10,000 WB Training Meetings 5,000 25,000 WB DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul DNA/ ARA- Sul External Consultants External Consultants External Consultants External Consultants External Consultants External Consultants External Consultants 190

193 niques 48 Training and Establishment of Local Teams for Construction, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Houses, Basic Sanitation, Health Posts, Schools and Hand Pumps 2 Local Teams Contracted for Construction, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Houses, Basic Sanitation, Health Posts, Schools and Hand Pumps One- Week Training Meetings 5,000 10,000 WB 12 Months 10, ,000 WB 50 Sub Total Community Livelihood Plan 436,000 WB 51 Total RAP Investment Costs 1,697, WB 52 Miscellaneous Costs (10%) 237, WB 53 GRAND TOTAL (USD) 2,607, External Consultants External Consultants GoM, WB and Environmental Monitoring and Resettlement Support Program The detailed budget of Table 15-1 is summarized into the estimated budget table presented by Table 15-2: Table 15-2: Summarized budget Nº Resettlement Phase Activities Total Costs USD % 1 Planning 125, , Management RAP Planning and 332, Implementation Costs Technical Assistance Sub-Total 1 672, Resettlement 904, Income restoration and compensation 357, RAP Investment Community Livelihood 436, Costs Plan Sub-Total 2 1,697, Miscellaneous Costs (10%) 237, Grand Total (USD) 2,607,

194 16 References DNA (April 2011), Main Report for Corumana Dam of the Technical Services and Dam Safety Consultancy, Mozambique, Volume 1. SMEC DNA (2011), Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for Completion of the Corumana Dam, Draft, Mozambique. Volumes 1 (EIA), 2 (SIA) and 3 (EMP). AustralCOWI et al. DNA (2010), Environmental Pre-Feasibility Study and Scope Definition (EPDA) Draft, Mozambique. AustralCOWI et al. Constituição da República de Moçambique / Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique Decreto nº 42/1990 do 29 de Dezembro Regulamento de Actividades Funerárias / Burial Regulations (Decree No. 42/90 of 29 December). Decreto nº 19/1997 do 1 de Outubro Legislação da Lei de Terras / Land Law legislation (Decree No. 19/97 of 1 December). Decreto nº 66/1998 do 15 de Julho Regulamento da Lei de Terras / Land Law Regulations (Decree 66/1998 of 15 July). Decreto nº 8/2003 do 5 de Abril - Lei dos Órgãos Locais do Estado / Local State Organization Law (Decree 8/2003 of 5 April). Decreto nº 45/2004 do 29 de Setembro - Regulamento sobre a Avaliação do Impacto Ambiental / Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation (Decree 45/304 of 29 September). Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) (1998). Guideline document. EIA Regulations: Implementation of Sections and 26 of the Environment Conservation Act. Environmental Impact Management, official document of DEAT. Authored by Swart, E. and Agenbach, C. Diploma Ministerial 129/2006 do 19 de Julho Directrizes para as Avaliações de Impacto Ambiental / Guidelines for the Environmental Impact Assessment (Ministerial Diploma 129/2006 of 19 July). 192

195 Diploma Ministerial 130/2006 do 19 de Julho Directrizes para as Consultas Públicas no Processo de Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental / Guidelines for the Public consultation of the Environmental Impact Assessment Process (Ministerial Diploma 130/2006 of 19 July). Diploma Ministerial nº 181/2010 de 3 de Novembro, Directiva sobre o Processo de Expropriação para efeitos de Ordenamento Territorial / Guidelines for the Expropriation Process due to Territorial Planning (Ministerial Diploma 181/2010 of November 3rd). Gouveia, D. H. Godinho & Azevedo, Ario L. (1949), Estudo preliminar dos solos da Península de Fernão Veloso. In Boletim da Sociedade de Estudos de Moçambique; nº 60. Lahmeyer International (2003). Raising of the Full Supply Level of Corumana Dam. Final Feasibility Study Report. Volume 1: Main Report. Prepared for Ministry of Public Works and Housing. National Directorate of Water. Lei nº 16/91 de 3 de Agosto Lei sobre a concessão de uso e aproveitamento de água / The Water Act (Law 16/91 of August 3). Lei nº 10/1995 de 17 de Outubro Política de Terras / Land Policy (Law 17/95 of 17 October). Lei nº 19/1997 de 1 de Outubro Lei de Terras / Land Law (Law 19/97 of 1 October). Lei nº 17/2007 de 18 de Julho Lei de Planeamento Territorial / The Territorial Planning Law (Law No. 17/2007 of 18 July). Lei nº 10/1988 de 1 de Dezembro Lei de Protecção do Património Nacional/ National Heritage Protection Law (Law 10/88 of December 11988) Ministério da Administração Estatal (2005), Perfil do Distrito da Moamba, Província de Maputo. Maputo. Ministério da Agricultura (?), Tabela de Custos de Culturas Alimentares para Compensação pela Perda de Colheitas. National Water Resources Management Strategy of August 21 st 2007, Council of Ministries. Regulamento nº 46/2007 de 30 de Outubro - The Water Policy (Resolution 46/2007 of October 30). SADC (2005), Tripartite Permanent Technical Committee between Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland. 193

196 SADC (2005) Regional Water Policy. Southern African Development Community. SADC (2006) Regional Water Strategy. Southern African Development Community. SDAE Moamba (2011). Relatório da 1ª Época da Campanha Agrícola Tripartite Interim Agreement between the Republic of Mozambique and the Republic of South Africa and the Kingdom of Swaziland for Co-Operation on the Protection and Sustainable Utilisation of the Water Resources of the Incomati and Maputo Watercourses, of August World Bank (2004), Involuntary resettlement sourcebook: planning and implementation in development projects. World Bank, Safeguard Operational Policies triggered by Triggered the Project: Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) yes Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) yes Forestry (OP/BP 4.36) no Pest Management (OP/BP 4.09) no Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) yes Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) no Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) yes Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) yes Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) yes Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60) no 194

197 APPENDIX 1 Summary of Census Data by Affected People and Assets 195

198 List of affected houses per household - Corumana Dam ID Community X Y 586 Ndindiza Chavane Ndindiza Chavane Chavane Jone Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Fungotine Ndindiza Babitine Babitine Chavane Fungotine Ndindiza Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Ndindiza Chavane Chavane Chavane Ndindiza Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Babitine Chavane Chavane Jone Chavane

199 502 Chavane Babitine Chavane Fungotine Chavane Chavane Ndindiza Panganine Babitine Chavane Chavane Chavane Babitine Chavane Babitine Chavane Babitine Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Babitine Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Ligongolo Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Jone Chavane Chavane Ligongolo Chavane Ndindiza Ndindiza Ndindiza Houses with ID codes 588, 589 and 590 are the abandoned house in Ndindiza community. 197

200 List of affected plots - Corumana Dam ID Plot # Community X Y 107 Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Ndindiza Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Ndindiza Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Ligongolo Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 3 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Jone Plot 2 Jone Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 3 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 3 Chavane Plot 4 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane

201 6 Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 3 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 3 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 3 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 3 Chavane

202 90 Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 3 Chavane Plot 4 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Jone Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Ndindiza Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 3 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 3 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 3 Chavane Plot 4 Chavane Plot 5 Chavane Plot 6 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 3 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane

203 504 Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 3 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 3 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 3 Chavane Plot 4 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane

204 108 Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 3 Chavane Plot 4 Chavane Plot 5 Chavane Plot 6 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 3 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Ligongolo Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 3 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 3 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane

205 30 Plot 2 Chavane Plot 3 Chavane Plot 4 Chavane Plot 5 Chavane Plot 6 Chavane Plot 7 Chavane Plot 8 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 2 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Chavane Plot 1 Ligongolo Plot 1 Ligongolo Plot 1 Ligongolo Plot 1 Ligongolo Plot 1 Ligongolo The name of the owner of plot 3006 is not known. The plot was identified in Ligongolo by aerial photography but could not be located in the field by the ARA-Sul survey team. 203

206 List of affected infrastructures - Corumana Dam ID Community Description X Y 29 Jone Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Babitine Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Jone Grave Chavane High Voltage Electricity Tower 401 Chavane High Voltage Electricity Tower 402 Chavane High Voltage Electricity Tower 403 Chavane High Voltage Electricity Tower 577 Chavane Military base, not at use Chavane Church

207 List of affected assets per affected household ID Nr of houses Nr of plots Nr of graves Community Ndindiza Chavane Chavane Ndindiza Chavane Ndindiza Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Ligongolo Jone Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Jone Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Fungotine Chavane 205

208 Ndindiza Chavane Babitine Babitine Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Fungotine Chavane Ndindiza Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Ndindiza Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Ndindiza Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Babitine Chavane Chavane Chavane 206

209 Chavane Chavane Jone Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Babitine Chavane Chavane Chavane Fungotine Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Ndindiza Panganine Chavane Babitine Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane 207

210 Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Babitine Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Babitine Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Babitine Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane 208

211 Ligongolo Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Chavane Jone Chavane Chavane Ligongolo Chavane Chavane Chavane Ligongolo 209

212 APPENDIX 2 Agreement of Asset Evaluation to be Signed by PAP 210

213 Ficha de Avaliação dos Bens Perdidos pelos Agregados Familiares Afectados pelas Obras de Conclusão da Barragem de Corumana N.º da Ficha: Província: Distrito: Posto Administrativo: Localidade: Aldeia: Bairro: Nome do Chefe da Aldeia/ Secretário do Bairro: Nome do Chefe do Agregado Familiar: Contacto (telemóvel): Número de Membros do Agregado Familiar: Número total Homens Mulheres Crianças em idade escolar (6-18 anos) A. Infra-estruturas domésticas afectadas pelas obras de conclusão da Barragem (Marcar com um X) 1 Palhotas Quantidade Valor em MZM 2 Casas com materiais mistos Quantidade Valor em MZM 3 Casas convencionais/zinco Quantidade Valor em MZM 4 Casas totalmente convencionais Quantidade Valor em MZM 5 Quartos Quantidade Valor em MZM 6 Cozinhas Quantidade Valor em MZM 7 Celeiros Quantidade Valor em MZM 8 Currais/pocilgas/capoeiras Quantidade Valor em MZM 9 Casas de banho/latrinas Quantidade Valor em MZM 10 Vedação (blocos/tijolos) Quantidade Valor em MZM 11 Vedação (chapas/zinco) Quantidade Valor em MZM 12 Vedação (material vegetal) Quantidade Valor em MZM 13 Poço Quantidade Valor em MZM 14 Outras/quais Quantidade Valor em MZM Valor total das infra-estruturas afectadas Valor em MZM B. Infra-estruturas comerciais afectadas pelas obras de conclusão da Barragem (Marcar com um X) 1 Bar (blocos/zinco) Quantidade Valor em MZM 2 Mercearia (blocos/zinco) Quantidade Valor em MZM 3 Quiosque/barraca (palhota) Quantidade Valor em MZM 4 Quiosque/barraca (blocos/zinco) Quantidade Valor em MZM 5 Quiosque/barraca (caniço/zinco) Quantidade Valor em MZM 6 Banca Quantidade Valor em MZM 7 Outras (quais) Quantidade Valor em MZM Valor total das infra-estruturas afectadas Valor em MZM C. Árvores afectadas pelas obras de conclusão da Barragem (Marcar com um X) 1 Canhueiro Quantidade Valor em MZM 211

214 2 Mangueiras Quantidade Valor em MZM 3 Laranjeiras Quantidade Valor em MZM 4 Limoeiros Quantidade Valor em MZM 5 Bananeiras Quantidade Valor em MZM 6 Papaieiras Quantidade Valor em MZM 7 Ananaseiros Quantidade Valor em MZM 8 Outras (quais) Quantidade Valor em MZM Valor total das árvores afectadas Valor em MZM D. Machambas afectadas pelas obras de conclusão da Barragem (Marcar com um X) Nº de machambas do Agregado na área afectada: Quantidade Área total afectada das machambas (hectares): Quantidade Valor por hectar: Valor em MZM Valor total das machambas afectadas Valor em MZM Valor Total dos bens afectados (A+B+C+D): Valor em MZM Observações Assinaturas: Chefe do Agregado...Data:... ARA-Sul/ UGBI Nome:...Assinatura:...Data:... Líder Comunitário: Nome:...Assinatura:...Data:... Secretário do Bairro Nome:...Assinatura:...Data:... Data da assinatura do formulário:../.../. 212

215 APPENDIX 3. Monitoring and Evaluation Forms 213

216 Resettlement Implementation Management Community Livelihood Plan RAP Planning Resettlement Table 0-1: Monitoring and Evaluation Framework Indicators Phase Component Activity Planned Units Identification of Potential Areas for Resettlement Final Delimitation of Areas for Resettlement Design of Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) Land acquisition for Resettlement 1 Study 7, Hectares 1 Study 1 Process Description Baseline Information (Nov 2010) Current Date (Month/year) Responsible Institution Assessment of community fishing activities and access to public services 1 Survey and Census ESMT constitution and set up 1 Unit Set up of Public Consultation Mechanism Grievance and Redress Mechanism Set up and Training Monitoring and Evaluation System Set up and Training External Monitoring Special Studies (Quality Assurance of the Construction Process of Houses and Latrines; water boreholes; Health Post and School; Electricity Grid) Bidding for Housing and Basic Sanitation Project Design and Costing Bidding for Housing and Basic Sanitation Construction Construction of Housing and Basic Sanitation Infrastructures. Official Delivering of Housing and Basic Sanitation Infrastructures Official Attribution of Land for Agriculture 3 Meetings 1 Process 1 Process 4 Studies 1 Process 1 Process 53 Houses and Latrines 53 Houses and Latrines Farm Plots 214

217 Community Livelihood Plan Compensation Indicators Phase Component Activity Planned Units Exhumation and relocation of Family Graves Demolition of Affected Assets 30 Family Graves 53 Housing infrastructures Description Baseline Information (Nov 2010) Current Date (Month/year) Responsible Institution Transportation of People and Personal Assets Cash Compensation for losses of crops and trees Land Clearing for Agriculture 53 Households 142 Households Hectares Land Clearing for Access to Fishing Areas Compensation Package Seed and Seedling Compensation Package Firewood Seedling Restoration Package Clearing and Opening Access to Resettlement sites Compensation Package Bidding Process for Construction of Housing; Water Boreholes; Electricity Grid; First Aid and Maternity Health Post; and Schools. Construction of Water Boreholes and Hand pump Maintenance Training Program Construction and Equipping of Schools Upgrading, Rehabilitation and Equipping of First Aid and Maternity Health Post Construction of 30 Km of Low Transmission Line and 3 Low Voltage Transformation Points Training of Trainers on Community Lead Total Sanitation Campaign 10 Hectares 142 Packages 139 Packages 5 Km 1 Process 5 Protected Water Sources 6 School Rooms 4 Health Post Rooms 87 Household Connections 3 Training Meetings 215

218 Project Completion Evaluation Indicators Phase Component Activity Planned Units Awareness Campaign Description Baseline Information (Nov 2010) Current Date (Month/year) Responsible Institution Community Lead Total Sanitation Campaign Awareness Campaign Support Package PAP Training on Agriculture and Animal Traction Techniques Training and Establishment of Local Teams for Construction, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Houses, Basic Sanitation, Health Posts, Schools and Hand Pumps Clearing and Opening Access to Resettlement sites Compensation Package Impact Evaluation 1 Awareness Campaign 1 Training Meetings 12 Training Meetings 5 Km 216

219 APPENDIX 4. Table of the costs of food crops for compensation due to loss of crops 217

220 REPUBLICA DE MOÇAMBIQUE MINISTERIO DA AGRICULTURA DIRECÇÃO NACIONAL DOS SERVIÇOS AGRARIOS TABELA DE CUSTOS DE CULTURAS ALIMENTARES PARA COMPENSAÇÃO PELA PERDA DE COLHEITAS O processo de avaliacao de culturas alimentares e de fruteiras para efeitos de compensacao tem sido feito na medida do possivel com envolvimento dos tecincos da Direccao Provincial de Agricultura, observando parametros tais como a vida util da planta, idade da planta e o preco medio da venda da fruta no mercado. Para tal, temos vindo a aplicar a seguinte formula: Valorização das plantas em propriedades V4-(1 X)*Pm*Pv*K= Valor das plantas V4= Vida útil das plantas 1- Idade das plantas X- periódo de crescimento Pm- produção média anual Pv- preço de venda ( fruta) K- factor de correção O k é atribuido observando o estado da planta, terreno, espaçamento, tratamentos e outros factores que podem interferir no rendimento da planta. Todavia, a demanda por estes servicos tem sido maior havendo assim necessidade de definir uma tabela de compensacao de culturas por perda destas por varias razoes, umas para dar lugar a empreendimentos de grande dimensao e outras por razoes de letigios entre os cidadaos. Assim, apresenta-se a seguir a proposta de tabela de custos de culturas alimentares e fruteiras para indiminizações aos lesados pela perda das suas colheitas: 218

221 1.Tabela de custos de fruteiras Árvore Tabela de compesanção cada planta nova em MT Cajueiros 200,00 400,00 Mangueiras 85,00 180,00 Bananeiras 80,00 160,00 Citrinos 150,00 300,00 Litcheiras 250,00 775,00 Pereiras/ Abacateiras 150,00 250,00 Papaeiras 75,00 160,00 Coqueiros 150,00 350,00 Goabeiras 75,00 175,00 Ateiras 75,00 200,00 trepadeiras 60,00 120,00 Tabela de compesanção cada planta produção em MT 2.Tabela de cereais e oleoginosas Colheitas Tabela de compensação por metro quadrado (MT) Rice 1,70 Milho 2,00* Sorghum 2.00* Amenduim 2,00 Gergelim 3,00 Feijões 2,00 Feijão Boer 5,00* * Avaliado o custo por estaca 3.Tabela de vegetais Colheitas Couves, Repolhos, Cenouras, Alface, Beringelas,Tomate,Quiabo, Abobora, Cebola,Alho, Pimenta e outros. Tabela de compensação por estaca 5,00 MT 219

222 4.Tabela de raizes e tubérculos Colheitas Tabela de compensação por estaca nova em MT Mandioca 3,00 15,00 Batata doce 10,00*` 17,00 Batata reno 13,00* 25,00 Inhames 3,00 3,00 Tabela de compensação cada estaca maduro em MT 5.Tabela de Outras culturas de rendimentos Colheitas Tabela de custos por metro quadrado Ricino 1.00 Cana sacarina 4,00* *Avaliado o custo por estaca 220

223 APPENDIX 5. Sabie Game Park Declaration 221

224 222