EUROCITIES. annual report

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1 EUROCITIES annual report

MAKING CITIES. VISIONS FOR AN URBAN FUTURE To mark 30 years of EUROCITIES, we published a collection of essays by young urban professionals. Our book Making cities.

2 MAKING CITIES. VISIONS FOR AN URBAN FUTURE To mark 30 years of EUROCITIES, we published a collection of essays by young urban professionals. Our book Making cities. Visions for an urban future comprises 30 thought-provoking essays by architects, urbanists, journalists and academics aged between 25 and 35. The book was presented at EUROCITIES 2016 Milan in November 2016, and is available to order from the EUROCITIES office. Visit to see the book online, or contact sinead.mullins@eurocities.eu to order your copy.

3 30 YEARS OF EUROCITIES EUROCITIES secretariat is established in Brussels and opened by Commissioner Milan, responsible for regional policy 1992 European Commission holds first major urban conference in Vienna 1998 member cities from enlargement countries are integrated in EUROCITIES membership EUROCITIES membership rises to over 130 cities cohesion policy regulations for include new provision obliging member states to invest a minimum of 5% in integrated actions for sustainable urban development EUROCITIES celebrates its 30 th anniversary, the network now comprises 137 member cities, 47 associated partners and 7 business partners, representing 130 million citizens in 39 countries EUROCITIES is established by six founding members: Barcelona, Birmingham, Frankfurt, Lyon, Milan and Rotterdam EUROCITIES responds to first European Commission consultation on the urban agenda, Towards an urban agenda for the EU membership reaches over 85 cities as 15 new cities join at EUROCITIES annual conference in Barcelona EU member states adopt the Leipzig Charter on Sustainable European Cities, laying the foundations for a new integrated urban policy in Europe launch of the Smart Cities and Communities initiative, securing new resources to accelerate the transformation of cities into energy efficient, sustainable and low carbon environments the Pact of Amsterdam establishes a new Urban Agenda for the EU

4 3 CONTENTS 4 FOREWORDS 8 QUALITY JOBS AND SUSTAINABLE GROWTH 13 INCLUSIVE, DIVERSE AND CREATIVE CITIES 16 GREEN, FREE-FLOWING AND HEALTHY CITIES 20 SMARTER CITIES 22 INNOVATION AND URBAN GOVERNANCE 26 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEMBERS 28 FORUM CHAIRS AND PRIORITIES 30 FAST FINANCIAL FACTS 31 MEMBERS AND PARTNERS

4 FOREWORDS We have come a long way in 30 years: from six founding members in 1986 to 137 major cities and 47 partner cities today, representing an impressive 130 million citizens.

5 4 FOREWORDS We have come a long way in 30 years: from six founding members in 1986 to 137 major cities and 47 partner cities today, representing an impressive 130 million citizens. What is striking about EUROCITIES is that against the odds cities see the value of being part of a network, sharing expertise and ideas and coming together as a united urban voice. In a period of tightened purse strings, political upheaval and growing disillusionment around Europe, this is testament to the importance of our network and the continuing need for cooperation between European cities. British colleagues tell us that now more than ever they value their involvement in EUROCITIES as they strive to position themselves as open, tolerant and diverse despite the Brexit vote. JOHANNA ROLLAND MAYOR OF NANTES AND EUROCITIES PRESIDENT It is with cautious optimism that I say we are well on our way to becoming the go to urban network in Europe. Cautious, because there is much left to do. But optimistic, because cities are gaining new ground at European and global level. The Urban Agenda for the EU is boosting the role of cities in EU policy making, and our members are committed to ensuring its success. But we rely on strong engagement from our national and European counterparts too. Over the past three decades we have witnessed a shift in the way cities are perceived. No longer part of the problem, we have become part of the solution.

5 One of the most enjoyable parts of my job is meeting the people I serve. In Ghent we have a number of successful approaches to connect with citizens.

6 5 One of the most enjoyable parts of my job is meeting the people I serve. In Ghent we have a number of successful approaches to connect with citizens. Like other city leaders around Europe, I understand their concerns, visions and expectations better than national and European leaders possibly could. That is why, at a time of growing Euroscepticism, political extremism and dissatisfaction, we are urging EU and national leaders to work with cities to rethink Europe. The open letter we issued at EUROCITIES 2016 Milan calls for a new governance model in Europe that is receptive and responsive to citizens concerns. As we often say, working with cities means working with citizens. So cities absolutely need to be part of this process. The Urban Agenda for the EU gives us the framework to cooperate more with the EU institutions and member states, so we need to make sure this delivers and that cities are seen as full partners. We can t deal with challenges like climate change, the refugee crisis and air pollution alone; we must work across borders and across levels of governance. Many of these issues are concentrated in cities, where solutions can be tested, refined and delivered. With every crisis comes opportunities. There is a lot that cities can teach Europe, and this is our chance to make it stronger, more relevant and legitimate. So let s do this together. DANIËL TERMONT MAYOR OF GHENT AND EUROCITIES PRESIDENT

7 6 It is fitting that the year of our 30 th anniversary has been particularly urban. The Urban Agenda for the EU is an important milestone, which I hope will deliver a new kind of policy making with cities and their citizens at its heart. ANNA LISA BONI EUROCITIES SECRETARY GENERAL Look also at the challenges facing Europe today. It is cities that have mobilised to receive and integrate thousands of refugees. Our cities welcome refugees campaign highlighted the urgent need for more and direct funding and support to the local level. The Paris Agreement came into force in October, setting out global climate goals. The agreement explicitly recognises the role of local solutions. From cleaner transport and more energy efficiency to greener behaviour, it is cities that will make the difference. Transitioning to a circular economy has an important part to play, and is a priority for us in the run up to EUROCITIES 2017 Ljubljana and beyond. We launched our dialogue with Commissioners Thyssen and Bieńkowska in February 2016, and look forward to continuing working together on implementing our Declaration on Work. And at EUROCITIES 2016 Milan we heard how cities are addressing the challenges and seizing the opportunities of the sharing economy. Solutions to many of Europe s problems can be found in cities. At our March 2017 Mayors summit and beyond, this is our chance to reinforce Europe together.

8 7 URBAN MOMENTUM IN 2016 The launch of the Urban Agenda for the EU through the Pact of Amsterdam in May 2016 represented an important boost for urban policy in Europe. The new agenda establishes a framework for greater cooperation between the EU institutions, member states and cities on issues of common concern. Many EUROCITIES members are already engaged in the urban partnerships established under the Urban Agenda for the EU, on issues such as the circular economy, jobs and skills and air quality. EUROCITIES is a formal partner in delivering the Pact and remains committed to making the Urban Agenda for the EU a success, together with our European and national partners.

9 8 QUALITY JOBS AND SUSTAINABLE GROWTH "The success of President Juncker s jobs and growth agenda depends on the EU s ability to capitalise on the potential of its cities. We confirm our political will and commitment to contribute our utmost to these goals." DANIËL TERMONT MAYOR OF GHENT, EUROCITIES PRESIDENT

9 A BRIGHTER FUTURE FOR YOUNG PEOPLE With millions of young people in Europe still without jobs, addressing youth unemployment remains high on local

In February 2016, EUROCITIES politicians met European Commissioners Thyssen and Bieńkowska a year on from the launch of our Declaration on Work to discuss

10 9 A BRIGHTER FUTURE FOR YOUNG PEOPLE With millions of young people in Europe still without jobs, addressing youth unemployment remains high on local agendas. In February 2016, EUROCITIES politicians met European Commissioners Thyssen and Bieńkowska a year on from the launch of our Declaration on Work to discuss how to work together on issues relating to unemployment and job creation. We also joined forces with other European organisations in calling on the Commission to guarantee the funds to implement the Youth Guarantee in all member states, opening up new employment and training opportunities for young people.

10 KEEPING AHEAD OF THE SKILLS RACE Our transitioning economies mean new 21 st century skills are required, and cities are best-placed to identify mismatches, forecast needs, and shape policies and

11 10 KEEPING AHEAD OF THE SKILLS RACE Our transitioning economies mean new 21 st century skills are required, and cities are best-placed to identify mismatches, forecast needs, and shape policies and programmes that deliver results. At an event in Rotterdam in September 2016, EUROCITIES politicians explored ways to nurture skills development in cities. This has been a focus for EUROCITIES since the launch of our Declaration on Work, and the New Skills Agenda for Europe introduced in 2016 explicitly recognises the importance of cooperation between partners at local level to address skills gaps. "It isn t simply about investing in skills, it s about investing in the right skills. As cities, we know where the gaps are and how to fill them, and by working with our national governments and the EU institutions we can ensure that policies to address skills shortages and unemployment really work." JOHANNA ROLLAND MAYOR OF NANTES, EUROCITIES PRESIDENT

11 QUALITY JOBS IN CHANGING ECONOMIES The sharing economy brings new opportunities and challenges, and EUROCITIES members met in Milan for our annual conference in November 2016 to explore its impact

This was a chance for cities to discuss how to strike the right balance between nurturing and regulating the sharing economy, in order to capitalise on its potential to deliver benefits to all

12 11 QUALITY JOBS IN CHANGING ECONOMIES The sharing economy brings new opportunities and challenges, and EUROCITIES members met in Milan for our annual conference in November 2016 to explore its impact in cities. This was a chance for cities to discuss how to strike the right balance between nurturing and regulating the sharing economy, in order to capitalise on its potential to deliver benefits to all citizens, not just a few. We have also been monitoring trade deals such as CETA and TTIP to ensure that European standards for quality jobs and products are protected. In September and November 2016 EUROCITIES met Commissioner Malmström, responsible for the EU side of negotiations with the US on TTIP, to relay our concerns. "Trade policy cannot just be about economic value. It must also be about the fundamental values that make up European identity, like respect for human rights, labour rights and the environment. COMMISSIONER MALMSTRÖM AT EUROCITIES 2016 MILAN

12 In a crisis that has created tension and undermined Europe s fundamental values, our cities have proven they can offer solutions and be frontrunners in promoting coexistence and mutual

13 12 In a crisis that has created tension and undermined Europe s fundamental values, our cities have proven they can offer solutions and be frontrunners in promoting coexistence and mutual respect. Solidarity Cities is our response and our joint call for the need for cities to have a recognised, stronger role in migration and refugee issues. GEORGIOS KAMINIS MAYOR OF ATHENS

14 13 INCLUSIVE, DIVERSE AND CREATIVE CITIES CITIES WELCOME REFUGEES Our open letter published on World Refugee Day in June 2016 was a call for a more humanitarian response to the refugee crisis. City leaders manage the arrival of thousands of newcomers every day with solidarity, humanity and dignity. They urgently need support for reception and integration measures, and we have been putting pressure on the EU institutions to grant cities direct access to funding. Our efforts are supported by a growing evidence base of reports and good practices, which made up our successful cities welcome refugees campaign. In October 2016 we launched the Solidarity Cities initiative in Athens, with the aim of building a network of cities to exchange experiences and to push for a fair distribution of responsibilities between EU member states in response to the continuing crisis.

14 INCLUSION THROUGH PROCUREMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP As major buyers of goods and services, public procurement is a useful tool for cities to achieve social and environmental objectives.

15 14 INCLUSION THROUGH PROCUREMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP As major buyers of goods and services, public procurement is a useful tool for cities to achieve social and environmental objectives. EUROCITIES has been supporting members in navigating new EU procurement rules: at a seminar in Nantes in November 2016, cities explored ways to promote social responsibility through procurement. Our members have also been sharing knowledge on successful policies for supporting entrepreneurs and small businesses, which is key to boosting employment and social inclusion in cities.

15 EMBRACING THE POWER OF CULTURE Our Culture for Cities and Regions project is demonstrating the power of culture to drive economic development, urban regeneration and social inclusion.

16 15 EMBRACING THE POWER OF CULTURE Our Culture for Cities and Regions project is demonstrating the power of culture to drive economic development, urban regeneration and social inclusion. More than 100 cities and regions are benefitting from study visits and tailored coaching. Culture plays an important role in integrating migrants and asylum seekers, and EUROCITIES is empowering cities to use culture for social inclusion, citizen engagement and public participation.

17 16 GREEN, FREE-FLOWING AND HEALTHY CITIES IMPROVING LOCAL AIR QUALITY Cities depend on EU and national legislation to improve local air quality, and throughout 2016 EUROCITIES has been pushing for more ambitious air quality measures, including through the National Emissions Ceilings Directive and more stringent vehicle emissions testing. Promoting sustainable urban mobility is a major factor for cleaning up our air, and in 2016 a record 2,400 towns and cities participated in the EUROPEANMOBILITYWEEK campaign, managed by EUROCITIES. Through the OPTICITIES and CREATE projects we have been helping cities make sustainable transport more efficient and convenient.

18 17 Air pollution is the most important environmental health problem in Europe and cities, where over 130 million European citizens live, are worst affected. ANNA LISA BONI EUROCITIES SECRETARY GENERAL

18 LOCAL ACTION FOR GLOBAL CHANGE The role of cities in delivering on global climate goals was officially recognised in the Paris Agreement reached at COP21 in December 2015, and local climate

19 18 LOCAL ACTION FOR GLOBAL CHANGE The role of cities in delivering on global climate goals was officially recognised in the Paris Agreement reached at COP21 in December 2015, and local climate momentum has continued to grow. In September 2016, Nantes hosted the first Climate Chance summit for subnational actors, where participants endorsed the Nantes Declaration on Climate Change. EUROCITIES continues to be part of the consortium managing the Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy initiative, which in 2016 launched its global dimension and expanded its scope to cover climate adaptation as well as mitigation. And through the Mayors Adapt initiative we organised a series of study visits for city experts on climate adaptation in 2016.

20 19 MOVING TO CIRCULAR CITIES Transitioning towards a circular economy will be crucial for making our cities more sustainable, reducing waste and emissions. EUROCITIES organised a major event on waste management in January 2016 to demonstrate the contributions cities can make to delivering on the EU s Circular Economy Package. Our evidence feeds into negotiations on the package, expected to run into late 2017, when Ljubljana will host our annual conference on circular cities.

20 SMARTER CITIES A CITY AND CITIZEN-LED AGENDA Commissioner Šefčovič described the EU executive as a strong partner and ally for cities becoming smarter and more sustainable at a meeting with

21 20 SMARTER CITIES A CITY AND CITIZEN-LED AGENDA Commissioner Šefčovič described the EU executive as a strong partner and ally for cities becoming smarter and more sustainable at a meeting with EUROCITIES politicians in Nantes in June We used the opportunity to push for a city and citizen-led smart city agenda. EUROCITIES is supporting smarter cities through our involvement in a variety of EU-funded projects. These provide a framework for cities to network, learn from each other and compare progress. We showcased our smart city activities during a focus month in mid-2016 and at events throughout the year. I can assure you that the European Commission is committed to being a strong partner and ally in realising your ambition to make your cities smarter, more sustainable, and more inclusive. COMMISSIONER ŠEFČOVIČ NANTES, JUNE 2016

21 SHAPING THE FUTURE OF SMART CITIES EUROCITIES gained new influence in the smart cities community in 2016 by taking the lead on the European Innovation Partnership action cluster on business

22 21 SHAPING THE FUTURE OF SMART CITIES EUROCITIES gained new influence in the smart cities community in 2016 by taking the lead on the European Innovation Partnership action cluster on business models, financing and procurement. This enables us to contribute perspectives from our member cities into the European smart city agenda and get early intelligence on next steps. Our involvement in the Sharing Cities Horizon 2020 lighthouse project is enabling us to support the development of smart city solutions in six major European cities and ensure the results are shared well beyond the participants.

22 INNOVATION AND URBAN GOVERNANCE GROWING URBAN MOMENTUM EUROCITIES has been advocating for an urban agenda for more than two decades, and the launch of the Urban Agenda for the EU in May 2016

23 22 INNOVATION AND URBAN GOVERNANCE GROWING URBAN MOMENTUM EUROCITIES has been advocating for an urban agenda for more than two decades, and the launch of the Urban Agenda for the EU in May 2016 represented a boost for urban issues. We played a crucial role in shaping the urban agenda, and we now have a central position in its governance and delivery. Urban momentum went global in October 2016 with the UN s New Urban Agenda, and EUROCITIES was at the launch at Habitat III in Quito to explore how to link the global and EU agendas for stronger, more resilient and competitive cities.

24 23 I believe that the European Union is actually stronger if we involve cities in the design and implementation of EU policies. COMMISSIONER CREŢU BRUSSELS, FEBRUARY 2016

24 BETTER URBAN GOVERNANCE Throughout the year we have been monitoring the implementation of the urban dimension of EU Structural and Investment Funds in cities.

25 24 BETTER URBAN GOVERNANCE Throughout the year we have been monitoring the implementation of the urban dimension of EU Structural and Investment Funds in cities. Our secretary general, Anna Lisa Boni, is part of the high level group on the simplification of structural funds, with the aim of making it as convenient as possible for cities and final beneficiaries to access and use them. We have also secured funding to carry out further research into the various governance models of metropolitan areas, which will help build our evidence base as we move towards a new round of negotiations on cohesion policy instruments in the coming years.

25 CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT Faced with growing disillusionment, Euroscepticism and the rise of political extremism, EUROCITIES mayors urged EU and national leaders to work with cities to reconnect with

26 25 CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT Faced with growing disillusionment, Euroscepticism and the rise of political extremism, EUROCITIES mayors urged EU and national leaders to work with cities to reconnect with citizens and create a stronger, more democratic European Union. Our open letter on rethinking Europe was published at our annual conference in November 2016, inviting leaders to a Mayors summit on the future of Europe in March Social innovation, co-creation and citizen engagement have been central to our work throughout the year, and we continue to build evidence for the links between cities and citizens through our policy and project activities. Cities can be partners in turning our European governance model around, working from the bottom up to find solutions that actually deliver. FROM EUROCITIES OPEN LETTER NOVEMBER 2016

27 26 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEMBERS ON 1 DECEMBER 2016 DANIËL TERMONT MAYOR OF GHENT (PRESIDENT) KARIN WANNGÅRD MAYOR OF STOCKHOLM (VICE PRESIDENT) HANNA GRONKIEWICZ-WALTZ MAYOR OF WARSAW (TREASURER) BURKHARD JUNG MAYOR OF LEIPZIG (SECRETARY)

28 27 ADA COLAU MAYOR OF BARCELONA JOHN CLANCY LEADER OF BIRMINGHAM DARIO NARDELLA MAYOR OF FLORENCE ZORAN JANKOVIĆ MAYOR OF LJUBLJANA GIUSEPPE SALA MAYOR OF MILAN JOHANNA ROLLAND MAYOR OF NANTES AHMED ABOUTALEB MAYOR OF ROTTERDAM MICHAEL HÄUPL MAYOR OF VIENNA

support to local cultural organisations TANJA WEHSELY COUNCILLOR, VIENNA ECONOMY priorities: job creation and skills

29 28 FORUM CHAIRS AND PRIORITIES ON 1 DECEMBER 2016 IAN WARD DEPUTY LEADER, BIRMINGHAM CULTURE priorities: responding to demographic change and new expectations new role for local cultural administrations new forms of non-financial support to local cultural organisations TANJA WEHSELY COUNCILLOR, VIENNA ECONOMY priorities: job creation and skills support for innovation and start-ups entrepreneurs and SMEs city attractiveness and branding strategies sharing economy

29 ABDELUHEB CHOHO DEPUTY MAYOR, AMSTERDAM MARY-ANN SCHREURS DEPUTY MAYOR, EINDHOVEN EVGENI

ENVIRONMENT priorities: sustainable, affordable energy circular economy healthy, green cities

and urban stakeholders standards and interoperability, and data digital access MOBILITY

multimodality SOCIAL AFFAIRS priorities: urban poverty and inequality affordable housing

30 29 ABDELUHEB CHOHO DEPUTY MAYOR, AMSTERDAM MARY-ANN SCHREURS DEPUTY MAYOR, EINDHOVEN EVGENI KRUSSEV DEPUTY MAYOR, SOFIA LAIA ORTIZ CASTELLVÍ DEPUTY MAYOR FOR SOCIAL RIGHTS, BARCELONA ENVIRONMENT priorities: sustainable, affordable energy circular economy healthy, green cities KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY priorities: smart cities strategy and implementation governance with citizens and urban stakeholders standards and interoperability, and data digital access MOBILITY priorities: urban dimension of EU transport strategies accessibility decarbonisation multimodality SOCIAL AFFAIRS priorities: urban poverty and inequality affordable housing promoting inclusive labour markets quality employment access to social rights social sustainability reception and integration of refugees

31 30 FAST FINANCIAL FACTS INCOME AND EXPENDITURE INCOME EXPENDITURE * * * total income total expenditure result end of period members associates/partners projects & grants other operating expenses staff costs projects & grants * projected results

32 EUROCITIES MEMBERS AND PARTNERS 31 on 31 December 2016 In 2016, EUROCITIES welcomed four new members: Braga, Kiel, Leeds and Stuttgart; and four new partners: Guimaraes, Klaipeda, Kungsbacka and Lisburn and Castlereagh. MEMBERS AL AM AT BA BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR Tirana Yerevan Vienna* Banja Luka, Sarajevo Antwerp, Brussels Capital Region, Brussels City, Ghent* Burgas, Sofia, Varna Geneva, Zurich Nicosia Brno, Pilsen, Prague Berlin, Bonn, Chemnitz, Cologne, Dortmund, Dresden, Dusseldorf, Essen, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Karlsruhe, Kiel, Leipzig*, Mannheim, Munich, Munster, Nuremberg, Stuttgart, Aarhus, Copenhagen Tallinn Barcelona*, Bilbao, Gijon, Madrid, Malaga, Murcia, Seville, Terrassa Metropolitan Area, Zaragoza Espoo, Helsinki, Oulu, Tampere, Turku, Vantaa Angers Loire Metropole, Bordeaux, Grand Nancy, Grenoble Alpes Metropole, Metropole Europeenne de Lille, Lyon, Nantes Metropole*, Nice Cote d Azur, Paris, Rennes Metropole, St.Etienne Metropole, Strasbourg, Toulouse FYROM Skopje GE Tbilisi GR HR HU IE IS IT LT LU LV NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SK SI TR UA UK Athens Zagreb Budapest Dublin Reykjavik Bologna, Florence*, Genoa, Milan*, Palermo, Rome, Turin, Venice Vilnius Luxembourg Riga Amsterdam, BrabantStad Metropolitan Area, Eindhoven, Rotterdam*, The Hague, Utrecht Bergen, Oslo Bialystok, Bydgoszcz, Gdansk, Katowice, Lodz, Lublin, Poznan, Rzeszow, Warsaw*, Wroclaw Braga, Lisbon, Porto Timisoara Belgrade, Novi Sad Gothenburg, Malmo, Stockholm*, Uppsala Bratislava Ljubljana* Gaziantep, Istanbul, Izmir, Konya Kharkiv, Kyiv, Lviv, Odessa Belfast, Birmingham*, Brighton & Hove, Bristol, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Newcastle/Gateshead, Sheffield, Sunderland ASSOCIATED PARTNERS BE BG CH CY DE ES FI FR GR HR IT LT NL NO PT RU SE TR UK Kortrijk, Ostend Kardzhali Lausanne Turkish Cypriot Community of Nicosia Bremen, Hagen Fuenlabrada, San Sebastian Sipoo Amiens Metropole, Brest Metropole Oceane, Grand Reims, St. Nazaire, Tours Acharnes, Amaroussion, Heraklion Rijeka Cesena, Pisa Klaipeda Almere, Groningen, Netwerkstad Twente Stavanger Guimaraes Barrier free city foundation Karlstad, Linkoping, Nacka, Ronneby, Solna, Umea, Kungsbacka Besiktas, Beylikduzu, Beyoglu, Mezitli, Nilufer, Osmangazi, Pendik, Serdivan Derry, Lisburn and Castlereagh, Preston, Wolverhampton ASSOCIATED BUSINESS PARTNERS ATOS, ENEDIS, GE Lighting, ENGIE, IBM, Kapsch, VEOLIA * executive committee members

33 1, Square de Meeûs B-1000 Brussels tel

2015 EUROPEAN UNION PLACE EQUITY INDEX RESONANCE REPORT

2015 EUROPEAN UNION PLACE EQUITY INDEX RESONANCE REPORT E.U. Place Equity Index 2015 RESONANCE CONSULTANCY CREATES DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, PLANS AND BRANDS THAT SHAPE THE FUTURE OF PLACES AROUND THE WORLD.