Comparative Criminal Justice Systems

Transcription

1 Comparative Criminal Justice Systems Second Edition Erika Fairchild Harry R. Dammer Niagara Universüy WADSWORTH THOMSON LEABNIMG Australia Canada Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States

2 Contents Preface xiii PART I SETTING THE STAGE 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 Defining Terms 5 Why Compare Systems of and Issues in Criminal Justice? 6 To Benefit front Others' Experience 7 To Broaden Our Understanding ofthe World 8 To Deal urith Transnational Crime Problems 9 The Historical-Political Approach 9 Model Systems 10 Basic Values in the Criminal Justice System 11 Political Culture Versus Politicized Justice 11 The Plan of This Book 12 Summary 13 Discussion Questions 13 For Further Reading 13 Chapter 2 Measuring and Comparing Crime in and Across Nations 14 Why Measure Crime and Compare Crime Data? 15 The Historical Background of International Crime Data 16 The Different Kinds of Crime Data 17 The Uniform Crime Reports 17 The National Crime Viäimization Surveys 18 Self-Report Surveys 18 International Police Data 18 United Nations Surveys 19 INTERPOL and INTERPOL Crime Data 20 International Viäimization Surveys 21 Other Sources qf Crime Data 24 iii

3 JV Limitations of International Crime Data 25 Underreporting 25 Nonstandard Definitions 26 Differences in Collection and Recording Practices 27 How to Compare International Crime Data 29 Ways to Improve the Comparability of Crime Data 29 Cautions in Comparing Crime Data 30 International Crime Rates 30 Overall Crime Rates 30 Homiäde Rates 31 Crime Rates in Model Countries 34 The Exceptions: Countries with Low Crime Rates 37 Japan 37 Saudi Arabia 38 How Does the United States Measure Up? 39 Summary 41 Discussion Questions and Exercises 41 For Further Reading 41 Chapter 3 Families of Law 42 Ancient and Lesser-Employed Legal Systems 44 Anäent/Historical Legal Systems 44 Religious Law 45 Indigenous Law 45 Clarifying Terms 46 The Civil Law 47 Roman Law 48 Canon and Commeraal Law 48 The Napoleonic Code 49 The German Civil Code 50 The Importance ofthe French and German Civil Codes 50 The Common Law 51 The King's Court 51 Equity Courts 52 The Modern History ofthe Common Law 52 The Development of Criminal Procedure 52 The Definition of Crimes 53 The Current Status of the Common Law 53 The Socialist Law 54 The Historical Background of Socialist Law 55 Soaalism and the People's Republic of China 56 Socialist Versus Civil Law 56 The Public Law/Private Law Distinction 57 Economic Crimes 57 The Educational Function of the Law 57

4 The Role ofthe Procurator 58 Political Versus Nonpolitical Justice 58 The Independence of thejudiciary 59 The Islamic Law 60 Shari'a 60 The Prevalence of Shari'a 61 Crime and Punishment Under Shari'a 62 Equality and Islamic Justice 62 Summary 62 Discussion Questions and Exercises 63 For Further Reading 63 Chapter 4 Six Model Nations 64 England 66 Overview 66 Historical Developments 66 Crime 69 Criminal Law 70 The Criminal Justice System 70 France 70 Overview 70 Historical Developments 71 Crime 72 Criminal Law 72 The Criminal Justice System 73 Germany 73 Overview 73 Historical Developments 74 Crime 75 Criminal Law 76 The Criminal Justice System 76 China 77 Overview 77 Historical Developments 77 Crime 79 Criminal Law 80 The Criminal Justice System 80 Japan 81 Overview 81 Historical Developments 81 Crime 82 Criminal Law 84 The Criminal Justice System 84 Saudi Arabia 85 Overview 85 Historical Developments 86

5 Vi Crime 86 Criminal Law 87 The Criminal Justice System 88 Summary 88 Discussion Questions 89 For Further Reading 89 PART II CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESSES 91 Chapter 5 Law Enforcement: Functions, Organization, and Community Jnvolvement 93 Functions of Police 94 Deviance Control 95 Civil Order Control 95 The Functional Organization of Police Forces 95 Policing in the Model Countries 96 England 96 Organization and Training 97 Civil Order Control 98 France 99 Organization and Training 99 Civil Order Control 101 Germany 102 Organization and Training 102 Civil Order Control 103 Problems Fpllowing Reunification 103 China 103 Organization and Training 104 Civil Order Control 105 Japan 105. Organization and Training 106 The Koban and the Chuzaisho 107 A Unique Police Culture 108 Civil Order Control 109 Saudi Arabia 109 Organization and Training 109 Civil Order Control 110 Comparing the Different Styles of Policing 111 Community Policing and Its Implementation in the Model Countries 112 What Is Community Policing? 112 Models of Community Policing 112 Community Policing in'the Model Countries 113 England 113. France 113 Germany 113 China 114

6 Japan 114 Saudi Arabia 115 International Police Cooperation 115 Summary 117 Discussion Questions and Exeircises 117 For Further Reading 118 Chapter 6 Constitutional Review 119 Judicial Review: An American Contribution to the Science of Government 121 Other, Possible Arrangements for Constitutionai Review 121 No Review 121 Nonjudicial Review 122 Judicial Review with Legislative Approval 122 Constitutional Review and the Criminal Process 122 Constitutional Review in the Model Countries 123 England: Indirect Judicial Review 123 France: The Conseil Constitutionnel 125 Germany: The Bundesverfassungsgericht 127 Japan 129 Why Japans Supreme Court h Different 129 The Strucrure and Functioning ofthe Japanese Supreme Court 131 China 132 Human Rights in Chinese Context 133 Nonjudicial Review, Chinese Style 133 Saudi Arabia 134 Beyond Constitutional Review: Supranational Courts of Human Rights 135 The European Court of Human Rights 135 The Development ofthe ECHR 135 The Dilemma ofthe ECHR 136 Looking to the Future 136 Summary 137 Discussion Questions and Activities 137 For Further Reading 138 Chapter 7 Criminal Procedure 139 The Adversarial System 140 Common Law Criminal Procedure 142 Tiie Right to Counsel 142 The Right to Remain Silent 143 The Right to Trial by Jury 143 The Right to Bail 144 The Differences in Criminal Procedure Rules in Common Law Countries 145

7 VÜi The Inquisitorial System 146 Civil Law Criminal Procedure 147 The Investigation 147 The Right to Counsel 148 The Right to Remain Silent 148 The Trial 149 Differences and Similarities Between the French, German, and American Systems 150 Procedural yariations in Other Civil Law Countries 150 The Mixed Court 151 Socialist Criminal Procedure 151 Pretrial Investigation, Arrest, and Detention 152 The Right to Counsel 154 The Thal Process and Judicial Fairness 154 Distinctive Aspects of Sodalist Law Procedure 157 Japan: The Hybrid Situation 157 Islamic Criminal Procedure 159 The Convergence of Systems 161 Summary 162 Discussion Questions 162 For Further Reading 162 Chapter 8 Legal Actors 164 The Legal Profession 165 Adjudicators 166 Advocates 167 Advisors 168 Legal Scholars 168 Key Issues in the Legal Profession 168 Creeping Spedalization 168 Stratification Within the Profession 169 Legal Aid 169 Bureaucratic and Political Organization of Legal Actors 170 Bureaucratically Oriented Organization 171 Politically Oriented Organization 172 The Legal Profession in the Model Systems ofjustice 172 England 172 France and Germany 175 China 179 Japan 182 Saudi Arabia 184 Summary 186 Discussion Questions 187 For Further Reading 187

8 j x Chapter 9 Courts 188 The Concept of a Court 189 The Development of Courts in Western Nations 190 The Study of Courts 191 Courts in England 192 Magistrates' Courts 192 Crown Courts 193 Appeals Courts 194 Courts in France 195 Trial Courts 196 Appeals Courts 197 Administrative Courts 198 Courts in Germany 199 Criminal Court Organization 200 Courts in China 201 Courts in Japan 203 Court Organization 204 Citizen Partiripation in thejudidal Process 206 The Nonlitigious Japanese: Myth or Reality? 207 Courts in Saudi Arabia 207 Court Organization 208 Supranational Courts 209 The Background ofthe Supranational Courts 209 Supranational Courts Today 210 The Legal Jurisdiction of Supranational Courts 211 Future Developments in Supranational Courts 212 Summary 212 Discussion Questions and Exercises 213 For Further Reading 213 Chapter 10 After Conviction: The Sentencing Process 214 The Purposes of Criminal Sanctions 215 Sentencing Practices 217 Corporal Punishment 219 Noncustodial Sanctions 222 Monetary Sanctions 223 Fines 223 Day Fines 224 Restitution and Community Service 225 Community Supervision 226 Probation 226 House Arrest 227 Electronic Monitoring 228 Esdle228

9 Restorative Justice 229 Warnings 229 Imprisonment 229 International Prison Data 232 Commitment to Mental Hospitals 241 The Death Penalty 243 Public Opinion and Sentencing 245 Summary 247 Discussion Questions and Exerdses 248 For Further Reading 248 Chapter 11 After Conviction: The Problem of Prison 249 The Evolution of Prison Systems 251 Penal Policy in the Model Nations 252 England and Wales 252 France 255 Germany 257 China 259 Japan 262 Saudi Arabia 266 Prison Crowding 267 Prison Crowding Data 267 Effects of Prison Crowding 269 Solutions to Prison Crowding 270 Rights of Prisoners 271 Summary 274 Discussion Questions 274 For Further Reading 275 PART III MODERN DILEMMAS IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE 277 Chapter 12 Terrorism 279 The Historical Background of Terrorism 280 Defining Terrorism 281 The Goals of Terrorism 281 The Prevalence of Terrorism 282 Terrorist Groups 283 Northern Ireland 285 Palestine 286 Al-Qaida 287 Terrorism in the Model Nations 288 England 288 France 288

10 Germany 290 China 291 Japan 292 Saudi Arabia 293 Responses to International Terrorism 294 Foreign Policy 294 International Cooperation Strategies 294 Military and Police Detection and Apprehension Strategies 296 Adjudication 297 The Future of Terrorism 298 Summary 298 Discussion Questions and Exercises 299 For Further Reading 299 Chapter 13 Transnational Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking 300 What Is Organized Crime? 301 The Scope ofthe Organized Crime Problem Worldwide 302 "Traditional" Criminal Syndicates 303 The Italian Mafia 303 Yakuza: Thejapanese Gangster 305 Chinese Triad Groups 307 "New" Organized Crime Groups 308 The Colombian Drug Cartel 308 The Russian Mafiya 309 The Mexican Federation 310 "Second Tier" Groups 310 The Organized Drug Trade 311 The Extent and Impact ofthe Drug Trade 311 The Drug Odyssey 312 Money Laundering 313 Traffic in Narcotics and U.S. Foreign Policy 315 Responses to Organized Crime and Drug TrafScking 317 Prevention Strategies 318 Crime Control Strategies 318 Cooperation Strategies 319 Summary 320 Discussion Questions 320 For Further Reading 320 Chapter 14 Contemporary Influences and Future Developments in Transnational Crime and Justice 321 Convergence 322 Cultural Persistence 323

11 XÜ Political and Policy-Making Processes 324 Looking to the Future 325 Changes in the Model Nations 325 Computer Crime 326 Corruption 328 Forms of Corruption 328 Reasons for Corruption 329 Solutions to Corruption 329 Smuggling 329 Smuggling of Firearms 329 Smuggling of Nuclear Weapons Materials 330 Smuggling of Human Organs 330 Smuggling of Women 331 Smuggling of Migrants 331 Summary 332 Discussion Questions 332 For Further Reading 332 Appendix A Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers 333 Appendix B Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners 337 Appendix C Demographic Summaries 339 Appendix D The World's Legal Systems 357 Glossary 361 Works Cited 373 Index 387