8202-Public Economics A.Y. 2008/2009 A.Casarico Lecture 18-19

Transcription

1 8202-Public Economics A.Y. 2008/2009 A.Casarico Lecture 18-19

2 Gender gap What are the dimensions according to which we can measure the presence or absence of gender equality in rights, responsibilites and opportunities between men and women? - Economic Participation and opportunities - Educational Attainment - Health and survival probabilities - Political empowerment

3 The Gender Gap Report 2008 Gender Gap Report Gender gap examined in 130 economies Annual overview: equal distribution of resources among men and women? Progress over time? Where to act for the closure of the gender gap? The Gender Gap Index 2008

4 Economic participation and opportunity The participation gap difference in labor force participation rates + The remuneration gap - Ratio of estimated female-to-male earned income - Wage equality for similar work + The gap between the advancement of women and men - Ratio of women to men among legislators, Sr. officials and managers, - Ratio of women to men among technical and professional workers

5 Educational attainment Gap between women and men s current access to education Ratios of women to men in 1 ry, 2 ry and 3 ry level of education Ratio of the female literacy rate to the male literacy rate A longer-term view of the country s ability to educate women and men in equal numbers

6 Health and survival Overview of the between women s and men s health 2 variables Gap between women s and men s healthy life expectancy Calculated by the World Health Organization. Estimate of the # years that women and men can expect to live in good health by taking into account the years lost to violence, disease, malnutrition Sex ratio at birth To capture the phenomenon of missing women in countries with strong son preference.

7 Political empowerment Gap between men and women in political decision-making at the highest levels Ratio of women to men in minister-level positions parliamentary positions # years in executive office (prime minister or president) in the last 50 years Weakness: absence of variables capturing between the participation of women and men at local levels of government

8 Gender Gap Index 2008: Global The world as a whole is close to eliminating the gender gap on education and health Around 62% of the gap on economic participation and opportunity has been closed Women in the 130 countries covered have only the 16% of the male political empowerment Trends

9 How does the Gender Gap affect countries economic performances? (i)

10 How does the Gender Gap affect countries economic performances? (ii)

11 Female employment rate (15-64) in the long run (%) variazione (punti perc.) Nord Europa Danimarca 42,7 66,2 71,2 28,5 Finlandia 54,9 65,0 64,3 9,4 Norvegia 26,1 58,4 73,4 47,3 Svezia 38,1 67,6 72,1 34,0 Anglo-sassone Regno Unito 43,1 54,5 65,2 22,1 Irlanda : 32,2 52,2 20,0 Mediterraneo Grecia : 30,7 40,4 9,7 Italia 28,1 33,2 39,7 11,6 Spagna 21,0 28,4 40,3 19,3 Centro Europa Austria : 52,4 59,3 6,9 Belgio 29,6 35,0 51,1 21,5 Francia 42,9 50,0 53,1 10,2 Germania 35,0 34,8 58,1 23,1 Olanda : 35,7 62,1 26,4 Portogallo : 47,1 60,1 13,0 Nord America Stati Uniti 39,5 53,9 68,0 28,5 Canada : 52,3 65,1 12,8

12 Total employment rate (MF) and female employment rate (F) in EU25 in 2006 (%) (employed over population) MF F Denmark Norway Netherlands UK Austria Cyprus Finland Ireland Estonia Portugal Germany Slovenia Latvia UE15 Czech Rep Spain UE25 Lithuania Luxembourg France Belgium Greece Slovakia Romania Italy Hungary Malta Poland

13 ITALY: Female employment rate, macro-regions, ,00 60,00 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 0,00 Nord-ovest Nord-est Centro Sud Isole Fonte dati: Istat

14 Female employment rate for different cohorts in EU25, 2006 (%) (employed over the female population, and 25-54) Denmark Norway Netherlands Finland UK Estonia Austria Latvia Portugal Slovenia Germany Lithuania Cyprus Ireland UE15 France UE25 Czech Rep. Luxembourg Belgium Spain Romania Slovakia Hungary Poland Greece Italy Malta

15 Education 13,67% women 11,38% men 15,90% women 13,16% men Italy: 12,7% women, 11% men 11% women 9% men Fonte: Istat, Indagine sulla Forza lavoro

16 ITALY: Female employment by educational levels (15-64) Totale Scuola primaria o secondaria di primo grado Scuola secondaria di secondo grado Laurea o titolo superiore Fonte dati: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey

17 Top jobs legislators, managers and entrepreneurs: % over the total available positions in public and private firms or institutions 23% women 77% men 25% women 75% men 30% women 70% men 25% women 75% men Fonte: Istat, Indagine sulla Forza lavoro

18 Wage gaps and employment rates Fonte: Olivetti and Petrongolo, 2008

19 Wage gaps and employment rates Raw wage gap: much higher in AngloSaxon countries than in Southern Europe. More equal pay treatment? Selection into employment: women tend to be more positively selected into work than men

20 2,5 2,4 2,3 2,2 2,1 2,0 1,9 1,8 1,7 1,6 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,0 Fertility rate, Selected European countries. 1985, 1995 and 2004 Irlanda Francia Norvegia Finlandia Danimarca Svezia Olanda UK Belgio Austria Portogallo Germania Italia Spagna Grecia

21 Irlanda Francia 2 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 Current Fertility rates Germania Spagna Portogallo Austria Lussemburgo Olanda Svezia Regno Unito Danimarca Filnandia Grecia Italia Fonte: Eurostat

22 ETA' MEDIA ALLA PRIMA MATERNITA' Austria Danimarca Finlandia Francia Germania Grecia Norvegia Olanda Spagna Svezia Italia Fonte dati: Gender Info 2007

23 Female Participation rates and total fertility rates: 1970 Fonte: Del Boca, Locatelli (2006) Fonte: Del Boca, Locatelli (2006)

24 Female participation rates and total fertility rates: 2000 Fonte: Del Boca, Locatelli (2006)

25 Correlation between female participation and fertility Fonte: Del Boca, Locatelli (2006)

26 Bjerk and Hahn (2007) Propose a model describing how the differences in participation and wages can be a result of household decision making with respect to how to supply necessary homecare Can the differences be affected by different types of government homecare subsidy programs?

27 How do families decide? Bjerk and Hahn: decision of the hh can be related to unitary household models Spouses agree to maximise a family social welfare function subject to a pooled family budget constraint Bargaining models Threat points: divorce threat; non-cooperative solution. The threat points, with their explicit alternatives-toagreement interpretation, provide a mechanism for including the different opportunities of men and women

28 How conventional patterns of gender specialization arise in equilibrium? Specialization by family members is efficient If the two spouses produce and consume a market output and a non-market output and one family member is more productive in one sector than in the other and there is no decreasing marginal productivity of the inputs, at least one member will be completely specialized. But why should task specialization be assigned by gender? Biology Firm s behaviour (conventional gender roles)

29 Lundberg (2008) To the extent that women continue to perform more household work than their partners, and to earn lower market wages as a result, simple non-unitary models of the family predict that they will receive a smaller share of hh resources than they would in the absence of gender specialization Conflict between efficiency and maximization of individual utility Will this ultimately have an impact on the willingness to marry, have children and take care of them? Evidence that marriage and fertility rates are higher in countries with more egalitarian attitudes towards gender roles.

30 Determinants of the female labour force participation Rise in the service sector Technological change Housework Contraception Evolution in the cultural beliefs about the appropriate role of women in society

31 Evolution of female participation Fernandez (2007)

32 Fernandez, 2007 Evolution of culture

33 Gender culture and female employment in Italian regions occupazione_femminile Valle d'aosta Basilicata Sardegna Calabria Trentino Alto Adige Emilia Romagna Lombardia Marche Veneto Piemonte Toscana Friuli Venezia Giulia Umbria Abruzzo Sicilia Lazio Puglia Campania Liguria Molise essere_casalinga occupazione_femminile Calabria Basilicata Veneto Marche Umbria Campania Puglia Liguria Lazio Sicilia Piemonte Toscana Abruzzo Valle d'aosta Lombardia Friuli Venezia Giulia Sardegna Emilia Romagna bambini_soffrono Molise Trentino Alto Adige occupazione_femminile Valle d'aosta Molise Liguria Abruzzo Umbria Lomb ardia Marche Ven eto Piemonte Friuli Ven Toscana ezia Giulia Lazio Basilicata Sardegna Puglia Campania Calabria Sicilia Trentino Alto Adige Emilia Rom agna diritto_allavoro Campa, Casarico, Profeta (2008)

34 Culture and economic outcomes Main challenge is to separate culture from institutions (e.g., legal framework) and traditional economic variables (e.g., prices and income). There is recent empirical evidence on significance of culture.

35 Fernandez and Fogli (2007): past values of female LFP in the women s country of ancestry as a cultural proxy. Second-generation American women who are in 1970 and married. Female LFP in the country of ancestry in 1950 Explanatory power for the market labour supply in US in Fernandez (2007): future values of LFP in the women s country of ancestry as a cultural proxy Second-generation American women who are in 1970 and married. Female LFP in the country of ancestry in 1990 Explanatory power for the market labour supply in US in 1970.

36 Fernandez, 2007

37 Fernandez, 2007