Econ 490 Section 011 Economics of the Poor Fall Course Website:

Transcription

1 Econ 490 Section 011 Economics of the Poor Fall 2011 Contact Information: Siwan Anderson Office: Buchanan Tower 922 (Temporary) Course Website: Office hours: Tuesdays/Thursdays 12:30 1:30 1

2 BACKGROUND READING Textbook for Econ 326 (on reserve in Koerner Library) Principles of Econometrics By R.C. Hill, W.E. Griffiths, and G.C. Lim Published by Wiley 2011 Chapter 3 The Linear Regression Model Chapter 4 Assumptions of the Linear Regression Model Chapter 7 The Multiple Regression Model Chapter 14 Simultaneous Equation Models 2

3 STATA Using Stata for Principles of Econometrics By L.C. Adkins and R.C. Hill Software Package STATA is available in computer labs in Buchanan. Recommended that you purchase your own copy: Campus-wide special plan for purchasing Place order Pick up on campus 3

4 STATA Version: STATA/IC 12 with PDF documentation Need INTERCOOLED - Small STATA too small $108 for one year, $75 for 6 months 4

5 COURSE SCHEDULE Week 2/3: September 13: Lecture 1 -- Snapshot of Poverty September 15: Lecture 2 -- Macro Approach September 20: Lecture 3 Micro Approach Weeks 3/4: September 22-29: No Meetings Office Hours (Tuesdays/Thursday 11:00 1:30) Discuss choice of topics and data sets Week 5: October 4 6: Meet in Classroom Student Presentations of topics, key questions, data sets 5

6 Weeks 6 and 7: October 11 20: Meet in Computer Lab (B125) Bring data sets and questions Weeks 8 and 9: October 25 November 3: No Meetings Office Hours (Tuesdays/Thursday 11:00 1:30) Discuss initial results Week 10: November 8 10: Meet in Classroom Student Presentations of initial findings 6

7 Weeks 11 to 13: November 15 December 1: No Meetings Office Hours (Tuesdays/Thursday 11:00 1:30) Discuss final paper No More Office Hours after December 1 Available for questions via Paper Due (submit via ): December 20,

8 COURSE EVALUATION Student Presentations: 15% Research Paper: 85% 8

9 ECONOMICS OF THE POOR Enormous worldwide disparities in income levels and standards of living Two main questions: (1) Why do people in some countries live prosperous, healthy lives, while those in others reel under poverty? (2) What are potential policies which can improve the lives of the poor? 9

10 MACRO APPROACH What is responsible for the divergence in living standards that has developed across the world over the last two hundred years? Alternatively could ask How did the West grow rich? Income per capita in sub-saharan Africa is 1/20 th of U.S. income per captia Specific countries such as Mali and Ethiopia it is 1/35 th 10

11 Standard answers: Poor countries don t save enough Poor countries don t invest enough in education and skills Poor countries do not adopt the right technologies or organize production efficiently But why not? New research is concerned with the more fundamental causes: Institutions (humanly devised rules shaping incentives) Geography (exogenous differences of environment) Culture (differences in beliefs, attitudes, preferences) 11

12 Key to understanding the methodology used in economics is to determine the relative importance of these determinants of development Empirical regressions in economics determine which factors are more important those that are statistically significant Macro approach exploits cross-country variation 12

13 Sources of prosperity (1) 7 Vast differences in prosperity across countries today. Income per capita in sub-saharan Africa on average 1/20 th of U.S. income per capita In Mali, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), and Ethiopia, 1/35 th of U.S. income per capita. Why? Standard economic answers: Physical capital differences (poor countries don t save enough) Human capital differences (poor countries don t invest enough in education and skills) Technology differences (poor countries don t invest enough in R&D and technology adoption, and don t organize their production efficiently)

14 Sources of prosperity (2) 8 These are, however, proximate causes of differences in prosperity. Why do some countries invest less in physical and human capital? Why do some countries fail to adopt new technologies and to organize production efficiency? The answer to these questions is related to the fundamental causes of differences in prosperity. Potential fundamental causes: Institutions (humanly-devised rules shaping incentives) Geography (exogenous differences of environment) Culture (differences in beliefs, attitudes and preferences)

15 Institutional variation Big differences in economic and political institutions across countries. Enforcement of property rights. Legal systems. Corruption. Entry barriers. Democracy vs. dictatorship. Constraints on politicians and political elites. Electoral rules in democracy. 11

16 Economic institutions and economic performance (1). Log GDP per capita, PPP, in ZAR HTI SDN MLI KWT ARE BHR MLT GRC BHS CHL OMN SAU ARG URY VEN MEX BWA GAB PAN ZAF MYS CRI COL TTOTHA BRA IRN TUR POL TUN ECU PER DOM DZA ROM GTM JORPRYJAM PHL SUR SYR MAR IDN SLV BOL GUY EGY CHN AGO HND ZWE LKA NIC CMR GIN COG SEN CIV PAK GHA VNM MNG TGO KEN UGA MDG BFA BGD NGA ZMB NER YEM MOZ MWI QAT HKG GMB IND ISR RUS KOR CZE HUN BGR LUX USA SGP CHE BEL DNK CAN FRA AUT JPN NOR AUSITA ISL SWE FIN GBR NLD NZL IRL ESP PRT 6 SLE ETH TZA Avg. Protection Against Risk of Expropriation,

17 Economic institutions and economic performance (2). Log GDP per capita, PPP, in VEN ARG MEX COL PAN THA LBN TUR ECU DOM RUS BGRHRV ROM PER KAZ LVA JAM IDN PHL BOL EGY CHN UKR ARM ZWE LKA NGA PAK GEO KEN UGA ZMB MDGBFA GHA SEN VNM IND SVK BRA TUN KOR LTU JOR MAR CZE URY ZAF MYS HUN POL BEL JPN ITA GRC SVN CHL USA HKG FRA AUT NOR AUS DEU GBR ISR IRL ESP PRT SGP CHE CANDNK NLD SWE FIN NZL TZA MLI MOZ MWI Control of Corruption

18 Political institutions and economic performance. Log GDP per capita, PPP, in SAU SWZ SYR GIN SDN TGO NGA TCD ZAR OMN MEX GAB THA IRN TUN DZA PER GTM JOR PRY IDN MAR EGY CHN GUY AGO ZWE HNDLKA CIV CMR NIC GHA MRT SEN COG COM LSO PAK CAF HTI KEN UGA BFA ZMB MDG YEM BDI RWA MWI MOZ SLE ETH SGP TZA FRA SLV GMB ARG VEN POL DOM BGD NPL NER MLI BEN LUX USA CHE NOR CAN DNK DEU AUT BEL JPN GBR AUS ISL SWE NLD ITA ISR FIN NZL IRL ESP PRT GRC KOR CHL MUS URY COL BWA MYS HUN PAN ZAF CRI BRA TTO TUR ECU FJI JAM PHL BOL IND Constraint on Exec. 1990s

19 But institutions are endogenous 15 Institutions could vary because underlying factors differ across countries. Geography, ecology, climate Culture Perhaps other factors? Montesquieu s story: Geography determines human attitudes Human attitudes determine both economic performance and political system. Institutions potentially influenced by the determinants of income. Identification problem. We can learn only a limited amount from correlations and ordinary least square (OLS) regressions.

20 Geography hypothesis: Montesquieu 16 Montesquieu: The heat of the climate can be so excessive that the body there will be absolutely without strength. So, prostration will pass even to the spirit; no curiosity, no noble enterprise, no generous sentiment; inclinations will all be passive there; laziness there will be happiness, "People are... more vigorous in cold climates. The inhabitants of warm countries are, like old men, timorous; the people in cold countries are, like young men, brave". Moreover, Montesquieu argues that lazy people tend to be governed by despots, while vigorous people could be governed in democracies; thus hot climates are conducive to authoritarianism and despotism.

21 Geography hypothesis: modern versions 17 Jared Diamond: Importance of geographic and ecological differences in agricultural technology and availability of crops and animals. Jeff Sachs: "Economies in tropical ecozones are nearly everywhere poor, while those in temperate ecozones are generally rich" because "Certain parts of the world are geographically favored. Geographical advantages might include access to key natural resources, access to the coastline and sea, advantageous conditions for agriculture, advantageous conditions for human health." "Tropical agriculture faces several problems that lead to reduced productivity of perennial crops in general and of staple food crops in particular" "The burden of infectious disease is similarly higher in the tropics than in the temperate zones"

22 18 Montesquieu s story?. Log GDP per capita, PPP, in 1995 Latitude AFG DZA AGO ARG ARM AUS AUT AZE BHSBHR BGD BRB BLR BEL BLZ BEN BTN BOL BIH BWA BRA BGR BFA BDI CMR CAN CPV CAF TCD CHL CHN COL COM ZAR COG CRI CIV HRV CZE DNK DJI DMA DOM ECU EGY SLV EST ETH FJI FIN FRA GAB GMB GEO DEU GHA GRC GRD GTM GIN GNB GUY HTI HND HKG HUN ISL IND IDN IRN IRQ IRL ISR ITA JAM JPN JOR KAZ KEN KOR KWT LVA LSO LBR LBY LTU LUX MDG MWI MYS MLI MLT MRT MUS MEX MDA MAR MOZ MMR NAM NPL NLD NZL NIC NER NGA NOR OMN PAK PAN PNG PRY PER PHL POL PRT QAT ROM RUS RWA STP SAU SEN SLE SGP SVK SVN SOM ZAF ESP LKA KNA LCA VCT SDN SWZ SWE CHE SYR TJK TZA THA TGO TTO TUN TUR TKM UGA GBR UKR ARE URY USA UZB VEN VNM YEM YUG ZMB ZWE

23 Empirical pitfalls of correlations and ordinary least square estimates 19 Montesquieu s story example of omitted variables bias and identification problem. Other omitted factors---human nature, culture, geography--- vary across countries and affect economic performance. They also are correlated with or have a causal effect on institutions. Similar problem affects inferences about geography on income; potentially correlated with omitted variables. Reverse causality: Income affects institutions. Attenuation bias: Measures of institutions very coarse, poorly correspond to conceptual measures, creating errors in variables problem.

24 Need for exogenous variation 20 Exploit natural experiments of history, where some societies that are otherwise similar were affected by historical processes leading to institutional divergence. Building towards an instrument for institutions (Lecture 3); a source of variation that affects institutions, but has no other effect, independent or working through omitted variables, on income. Examples of potential natural experiments of history: 1. South versus North Korea 2. European colonization 3. Chinese experience

25 The Korean experiment 21 Korea: economically, culturally and ethnically homogeneous at the end of WWII. If anything, the North more industrialized. Exogenous separation of North and South, with radically different political and economic institutions. Exogenous in the sense that institutional outcomes not related to the economic, cultural or geographic conditions in North and South. Approximating an experiment where similar subjects are treated differently. Big differences in economic and political institutions. Communism (planned economy) in the North. Capitalism, albeit with government intervention and early on without democracy, in the South. Huge differences.

26 North and South Korea GDP per capita South Korea North Korea

27 European colonization as a natural experiment 23 After the discovery of the New World and the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope, Europeans dominated many previously diverse societies, and fundamentally affected their social organizations (institutions). Approximating a natural experiment because Many factors, including geographic, ecological and climatic ones, constant, while big changes in institutions. Changes in institutions not a direct function of these factors. Analogy to a real experiment where similar subjects have different treatments. Consequences? Look at changes in prosperity from before colonization (circa 1500) to today in the former colonies sample.

28 Measuring prosperity before national accounts 24 To answer these questions, we need a measure of prosperity before the modern era. Urbanization is a good proxy for GDP per capita (Bairoch, Kuznets, de Vries). Only societies with agricultural surplus and good transportation network can be urbanized. Urbanization is highly correlated with income per capita today and in the past. And we can construct data on urbanization in the past (Bairoch, de Vries, Eggimann) In addition, use population density as a check. Useful also because related to the causal mechanism in Lecture 2.

29 Urbanization and income today. 10 USA CAN AUS NZL HKG SGP GDP per capita, PPP, in BRB MUS KNA ZAF GABMYS CRI PAN BWA NAM LCA BLZ DZA ECU TUN GRD DOM GTMFJI VCT PRY JAM SWZ IDN MAR PHL EGY CPV GUY SLV SUR BOL LKA AGO ZWE HND GIN COM CIV CMR NIC GHA MRT COG LSOIND PAK SEN VNM GMB SDN TGO HTI CAF LAO KEN BEN NPL UGA BFA BGD TCD MDGZAR NGAZMB NER BDI ERI MLI RWA MWI MOZ MEX TTO COL PER DMA BRA CHL BHS ARG VEN URY TZA SLE Urbanization in 1995

30 Results: until 1500 Persistence is the usual state of the world. There is mean reversion and rise and decline of nations, and certainly of cities. But countries that are relatively rich at a point in time tend to remain relatively rich. The data confirm this persistence. After the initial spread of agriculture, there was remarkable persistence in urbanization and population density. Largely true from 1000 BC to 1500 AD, and also for subperiods. More important, true also in the former colonies sample. 26

31 Reversal since 1500 (1). 10 USA CAN AUS SGP HKG NZL GDP per capita, PPP, in CHL ARG URY VEN BRA PRY GUY DOM JAM PHL MYS COL PAN CRI BLZ GTM IDN SLV LKA HND NIC ECU PER BOL TUN DZA MEX EGY MAR 7 HTI VNM LAO PAK IND BGD Urbanization in 1500

32 Reversal since 1500 (2). 10 CAN AUS USA SGP HKG NZL GDP per capita, PPP, in ARG URY BWA BRA NAM SUR GUY CHL BRB BHS VEN ZAF MYS KNA GAB MEX COL PAN TTO CRI LCA ECU TUN DOM GRD PER DMA BLZ DZA VCT GTM PRY JAM SWZ PHL IDN MAR CPV BOL SLV AGO ZWE HND LKA CMR NIC GIN COG MRTCOM CIV LSO GHA SEN GMB SDN PAK IND HTI CAF TGO VNM LAO KEN BEN UGA NPL TCD MDG BFA BGD ZMB ZAR NGA NER MLI ERI BDI MWI MOZ RWA EGY TZA SLE Log Population Density in 1500

33 When did the reversal happen? 25 Urbanization in excolonies with low and high urbanization in 1500 (averages weighted within each group by population in 1500) low urbanization in 1500 excolonies high urbanization in 1500 excolonies 29

34 The nature of the reversal: industrialization Industrial Production Per Capita, UK in 1900 = 100 (from Bairoch) US Australia Canada New Zealand Brazil Mexico India 30

35 What s happening? 31 Former colonies with high urbanization and population density in 1500 have relatively low GDP per capita today, while those with low initial urbanization and population density have generally prospered. But gains in the growing societies not always equally shared. Native Indians and aborigines in the New World have all but disappeared. (Simple) Geography hypothesis? It cannot be geographical differences; no change in geography. Sophisticated geography hypothesis? Certain geographic characteristics that were good in 1500 are now harmful? no evidence to support this view; reversal related to industrialization, and no empirical link between geography and industrialization.

36 Understanding the patterns from 1500 to Reversal related to changes in institutions/social organizations. Relatively better institutions emerged in places that were previously poor and sparsely settled. E.g., compare the United States vs. the Caribbean or Peru. Thus an institutional reversal Richer societies ended up with worse institutions. Europeans introduced relatively good institutions in sparsely-settled and poor places, and introduced or maintained previously-existing bad institutions in densely-settled and rich places. E.g.; slavery in the Caribbean, forced labor in South America, tribute systems in Asia, Africa and South America. Institutions have persisted and affected the evolution of income, especially during the era of industrialization why to be discussed more below.

37 Institutions matter 35 Reversal in prosperity resulting from the institutional reversal, combined with persistence in institutions. Countries with better institutions prosper, while those with bad institutions stagnate or decline. The reversal also emphasizes that the differences are not only between capitalist and communist systems. What matters more is the type of capitalism. But then why different institutions? And what are good and bad institutions? For now, take good institutions to be those that encourage investment in physical, human capital, and in technology, and bad institutions in the opposite Are the same institutions always good and bad? Discussed later.

38 Are British colonies special? Popular view going back to Adam Smith and Winston Churchill that British cultural and political influence was beneficial, certainly better than that of Spanish and French influence. Does the evidence support this view? The answer is no. The patterns shown above are robust to controlling for the identity of colonial power. Similar patterns when we look at only British colonies. 36

39 The Reversal among former British colonies (1) USA 10 CAN AUS SGP HKG NZL GDP per capita, PPP, in GUY JAM MYS LKA PAK IND BLZ EGY 7 BGD Urbanization in

40 The Reversal among former British colonies (2) CAN 10 AUS USA SGP HKG NZL BRB BHS GDP per capita, PPP, in BWA NAM GUY ZAF MYS KNA TTO LCA GRD DMA VCT BLZ SWZ ZWE LSO ZMB KEN JAM GHA GMB NGA UGA LKA SDN PAK IND NPL BGD EGY MWI SLE Log Population Density in 1500

41 The role of culture (1) Can all this be related to culture? What is culture? Culture is a relatively fixed characteristic of a group or nation, affecting beliefs and preferences. Example: religion Useful distinction between culture and informal institutions. Informal institutions are related to how society shapes incentives, and are related to equilibrium of a given game (typically defined by formal institutions, distribution of income, political power etc.). Informal institutions are not fixed, and change with economic conditions and distribution of power, though they are typically highly persistent. Culture not useful in understanding the Korean divergence North and South were culturally homogeneous. 39

42 The role of culture (2) Possible that the reversal related to culture. But the growth trajectories of British colonies similarly to Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies once we control for differences in local conditions. Moreover, no econometric evidence that religion matters for understanding the reversal or for long-run growth (to be discussed more in Lecture 3) Reversal also not related to the presence of Europeans. Examples of prosperity in Singapore and Hong Kong, where population is now almost entirely non-european, but institutions protect investment. Overall, no evidence that European values or culture played a special role. 40

43 The Reversal for colonies with less than 1% Europeans in BWA MYSGAB NAM GDP per capita, PPP, in SWZ LSO TCD MDG NER MLI CMR COG CAF HTI LAO ERI IDN MRT GIN CIV GHA SEN GMB VNM TGO KEN BEN NGA BFA UGA LKA SDN NPL PAK IND BGD BDI RWA EGY TZA SLE Log Population Density in 1500

44 The Reversal for colonies with less than 1% of European descent in SGP HKG GDP per capita, PPP, in BWA MYSGAB AGO CMR COG HTI ZMB MDGZAR NER MLI MWI KEN IDN GIN CIV GHA SEN GMB TGO NGA BFA DZA VNM UGA TUN LKA SDN PAK IND BGD EGY TZA SLE Log Population Density in 1500

45 The role of culture (3) The Chinese experience informative about the role of culture versus institutions. China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan many cultural and ethnic similarities. While China adopted state planning and communist political institutions, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan followed a capitalist path with relatively well-enforced property rights. While Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan prospered, China stagnated. After the Mao s death and 1978 reforms, especially the introduction of some basic property rights, changes in economic incentives in China, and now very rapid growth rate. 43

46 Role of culture (4) GDP per capita in China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, ,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5, China Taiwan Hong Kong Singapore

47 Revisiting culture and religion (1) 106 What is the effect of culture? Even though no comprehensive measures of broad cultural differences, evidence not favorable for importance of culture. Proxies for culture: religion, identity of colonizer, presence of Europeans. Empirical strategy: look at the effect of religion on longrun economic growth once we take differences in institutions into account (that is, estimate the causal effect of institutions simultaneously). Answer: no evidence of any effect of religion (therefore culture) on cross-country differences in income. Also recall that no effect of identity of colonizer or direct effect of presence of Europeans.

48 Revisiting culture and religion (2) All former colonies Dependent variable is log GDP per capita in 1995 Dependent variable is institutions Dependent variable is log GDP per capita in 1995 Dependent variable is institutions Second stage First Stage Second stage First Stage Institutions (Protection Against Expropriation) (0.16) (0.35) Percent Catholic (0.01) (0.01) Percent Muslim (0.01) (0.01) Percent "Other" (0.01) (0.01) Percent of European Descent in (0.01) (0.006) Log Settler Mortality (0.14) (0.15) 107 R-Squared in First Stage Number of Observations For religion regressions, base category is percent Protestant.

49 MICRO APPROACH What policies help to improve the standard of living of the poor in terms of health, education, gender disparities, and access to credit? Analysis uses individual our household level data In U.N. member states agreed to the millennium development goals become a universal framework to eradicate poverty 15

50 Bangladesh Brazil Ecuador Ghana Guatemala India Hyderabad India Udaipur Indonesia Ivory Coast Mexico Morocco Nicaragua Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Peru South Africa Tanzania Timor Leste 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% % of population within consumption groups $1 $2 $4 $6 $10

51 Percent of population in each consumption group all countries $1 $2 $4 $6 $10 Bangladesh 23.70% 45.70% 24.30% 3.80% 1.00% Brazil 10.70% 18.80% 26.30% 13.90% 13.70% Ecuador 1.40% 13.40% 29.90% 20.20% 17.00% Ghana 33.90% 33.80% 24.10% 4.90% 2.90% Guatemala 39.70% 25.10% 18.20% 6.20% 5.00% India Hyderabad 14.30% 55.60% 24.30% 3.20% 1.70% India Udaipur 66.80% 27.20% 5.10% 0.50% 0.30% Indonesia 18.10% 36.90% 29.50% 8.20% 4.80% Ivory Coast 16.10% 34.00% 33.70% 9.30% 4.50% Mexico 12.90% 21.60% 31.20% 13.60% 11.00% Morocco 4.00% 24.80% 47.60% 13.20% 7.70% Nicaragua 14.30% 32.90% 33.30% 11.80% 5.00% Pakistan 34.00% 44.90% 17.10% 2.30% 1.20% Panama 5.50% 10.30% 21.10% 17.00% 20.70% Papua New Guinea 16.10% 25.60% 26.90% 13.20% 9.90% Peru 7.30% 19.90% 29.80% 17.80% 13.90% South Africa 11.50% 24.10% 25.40% 10.90% 8.00% Tanzania 21.70% 37.60% 27.50% 7.70% 3.70% Timor Leste 18.10% 38.70% 27.60% 9.50% 4.10%

52 This translates into 30% of the children under 5 in Mali in had measurable signs of malnutrition (44% in India, 0 in Sweden) Under 5 mortality rate in Mali was 217/1000 in 2006 (270 in Sierra Leone, 4 in Norway) Life expectancy at birth for males was 52 years in Mali (41 years in Sierra Leone, 79 in Sweden) 76% of adults were illiterate in Mali in 2005 (61% in Niger, 0 in Sweden)

53 In the world In 2005, 865 million people lived under a dollar a day at Purchasing power parity: they have the purchasing power of dollar. What does this mean? 27 million children every year do not get the essential vaccinations 6.5 millon children die every year before their first birthday, mainly of diseases that could have been prevented. Half of school-aged children in India cannot read a very easy paragraph (even though most are in school)

54 Goals include: Achieve universal primary education Girls and children from poor and rural families are least likely to attend school One child in five who is old enough to attend secondary school is still enrolled in primary school No consensus on how to achieve this goal 17

55 Even if we did have perfect enrollment in school what about the quality? 2/3 of global population that live on less than $3/day still struggling with fundamental education issues no books no buildings outdated curriculum dirt floors child labour 18

56 MICRO TOPICS - GENDER Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan: Achieving gender equality is a prerequisite to achieving other Millennium Development Goals including eliminating poverty, reducing infant mortality, achieving universal education, and eliminating the gender gap in education by Statement is based on economic research which demonstrates that: Women are more likely than men to spend income on the health and education of their children How do we promote policies which put income directly into the hands of women? 19

57 MICRO TOPICS ACCESS TO CREDIT To get out of the vicious cycle of poverty the poor need access to credit invest in their own productive activities to reap larger returns invest in the education and skills of their children for future returns Basis of borrowing in developed countries people can borrow based on the notion that they have some form of collateral to back it up assets future earnings 20

58 How to lend money to poor people with no collateral? Very successful micro-lending institutions Grameen Bank in Bangladesh founder Dr. Yunus received 2006 Nobel Peace Prize lends to millions of poor people no ordinary commercial lender would want as customer very high repayment rates - significantly higher than conventional lending institutions key reasons for success --- borrowers form a group in which all borrowers are jointly liable for each other s loans How can we transplant a successful lending institution in Bangladesh to elsewhere in the world? 21

59 Another example related to gender: Amartya Sen (Nobel Laureate) computed that there are 100 million missing women in Asia (China and India). 100 million women should be alive today who are not Many missing due to female infanticide How does the one child policy in China contribute to these missing women? How does the introduction of gender testing though ultrasounds contribute to these numbers in India? Again want to figure out how to isolate the different contributing factors to pinpoint a key explanatory factor 22

60 COURSE LECTURES Lecture 1 - Empirical Snapshot of the Poor Banerjee, A. and E. Duflo (2007) Economic lives of the poor Journal of Economic Perspectives. 21(1), Deaton, Angus and Jean Dreze (2009) Food and Nutrition in India: Facts and Interpretations Economic and Political Weekly, No 7, Vol XLIV, p

61 Lecture 2 Macro Approach Angrist, J., and A. Krueger (2001) Instrumental variables and the search for identification: from supply and demand to natural experiments, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(4), Acemoglu, D., S. Johnson, and J. Robinson (2001) The colonial origins of comparative development: an empirical investigation, American Economic Review, December, Nunn, N. (2008) The long-term effects of Africa s slave trades, Quarterly Journal of Economics, February,

62 Lecture 3 - Micro Approach Anderson, S. And D. Ray (2010) Missing women: Age and disease, Review of Economic Studies, Volume 77, Hoddinott, J. and L. Haddad (1995) Does female income share influence household expenditure? Evidence from Cote d Ivoire, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 57 (1), Thomas, D. (1990) Intra-household resource allocation: an inferential approach Journal of Human Resources, 25(4),

63 DEVELOPMENT DATA SOURCES Research Institutions: BREAD: J-PAL: IPA:

64 Firm-level data Household surveys Macro data sources National statistical offices Family Life Surveys Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) An on-going longitudinal survey of individuals, households, families, communities and facilities, the first wave of the survey was conducted in 1993/4 and included interviews with 7,224 households in 321 communities in 13 provinces in Indonesia. The survey is representative of about 83% of the Indonesian population. The second wave, in 1997/8, was followed by a survey of 25% of the sample enumeration ares in IFLS3 was conducted in 2000 and IFLS4 was conducted in 2007/08. The surveys contain retrospective histories about, for example, employment, marriage, fertility and migration over the life course of each respondent. The surveys also include household consumption, assets, self-reported health status and a battery of health measures (including anthropometrics, hemoglobin, blood pressure, lung capacity and time to stand from a sitting position). In 2007, cholesterol and dry blood spots were added. Public domain data and documentation are available on the web. Malaysian Family Life Surveys (MFLS) conducted in 1976/7 and 1988 also contain extensive histories on employment, marriage, fertility and migration. Respondents in the first wave were followed in the subsequent waves; in the second wave, a refreshment sample was added. MFLS1 (1976/77) and MFLS2 (1988) are in the public domain. Matlab Health and Social Survey (MHSS) was conducted in 1996 and covers the same area as the Matlab Demographic Surveillance System. The data are in the public domain. A resurvey is underway.

65 Mexican Family Life Survey (MxFLS) is an on-going nationally representative longitudinal survey of individuals, households, families and communities. The first wave was conducted in The first follow-up was completed in The second follow-ups was conducted in 2009/10. In addition to consumption, income, wealth, employment, marriage and fertility, the survey contains a module on crime and victimization as well migration histories. Respondents are followed if they move and interviewed in their new location. This includes people who move to the U.S. and those that return to Mexico. Biomarker data are collected and include assets, self-reported health status and a battery of health measures and dry blood spots. Data from the first two waves collected in Mexico are in the public domain. Guatemalan Survey of Family Health (EGSF) is a single cross section survey which was was conducted in rural communities in 4 of Guatemala's 22 departments. The survey was fielded in The data are publicly available. University of North Carolina Surveys Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Surveys Conducted by a team of researchers from the United States and the Philippines, the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey is an ongoing study of a cohort of Filipino women who gave birth between May 1, 1983 and April 30, 1984 and have been re-interviewed periodically since then. The data are available at UNC. China Health and Nutrition Survey The China Health and Nutrition Survey was conducted in 1989 and 1991 in 8 provinces in China and provides a wealth of detailed information on health and nutrition of adults and children including physical examinations. These data are available at UNC. Nang Rong (Thailand) projects The Nang Rong projects represent a major data collection effort that was started in 1984 with a census of households in 51 villages. The villages were resurveyed in 1988 and again in 1994/95. New entrants were interviewed and a subsample of out migrants were followed. These data are available at UNC. Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) is an on-going panel survey of households in Russia that began in These data are available at UNC. University of Washington CSDE Vietnam Research Projects Vietnam Life History Survey (1991) The Vietnam Life History Survey is a collaboration between the University of Wasthington, the Institute of Sociology and the

66 Institute of Social Sciences, in Vietnam. The survey collects data from about 100 households in two urban and two rural areas in Vietname. The data are available at CSDE at UW. Vietnam Longitudinal Survey ( ) The Vietnam Longitudinal Survey is a collaboration between Professor Charles Hirschman, University of Wasthington, the Institute of Sociology in Vietnam. The survey collects detailed demographic information from all adult respondents in over 1,800 households in one area of Vietnam. The data are available at CSDE at UW. Rural Economic and Demographic Survey (REDS) The National Council of Applied Economic Research has been surveying households and villages since the late 1960s as part of REDS. Some of the respondents have been interviewed in several rounds yielding a panel spanning 30 years. The raw data from the 1969, 1982 and 1999 waves are available on Andrew Foster's web site. Foster provides an overview of the files here. Indian States Data from EOPP, LSE State-level data from India copiled by the Economic Organiasation and Public Policy Programme at the LSE is available here. Topics covered include land reform media and political agency labor regulation quality of life economic reforms India Agriculture and Climate Data Set The database provides district level data on agriculture and climate in India from 1957/58 through 1986/87. The dataset includes information on Area planted, production and farm harvest prices for five major and fifteen minor crops. Areas under irrigated and high-yielding varieties (HYV) for major crops. Data on agricultural inputs, such as, fertilizers, bullocks and tractors - in both quantity and price terms Agricultural labor, cultivators, wages and factory earnings, rural population and literacy proportion. Meteorological station level climate data (average climate over 30 year period) Soil data The dataset was compiled by Apurva Sanghi, K.S. Kavi Kumar, and James W. McKinsey, of the World Bank and draws on work by James McKinsey and Robert Evenson of Yale University. For more information, click here. The data and documentation are available here. National Sample Survey Organization The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) of India has a long tradition of conducting high quality surveys. NSSO carries out socio-economic surveys, undertakes field work for the Annual Survey of Industries and follow-up surveys of Economic Census, sample checks on area enumeration and crop estimation surveys and prepares the urban frames useful in drawing of urban samples, besides collection of price data from

67 rural and urban sectors. The data are available for purchase on CD. China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) is patterned after the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) in the US. Pilot data were collected in 2008 in two provinces: Zhejiang and Gansu (the richest and poorest provinces). One person aged 45 and over was randomly chosen in each household with an age eligible person, and they and their spouse were interviewed. The sample is representative of people 45 and over in these two provinces in China. This sample contains data on 1,570 households and just under 2,700 individuals. Data are available here. The first nationallyrepresentativa wave of CHARLS will be fielded in 2011 and the second in Mexican Health and Aging Study is a prospective longitudinal survey of older adults (born before 1951) and their spouses. The first wave was conducted in 2001 and interviewed almost 10,000 adults and 5,000 spouses. The first follow-up was completed in The project is a collaboration of researchers at the Universities of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Wisconsin with INEGI in Mexico. It is directed by Beth Soldo. SABE (Salud Bienestar Y Envejeveimiento en America Latina y El Caribe) is a series of comparable cross-national surveys on health and aging organized as a cooperative venture among researchers in Argentina, Barbados, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Mexico and Uruguay. The goal of the project is to describe health, cognitive achievement and access to health care among people age 60 and older with a special focus on people over 80 years old. Professor Alberto Palloni is the project PI which has been funded by PAHO and the NIA. Colombian Familas en Accion Familias en Accion is a poverty alleviation program in Colombia. Data are available here. Evaluation of the program is described at the Center for the Evaluation of Development Policies at IFS. Learning and Education Achievement in Punjab Schools The Learning and Education Achievement in Punjab Schools (LEAPS) Project is a multi-year project initiated by researchers at Harvard University, Pomona College, and the World Bank that attempts to capture and track changes in the educational universe at the primary level (upto grade 5) in 112 villages in Pakistan. The main component of the project is a set of extensive surveys designed & conducted by the LEAPS team, with care being taken to be representative of the various actors in the educational market. The data consists of questionnaires administered to all 823 primary schools (public, private, NGO) in the 112 villages, to over 800 teachers (with basic information on 5,000 teachers), 1800 households, 6000 school children, and achievement tests

68 of 12,000 class 3 children in Mathematics, English, and Urdu. All children, households, schools and teachers are matched and then followed over three additional (annual) rounds of surveys, for a complete 4-year panel. The first round of data from these surveys & related documentation is now publicly available for researchers at: The website also provides related information (questionnaires for all rounds, preliminary papers, and a LEAPS report that highlights findings from the first round). South African DataFirst Data Archive DataFirst, a research unit at the University of Cape Town, is a web portal for South African census and survey data as well as metadata and all research output based on this data. The catalogue of downloadable datasets is here. Living Standards Measurement Studies (LSMS) Since 1980, the World Bank has been collecting multi-purpose household survey data in several countries under the Living Standards Measurement Study umbrella. That site contains information about the project, lists the countries included in the project and describes how data may be accessed. For some of the surveys, the data are available on the web. Albania Armenia 1995 Azerbijan Survey of Living Conditions 1995 Bulgaria Integrated Household Survey 1985 Cote d'ivoire Living Standards Survey Ecuador Ghana Guyana Jamaica Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Morocco Nepal Nicaragua Pakistan 1991 Panama Papua New Guinea Peru 1985, 1990, 1991 Romania 1992 Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (available from a site at UNC) South African Integrated Household Survey Tajikistan Tanzania Human Resource Development Survey Vietnam Venezuela The Rural Income Generating Activities (RIGA) database The RIGA project, a collaborative effort of FAO, the World Bank and American University in Washington, DC, aims to promote the understanding of the roles, relationships and synergies of on-farm and off-farm income generating activities for rural households. Building on existing household living standards surveys, the project has developed methodologically consistent, internationally comparable income data that are now available free of charge from the project's website.

69 The database contains cross-country comparable indicators of household-level income for 26 surveys representing 16 countries across Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America, making it a valuable resource for researchers and analysts in the development field. The surveys are both cross-sectional and panel, and currently run from 1992 through 2005; more surveys will be added to the database as they become available. While the RIGA project focuses mainly on the analysis of rural issues, the dataset contains information on both urban and rural income sources. Find out more about the RIGA project: /es/esa/riga/ Learn how to access the data: /riga/english/form_en.htm Access the RIGA project publications: /es/esa/riga/english/pubs_en.htm Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) Descriptions of evaluations conducted by the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab are available from the J-PAL evaluations page. Data underlying these evaluations are available from the same site. The International Food Policy Reseach Institute IFPRI has conducted several very innovative surveys in African and Asian countries. Many of these surveys are available for research purposes. See their home page and click on datasets. Townsend Thai Project and associated Thai databases are described here. The Townsend Thai project began in 1997 with a relatively large cross-section survey. Annual resurveys have been conducted and a monthly survey was initiated in August Agricultural Innovation and Resource Management in Ghana This is an integrated longitudinal farm production and consumption survey conducted by Christopher Udry and Markus Goldstein (Yale University). Data may be downloaded from here. Social Networks Project (Kenya and Malawi) collects longitudinal socio-demographic data in Kenya and Malawi under the direction of Susan Watkins and Jere Behrman. Data are available for downloading here. South African National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) NIDS is a nationally representative panel study that examines income, consumption and expenditure of households over time in South. Africa. The baseline survey was conducted in 2008 and the first follow-up was conducted in The data will throw light on matters such as coping strategies deployed in response to shocks and unexpected events whether negative or positive, such as death in the family or an unemployed relative obtaining a job.

70 In addition to income and expenditure dynamics, study themes include the determinants of changes in poverty and well-being; household composition and structure; fertility and mortality; migrancy and migrant strategies; labour market participation and economic activity; human capital formation, health and education; vulnerability and social capital. See the NIDS web page for details. SALDRU Langeberg Survey, South Africa Langeberge integrated household survey was conducted by a consortium of South African and American universities along with government and non government agencies in South Africa. Data may be requested by sending an . See their web page web page for details. Survey on the Status of Women and Fertility in five Asian countries collected detailed information on the status of women and their husbands in conjunction with fertility choices. Data collected in Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines and Thailand in 1993/1994 are available for downloading here. Center for Data Sharing is housed at the Economic Growth Center at Yale University and distributes Bicol longitudinal surveys, Philippines ICRISAT India village level study ICRISAT Burkina Faso farm production survey Mexican Migration Project. Professor Doug Massey and collaborators have collected several waves of surveys on migration from central Mexico with special sub-samples of Mexicans living in Chicago. The data can be obtained from the MMP. web-site of by contacting Kristin Espinosa at the University of Pennsylvania. Her address is espinosa@pop.upenn.edu. Latin American Migration Project. is an extension of the MMP. Mexican Migration Project. The project is directed by Professor Doug Massey who, with his collaborators, has collected data in Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Peru. Data are available here. Central American Population Project collects fertility and health surveys carried out in Central America. Data from Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama are included in the collection. Tsimane Amazonian Panel Study (TAPS) TAPS is an annual panel data set covering the period 2002 throuh 2006 that follows a native Amazonian horticultural and foraging society experiencing rapid integration to the rest of the world. The study has been tracking about 1,500 native Amazonians in about 250 households of 13 villages along the Maniqui River, Department of Beni, Bolivia, and has introduced agricultural development projects. TAPS surveys take place

71 every year during June-August. The first five-years of data, , are now available to the public in STATA. To request access to the panel data set and its documentation go to the following web site: /~rgodoy/research/pgs/panel.html or contact Ricardo Godoy (781) , World Fertility Surveys The World Fertility Surveys (WFS) were conducted in 41 countries during the 1970s and early 1980s. The data are all in the public domain and available at the Office of Population Research at Princeton University. This is a very good site to find out about data on fertility including the Chinese In-Depth Fertility Surveys. Countries for which World Fertility Surveys are available include: Africa Americas Asia Europe Benin; Cameroon, 1978; Cote d'ivoire, ; Egypt, 1980; Ghana, ; Kenya, ; Lesotho, 1977; Mauritania, 1981; Morocco, 1980; Nigeria, ; Rwanda, 1983; Senegal, 1978; Sudan (North), ; Tunisia, 1978; Colombia, 1976; Costa Rica, 1976; Dominican Republic, 1975 and 1980; Ecuador, ; Guyana, 1975; Haiti, 1977; Jamaica, ; Mexico, ; Panama, ; Paraguay, 1979; Peru, ; Trinidad & Tobago, 1977; Venezuela, 1977; Bangladesh, ; Fiji, 1974; Indonesia, 1976; Jordan, 1976; Korea, Republic of, 1974; Malaysia, 1974; Nepal, 1976; Pakistan, 1975; Philippines, 1978; Sri Lanka, 1975; Syria, 1978; Thailand, 1975; Turkey, 1978; Yemen Arab Republic, 1979; Portugal, ; Demographic and Health Surveys More recent fertility, mortality and health data are available from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). National which is DHS has been collecting national sample surveys of population and maternal and child health conducted in many developing countries since the 1980s. Data are currently collected under the umbrella of the Measure project which is administered by Macro International. Data have been collected in four waves: DHS-I ( ) DHS-II ( ) DHS-III ( ) Measure (1998-present) See the Measure DHS website for a list of countries that have been surveyed.

72 International Reproductive Health Surveys The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) assists countries throughout the world in the development, implementation and analysis of national reproductive health surveys. Africa Household Survey Project Provides a listing of many household surveys conducted across Africa. Sticerd (LSE) Fieldwork web-page which is managed by Markus Goldstein provides links to additional surveys, questionnaires and survey methods materials. Return to Top of Page, Firm level sources African manufacturing sector Firm level data collected by The World Bank in collaboration with the Centre for the Study of African Economies, Oxford University, and several Government Statistical Agencies may be downloaded from this site. Centre for the Study of African Economies CSAE faculty have collected firm level data in several African countries. Data from Ghana, Ethiopia, Tanzania and also, from a comparative study, in Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya and Zimbabwe. are available from the CSAE web-site. Some of these data are also available on the World Bank web site. Return to Top of Page, Macro data sources NBER Macro Data Contains several macro series including Penn-World Tables, Mark 5.6. An international panel, extract data by country, year and variable. Also called "Summers-Heston" data. Data on business cycles in the US, NBER Macro History Database, manufacturing and imports in the US. World Bank Research Datasets This site is maintained by The World Bank and contains country level data on economic growth. Data related to several articles published on models of growth are available. These include, for example: Barro, Robert J., and Jong-Wha Lee "International Comparisons of Educational Attainment." Journal of Monetary Economics 32 (3): De Long, J. Bradford, and Lawrence Summers "How Strongly Do Developing Economies Benefit from Equipment Investment?" Journal of Monetary Economics 32 (3):

73 Fischer, Stanley "The Role of Macroeconomic Factors in Growth." Journal of Monetary Economics 32 (3): King, Robert G., and Ross Levine "Finance, Entrepreneurship, and Growth: Theory and Evidence." Journal of Monetary Economics 32 (3): Levine, Ross, and David Renelt "A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions." American Economic Review 82 (4): Clik here for a listing of all data available on the World Bank Research Dataset site. Human Mortality Database Historical mortality data for 17 countries Return to Top of Page, National statistical offices Many of these offices provide a wealth of information. Census data are available from these offices; some household- and firm-level surveys are public use and may either be downloaded or ordered from their office. Geohive provides a listing of statistical offices across the globe. Africa Asia Botswana South Africa India October HH Survey Annual labor force survey Income and Expenditure Survey 1995, 2000 Census of India National Council of Applied Economic Research National Sample Survey Organization Indonesia SAKERNAS Annual labor force survey SUSENAS Annual consumption survey with special module each year South Korea Malaysia Philippines Taiwan Latin America

74 Argentina Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (Permanent Household Survey) Annual labor force survey of main cities Bolivia Brazil Pesquisa Nacional Amostra Domicilios Annual national income survey with special module each year Chile Colombia Ecuador Guatemala Mexico Peru Venezuela

75 Data Collecting Agencies: DHS: World Values Survey: Afro Barometer: Latino Barometer

76 WHAT IS THE AFROBAROMETER? The Afrobarometer is an independent, nonpartisan research project that measures the social, political, and economic atmosphere in Africa. Afrobarometer surveys are conducted in more that a dozen African countries and are repeated on a regular cycle. Because the instrument asks a standard set of questions, countries can be systematically compared. Trends in public attitudes are tracked over time. Results are shared with decision makers, policy advocates, civic educators, journalists, researchers, donors and investors, as well as average Africans who wish to become more informed and active citizens. UGANDA ROUND PRE-ELECTION SURVEY Studies Completed: No studies One study Two studies Three studies Four studies Over four studies AFROBAROMETER SLIDE SHOW The Afrobarometer recently conducted a second pre-election survey in Uganda. See the Summary of Results and a powerpoint presentation of the findings below. Powerpoint Presentation of Uganda Round Pre-election Survey Findings Summary of Results Uganda, 2011 (Round Pre-election Survey) UGANDA ROUND PRE-ELECTION SURVEY The Afrobarometer recently conducted a pre-election survey in Uganda. See the Summary of Results and a powerpoint presentation of the findings below. Powerpoint Presentation of Uganda Round Pre-election Survey Findings Summary of Results Uganda, 2010 (Round Pre-election Survey) MOST RECENT WORKING PAPERS MOST RECENT BRIEFING PAPERS WP132: Separate and Suspicious: Local Social and Political Context and Ethnic Tolerance in Kenya WP131: The Born Frees : The Prospects for Generational Change in Post-Apartheid South Africa WP130: When Politicians Cede Control of Resources: Land, Chiefs and Coalition- Building in Africa WP129: Mapping Ideologies in African Landscapes BP100: Public Perceptions on Constitutional Reform in Zimbabwe. BP099: Trends in Public Opinion on Health Care in Zimbabwe: BP098: The Uses of the Afrobarometer in Policy Planning, Program Design and Evaluation. BP097: Zimbabwe: The Evolving Public Mood.

77 International Organizations: IFPRI: World Bank: OECD: 1_1_1_1,00.html UN: WHO: FAO:

78 Faculty homepages:

79 "; Contact Information CV Papers Courses Books Publications Selected Presentations Other Writings Data Archive Acemoglu and Dell (2010) Acemoglu, Johnson, Querubin, and Robinson (2008) Acemoglu and Guerrieri (2008) Acemoglu, Johnson, Robinson, and Yared (2008) Acemoglu and Johnson (2007) Acemoglu and Johnson (2005) Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2005) Acemoglu, Autor, and Lyle (2004) Acemoglu and Linn (2004) Acemoglu, Johnson, Robinson, and Thaicharoen (2003) Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2002) Acemoglu and Ventura (2002) Acemoglu (2002) Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2001) Acemoglu and Angrist (2001) Acemoglu and Angrist (2000) Data Archive Please follow the links below to access the datasets and program files used in a number of my papers. The links are ordered according to date of publication. Productivity Differences Between and Within Countries Daron Acemoglu and Melissa Dell forthcoming, American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics. When Does Policy Reform Work - The Case of Central Bank Independence Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, Pablo Querubin, and James A. Robinson Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2008(1), pp Capital Deepening and Non-Balanced Economic Growth Daron Acemoglu and Veronica Guerrieri Journal of Political Economy, 116(3), June 2008: pp Income and Democracy Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, James A. Robinson, and Pierre Yared American Economic Review, 98(3), June 2008: pp Disease and Development: The Effect of Life Expectancy on Economic Growth Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson Journal of Political Economy 115, December 2007: pp Unbundling Institutions Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson Journal of Political Economy, 113(5), October 2005: pp The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change and Economic Growth Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson American Economic Review, 95(3), June 2005: pp Women, War and Wages: The Effect of Female Labor Supply on the Wage Structure at Mid-Century Daron Acemoglu, David Autor, and David Lyle Journal of Political Economy, 112(3), June Market Size in Innovation: Theory and Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry Daron Acemoglu and Joshua Linn Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(3), August 2004: pp Institutional Causes, Macroeeconomic Symptoms: Volatility, Crises and Growth Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, James A. Robinson, and Yunyong Thaicharoen Journal of Monetary Economics, 50, January 2003: pp Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117, November 2002: pp The World Income Distribution Daron Acemoglu and Jaume Ventura Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117, May 2002: pp Technical Change, Inequality, and The Labor Market D A l

80 Journal Websites:

81 American Economic Journal: Applied Economics Vol. 3, No. 3, July 2011 Front Matter (pp. i-vi) Abstract/Tools Full-Text Article Comments (0) Government Transfers and Political Support (pp. 1-28) Marco Manacorda, Edward Miguel and Andrea Vigorito Abstract/Tools Full-Text Article Download Data Set Online Appendix Comments (0) Do Value-Added Estimates Add Value? Accounting for Learning Dynamics (pp ) Tahir Andrabi, Jishnu Das, Asim Ijaz Khwaja and Tristan Zajonc Abstract/Tools Full-Text Article Download Data Set Comments (0) American Economic Journal: Applied Economics Search: AEA Member Login: Financial Constraints and Inflated Home Prices during the Real Estate Boom (pp ) Itzhak Ben-David Abstract/Tools Full-Text Article Download Data Set Online Appendix Comments (0) Quick Tools: Link to this Issue Low-Skilled Immigration and the Labor Supply of Highly Skilled Women (pp ) Patricia Cortés and José Tessada Abstract/Tools Full-Text Article Download Data Set Online Appendix Comments (0) Marrying Up: The Role of Sex Ratio in Assortative Matching (pp ) Ran Abramitzky, Adeline Delavande and Luis Vasconcelos Abstract/Tools Full-Text Article Download Data Set Comments (0) Are High-Quality Schools Enough to Increase Achievement among the Poor? Evidence from the Harlem Childrenʹs Zone (pp ) Will Dobbie and Roland G. Fryer Sign up for Alerts Follow us on Twitter Subscription Information (Institutional Administrator Access) Explore: AEJ: Applied - Previous Issues AEA Journals JEL Indexes (Members Only) AEAweb AEA Journals Contact Us Abstract/Tools Full-Text Article Download Data Set Online Appendix Comments (0) Subsidizing Vocational Training for Disadvantaged Youth in Colombia: Evidence from a Randomized Trial (pp ) Orazio Attanasio, Adriana Kugler and Costas Meghir Abstract/Tools Full-Text Article Download Data Set Comments (0)