A GENERAL TYPOLOGY OF PERSONAL NETWORKS OF IMMIGRANTS WITH LESS THAN 10 YEARS LIVING IN SPAIN

Transcription

1 1 XXIII International Sunbelt Social Network Conference 14-16th, February, Cancún (México) A GENERAL TYPOLOGY OF PERSONAL NETWORKS OF IMMIGRANTS WITH LESS THAN 10 YEARS LIVING IN SPAIN Isidro Maya Jariego Departamento de Psicología Social Universidad de Sevilla isidromj@us.es Personal networks of immigrants are a relevant predictor of the psychological adaptation to the new context, and the building of a typology is a useful tool to describe the social support networks of this group (Maya Jariego, 2001). Based in five different studies with Latin-American and African immigrants, in this paper we propose a general typology of the social support networks of immigrants with less than 10 years living in Spain. The size and composition of support networks are the dimensions used in the classification. Endo-group oriented and exo-group oriented personal networks are distinguished. Family reunification and the incorporation of Spaniards are two basic strategies to rebuild personal networks in the host society, with clear consequences in the functionality of the support structure. The implications of the typology according to the chain migration studies of Massey and the acculturation model of Berry are discussed. Key-words: Personal networks Typology Cluster Analysis Immigrants TOWARDS A GENERAL TYPOLOGY OF PERSONAL NETWORKS OF IMMIGRANTS Four steps: 1. Exploratory study of personal networks. 2. Systematic analysis of the size, structure, composition and functions of social support networks. 3. Replication of the typology using as criterion variables (1) the size of social support networks, (2) the presence of family members in the personal networks and (3) the presence of Spanish people among social support providers. 4. Integration of the analysis in a general typology.

2 2 1. EXPLORATORY STUDY OF PERSONAL NETWORKS We elaborate a classification of the social support networks of African immigrants in Andalucía. We did a Quick Cluster analysis with several criterion variables: the size, the composition, the availability, the utilization and the sufficiency of the social support network. With a group of 600 African immigrants, we obtained four categories: (1) compatriots friends focused small network, (2) insufficient network, (3) medium size network compound by Spanish and compatriots friends, and (4) medium size network conformed by relatives. The typology serves to distinguish levels of psychological well-being, type of utilization of services and other social, demographic, and psychological characteristics. -SEE TABLE 1- Description of the personal network s typology TYPE DESCRIPTION UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES AND WELL-BEING Compatriots friends focused small network Minimum network Medium size network compound by Spanish and compatriots Medium size network conformed by relatives They ask for help to a small network of peers (4 to 5 compatriots friends). Less than two support providers. A significant number of individuals feel that they haven t sufficient help, according to their needs. This is the category with more Spaniards as support providers. Most of support providers are relatives. They are the individual in the sample with more relatives living in Spain and they inform in general of a higher level of family regrouping. This is the network in which relatives have more functions (multiplicity). They rely more on natural help than in formal services. Frequently they inform of depression. They often have a negative opinion on their decision of migrating, or they are not satisfied with their actual circumstances. They rely more on friends than in relatives to obtain help. They rely more on relatives than in friends to obtain help. 2. SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE SIZE, STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL SUPPORT NETWORKS We elaborated the typology with a sample of Moroccans (n=81), Philippines (n=69) and Senegaleses (n=23) living in Marbella, using the Mannheim Interview of Social Support (MISS) (Veiel, 1990, 1993). First we did three exploratory cluster analysis using as criterion variables indicators of: (1) ethnic and familiar composition, (2) support functions, and (3) size and structure of the network. Chi-square analysis of the three classifications revealed the five clusters solutions as the most suitable. To elaborate a general typology with five categories, we selected seven criterion variables taking into account: the differentiation among clusters, the factor analysis and the correlation matrix. The criterion-variables were: availability of everyday psychological support, availability of instrumental support in crisis situations, number of compatriots in the support network, number of Spaniards in the support networks, number of relatives in the support network, number of non-relatives in the support network, and multiplicity of the support providers. The five clusters were (1) small networks of compatriots (friends and relatives), (2) ethnic networks with predominantly specialized links, (3) synergic networks with predominantly compatriots friends, (4) ethnic networks based in the regrouping of the family, and (5) networks based in the regrouping of the family and embedded in the host population. The three collectives have a clear distinct pattern in the personal networks: 60% of Moroccans have the smallest type, and 60% of Senegaleses obtain support from a group of polyvalent compatriots friends. The type of personal network is a significant predictor of psychological well-

3 3 being and patters of utilization of social services. The immigrants with the smallest networks obtain higher scores in the Depression Scale of the Centre for Epidemiological Studies (CES-D) (Radloff, 1977), an the networks based in family regrouping are associated with a higher use of social services. -SEE GRAPHIC 1 AND TABLE 2- Description of the personal network s typology TYPE DESCRIPTION UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES AND WELL-BEING Small network of relatives and compatriots friends Ethnic network with predominantly specialized providers Synergic networks with predominantly compatriots friends Ethnic networks based on family regrouping. Networks based in the regrouping of the family and embedded in the host population Around five providers, most of them compatriots and relatives. Around 9 providers, but with scarce multiplicity of functions. The group of compatriot friends gives all kinds of support, even in crisis situations. Around 8 relatives living in Spain. They combine family regrouping with the highest number of Spaniards in the sample. 61% of the individuals in this category are women. In this type there are significantly more divorced and widowed individuals. The scores in an Scale of Depression are higher than in the other categories. 60% of Moroccans are in this category. Singles are less frequent in this category. There are more men than women. This is the category in which individuals express more frequently their intention of returning to their country. 60% of Senegaleses are in this category. Stable population (in socioeconomic terms), with intention of living in Spain. Significantly represented by young single men. 3. REPLICATION OF THE ANALYSIS USING AS CRITERION VARIABLES (1) THE SIZE, (2) THE FAMILIAR COMPOSITION AND (3) THE ETHNIC COMPOSITION In the previous studies we observed that (1) the size and (2) the composition (ethnic and familiar composition) are key variables to distinguish the type of personal network of recent immigrants. In this case we applied the cluster analysis to (1) a heterogeneous group of African and Latin-American immigrants (n=123) participating in professional training courses, and (2) to a sample of Peruvian (n=55) and Moroccan (n=50) immigrant women. We did a Quick Cluster (k=4) with the first sample, using as criterion variables (1) the number of support providers (size), (2) the proportion of Spaniards in the personal network, and (3) the proportion of relatives in the personal network. The clusters were: (1) medium size network of (predominantly) relatives and compatriots, (2) medium size network of (predominantly) nonrelatives and Spaniards, (3) medium size network balanced in composition, and (4) large personal networks. The second type is more frequent among single men, and less frequent among Moroccans. Latin-American immigrants represent 50% of the large type. Second, we applied a Quick Cluster Analysis (k=4) using as criterion variables (1) the number of support providers (size), (2) the number of Spaniards in the personal network (ethnic composition) and (3) the mean of relatives in each support area. The clusters were: (1) compatriots friends focused small network, (2) medium size network conformed by relatives, (3)

4 4 medium size network compound by Spanish and compatriots and (4) very large networks of relatives (family regrouping). Women tend to have the smallest network (60%). Particularly if they are Moroccan women (74%). Finally, the support contact with Spaniards is rather more frequent among Peruvian. -SEE TABLE 3 AND 4- Description of the personal network s typology: African and Latin-American participants in Professional Training Courses TYPE DESCRIPTION OTHER CHARACTERISTICS Medium size network of (predominantly) relatives and compatriots Medium size network of (predominantly) nonrelatives and Spaniards Medium size network balanced in composition Large personal network They have a mean of six support providers, most of them compatriots. There are more relatives than nonrelatives. They are clearly focused on friends and only have a relative as average. Among support providers, Spaniards are more numerous than compatriots. They have the most balanced composition among compatriots and Spaniards, and relatives and friends. Around 14 support providers. They have (in comparison) the highest number of relatives, of compatriots and of Spaniards. Even they mention several relatives in the sending country as active support providers. This individuals attribute more sufficiency to the personal network than average. More frequent among single men, and less frequent among Moroccans. In comparison with others categories, they have 3 years more living in Spain as average. 50% of the individuals in this category are Latin-American immigrants. Description of the personal network s typology: Peruvian and Moroccan immigrant women TYPE DESCRIPTION NATIONALITY AND WELL-BEING Compatriots friends focused small network Medium size network conformed by relatives Medium size network compound by Spanish and compatriots Very large network of relatives (family regrouping) Small network with less than 4 support providers as average: most of them are compatriots and/or relatives. Network with 7-8 support providers, predominantly relatives. Large network with a significant number of Spaniards One individual in the sample has 17 support providers, with a large number of relatives. This individuals show a significantly lower level of psychological wellbeing and express less satisfaction with their support providers. It is also the network with less reciprocity in the exchange of support. 74% of Moroccan women are in this category, and 60% of the total sample. Peruvian women are significantly present in this category (20% of them), in comparison with Moroccans.

5 5 4. INTEGRATION OF THE ANALYSIS IN A GENERAL TYPOLOGY Finally, we integrated previous analysis with a hierarchical cluster analysis of all the types (categories) described above. We constructed a matrix with the 17 categories described in the three previous steps, and the centroids in three criterion variables: (1) size of the support network, (2) presence of Spaniards in the support network and (3) presence of relatives in the support networks. These are the outcomes: * * * * * * H I E R A R C H I C A L C L U S T E R A N A L Y S I S * * * * * * Dendrogram using Average Linkage (Between Groups) Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine C A S E Label Num Compatriots friend focused small network (Type 1, Study 3) Table 4 2. Medium size network conformed by relatives (Type 2, Study 3) Table 4 3. Medium size network compound by Spaniards and compatriots (Type 3, Study 3) Table 4 4. Very large network of relatives (family regrouping) (Type 4, Study 3) Table 4 5. Medium size network of (predominantly) non-relatives and Spanish (Type 3, Study 3) Table 3 6. Large personal network (Type 4, Study 3) Table 3 7. Medium size network of (predominantly) relatives and compatriots (Type 2, Study 3) Table 3 8. Medium size network balanced in composition (Type 1, Study 3) Table 3 9. Ethnic network with predominantly specialized providers (Type 1, Study 2) Table Network based in regrouping and embedded in host population (Type 2, Study 2) Table Small network of relatives and compatriots friends (Type 3, Study 2) Table Ethnic network based in family regrouping (Type 4, Study 2) Table Synergic network with predominantly compatriots friends (Type 5, Study 2) Table Medium size network conformed by relatives (Type 1, Study 1) Table Medium size network compound by Spaniards and compatriots (Type 2, Study 1) Table Minimum network (Type 3, Study 1) Table Compatriots friend focused small network (Type 4, Study 1) Table 1 An integrated typology: We propose a general classification with six broad categories (orientative):

6 6 Minimum network 0-3 Providers Women. Moroccan. Divorced and widowed. High scores of depression. Small network with predominantly compatriots friends 4-6 Providers Most of them peers immigrants The type with more prevalence (among recent migrants). Medium size network of relatives 7-10 Providers Second most prevalent type. and compatriots Medium size network with predominantly non-relatives and 7-10 Providers Men. Single. Young. Latin- American. Spaniards Large family regrouping network Providers Stable in socio-economic terms. Intention of permanence in Spain. More use and knowledge of social services. Large family regrouping network embedded in host population Providers Men. Single. Young. More knowledge and use of social services. DISCUSSION Re-building of the social support network. Key factors: family regrouping and insertion in the local community. Endo-group vs. exo-group oriented. Acculturation. Network typology as a tool (1) to describe the psychological adaptation of immigrants and (2) to describe the community structure (meso level). Chain migration and social integration of immigrants (two phases).

7 7 Outline of the presentation T1. Introduction In this paper I present the building of a typology of social support networks of immigrants. 1. First, I will argue that (a) to describe the changes in personal networks is a good way to analyse the psychological adaptation to a new country, and (b) a typology of personal networks may be a useful tool to make such description, to simplify such description. 2. Second, I will describe the process to build such typology, based in several cluster analysis with several samples of African and Latin-American Immigrants. Let me start with an example of psychological studies applied to migration. In 1989 a group of German Psychologists made a survey to know which expectations the people from the East had to find a job in West Berlin. First they classified immigrants as optimistic and pessimistic, according with the expectations of finding a job. Two years later they interviewed them again, but in this case to know what was their laboral situation. The results were striking. Pessimistic people made a better prediction than optimistic, but even pessimistic were too much optimistic according to the results: only a little percentage got a job in two years. But among the people who got a job, the majority were optimistic. So to be pessimistic is a good way to approach realistically to the results, but to be pessimistic is a good way to get a job. As it is said in social psychology: when something is perceived as real, this is real in its consequences. Just only an example. I have choose an interesting example, but even this study shows an important limitation of psychological research on migration. There are meta-models that organize the set of variables that are relevant to predict subjective and objective outcomes of adaptation. This models accumulate a huge (useful) array of significant empirical evidences. But they don t say anything on the meaning of migration in psychological terms. In my opinion migration is a sort of ecological transition, in which the micro-system of the individual is changing. That s the reason because is so important to analyse the personal networks of immigrants. Social support may be a key concept to integrate the chain migration literature on migration flows and the literature about the adaptation of immigrants. Are the resources that the person obtain from their networks what explain why diminishes the costs of international relocation and why is easier to accommodate to a new culture or a new country.

8 8 On the other hand, previous research has examined the influence of social support networks. But there has been less attention paid to the influence of support network type. The consideration of differential network constellations is an efficient measure in that it is at once comprehensive and parsimonious. T2. Method The building of the typology consist of 4 steps: 1. First we made an exploratory study of personal networks. 2. Then a systematic analysis of the size, structure, composition and functions of social support networks. 3. Third, a replication of the typology using as criterion variables: (1) the size of social support networks, (2) the presence of family members in the personal networks, and (3) the presence of Spanish people among social support providers. (2 samples) 4. Finally we applied a hierarchical cluster analysis to the four previous classifications to integrate the results in a general typology. Cluster analysis involves experimenting with a number of cluster solutions until the grouping derived reflect relevant theoretical aspects of the support networks. As such, the clusters obtained are partly constructed and partly discovered. We follow this process in each study, and we use several samples as a way of testing the validity of the results. T3. Cluster 1 This results corresponds to the first cluster. We used a high number of criterion variables derived from the Arizona Social Support Scale. These variables referred to the size, composition, availability, utilization and sufficiency of the support network. We applied a simple Quick Cluster solution of 4 categories, with a group of 600 African immigrants. 85% are classified in the categories 3 and 4: o slightly more than half of the sample are represented in type 4: they have small networks focused in compatriots friends, o 30% have minimum networks with less than 2 providers of support,

9 9 o and there are two types of medium size networks: one compound by Spanish and compatriots and one conformed by relatives. So it seems that migration has an impact on the size of support networks. To concentrate the demands of support in a group of immigrant friends may be a way of adaptation. But a group suffer difficulties to fulfil its personal needs. And family regrouping or the incorporation of Spanish people may be two different strategies to reach a more organized support network. T4. Cluster 3 After that, the objective of the second study was to develop a systematic analysis of the criterion variables. In this case we derivated the network types from a group of African and Asian immigrants in the south of Spain: 81 Moroccans, 23 Senegaleses and 69 Philippines. The instrument was the Manheimm Interview of Social Support. It distinguishes between psychological support and instrumental support, and between everyday support and crisis support. First, 3 exploratory cluster analysis were applied: one with variables of composition, one with variables of functions and one with variables of structure. Availability of - compatriots; Spaniards; familiar; non-relatives; everyday support; crisis support; psychological support; instrumental support; size; multiplexity; specialization. With the chi-square we found the five cluster classification as the best solution. Then we applied a Quick cluster analysis of 5 categories. We used 7 criterion variables that were selected after factor analysis and taking into account the differentiation among clusters and the correlation matrix. Here you see the final classification in five categories that I will describe. T5 / T6. But first we can see the 3 exploratory analysis. One classification according to the structure, another with variables of composition and finally one with the functions. The most prevalent type in the sample was the least resourceful of all network types. 40% of immigrants have small networks, compound by an average of 5 links, with relatives and non-relatives in the same proportion.

10 10 60% of them are women and there is also a high proportion of divorced people in this type. Perhaps the small size is a consequence of the migration. Second, there are two clusters with around 20% of respondents each. Both of them have a medium average of support network 7/9. One of them has an striking level of multiplexity and the other an striking level of specialized ties. The first one consist of people that concentrate their demands for support in a group of immigrant friends (even instrumental support and in crisis situation). And the second one is conformed by non-relatives compatriots too. To add specialized ties or to demand more things from your fellows could be guess as two different ways of developing a bigger personal network in the new country. In the network with the higher level of multiplicity there are with more probability immigrants that express their intention to return to their country. And third, there are two more networks that belong to people that have a welldeveloped process of reagrupation with the family. Some of them are characterized because they have the highest proportion of familiar ties and others because they have developed an striking number of personal contacts with Spanish, with people from the host society. The people with predominantly familiar ties have the most stable social profile of the sample: they have with more probability their own house, and all of them intend to stay in Spain for the future. On their part, people with more relationships with Spaniards are younger than the average, and tend to be man and single. There are clear ethnic differences in network type. 60% of Moroccans have the smallest and least resourceful type of network, whereas 60% of Senegaleses have the friend focused network with the highest level of multiplicity.

11 11 T7/T8 VDs Second, there are differences in the indicators of adaptation. The immigrants with the smallest network have significantly higher scores in depression (CES-D). And the immigrants with the bigger networks, related to family regrouping, have significantly a better knowledge of social services and a better access to them. o Paradoxically the people with higher risk have more difficulties in accessing social services. So it seems that the typology is an efficient manner of describing a social network, and the adaptation to the new country. T9. Clusters 3 y 4 The third step consisted of testing this categories with two different samples: (1) a group of participants in professional training courses (n= 123) and (2) a group of Moroccan and Peruvian Women (n= 105). Briefly, the first group has medium and large networks, whereas women tend to have the smallest network. Comparatively Latin-American have types with higher number of Spaniards. So the typology may serve to distinguish among populations. T10. Finally, we integrated previous analysis with hierarchical cluster analysis of all the types (categories) described before. We constructed a matrix with the 17 categories described in the previous steps and the centroids in three criterion variables (that previously resulted as the more significant): (1) size of the support network, (2) presence of Spaniards in the support network, and (3) presence of relatives in the support networks. These are the outcomes. We have that individuals with family regrouping or higher contact with Spaniards differ from the rest. But we can also distinguish among a minimum, small and medium size. T11. So we can think of a gradient in the size of support networks:

12 12 TOWARDS A GENERAL TYPOLOGY OF PERSONAL NETWORKS OF IMMIGRANTS (Maya Jariego, 2003) Minimum network 0-3 Providers Women. Moroccan. Divorced and widowed. High scores of depression. Small network with predominantly compatriots friends 4-6 Providers Most of them peers immigrants The type with more prevalence (among recent migrants). Medium size network of relatives and compatriots Medium size network with predominantly compatriots and Spaniards 7-10 Providers Second most prevalent type Providers Men. Single. Young. Latin- American. Large family regrouping network Providers Stable in socio-economic terms. Intention of permanence in Spain. Large family regrouping network embedded in host population Providers Men. Single. Young. Unless half of recent migrants tend to have small networks: 20% medium endo-group 10% minimum 20% regrouping and Spaniards. CONCLUSION 1. The network typology is a useful tool (1) to describe the psychological adaptation of immigrants and (2) to describe the community structure. 2. It seems that migration has an impact on the size of social support networks. Most of recent migrants develop small to medium endo-group oriented networks. 3. We may use the typology to assess the process of rebuilding the social support network. It seems that family regrouping and insertion in the local community are key factors in this process. 4. Measuring personal networks is an indirect way to assess the psychological adaptation. 5. And to compare too: may be useful to discriminate among populations. Thank you for your attention!

13 13 Table 1. One-way analysis of variance of social support variables by network type Social support network type Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 F M SD M SD M SD M SD SIZE Number of providers of social support *** COMPOSITION Number of Spaniards in the personal network Number of compatriots in the personal network Mean of familiar providers by type of support Mean of familiar providers by type of support *** 108.8*** 197.2*** 274.1*** AVAILABILITY Availability of emotional support Availability of tangible support Availability of informative support *** 179.5*** 243.3*** UTILIZATION Utilization of emotional support Utilization of tangible support Utilization of informative support *** 58.5*** 123.3*** SUFICIENCY Number of support areas with sufficient providers ***p<.001 SOURCE: Encuesta sobre la integración social de los inmigrantes africanos en Andalucía, Elaboración propia ***

14 14 Building of a general typology of personal networks Structure Composition Functions Large balanced networks Family-focused ethnic networks Networks oriented to provide everyday support Polyvalent small networks Friend-focused and ethnically mixed networks Ethnic networks of family and friends Networks oriented to provide psychological support Less-diferentiated networks Medium and specialized networks Polyvalent medium networks Friend-focused ethnic networks Balanced networks

15 15 Table 2. One-way analysis of variance of social support variables by network type Social support network type Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 F M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD Everyday psychological support Instrumental support in crisis Compatriots in the personal network Spaniards in the personal network Relatives in the personal network Non-relatives in the personal network Multiplicity (mean) of the providers ***p< *** 46.19*** 62.7*** 66.61*** 44.67*** 22.98*** 66.21***

16 16 Table 3. One-way analysis of variance of social support variables by network type (African and Latin-American immigrants) Social support network type Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 F M SD M SD M SD M SD Number of providers of social support Number of Spaniards in the personal network Number of relatives in the personal network ***p< *** *** *** Table 4. One-way analysis of variance of social support variables by network type (Moroccan and Peruvian immigrant women) Social support network type Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 F M SD M SD M SD M SD Number of providers of social support Number of Spaniards in the personal network Mean of relatives in each type of support ***p< *** *** 30.78***

17 17 * * * * * * H I E R A R C H I C A L C L U S T E R A N A L Y S I S * * * * * * Dendrogram using Average Linkage (Between Groups) Rescaled Distance Cluster Combine C A S E Label Num Small network of relatives and compatriots friends 11 Compatriots friend focused small network 17 Synergic network with predominantly compatriots friends 13 Medium size network of (predominantly) relatives and compatriots 7 Ethnic network with predominantly specialized providers 9 Medium size network conformed by relatives 2 Medium size network balanced in composition 8 Compatriots friend focused small network 1 Minimum network 16 Medium size network compound by Spaniards and compatriots 3 Medium size network of (predominantly) non-relatives and Spanish 5 Medium size network compound by Spaniards and compatriots 15 Very large network of relatives (family regrouping) 4 Ethnic network based in family regrouping 12 Large personal network 6 Medium size network conformed by relatives 14 Network based in regrouping and embedded in host population 10