Tööhõive alased trendid ja probleemid Eestis. Reelika Leetmaa Poliitikauuringute Keskus Praxis
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1 Tööhõive alased trendid ja probleemid Eestis Reelika Leetmaa Poliitikauuringute Keskus Praxis
2 Töö- ja sotsiaalpoliitika programm Praxises Maksud ja toetused Ligipääs tööturule ja osalemine tööelus sh aktiivne tööpoliitika Individuaalsed ja kollektiivsed töösuhted Töö- ja pereelu ühitamine sh sooline võrdõiguslikkus Lapse õigused ja vanemlus
3 Ettekande teemad Rahvastik ja tööjõupakkumine Kasutamata tööjõupotentsiaal Tööturu institutsioonid Töökvaliteet
4 Tööjõu pakkumine sõltub rahvastiku struktuurist Rahvastik (214) Tööealine rahvastik (213) Hõivatud Töötud Mitteaktiivsed Tööealine rahvastik 2-64 (213) Allikas: Statistikaamet
5 Tööealine rahvastik kahaneb enam kui kogu rahvastik (vastavalt 15% ja 1%) Allikas: Statistikaamet
6 Ligi 6 tuhat töötut, 44% üle aasta Töötud Töötuse määr (%) Pikaajaliselt töötute osakaal (%) Allikas: Statistikaamet, vanuserühm 16- pensioniiga
7 Tööjõupotentsiaal suurem mitteaktiivsete hulgas (viiendik tööealistest) Õpingud Rasedus-, sünnitus- või lapsehoolduspuhkus Pensioniiga Haigus või vigastus Hoolitsemine laste või teiste pereliikmete eest Heitunud (kaotanud lootuse tööd leida) Allikas: Statistikaamet, vanuserühm 16- pensioniiga
8 Meeste hõivemäärad Eestis märksa madalamad vanuserühmades ja Eesti Soome Rootsi Allikas: Eurostat, 211. aasta andmed
9 1 9 Naiste hõivemäärad Eestis madalamad vanuserühmades 15-19, 3-34 ja Eesti Soome Rootsi Allikas: Statistikaamet
10 Vanus Kolm aastat enne pensioniiga 25% meestest ja 25% naistest töövõimetuspensionil, 32% meestest ja 1% naistest vanaduspensionil Pensionäride osakaal vanusrühmades Vanaduspension Töövõimetuspension Eripensionid ja väljat. aastate p. 2 12% 1% 8% 6% 4% 2% % 2% 4% 6% 8% 1% 12% Naised - Mehed Allikas: Statistikaamet, sotsiaalkindlustusamet, Praxise eeldused ja arvutused
11 Eestis hõivemäär keskmine, kuid töötatud tundide arv üks suuremaid Töötunnid aastas töötaja kohta Hõivemäär Allikas: OECD, Eurostat; 211. aasta andmed
12 Rändesaldo paranes tänu tagasirände kasvule Sisseränne Väljaränne Saldo
13 Hõive kasv Rootsi tasemeni tooks kaasa hõivatute arvu püsimise praegusel tasemel aastani 235 7% 14 6% 12 5% 1 4% 3% % 4 1% 2 % Maksimaalsed hõivemäärad (v.sk.) 211. a hõivemäärad (v.sk.) Tööealine rahvastik (15-74) (v.sk.) Hõivatute arv maksimaalsete hõivemäärate korral (p.sk.) Hõivatute arv 211. a hõivemäärade korral (p.sk.)
14 Järeldused Tööjõud vananeb ja väheneb, lühiajaliselt võimalik kompenseerida olemasoleva ressursi parema kasutamisega Võimalused: Olemasoleva tööjõu parem ärakasutamine Töötud Pensionieelses vanuses inimesed Tervise, õpingute, lapsehoolduspuhkusel või hoolduskoormuse tõttu mitteaktiivsete osaline kaasamine Sisseränne Tootlikkuse kasv
15 Tööturu institutsioonid Reeglid ja normid, millega tööturu toimimist reguleeritakse Mõjutavad nõudlust ja pakkumist, loovad eeldused tööturu paindlikuks toimimiseks Olulisemad maksud ja toetused, aktiivne tööpoliitika, tööseadused ja kollektiivlepingutega kaetus Oluline on institutsioonide koosmõju: kõrged töötushüvised ja suurem kollektiivlepingutega kaetus suurendavad struktuurset tööpuudust keskmiselt va riikides kus on tulemuslik aktiivne tööpoliitika
16 Denmark Belgium Netherlands Sweden Finland France Ireland Spain Germany Austria Portugal Luxembourg Poland Latvia Hungary Slovenia Cyprus Italy Slovakia Czech Republic Lithuania Estonia Bulgaria Malta Romania 2,5 Kulutused aktiivsele tööpoliitikale kasvanud, kuid endiselt ühed madalaimad Euroopas 2 1,5 1,5 Allikas: Eurostat, 211. aasta andmed
17 Allikas: Eurostat, 211. aasta andmed; autori arvutused 12 1 Suuremate ATP kulude riikides suur osa puuetega inimestele suunatud teenustel Holland Norra Taani Rootsi Leedu Soome Saksamaa Läti Eesti Teenused Koolitus Palgasubsiidiumid Toetatud töö ja rehabilitatsioon Otsene töökohtade loomine Ettevõtluse stardiabi
18 4% uutest töötutest ei saa töötuskindlustushüvitist ega töötutoetust Uued töötuskindlustushüvitise saajad (parem telg) Uued töötutoetuse saajad (parem telg) Hüvitist mittesaajad (parem telg) Töötuse määr (15-64) (vasak telg), %
19 Belgium Slovenia Latvia Denmark Luxembourg Spain Bulgaria Iceland Netherlands Portugal Switzerland France Italy Norway Japan Hungary Czech Republic EU Median Canada Sweden OECD Median Slovak Republic United States Finland Germany Lithuania Chile Austria Estonia Poland Ireland Romania Malta Greece United Kingdom Töötushüvitise asendusmäär (üksik inimene, teenib 67% keskmisest palgast) töötuse madal töötuse alguses Allikas: OECD, 212. aasta andmed.
20 Denmark Ireland Netherlands Belgium Switzerland Iceland Japan Finland Luxembourg Sweden United Kingdom Austria Norway Malta France Czech Republic Germany New Zealand OECD Median EU Median Slovenia Latvia Estonia Poland Spain Slovak Republic Hungary Lithuania Bulgaria Romania United States ja pikaajalise töötuse korral (üksik inimene, teenis 67% keskmisest palgast) Allikas: OECD, 212. aasta andmed.
21 Järeldused Oluline investeerida inimkapitali sh aktiivsesse tööpoliitikasse ja täiskasvanute koolitusse Töötushüvitiste võime pakkuda kaitset töötusriski olukorras küsitav surve teistele süsteemidele, nt töövõimetuspension, ennetähtaegne vanaduspension Tööelust varast väljumist soodustavate pensionisüsteemide kohandamine Maksude-toetuste süsteem peab soodustama töötamist alampalgaga töötamine ei ole alati tasuv
22 Kvantiteedi kõrval oluline töö kvaliteet Töö kvaliteet Laekeni indikaatorid (EL) Decent Work Index (Rahvusvaheline Tööorganisatsioon) Framework for Measuring Quality of Employment (United Nations) Elukvaliteet OECD Better Life initiative EU GDP and Beyond (Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi report) UNDP Human Development Index
23 Töö kvaliteedi komponendid Sissetuleku kvaliteet Tööelu turvalisus Töökeskkonna kvaliteet Allikas: How good is your job? Measuring and assessing job quality. OECD Employment Outlook (OECD, 214)
24 Sissetulekute kvaliteedi indeks Mõõdikud: Tunnipalk, keskmine või mediaanpalk, sissetulekute ebavõrdsuses, madalapalgaliste osakaal Poliitikainstrumendid: Palgaläbirääkimiste korraldus; töötamise korral makstavad toetused (in work benefits); miinimumpalk Eestiga sarnased riigid: Tšehhi, Slovakkia, Ungari, Türgi Kolm kõrgeima näitajaga riiki: Taani, Norra, Šveits
25 Taani Norra Šveits Belgia Iirimaa Holland Luksemburg Saksamaa Soome Rootsi Suurbritannia Kanada Prantsusmaa Austraalia USA Itaalia Austria Uus-Meremaa Kreeka Hispaania Jaapan Sloveenia Korea Portugal Poola Iisrael Tšehhi Slovakkia Eesti Ungari Türgi Mehhiko 35 Sissetulekute headuse osas Eesti tagant neljas Allikas: OECD (214)
26 Tööturu turvalisus Mõõdikud: risk jääda töötuks, oodatav töötuse kestus, töötushüvitiste asendusmäär, töötushüvitiste katvus Poliitikainstrumendid: Tööseadusandluse rangus, aktiivne tööpoliitika, maksude-toetuste süsteem Eestiga sarnased riigid: Slovakkia, Türgi, Kreeka, Hispaania Kolm kõrgeima näitajaga riiki: Norra, Šveits, Holland
27 Norra Šveits Holland Soome Luksemburg Austria Prantsusmaa Saksamaa Korea Austraalia Uus-Meremaa Taani Tšehhi Iisrael Jaapan Portugal Rootsi Belgia Mehhiko Kanada Sloveenia Itaalia Iirimaa Suurbritannia USA Ungari Poola Türgi Slovakkia Eesti Kreeka Hispaania Tööturu turvalisuse osas Eesti tagant kolmas Allikas: OECD (214)
28 Töökeskkonna kvaliteet Mõõdikud: Ajasurve, füüsikalised ohutegurid, kiusamine, autonoomia töökohal; õppimisvõimalused; hea juhtimispraktika, head suhted töökohal Poliitikainstrumendid: Tööaja regulatsioon, töötervishoiu seadused, tervisekindlustus, töötervishoiu teenused, tööinspektsiooni tegevus, tööalase koolituse võimalused Eestiga sarnased riigid: Slovakkia, Türgi, Kreeka, Hispaania Kolm kõrgeima näitajaga riiki: Norra, Šveits, Holland
29 Rootsi Norra Uus-Meremaa Iirimaa Soome Šveits Taani Austraalia Suurbritannia Holland Kanada Belgia USA Iisrael Mehhiko Eesti Luksemburg Austria Saksamaa Jaapan Itaalia Tšehhi Prantsusmaa Slovakkia Korea Portugal Ungari Sloveenia Hispaania Poola Kreeka Türgi Töökeskkonna kvaliteedi osas Eesti keskel Allikas: OECD (214)
30 Järeldused Eesti kuulub koos Kreeka, Ungari, Poola, Slovakkia ja Hispaaniaga riikide rühma, kus töö kvaliteet on kõige halvem Põhjamaades töö kvaliteet parim Konkurents tööjõule Läänemere piirkonnas kasvab Rahvastik väheneb ka Soomes, raske konkureerida Palgasurve kasvab
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