SQL Server T-SQL Recipes

Transcription

1 SQL Server T-SQL Recipes Fourth Edition Jason Brimhall Jonathan Gennick Wayne Sheffield

2 SQL Server T-SQL Recipes Copyright 2015 by Jason Brimhall, Jonathan Gennick, and Wayne Sheffield This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. ISBN-13 (pbk): ISBN-13 (electronic): Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and images only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Managing Director: Welmoed Spahr Lead Editor: Jonathan Gennick Technical Reviewer: Louis Davidson Editorial Board: Steve Anglin, Mark Beckner, Gary Cornell, Louise Corrigan, Jim DeWolf, Jonathan Gennick, Robert Hutchinson, Michelle Lowman, James Markham, Susan McDermott, Matthew Moodie, Jeffrey Pepper, Douglas Pundick, Ben Renow-Clarke, Gwenan Spearing, Matt Wade, Steve Weiss Coordinating Editor: Jill Balzano Copy Editor: April Rondeau Compositor: SPi Global Indexer: SPi Global Artist: SPi Global Cover Designer: Anna Ishchenko Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer Science+Business Media New York, 233 Spring Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY Phone SPRINGER, fax (201) , orders-ny@springer-sbm.com, or visit Apress Media, LLC is a California LLC and the sole member (owner) is Springer Science + Business Media Finance Inc (SSBM Finance Inc). SSBM Finance Inc is a Delaware corporation. For information on translations, please rights@apress.com, or visit Apress and friends of ED books may be purchased in bulk for academic, corporate, or promotional use. ebook versions and licenses are also available for most titles. For more information, reference our Special Bulk Sales ebook Licensing web page at Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the author in this text is available to readers at For detailed information about how to locate your book s source code, go to

3 I dedicate this book to the memory of my recently-departed grandfather Dan L Greenland who was an inspiration and example in so many ways. He was a great leader and a very loving grandfather to me. Jason L Brimhall

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5 Contents at a Glance About the Authors...lxxiii About the Technical Reviewer...lxxv Acknowledgments...lxxvii Introduction...lxxix Chapter 1: Getting Started with SELECT... 1 Chapter 2: Elementary Programming Chapter 3: Working with NULLS Chapter 4: Querying from Multiple Tables Chapter 5: Aggregations and Grouping Chapter 6: Advanced Select Techniques Chapter 7: Windowing Functions Chapter 8: Inserting, Updating, Deleting Chapter 9: Working with Strings Chapter 10: Working with Dates and Times Chapter 11: Working with Numbers Chapter 12: Transactions, Locking, Blocking, and Deadlocking Chapter 13: Managing Tables Chapter 14: Managing Views Chapter 15: Managing Large Tables and Databases Chapter 16: Managing Indexes v

6 at a Glance Chapter 17: Stored Procedures Chapter 18: User-Defined Functions and Types Chapter 19: In-Memory OLTP Chapter 20: Triggers Chapter 21: Error Handling Chapter 22: Query Performance Tuning Chapter 23: Hints Chapter 24: Index Tuning and Statistics Chapter 25: XML Chapter 26: Files, Filegroups, and Integrity Chapter 27: Backup Chapter 28: Recovery Chapter 29: Principals and Users Chapter 30: Securables, Permissions, and Auditing Chapter 31: Objects and Dependencies Index vi

7 Contents About the Authors...lxxiii About the Technical Reviewer...lxxv Acknowledgments...lxxvii Introduction...lxxix Chapter 1: Getting Started with SELECT Connecting to a Database... 1 Problem... 1 Solution... 1 How It Works Checking the Database Server Version... 2 Problem... 2 Solution... 2 How It Works Checking the Database Name... 2 Problem... 2 Solution... 3 How It Works Checking Your Username... 3 Problem... 3 Solution... 3 How It Works... 4 vii

8 1-5. Querying a Table... 4 Problem... 4 Solution... 4 How It Works Returning Specific Rows... 5 Problem... 5 Solution... 5 How It Works Listing the Available Tables... 7 Problem... 7 Solution... 7 How It Works Naming the Output Columns... 8 Problem... 8 Solution... 8 How It Works Providing Shorthand Names for Tables... 9 Problem... 9 Solution... 9 How It Works Computing New Columns from Existing Data Problem Solution How It Works Negating a Search Condition Problem Solution How It Works viii

9 1-12. Keeping the WHERE Clause Unambiguous Problem Solution How It Works Testing for Existence Problem Solution How It Works Specifying a Range of Values Problem Solution How It Works Checking for Null Values Problem Solution How It Works Writing an IN-List Problem Solution How It Works Performing Wildcard Searches Problem Solution How It Works Sorting Your Results Problem Solution How It Works ix

10 1-19. Specifying the Case-Sensitivity of a Sort Problem Solution How It Works Sorting Nulls High or Low Problem Solution How It Works Forcing Unusual Sort Orders Problem Solution How It Works Paging Through a Result Set Problem Solution How It Works Sampling a Subset of Rows Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 2: Elementary Programming Executing T-SQL from a File Problem Solution How It Works Retrieving Values into Variables Problem Solution How It Works x

11 2-3. Writing Expressions Problem Solution How It Works Deciding Between Two Execution Paths Problem Solution How It Works Detecting Whether Rows Exist Problem Solution How It Works Going to a Label in a Transact-SQL Batch Problem Solution How It Works Trapping and Throwing Errors Problem Solution How It Works Returning from the Current Execution Scope Problem Solution #1: Exit with No Return Value Solution #2: Exit and Provide a Value How It Works Writing a Simple CASE Expression Problem Solution How It Works xi

12 2-10. Writing a Searched CASE Expression Problem Solution How It Works Repeatedly Executing a Section of Code Problem Solution How It Works Controlling Iteration in a Loop Problem Solution How It Works Pausing Execution for a Period of Time Problem Solution How It Works Looping through Query Results a Row at a Time Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 3: Working with NULLS Replacing NULL with an Alternate Value Problem Solution How It Works Returning the First Non-NULL Value from a List Problem Solution How It Works xii

13 3-3. Choosing Between ISNULL and COALESCE in a SELECT Statement Problem Solution How It Works Looking for NULLs in a Table Problem Solution How It Works Removing Values from an Aggregate Problem Solution How It Works Enforcing Uniqueness with NULL Values Problem Solution How It Works Enforcing Referential Integrity on Nullable Columns Problem Solution How It Works Joining Tables on Nullable Columns Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 4: Querying from Multiple Tables Correlating Parent and Child Rows Problem Solution How It Works xiii

14 4-2. Querying Many-to-Many Relationships Problem Solution How It Works Making One Side of a Join Optional Problem Solution How It Works Making Both Sides of a Join Optional Problem Solution How It Works Generating All Possible Row Combinations Problem Solution How It Works Selecting from a Result Set Problem Solution How It Works Introducing New Columns Problem Solution How It Works Testing for the Existence of a Row Problem Solution How It Works xiv

15 4-9. Testing Against the Result from a Query Problem Solution How It Works Stacking Two Row Sets Vertically Problem Solution How It Works Eliminating Duplicate Values from a Union Problem Solution How It Works Subtracting One Row Set from Another Problem Solution How It Works Finding Rows in Common Between Two Row Sets Problem Solution How It Works Finding Rows that Are Missing Problem Solution How It Works Comparing Two Tables Problem Solution How It Works xv

16 Chapter 5: Aggregations and Grouping Computing an Aggregation Problem Solution How It Works Creating Aggregations Based upon the Values of the Data Problem Solution How It Works Counting the Rows in a Group Problem Solution How It Works Detecting Changes in a Table Problem Solution How It Works Restricting a Result Set to Groups of Interest Problem Solution How It Works Performing Aggregations against Unique Values Only Problem Solution How It Works Creating Hierarchical Summaries Problem Solution How It Works xvi

17 5-8. Creating Summary Totals and Subtotals Problem Solution How It Works Creating Custom Summaries Problem Solution How It Works Identifying Rows Generated by the GROUP BY Arguments Problem Solution How It Works Identifying Summary Levels Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 6: Advanced Select Techniques Avoiding Duplicate Results Problem Solution # Solution # How It Works Returning the Top N Rows Problem Solution How It Works Renaming a Column in the Output Problem Solution How It Works xvii

18 6-4. Retrieving Data Directly into Variables Problem Solution How It Works Creating a New Table with the Results from a Query Problem Solution How It Works Filtering the Results from a Subquery Problem Solution How It Works Selecting from the Results of Another Query Problem Solution How It Works Passing Rows Through a Function Problem Solution How It Works Returning Random Rows from a Table Problem Solution How It Works Converting Rows into Columns Problem Solution How It Works xviii

19 6-11. Converting Columns into Rows Problem Solution How It Works Reusing Common Subqueries in a Query Problem Solution How It Works Querying Recursive Tables Problem Solution How It Works Hard-Coding the Results from a Query Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 7: Windowing Functions Calculating Totals Based upon the Prior Row Problem Solution How It Works Calculating Totals Based upon a Subset of Rows Problem Solution How It Works Calculating a Percentage of Total Problem Solution How It Works xix

20 7-4. Calculating a Row X of Y Problem Solution How It Works Using a Logical Window Problem Solution How It Works Generating an Incrementing Row Number Problem Solution How It Works Returning Rows by Rank Problem Solution How It Works Sorting Rows into Buckets Problem Solution How It Works Grouping Logically Consecutive Rows Together Problem Solution How It Works Accessing Values from Other Rows Problem Solution How It Works xx

21 7-11. Finding Gaps in a Sequence of Numbers Problem Solution How It Works Accessing the First or Last Value from a Partition Problem Solution How It Works Calculating the Relative Position or Rank of a Value within a Set of Values Problem Solution How It Works Calculating Continuous or Discrete Percentiles Problem Solution How It Works Assigning Sequences in a Specified Order Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 8: Inserting, Updating, Deleting Inserting a New Row Problem Solution How It Works Specifying Default Values Problem Solution How It Works xxi

22 8-3. Overriding an IDENTITY Column Problem Solution How It Works Generating a Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) Problem Solution How It Works Inserting Results from a Query Problem Solution How It Works Inserting Results from a Stored Procedure Problem Solution How It Works Inserting Multiple Rows at Once from Supplied Values Problem Solution How It Works Inserting Rows and Returning the Inserted Rows Problem Solution How It Works Updating a Single Row or Set of Rows Problem Solution How It Works xxii

23 8-10. Updating While Using a Second Table as the Data Source Problem Solution How It Works Updating Data and Returning the Affected Rows Problem Solution How It Works Updating Large-Value Columns Problem Solution How It Works Deleting Rows Problem Solution How It Works Deleting Rows and Returning the Deleted Rows Problem Solution How It Works Deleting All Rows Quickly (Truncating) Problem Solution How It Works Merging Data (Inserting, Updating, and/or Deleting Values) Problem Solution How It Works xxiii

24 8-17. Inserting Output Data Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 9: Working with Strings Concatenating Multiple Strings Problem/ Solution How It Works Finding a Character s ASCII Value Problem Solution How It Works Returning Integer and Character Unicode Values Problem Solution How It Works Locating Characters in a String Problem Solution How It Works Determining the Similarity of Strings Problem Solution How It Works Returning the Leftmost or Rightmost Portion of a String Problem Solution How It Works xxiv

25 9-7. Returning Part of a String Problem Solution How It Works Counting Characters or Bytes in a String Problem Solution How It Works Replacing Part of a String Problem Solution How It Works Stuffing a String into a String Problem Solution How It Works Changing Between Lowercase and Uppercase Problem Solution How It Works Removing Leading and Trailing Blanks Problem Solution How It Works Repeating an Expression N Times Problem Solution How It Works xxv

26 9-14. Repeating a Blank Space N Times Problem Solution How It Works Reversing the Order of Characters in a String Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 10: Working with Dates and Times Returning the Current Date and Time Problem Solution How It Works Converting Between Time Zones Problem Solution How It Works Converting a Date/Time Value to a Datetimeoffset Value Problem Solution How It Works Incrementing or Decrementing a Date s Value Problem Solution How It Works Finding the Difference Between Two Dates Problem Solution How It Works xxvi

27 10-6. Finding the Elapsed Time Between Two Dates Problem Solution How It Works Displaying the String Value for Part of a Date Problem Solution How It Works Displaying the Integer Representations for Parts of a Date Problem Solution How It Works Determining Whether a String Is a Valid Date Problem Solution How It Works Determining the Last Day of the Month Problem Solution How It Works Creating a Date from Numbers Problem Solution How It Works Finding the Beginning Date of a Datepart Problem Solution # Solution # Solution # How It Works # xxvii

28 xxviii How It Works # How It Works # Include Missing Dates Problem Solution How It Works Finding Arbitrary Dates Problem Solution How It Works Querying for Intervals Problem Solution How It Works Working with Dates and Times Across National Boundaries Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 11: Working with Numbers Representing Integers Problem Solution How It Works Creating Single-Bit Integers Problem Solution How It Works Representing Decimal and Monetary Amounts Problem Solution How It Works

29 11-4. Representing Floating-Point Values Problem Solution How It Works Writing Mathematical Expressions Problem Solution How It Works Casting Between Data Types Problem Solution How It Works Converting Numbers to Text Problem Solution How It Works Converting from Text to a Number Problem Solution How It Works Rounding Problem Solution How It Works Rounding Always Up or Down Problem Solution How It Works xxix

30 Discarding Decimal Places Problem Solution How It Works Testing Equality of Binary Floating-Point Values Problem Solution How It Works Treating Nulls as Zeros Problem Solution How It Works Generating a Row Set of Sequential Numbers Problem Solution How It Works Generating Random Integers in a Row Set Problem Solution How It Works Reducing Space Used by Decimal Storage Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 12: Transactions, Locking, Blocking, and Deadlocking Transaction Control Using Explicit Transactions Problem Solution How It Works xxx

31 12-2. Displaying the Oldest Active Transaction Problem Solution How It Works Querying Transaction Information by Session Problem Solution How It Works Locking Viewing Lock Activity Problem Solution How It Works Controlling a Table s Lock-Escalation Behavior Problem Solution How It Works Transaction, Locking, and Concurrency Configuring a Session s Transaction-Locking Behavior Problem Solution How It Works Blocking Identifying and Resolving Blocking Issues Problem Solution How It Works Configuring How Long a Statement Will Wait for a Lock to Be Released Problem Solution How It Works xxxi

32 Deadlocking Identifying Deadlocks with a Trace Flag Problem Solution How It Works Identifying Deadlocks with Extended Events Problem Solution How It Works Setting Deadlock Priority Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 13: Managing Tables Creating a Table Problem Solution How It Works Adding a Column Problem Solution How It Works Adding a Column that Requires Data Problem Solution How It Works Changing a Column Problem Solution How It Works xxxii

33 13-5. Creating a Computed Column Problem Solution How It Works Removing a Column Problem Solution How It Works Removing a Table Problem Solution How It Works Reporting on a Table s Definition Problem Solution How It Works Reducing Storage Used by NULL Columns Problem Solution How It Works Adding a Constraint to a Table Problem Solution How It Works Creating a Recursive Foreign Key Problem Solution How It Works xxxiii

34 Allowing Data Modifications to Foreign Key Columns in the Referenced Table to Be Reflected in the Referencing Table Problem Solution How It Works Specifying Default Values for a Column Problem Solution How It Works Validating Data as It Is Entered into a Column Problem Solution How It Works Temporarily Turning Off a Constraint Problem Solution How It Works Removing a Constraint Problem Solution How It Works Creating Auto-incrementing Columns Problem Solution How It Works Obtaining the Identity Value Used Problem Solution How It Works xxxiv

35 Viewing or Changing the Seed Settings on an Identity Column Problem Solution How It Works Inserting Values into an Identity Column Problem Solution How It Works Automatically Inserting Unique Values Problem Solution How It Works Using Unique Identifiers Across Multiple Tables Problem Solution How It Works Using Temporary Storage Problem Solution # Solution # How It Works Chapter 14: Managing Views Regular Views Creating a View Problem Solution How It Works Querying a View s Definition Problem Solution How It Works xxxv

36 14-3. Obtaining a List of All Views in a Database Problem Solution How It Works Obtaining a List of All Columns in a View Problem Solution How It Works Refreshing the Definition of a View Problem Solution How It Works Modifying a View Problem Solution How It Works Modifying Data Through a View Problem Solution How It Works Encrypting a View Problem Solution How It Works Indexing a View Problem Solution How It Works xxxvi

37 Creating a Partitioned View Problem Solution How It Works Creating a Distributed-Partitioned View Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 15: Managing Large Tables and Databases Partitioning a Table Problem Solution How It Works Locating Data in a Partition Problem Solution How It Works Adding a Partition Problem Solution How It Works Removing a Partition Problem Solution How It Works Determining Whether a Table Is Partitioned Problem Solution How It Works xxxvii

38 15-6. Determining the Boundary Values for a Partitioned Table Problem Solution How It Works Determining the Partitioning Column for a Partitioned Table Problem Solution How It Works Determining the NEXT USED Partition Problem Solution How It Works Moving a Partition to a Different Partitioned Table Problem Solution How It Works Moving Data from a Nonpartitioned Table to a Partition in a Partitioned Table. 379 Problem Solution How It Works Moving a Partition from a Partitioned Table to a Nonpartitioned Table Problem Solution How It Works Reducing Table Locks on Partitioned Tables Problem Solution How It Works xxxviii

39 Removing Partition Functions and Schemes Problem Solution How It Works Easing VLDB Manageability (with Filegroups) Problem Solution How It Works Compressing Table Data Problem Solution How It Works Rebuilding a Heap Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 16: Managing Indexes Index Overview Creating a Table Index Problem Solution How It Works Creating a Table Index Problem Solution # How It Works Solution # How It Works xxxix

40 16-3. Enforcing Uniqueness on Non-key Columns Problem Solution How It Works Creating an Index on Multiple Columns Problem Solution How It Works Defining Index Column Sort Direction Problem Solution How It Works Viewing Index Metadata Problem Solution How It Works Disabling an Index Problem Solution How It Works Dropping Indexes Problem Solution How It Works Changing an Existing Index Problem Solution How It Works Controlling Index Build Performance and Concurrency xl

41 Sorting in Tempdb Problem Solution How It Works Controlling Index Creation Parallelism Problem Solution How It Works User Table Access During Index Creation Problem Solution How It Works Index Options Using an Index INCLUDE Problem Solution How It Works Using PADINDEX and FILLFACTOR Problem Solution How It Works Disabling Page and/or Row Index Locking Problem Solution How It Works Managing Very Large Indexes Creating an Index on a Filegroup Problem Solution How It Works xli

42 Implementing Index Partitioning Problem Solution How It Works Indexing a Subset of Rows Problem Solution How It Works Reducing Index Size Problem Solution How It Works Further Reducing Index Size Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 17: Stored Procedures Creating a Stored Procedure Problem Solution How It Works Passing Parameters Problem Solution How It Works Making Parameters Optional Problem Solution How It Works xlii

43 17-4. Making Early Parameters Optional Problem Solution How It Works Returning Output Problem Solution How It Works Modifying a Stored Procedure Problem Solution How It Works Removing a Stored Procedure Problem Solution How It Works Automatically Run a Stored Procedure at Start-Up Problem Solution How It Works Viewing a Stored Procedure s Definition Problem Solution How It Works Documenting Stored Procedures Problem Solution How It Works xliii

44 Determining the Current Nesting Level Problem Solution How It Works Encrypting a Stored Procedure Problem Solution How It Works Specifying a Security Context Problem Solution How It Works Avoiding Cached Query Plans Problem Solution How It Works Flushing the Procedure Cache Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 18: User-Defined Functions and Types UDF Basics Creating Scalar Functions Problem Solution How It Works Creating Inline Functions Problem Solution How It Works xliv

45 18-3. Creating Multi-Statement User-Defined Functions Problem Solution How It Works Modifying User-Defined Functions Problem Solution How It Works Viewing UDF Metadata Problem Solution How It Works Benefitting from UDFs Maintaining Reusable Code Problem Solution How It Works Cross-Referencing Natural Key Values Problem Solution How It Works Replacing a View with a Function Problem Solution How It Works Dropping a Function Problem Solution How It Works UDT Basics xlv

46 Creating and Using User-Defined Types Problem Solution How It Works Identifying Dependencies on User-Defined Types Problem Solution How It Works Passing Table-Valued Parameters Problem Solution How It Works Dropping User-Defined Types Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 19: In-Memory OLTP Configuring a Database So That It Can Utilize In-Memory OLTP Problem Solution # Solution # How It Works Making a Memory-Optimized Table Problem Solution How It Works Creating a Memory-Optimized Table Variable Problem Solution How It Works xlvi

47 19-4. Creating a Natively Compiled Stored Procedure Problem Solution How It Works Determining Which Database Objects Are Configured to Use In-Memory OLTP Problem Solution How It Works Determining Which Objects Are Actively Using In-Memory OLTP on the Server Problem Solution How It Works Detecting Performance Issues with Natively Compiled Stored Procedure Parameters Problem Solution How It Works Viewing CFP Metadata Problem Solution How It Works Disabling or Enabling Automatic Merging Problem Solution How It Works Manually Merging Checkpoint File Pairs Problem Solution How It Works xlvii

48 Chapter 20: Triggers Creating an AFTER DML Trigger Problem Solution How It Works Creating an INSTEAD OF DML Trigger Problem Solution How It Works Handling Transactions in Triggers Problem Solution How It Works Linking Trigger Execution to Modified Columns Problem Solution How It Works Viewing DML Trigger Metadata Problem Solution How It Works Creating a DDL Trigger Problem Solution How It Works Creating a Logon Trigger Problem Solution How It Works xlviii

49 20-8. Viewing DDL Trigger Metadata Problem Solution How It Works Modifying a Trigger Problem Solution How It Works Enabling and Disabling a Trigger Problem Solution How It Works Nesting Triggers Problem Solution How It Works Controlling Recursion Problem Solution How It Works Specifying the Firing Order Problem Solution How It Works Dropping a Trigger Problem Solution How It Works xlix

50 Chapter 21: Error Handling l Handling Batch Errors Problem Solution How It Works What Are the Error Numbers and Messages Within SQL? Problem Solution How It Works How Can I Implement Structured Error Handling in My Queries? Problem Solution How It Works How Can I Use Structured Error Handling, but Still Return an Error? Problem Solution How It Works Nested Error Handling Problem Solution How It Works Throwing an Error Problem Solution #1: Use RAISERROR to throw an error How It Works Solution #2: Use THROW to throw an error How It Works Creating a User-Defined Error Problem Solution How It Works

51 21-8. Removing a User-Defined Error Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 22: Query Performance Tuning Query Performance Tips Capturing and Evaluating Query Performance Capturing Executing Queries Problem Solution # How It Works Solution # How It Works Viewing Estimated Query Execution Plans Problem Solution How It Works Viewing Execution Runtime Information Problem Solution How It Works Viewing Statistics for Cached Plans Problem Solution How It Works Viewing Record Counts for Cached Plans Problem Solution How It Works li

52 22-6. Viewing Aggregated Performance Statistics Based on Query or Plan Patterns Problem Solution How It Works Identifying the Top Bottleneck Problem Solution How It Works Identifying I/O Contention by Database and File Problem Solution How It Works Miscellaneous Techniques Parameterizing Ad Hoc Queries Problem Solution How It Works Forcing the Use of a Query Plan Problem Solution How It Works Applying Hints Without Modifying a SQL Statement Problem Solution How It Works Creating Plan Guides from Cache Problem Solution How It Works lii

53 Checking the Validity of a Plan Guide Problem Solution How It Works Parameterizing a Nonparameterized Query Using Plan Guides Problem Solution How It Works Limiting Competing Query Resource Consumption Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 23: Hints Forcing a Join s Execution Approach Problem Solution How It Works Forcing a Statement Recompile Problem Solution How It Works Executing a Query Without Locking Problem Solution #1: The NOLOCK Hint Solution #2: The Isolation Level How It Works Forcing an Index Seek Problem Solution How It Works liii

54 liv Forcing an Index Scan Problem Solution How It Works Optimizing for First Rows Problem Solution How It Works Specifying Join Order Problem Solution How It Works Forcing the Use of a Specific Index Problem Solution How It Works Optimizing for Specific Parameter Values Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 24: Index Tuning and Statistics Index Tuning Index Maintenance Displaying Index Fragmentation Problem Solution How It Works Rebuilding Indexes Problem Solution How It Works

55 24-3. Defragmenting Indexes Problem Solution How It Works Rebuilding a Heap Problem Solution How It Works Displaying Index Usage Problem Solution How It Works Statistics Manually Creating Statistics Problem Solution How It Works Creating Statistics on a Subset of Rows Problem Solution How It Works Updating Statistics Problem Solution How It Works Generating Statistics Across All Tables Problem Solution How It Works lv

56 Updating Statistics Across All Tables Problem Solution How It Works Viewing Statistics Details Problem Solution How It Works Removing Statistics Problem Solution How It Works Finding When Stats Need to Be Created Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 25: XML Creating an XML Column Problem Solution How It Works Inserting XML Data Problem Solution How It Works Validating XML Data Problem Solution How It Works lvi

57 25-4. Verifying the Existence of XML Schema Collections Problem Solution How It Works Retrieving XML Data Problem Solution How It Works Modifying XML Data Problem Solution How It Works Indexing XML Data Problem Solution How It Works Formatting Relational Data as XML Problem Solution How It Works Formatting XML Data as Relational Problem Solution How It Works Using XML to Return a Delimited String Problem Solution How It Works lvii

58 Chapter 26: Files, Filegroups, and Integrity Adding a Data File or a Log File Problem Solution How It Works Retrieving Information about the Files in a Database Problem Solution How It Works Removing a Data File or a Log File Problem Solution How It Works Relocating a Data File or a Log File Problem Solution How It Works Changing a File s Logical Name Problem Solution How It Works Increasing the Size of a Database File Problem Solution How It Works Adding a Filegroup Problem Solution How It Works lviii

59 26-8. Adding a File to a Filegroup Problem Solution How It Works Setting the Default Filegroup Problem Solution How It Works Adding Data to a Specific Filegroup Problem Solution How It Works Moving Data to a Different Filegroup Problem Solution # Solution # Solution # How It Works Removing a Filegroup Problem Solution How It Works Making a Database or a Filegroup Read-Only Problem # Problem # Solution # Solution # How It Works lix

60 Viewing Database Space Usage Problem Solution # Solution # Solution # Solution # How It Works Shrinking the Database or a Database File Problem Solution # Solution # How It Works Checking the Consistency of Allocation Structures Problem Solution How It Works Checking Allocation and Structural Integrity Problem Solution How It Works Checking the Integrity of Tables in a Filegroup Problem Solution How It Works Checking the Integrity of Specific Tables and Indexed Views Problem Solution # Solution # Solution # How It Works lx

61 Checking Constraint Integrity Problem Solution How It Works Checking System Table Consistency Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 27: Backup Backing Up a Database Problem Solution How It Works Compressing a Backup Problem Solution How It Works Ensuring That a Backup Can Be Restored Problem Solution How It Works Transaction Log Backup Problem Solution How It Works Understanding Why the Transaction Log Continues to Grow Problem Solution How It Works lxi

62 27-6. Performing a Differential Backup Problem Solution How It Works Backing Up a Single Row or Table Problem Solution How It Works Creating a Database Snapshot Problem Solution How It Works Backing Up Data Files or Filegroups Problem Solution #1: Perform a File Backup Solution #2: Perform a Filegroup Backup How It Works Mirroring Backup Files Problem Solution How It Works Backing Up a Database Without Affecting the Normal Sequence of Backups Problem Solution How It Works Querying Backup Data Problem Solution How It Works lxii

63 Encrypting a Backup Problem Solution How It Works Compressing an Encrypted Backup Problem Solution How It Works Backing Up Certificates Problem Solution How It Works Backing Up to Azure Problem Solution How It Works Backing Up to Multiple Files Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 28: Recovery Restoring a Database from a Full Backup Problem Solution How It Works Restoring a Database from a Transaction Log Backup Problem Solution How It Works lxiii

64 28-3. Restoring a Database from a Differential Backup Problem Solution How It Works Restoring a File or Filegroup Problem Solution How It Works Performing a Piecemeal (PARTIAL) Restore Problem Solution How It Works Restoring a Page Problem Solution How It Works Identifying Databases with Multiple Recovery Paths Problem Solution How It Works Restore a Single Row or Table Problem Solution #1: Restore Rows from a Backup How It Works Solution #2: Restore Rows from a Database Snapshot How It Works Recover from a Backup in Azure Blob Storage Problem Solution How It Works lxiv

65 Recover a Certificate Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 29: Principals and Users Windows Principals Creating a Windows Login Problem Solution How It Works Viewing Windows Logins Problem Solution How It Works Altering a Windows Login Problem Solution How It Works Dropping a Windows Login Problem Solution How It Works Denying SQL Server Access to a Windows User or Group Problem Solution How It Works SQL Server Principals Creating a SQL Server Login Problem Solution How It Works lxv

66 29-7. Viewing SQL Server Logins Problem Solution How It Works Altering a SQL Server Login Problem Solution How It Works Managing a Login s Password Problem Solution How It Works Dropping a SQL Login Problem Solution How It Works Managing Server Role Members Problem Solution How It Works Reporting Fixed Server Role Information Problem Solution How It Works Database Principals Creating Database Users Problem Solution How It Works lxvi

67 Reporting Database User Information Problem Solution How It Works Modifying a Database User Problem Solution How It Works Removing a Database User from the Database Problem Solution How It Works Fixing Orphaned Database Users Problem Solution How It Works Reporting Fixed Database Roles Information Problem Solution How It Works Managing Fixed Database Role Membership Problem Solution How It Works Managing User-Defined Database Roles Problem Solution How It Works lxvii

68 Managing Application Roles Problem Solution How It Works Managing User-Defined Server Roles Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 30: Securables, Permissions, and Auditing Permissions Overview Reporting SQL Server Assignable Permissions Problem Solution How It Works Server-Scoped Securables and Permissions Managing Server Permissions Problem Solution How It Works Querying Server-Level Permissions Problem Solution How It Works Database-Scoped Securables and Permissions Managing Database Permissions Problem Solution How It Works lxviii

69 30-5. Querying Database Permissions Problem Solution How It Works Schema-Scoped Securables and Permissions Managing Schemas Problem Solution How It Works Managing Schema Permissions Problem Solution How It Works Object Permissions Managing Object Permissions Problem Solution How It Works Managing Permissions Across Securable Scopes Determining Permissions to a Securable Problem Solution How It Works Reporting Permissions by Securable Scope Problem Solution How It Works Changing Securable Ownership Problem Solution How It Works lxix

70 Allowing Access to Non-SQL Server Resources Problem Solution How It Works Auditing Activity of Principals Against Securables Defining Audit Data Sources Problem Solution How It Works Capturing SQL Instance Scoped Events Problem Solution How It Works Capturing Database-Scoped Events Problem Solution How It Works Querying Captured Audit Data Problem Solution How It Works Managing, Modifying, and Removing Audit Objects Problem Solution How It Works Chapter 31: Objects and Dependencies Changing the Name of Database Items Problem Solution How It Works lxx

71 31-2. Changing an Object s Schema Problem Solution How It Works Identifying Object Dependencies Problem Solution How It Works Identifying Referencing and Referenced Entities Problem Solution How It Works Viewing the Definition of Coded Objects Problem Solution # Solution # How It Works Returning a Database Object s Name, Schema Name, and Object ID Problem Solution # Solution # How It Works Index lxxi

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73 About the Authors Jason Brimhall is first and foremost a family man. He has 15+ yrs experience in IT and has worked with SQL Server starting with SQL Server 6.5. He has worked for both large and small companies in varied industries. He has experience in performance tuning, high transaction environments, large environments, and VLDBs. He is currently a Principal Consultant, Microsoft Certified Master, and an MVP for SQL Server. Jason regularly volunteers for PASS and has been the VP of the Las Vegas User Group (SSSOLV). You can read more from Jason on his blog at: Jonathan Gennick is an Apress Assistant Editorial Director with responsibility for database topics. He is line-leader for Apress Oracle and SQL Server lines. He also publishes carefully-chosen database books of a general nature. He maintains a keen interest in books across all lines that touch upon relational databases. Outside of the day-job Jonathan looks to family and community. He serves actively in his local church as First Elder. He is an avid mountainbiker and trail builder, and a member of the Munising Bay Trail Network. For several years he served his local community as an Emergency Medical Technician for the Alger County Ambulance Service. lxxiii

74 About the Authors Wayne Sheffield, a Microsoft Certified Master in SQL Server, started working with xbase databases in the late 80 s. With over 25 years in IT, he has worked with SQL Server (since version 6.5 in the late 90 s) in various developer and administration roles, with an emphasis on performance tuning. He is the author of several articles at and enjoys sharing his knowledge by presenting at SQL PASS events and blogging at lxxiv

75 About the Technical Reviewer Louis Davidson has been in the IT industry for more than 15 years as a corporate database developer and architect. He has spent the majority of his career working with Microsoft SQL Server, beginning from the early days of version 1.0. He has a bachelor s degree from the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga in computer science, with a minor in mathematics. Louis is the data architect for Compass Technology (Compass.net) in Chesapeake, Virginia, leading database development on their suite of nonprofit oriented CRM products, built on the Microsoft CRM platform and SQL Server technologies. lxxv