Practical Guide to The Systematic Use of Standards & Indicators in UNHCR Operations

Transcription

1 Practical Guide to The Systematic Use of Standards & Indicators in UNHCR Operations First Edition (January 2004)

2 2004, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees This Guide is published by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for general distribution. All rights are reserved. Reproduction is authorised, except for commercial purposes, provided that UNHCR is acknowledged as the original source. The Guide is also issued in French. Cover photo: UNHCR/T. Bolstad.

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4 Not only it certifies one s legal & operational status, an identification document is often a key to protection and access to humanitarian aid, such as food, health care, and education UNHCR/P. Smith:

5 Abbreviations and Acronyms AIDS APR BID CAP CCA CDC CEDAW CIR CMR CRC DIP FMIS FTE GIMU GIS GPS ICCPR HIV IMR Kcal MDGs MND MUAC NCHS NGO NRM OMS PMR POP RBM RNIS RSD Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Annual Protection Report Best Interest Determination Consolidated Appeal Process Common Country Assessment Centres for Disease Control Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women Camp Indicator Report Crude mortality rate Convention on the Rights of the Child Department of International Protection Financial and Management Information System Full-time equivalent Geographical Information and Mapping Unit Geographic information systems Global positioning system International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Human immunodeficiency virus Infant mortality rate Kilocalorie Millennium Development Goals Micronutrient deficiencies Mid-upper arm circumference National Centre for Health Statistics Non-governmental organisation Natural resources management Operations Management System Project Monitoring Report People-oriented planning Results-Based Management Refugee Nutrition Information Service Refugee Status Determination

6 SD SGBV Sitrep SPMR STI TBA U5MR UNDP UNHCR UNFPA UNICEF WFP W/H WHO Standard deviation Sexual and gender-based violence Situation Report Sub-Project Monitoring Report Sexually transmitted infection Traditional birth attendant Under 5 mortality rate United Nations Development Programme United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Population Fund United Nations Children s Fund World Food Programme Weight for height World Health Organization

7 Chapter 1: Introduction CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 UNHCR s set of Standards and Indicators Since the mid-1990s, humanitarian agencies have become increasingly aware of the importance of the link between quality control and maintenance of standards in their activities, and of institutional accountability. At the same time, population movement, unstable political environments, and scarce financial and natural resources continue to challenge the effective delivery of services and the adequate monitoring and evaluation of humanitarian operations. UNHCR, which is committed to the delivery of quality protection and assistance activities and to the optimal use of limited resources, has developed a range of tools to enhance its programming and accountability over the years. The Office has adopted the Results-Based Management method and is now introducing a set of Standards and Indicators as a tool to reinforce this. Standardised indicators are expected to be used as a global yardstick to measure operational progress towards targets or standards of delivery of refugee protection and assistance. For example, they are critical for UNHCR to: identify existing protection and assistance gaps plan global activities efficiently within limited resources measure the impact of UNHCR s operational intervention streamline performance in diverse situations and locations mobilise resources based on transparent and credible data 1.2 Using the Guide UNHCR developed a set of core indicators for refugee emergencies in its Emergency Handbook as early as Over the past years, the Office has worked to expand the use of standards and indicators to non-emergency situations. This Guide lists a core set of 52 standards and indicators, covering both emergency and protracted situations. The set of core and supplemental standards and indicators included in this Guide are not meant to be an exhaustive list of indicators to monitor refugee operations. Neither will they provide a complete picture of the quality of protection and assistance activities worldwide. The snapshot of the well-being of refugees which these indicators produce must be complemented with 3

8 Chapter 1: Introduction additional information from qualitative indicators, project-level indicators, detailed sectoral data, and various narrative reports. Ensuring accurate data collection and analysis, and ensuring a good understanding and effective implementation of these 52 core standards and indicators are daunting tasks. This Guide has therefore been developed to serve as a practical manual and reference tool for UNHCR staff and managers in the field, as well as for implementing and operational partners involved in programme assessment, planning, design, monitoring, management and evaluation. It may also prove useful for UNHCR staff and decision makers at various levels who review and coordinate operations. This includes operations managers, resource managers, technical and policy officers, Regional Bureaux, Department of International Protection and External and Donor Relations Services. It is hoped that this Guide, which contains detailed explanations and various tips, as well as references for further reading, will allow for the systematic, consistent and effective application of standards and indicators in refugee situations around the world. This Guide might also be of interest to donor and host governments, members of UNHCR s Executive Committee and other parties within the humanitarian community that support and monitor the activities and performance of UNHCR in carrying out its mandate. This Guide is the result of a collective effort, both at UNHCR Headquarters and in the field. This first edition should be considered as a work-in-progress towards achieving UNHCR s long-term vision of establishing and integrating standards and indicators into refugee protection and assistance operations. As such, it merits further refinement and fine-tuning based on feedback from the users. The Guide is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the Guide, providing background information and a definition of UNHCR s standards and indicators. Chapter 2 explains how the standards and indicators relate to UNHCR's Results-Based Management methodology and to its Operations Management System (OMS). Chapter 3 provides suggestions for systematic and reliable data collection. Chapter 4 describes how to use standards and indicators in the context of the UNHCR programme planning, assessment, and design cycle. Chapter 5 describes how to integrate the standards and indicators into UNHCR planning and reporting documents. Chapter 6 presents the 52 core standards and indicators and their supplements with explanations on rationale, methods of measurement, reporting and resources. 4

9 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.3 Relating the UNHCR Standards and Indicators to the Sphere Project and the Millennium Development Goals The Sphere Project has adapted and developed many of the refugee emergency standards operationalised by UNHCR over the years. SPHERE has also consolidated many of the existing standards within UN organisations, the Red Cross movement and NGOs. UNHCR has provided significant feedback to the various versions of the Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response (hereafter referred to as the Sphere Handbook). As such, many standards and indicators presented in this Guide are in line with those of the Sphere Project, although there are some differences in certain areas and in presentation. For example, the Sphere Project focuses on humanitarian interventions in emergencies and on disaster situations with broad target beneficiaries not limited to refugees. In contrast, UNHCR operates both in emergency and non-emergency situations, focusing on specific groups of beneficiaries, i.e. refugees, internally displaced populations and other people of concern, in line with its core protection mandate. The definition and usage of the words standards and indicators varies amongst different organisations and agencies. In the Sphere Handbook, for example, indicators are defined as signals to show whether or not a standard has been met. The Sphere Handbook also sets minimum standards on the basis of rights. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were launched in the 1990s by the UN as a road map for implementing the Millennium Declaration which was later adopted in The MDGs are commonly accepted as a tool to measure countries progress towards achieving human development in accordance with the Millennium Declaration. Although UNHCR's mandate differs from that of development agencies, the MDGs are an important framework for UNHCR s activities and are directly applicable to refugees, internally displaced populations, returnees and other people of concern. Indeed, the human development and basic rights of refugees often fall short of that of non-refugees. The MDGs include 48 indicators to measure progress toward 8 separate human development goals. Similarly, UNHCR has defined goals and objectives in key sectoral areas, as well as core and supplemental indicators to measure progress against these goals and objectives. There are both direct and indirect links between UNHCR's indicators and the MDG indicators, as outlined below: 5

10 Chapter 1: Introduction MDG 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger UNHCR: Percentage of malnourished children, number of kilocalories per person per day, and presence of micronutrient deficiencies MDG 2: Achieve universal primary education UNHCR: Percentage of refugees (boys and girls) aged 5 17 enrolled in primary and secondary education, and percentage of students (boys and girls) who successfully complete the school year MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower women UNHCR: Out of the core set of 52 indicators, 22 have been disaggregated by gender in order to provide some indication of the status of women in different situations. MDG 4: Reduce child mortality UNHCR: Child mortality rate and infant mortality rate MDG 5: Improve maternal health UNHCR: Percentage of live births attended by skilled personnel MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases UNHCR: Percentage of blood drawn for transfusions screened; percentage of refugees (men and women) participating in structured community-based programmes on HIV/AIDS; percentage of cases of diarrhoea and malaria per week (supplemental indicator) MDG 7: Ensure environmental sustainability UNHCR: Average quantity of water available per person per day; number of persons per communal latrine in use; percentage of households having an individual latrine; and percentage of communal buildings with adequate water and sanitation MDG 8: Develop a global partnership for development UNHCR contributes to this goal by promoting the capacity of refugees to contribute to development and by promoting the targeting of a fair share of development assistance to refugees and refugee-hosting communities. The High Commissioner s Convention Plus initiative is about enhancing burden sharing and sharpening the focus on achieving durable solutions for refugees through multilateral special agreements. 6

11 Chapter 2: UNHCR s Operations Management System CHAPTER 2: UNHCR S OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 2.1 Results-Based Management UNHCR has embarked on Results Based Management (RBM), a management methodology under the new Operational Management System (OMS) that emphasises results that have a positive impact on refugees, rather than on the control of inputs (financial, material, and related to human resources). This approach is in line with a prevailing norm in international relief and development to achieve demonstrable programme effectiveness and accountability. The four components of RBM are: 1) participatory analysis among stakeholders; 2) core problem analysis; 3) a hierarchy of objectives and objective setting; and 4) performance monitoring. The resulting current situation (Gap analysis) from these activities, then translates into the setting of Goals, Objectives and Outputs within the annual programme cycle. Over the years, UNHCR has adopted various tools and approaches to enhance the positive impact of its programmes on its beneficiaries. For example, one of the approaches which preceded RBM was People-Oriented Planning (POP). To support RBM, UNHCR also introduced new formats for its Project and Sub- Project descriptions as well as for its Country Operations Plan (COP). Refugee operations need to be planned on the basis of both impact and performance indicators, taking account of the local situation. The effectiveness of education, health, sanitation, and other services provided by UNHCR and its partners relates not only to performance on matters such as numbers of teachers trained, cases of malaria treated and number of latrines built, but on the impact which this has in bringing about positive changes in the lives of beneficiaries. UNHCR s focus in the past was largely on performance indicators. Thus, the introduction of standards and indicators which place equal emphasis on the actual impact of programmes is a step forward in the evolution of RBM The Logical Framework (log-frame) The log-frame is a planning tool that allows the systematic organisation of operational goals, objectives, and indicators into logical relationships using a matrix format. It helps operations teams design sound projects with an improved likelihood of success, and it facilitates effective reporting and 1 For more information on RBM, see Effective Planning: Guidelines for UNHCR Teams (1999). 7

12 Chapter 2: UNHCR s Operations Management System control over the results. A well-designed log-frame can show project implementers whether or not they have achieved stated objectives and delivered planned outputs in an optimal manner. The following terms used in UNHCR's operations management documents reflect the principles and processes of RBM and the log-frame: Objective: A statement of desired results and impact formulated at sector level for each programme goal in a country operation Output: A specific result delivered by the activities used to accomplish the objective. The delivery of an output must be under the control of UNHCR or an implementing partner which is held fully accountable. Indicator: A unit used to measure signs of change towards the achievement of results. UNHCR s OMS uses two types of indicators: impact indicators and performance indicators. Indicators should be disaggregated by gender and age as appropriate. Impact indicator: A sign of changes in the condition of beneficiaries and their welfare. Impact indicators are set for objectives or goals. Performance indicator: A measure of performance toward the achievement of planned outputs. Performance indicators can be quantified and graded in terms of quality and revisited in a planned time-frame. Performance indicators are set for outputs. Examples: Objective: Refugees improve household income by engaging in income generating activities to cover a share of their subsistence needs. Output: Number of refugee men and women trained in skills to help them improve their productive capacities. Impact indicator: Income of assisted group accounts for between 5% and 20% of value of daily subsistence needs. Performance indicator: 100 refugee men and women complete skills course and are awarded certificates. 8

13 Chapter 2: UNHCR s Operations Management System 2.3 UNHCR Sub-Project Description The log-frame is integrated into UNHCR s Sub-Project Description. There are many advantages for UNHCR teams in setting out simply and logically the goals, objectives, and outputs of an operation and matching them with indicators to measure results. The Sub-Project Description is a framework for the assessment of the success of operations in meeting programme goals through the contributions of implementing partners to attain sectoral objectives. The format also helps offices in the field verify effective delivery of planned outputs by taking into account beneficiary needs, policy priorities, timeliness, cost-effectiveness and other factors. 2.4 Data collection and analysis in the UNHCR programme management cycle UNHCR field offices are required to report to Headquarters on the core set of indicators once a year in conjunction with the Country Report due in February. At the field level, however, many of the indicators will be monitored on a regular basis. Annex 2 of this Guide contains the format for the Camp Indicator Report (CIR), which is the new data reporting format designed for the core indicators. Chapters 3 and 4 of this Guide explain in detail how data needs to be collected and analysed at the field level, how to report the data to Headquarters, and how the reported data is analysed at Headquarters. 9

14 Chapter 3: Data Collection CHAPTER 3: DATA COLLECTION Data collection is a critical step in obtaining accurate indicators. Whereas the refugee camp environment is not always conducive to obtaining 100% scientifically accurate data due to limited resources, and factors such as rapid population changes, efforts should be made to ensure that data are as accurate as possible under the circumstances. Both under-estimation and over-estimation of indicators can have significant consequences. For example, overly optimistic indicators may lead to an unwarranted reduction in funding and transfer of staff to camps with greater need, whereas overly pessimistic reporting can unduly deprive other camps of scarce resources or call into question the monitoring capacity of field staff. 3.1 Some definitions Confusing absolute and relative figures is a common source of misunderstanding and false interpretations. An absolute number is one that can be counted, meaning that it refers to something measurable. In principle, two people counting the same thing should find the same number, but a clear definition of what is to be counted is needed to get the same result. Absolute figures can only be interpreted in a given context. To compare situations, relative figures are often used. Relative figures establish a relationship within a group of people or object. A typical example is the percentage of women in a population. Here again, definitions are important. Whom do we count as women? All females? Only females above 18 years old? Does having children automatically qualify someone as a woman, even if she does not meet the age criteria? These questions of definition should be resolved in order to compare the percentage of women in different refugee camps. In a proportion, the number above the fraction line is called the numerator, and the number under the line is called the denominator. In this Guide, many indicators include a numerator, which can be a simple or complex number. A simple numerator (for example, # of showers in use) is based on counting, whereas a complex numerator (for example, percentage of communal buildings with adequate water and sanitation facilities) requires a more thorough manipulation before being introduced in the indicator. Using the water and sanitation example, the first step to formulate the indicator is to assess whether each school and health unit has adequate water and sanitation facilities. The second step is to add together the number of facilities that meet these criteria. The third step is then to divide this sum by the denominator, i.e., the total number of schools and health units (with or 10

15 Chapter 3: Data Collection without water and sanitation facilities). The last step is to multiply this ratio by 100 to have a percentage. A percentage is a standardized way to express a ratio, where a specific group is compared to the total group, meaning that the ratio can only vary from 0 to 100%. Whereas in a percentage, one group (e.g. women) is always part of the other group (population), a ratio compares two different groups. For instance, this Guide uses the student-teacher ratio. Here, two different groups (students and teachers) are being compared. Another commonly used ratio is the sex ratio, comparing the number of males per 100 females. 3.2 Population data As many of the indicators use camp population size as the denominator, the role of population statistics in calculating indicator values is of critical importance. If the official population size is 20 per cent higher than the actual population size, all indicators using the camp refugee population as denominator will be seriously underestimated. This, in turn, may lead to false planning assumptions and unwarranted changes in refugee programmes. The most common source for obtaining the size of the refugee population is the official camp registration. In recent years, significantly more resources have become available to improve refugee registration systems. All camp based organisations should work collectively to ensure that refugee registration is as accurate as possible and is being used to its fullest extent. 2 If the registration is seriously deficient, joint efforts should be made to improve its accuracy. The use of different figures for the number of camp residents should be avoided. In the Camp Indicator Report (CIR), many of the demographic data (Section A) will normally be derived from registration. In the absence of refugee registration, for instance during the early stages of an emergency, the population size should be estimated. In this case, it is important that the various actors in the camp agree on estimation methodologies as well as on the resulting population figures. When estimating the total population size of a camp, the total surface area of the camp is very important in extrapolating the number of persons found in selected areas of the camp. By taking the latitude and longitude with a hand-held Global Positioning System device at regular intervals on the perimeter of the camp, the surface area can easily be calculated. Another useful tool to estimate camp population size is a satellite image on which the individual dwellings can be identified. Assistance on the Global Positioning System, the Geographic 2 UNHCR Handbook for Registration, UNHCR Geneva, September 2003 (provisional release). 11

16 Chapter 3: Data Collection Information System and satellite images can be requested through the local UNHCR office. 3.3 Reporting data Annex 2 contains a template for the Camp Indicator Report. This template is used in the reporting of indicators to UNHCR Headquarters. The template starts with a general section on population data and then lists the various data needed to calculate the indicator results. These are calculated automatically in the section on Indicators. The purpose of this reporting and analytical tool is to establish accurate baseline statistics for refugee camps to monitor the well-being of refugees as well as the quality of UNHCR operations. These statistics are reported on a periodic basis to track progress in meeting standards of protection and assistance. As in the case of the Guide itself, feedback on the reporting tool would be appreciated. 3.4 Data collection methodology Different methods can be used to collect data. Surveillance, such as the Health Information System (HIS) used by UNHCR, collects data on a regular basis. School registers are another example of what is also called an administrative source. Surveys, such as those conducted on nutrition and health, collect data on an ad hoc basis. Surveys and surveillance are distinct methods of data collection that allow for very different sorts of analysis (table 1). Table 1: Surveys and surveillance Survey Collects data at single point in time Surveillance/registers Collects data over time Collects a wide variety of data Usually collects data on a sample of population Collects data allowing for calculation of prevalence or incidence rates Collects limited data Often collects data on every case Collects either the denominator or the numerator (a second source is needed to calculate the indicator) 12

17 Chapter 3: Data Collection The successful implementation of surveys can often answer crucial questions that arise in the field. In addition to surveys, field workers may use alternative data collection methods such as morbidity and mortality surveillance, birth and death registration. Because these alternative data collection methods may not be feasible in acute emergencies, a survey must be used to make critical decisions. Correctly administered, a survey can assess outcomes when other data collection systems are too poor or absent. A survey can provide information on a particular point in time or it can cover a more extended period. Surveys are a valuable data collection method which can be used to determine programme effectiveness as well as to identify the need for new programmes. Surveys can provide a reasonably accurate estimate of the condition of a population. Surveys, while essential, are not easy to undertake and have their inherent limitations. Accurate sampling, the key to an effective survey, can be complex and challenging. Surveys are often restricted to short, simple questions that do not address background information, making it difficult to assess cause and effect for data collected or to answer why questions. To establish trends, surveys must be repeated over time. However, they demand significant time, financial and human resources. 3.5 Where and when to use surveys For the core set of standards and indicators presented here, surveys are required to collect missing data and for other purposes such as verifying administrative sources. These may take the form of multi-sectoral surveys, covering different sectors at the same time. Implementing reliable sample surveys requires specialised expertise which may be found in research institutes, social science departments of universities, etc. UNHCR is currently working on standardising survey methodologies in refugee camps. Guidance is expected to become available during the second part of Water, Sanitation, Shelter/Infrastructure, Education, Crop Production and Income Generation are examples of sectors where administrative data will often be the source of the indicator. Some indicators require the systematic use of surveys, such as some of the Health, Protection and Community Service indicators. More details are given on each indicator in Chapter 6. Sample size should be calculated separately for each survey. Given the complexity of statistical parameters to consider when designing a survey, it is strongly recommended that experts be engaged when undertaking such an 13

18 Chapter 3: Data Collection activity. Before deciding to undertake a survey, the question of whether the survey is necessary should be carefully considered. This process includes specifically identifying the expected use of all the results from the survey. One should also design the survey to answer specific programme questions, and one should rigidly follow correct sampling procedures. 3.6 Geographic Information System and Global Positioning System The geographic dimension is vital for understanding refugee camp situations and making sound decisions. Geographic information can also be an extremely useful tool for surveys, in particular sampling methodologies. Geographical tools such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), the Geographical Information System (GIS), and satellite imagery, should be used for data collection and analysis as well as for assessment and monitoring when applicable. GPS provides field staff with precise information on the geographical location of any features of interest, with its latitude, longitude and altitude. Core information such as the location of a refugee camp, its distance from an international border or its surface area can be easily obtained using GPS capabilities. GIS combines the capacity of visualising information in a geographical context (digital map) and the power of database management. Information collected in the field using GPS can be integrated with data on refugees into a GIS for analysis and visualisation. In some cases, satellite imagery can be used to give a clear overview of a camp. With a 0.7 metre resolution, satellite images are becoming common operations tools in refugee contexts. Combined within GIS with GPS data, they are a powerful tool for mapping and analysis although they require expertise not available in all UNHCR operations. GPS information and satellite imagery linked together with field surveys can be integrated into a GIS to calculate some of the following UNHCR core indicators described in this Guide: Percentage of population within standard distance of water points Number of persons per water point Surface area per person (density) Average floor area per person Percentage of cultivated land in use per household 14

19 Chapter 3: Data Collection 3.7 Roles and responsibilities in data collection While UNHCR retains the final responsibility for endorsing the survey results, data collection is a participatory process, involving different partners. In principle, all operational partners should cooperate in providing the requested indicators. Agreement on responsibilities for data collection and reporting requirements should be part of sub-agreements with partners. Making results widely available to partners facilitates co-ordination and common understanding of beneficiary needs. This helps to ensure that responses are well targeted and streamlined. 3.8 The use of indicators in relation to other UNHCR reporting requirements Collecting, reporting and using indicators should take place within the context of other UNHCR reporting requirements to ensure consistency of both internal and external reporting. The Camp Indicator Report should be consistent with other statistical reports as contained in Chapter 4 of the UNHCR Manual and relevant UNHCR instructions (IOM/FOMs). In particular, the demographic part of the Camp Indicator Report should coincide with the relevant parts of the Annual Statistical Report. Similarly, indicators on education should be consistent with the Education Statistics Report. At the camp level, all efforts should be made to ensure consistency between the core set of indicators and the detailed sectoral reporting on issues such as health and nutrition. Periodic and ad hoc reports (situation reports, the Annual Protection Report, donor reports, etc.) should also refer as much as possible to the values collected in the core set of indicators. If some indicator values are collected more regularly in certain locations, these more up-to-date values may be used in reporting, provided that the reference date or period is clearly indicated. 15

20 Chapter 4: Using Standards in UNHCR Programme Planning CHAPTER 4: USING STANDARDS IN UNHCR PROGRAMME PLANNING This chapter explains how to use UNHCR standards and indicators to plan, assess and design programmes. The chapter first discusses planning and the importance of the participation of key stakeholders. The next section considers assessment, the use of standards, and gap analysis to determine discrepancies between the baseline values for the indicators (the actual situation) and the established standards (the desired situation). The chapter then discusses how Field Offices can prioritise problems and allocate resources to address the most critical gaps, particularly those that affect the lives of refugees. Finally, the importance of ongoing monitoring and evaluation of the standards and indicators is discussed. 4.1 UNHCR Programme Planning Cycle The purpose of planning in UNHCR field operations is to allow Operations Managers to organise their work around the needs of the refugees; agreed strategic and thematic priorities; and to ensure that the country operations address these priorities and reflect global and regional strategies. The first step in the annual planning cycle is to assess the current operational situation, or baseline. The baseline figures are related to pre-determined standards which will allow for gap analysis and problem identification. Based on these, the next step is to set goals and objectives based on where the project aims to be at the end of a stated time period. The next steps are to define outputs and activities needed to attain the objectives; to design a budget to allocate financial resources to carry out these activities; and to establish deliverables expected of implementing partners. The final step is to evaluate accomplishments against the standards and indicators measured in the assessment phase to determine the baseline for the next planning cycle. 4.2 Planning A sound planning process typically involves the following: Collecting and analysing baseline data according to agreed indicators Identifying emerging opportunities and risks Considering alternative operational scenarios Building a shared vision with other actors Harmonising planning assumptions and projected beneficiary figures Clarifying institutional roles and responsibilities Producing a plan describing expected achievements, deliverables, and resource requirements 16

21 Chapter 4: Using Standards in UNHCR Programme Planning UNHCR's structured approach to planning is described in the steps below: 1. Data Collection: Collection of data in relation to pre-determined indicators and initial analysis to enable Field Offices to priorities further investigation through a comprehensive situation analysis. 2. Situation Analysis: A situation analysis appraises in a holistic manner discrepancies between baseline data and standards based on challenges for protection and durable solutions, stakeholder concerns, beneficiary profiles, human capacities, resources and vulnerabilities. The situation analysis should also include skills profiles; a People-Oriented Planning (POP) analysis; and baseline data on health, education, nutrition, and protection indicators. This information will reveal trends, operational problems, and other analytical information to help build a common understanding of the situation. The UNHCR Handbook for Registration (2003) 3 includes standards for registration and population analysis. 3. Development of a strategic vision: Project, sub-project, and sectoral objectives should be informed by the strategic vision of the entire operation and take into account regional strategies and policies developed by the Regional Bureaux. 4. Development of a hierarchy of objectives: The central step in planning is to develop a hierarchy of operational objectives. This involves breaking down high-level strategic goals into detailed statements of desired results (objectives) and formulating specific deliverables (outputs) required to achieve the objectives. 5. Development of an implementation strategy: Once the Field Office has formulated sectoral objectives and outputs, related roles and responsibilities of implementing agencies must be established. This involves deciding which agencies will be responsible for implementing particular sections or management shares of the programme plan. 6. Work planning: Objectives and outputs must be further disaggregated into detailed activities, with specific responsibilities and time frames for delivery. 7. Budgeting: UNHCR allocates resources to the field, based on a bottom-up, line-item approach. Costing of project activities begins with identifying objects of expenditure and calculating unit quantities and costs. The UNHCR financial and management information system (FMIS) includes a detailed coding structure for financial planning, budgeting, and reporting. 3 This document is available at 17

22 Chapter 4: Using Standards in UNHCR Programme Planning The importance of participatory planning Effective and innovative plans require the commitment of stakeholders to a common plan. Managers who engage external stakeholders in UNHCR operations planning may need to shift from expecting a passive consultation role of stakeholders to encouraging and supporting their full participation in planning meetings 4 (box 1). Box 1 Characteristics of participatory planning Stakeholders are seen as active partners. Planning is seen as a joint responsibility. Strategies are developed jointly with the active participation of all stakeholders. Stakeholders have limited control over the information that will emerge during planning, indicating a high degree of transparency. Salient planning issues are discussed openly. Stakeholders make key decisions by consensus. Planning sessions are structured to elicit maximum participation of stakeholders to minimise the need for separate meetings. Planning sessions are managed systematically. Stakeholders who contribute directly to the planning process receive complete copies of the final plan. UNHCR managers should involve key stakeholders representatives of refugees and other persons of concern, donors, implementing partners, 5 operational partners 6 (including other UN agencies) and government counterparts in setting operational priorities and objectives. Whenever possible, all stakeholders should be represented at UNHCR planning meetings. 4 Practical guidance on managing participatory planning and organising and facilitating a planning workshop is found in UNHCR s Participatory Planning in UNHCR: A Practical Guide (IOM/10/2002, 16 January 2002). 5 An implementing partner is a governmental, nongovernmental, intergovernmental, UN, or multilateral organisation or agency to which UNHCR delegates responsibility and provides funds for implementing assistance through a standard Sub-project Agreement. 6 An operational partner is an organisation or agency with which UNHCR collaborates to provide protection and assistance for refugees or other persons of concern but without providing UNHCR funds to implement activities on its behalf. 18

23 Chapter 4: Using Standards in UNHCR Programme Planning Ideally, refugee leaders invited to represent their communities in planning meetings should be selected democratically and include members of major ethnic groups, both sexes, various age categories, and diverse political opinions. When beneficiary representatives cannot be included in planning events, field managers should organise structured consultation to ensure that beneficiary input is taken into consideration. UNHCR plans should be informed by and fit into broader multilateral and national planning frameworks. Such frameworks include the Common Country Assessment (CCA), the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) and the Consolidated Appeal Process (CAP). 4.3 Using standards in UNHCR operations Standards are a key component of the UNHCR Logical Planning Framework. Gaps are identified by comparing the actual situation with the standards. The use of internationally accepted standards in assessment also allows pooling of assessment information with other organisations to avoid duplication of efforts. The local situation should be compared against these applicable national and international legal standards. The emergency indicators in the UNHCR Handbook for Emergencies, the technical standards found in various guidelines and technical documents available at the Division of Operational Support, and UNHCR s protection indicators are the main standards an assessment team should use. International humanitarian standards such as those captured in the Sphere Project s Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response (2004) translate humanitarian principles and laws into an assessment and monitoring framework. 19

24 Chapter 4: Using Standards in UNHCR Programme Planning 4.4 Gap analysis Standards identify gaps between the prevailing protection and welfare situation and acceptable norms and conditions. Illustration 1 shows a gap analysis related to nutrition. Illustration 1: Gap analysis for nutrition in a refugee camp Kilocalories per Person per day Optimal: 2,100 kilocalories per person per day International Standard: 2,100 kcal per person per day Delivery of food Present: 1,400 kilocalories per person per day Gap to be addressed Refugees own resources Local community resources Acquisition of land Improved farming methods Improved land use In this situation, the baseline value (following a structured data collection related to the food availability) has shown that 1,400 kilocalories per person per day are available in the camp. This value is compared to the standard value of 2,100 kilocalories per person per day. There is a gap of some 700 kilocalories per person per day. Gaps may be larger or smaller for particular sub-groups in a refugee community, for example, the elderly, children, or single-parent families. Gaps can be addressed either by providing external inputs such as food or by building on refugees own resources and capacities. 20

25 Chapter 4: Using Standards in UNHCR Programme Planning A gap analysis for education could measure the percentage of children successfully completing the school year. 7 When grades are compared over years, the proportion of girls dropping out of school is shown to increase by grade level, as shown in illustration 2. The Millennium Development Goal for school retention is 100% of students completing grades 1 5 and 90% of students completing all grade levels (aggregate). Because of the fluctuating nature of refugee camps, UNHCR has chosen a slightly more 18% 22% 28% 30% 33% 33% 39% 41% 45% 47% 47% 48% 49% modest standard for stable situations, i.e. >90% of boys and girls completing the school year Other factors that might be considered in a gap analysis include the stability of the political situation, an influx of refugees, repatriation, and linkages to other indicators. For example, known causes of girls dropping out of school include the need to work, cultural norms and a lack of appropriate clothing or sanitary supplies. Other factors influencing girls attendance include school and community initiatives to keep girls in school, and female teacher role models. UNHCR policy priorities and the High Commissioner's Five Commitments to Refugee Women should also be factored into a gap analysis. Calculating the percentage of children successfully completing the school year with gender disaggregation over the years will show progress in meeting the standard. Systematic data collection is the most crucial element in determining gaps. UNHCR and partners should devise a participatory data collection methodology using the standard indicators and measurement techniques in this Guide. UNHCR technical sections can provide more specific information on how to collect the data Pre-primary Illustration 2: Girls enrolment by grade Source: Refugee Education in 2002/2003 Indicators and Standards for 66 Camps September This would be calculated by dividing the number of children completing the school year by the number of children initially enrolled and multiplying the result by

26 Chapter 4: Using Standards in UNHCR Programme Planning 4.5 Problem definition and prioritisation Information from the gap analysis is used to determine the main problems facing refugees in the camp and the main causes of these problems. In the illustration above (see 4.4 Gap Analysis) we have determined that the gap is 700 kilocalories. The problem is defined as the refugees in the camp do not have enough food. Why this is the case might be due to a multitude of causes. These have to be identified and priorities need to be set based on the capacity of UNHCR to address these, taking into consideration its mandate and resources. 4.6 Policy priorities In planning and designing programmes, UNHCR has identified four policy priorities women, children, the elderly, and the environment. Recognising the special needs of women refugees, UNHCR incorporates a gender equality perspective into all its operational activities in line with the following objectives: Integration of gender into programming Prevention of and response to sexual and gender-based violence Empowerment of refugee and returnee women to participate in conflict resolution and peace building Encouragement of direct dialogue with displaced women The needs of refugee children depend largely on age. In many refugee operations, infants under 1 year old receive special care. Children under 5 are the best defined and best documented refugee age group. Estimates for the under-5 population are available in most refugee operations as early as the emergency phase. These estimates are important for targeting assistance and estimating the size of refugee populations. The elderly refugee population includes people over 60. The ageing of populations has had, in areas such as the former Yugoslavia and the Commonwealth of Independent States, important implications for UNHCR programmes. UNHCR presented its policy on elderly refugees in Cluster analysis UNHCR Headquarters uses cluster analysis to determine the core indicators that relate most closely to the four policy priority areas. The goal in camp situations is first to address refugees immediate material and physical needs. 22

27 Chapter 4: Using Standards in UNHCR Programme Planning As time passes, the goal becomes that of empowering refugees to take care of most of their needs by themselves. For this reason, UNHCR has recently included refugee self-reliance as a cross-sectoral initiative. Policy units are responsible for cluster analysis reporting on progress in each of the priority areas. See Annex 3 for a table of core indicators clustered in groups by policy priorities and self-reliance. Core indicators measure the basic needs of refugees in both emergencies and stable conditions, in camps and camp-like situations, both in the UNHCR priority areas, and in areas where the High Commissioner has made special commitments. But core indicators provide only a snapshot of the situation. Supplemental indicators, as listed in Chapter 6, and project-level indicators are necessary to provide a more accurate assessment. Even when combined with supplemental indicators, however, core indicators must be supplemented with programme-level indicators and qualitative information to give a complete picture of a situation. 4.8 Resource allocation UNHCR Headquarters uses the data collected during the annual Operations Review to allocate resources and plan fundraising for operations. Should UNHCR s programme planning and budgeting be based on needs or available resources? This is a complex question. The main goal is to develop a more transparent resource allocation system based on accurate monitoring data about evidence. After the needs assessment and analysis, Field Offices and implementing partners should go through a participatory planning process to prioritise needs and responses. With scarce resources, programmes should be prioritised in ways that facilitate refugee self-reliance. 4.9 Monitoring Monitoring is the ongoing review of operations in order to track whether or not activities are having the desired impact and proceeding according to plan; and whether or not benefits are being distributed equitably to beneficiaries within agreed time frames and costs. The main purpose of monitoring UNHCR operations is to provide regular feedback to Operations Managers so that they can identify problems, measure progress and impact, and improve planning and implementation. Monitoring also generates a regular flow of information for reporting to Headquarters, UNHCR s Executive Committee, donor representatives, the media, and other stakeholders. Monitoring is done at various levels by refugees and other persons of concern; agency staff who implement sub-projects; UNHCR field staff and Operations Managers; and UNHCR Headquarters staff (e.g. Desk Officers, programme and technical support staff, and various sections and units in the Department of International Protection). 23

28 Chapter 4: Using Standards in UNHCR Programme Planning Monitoring can only have satisfactory results if the following criteria are met: Objectives have been properly developed Baseline data collection and other assessments have been done Monitoring responsibilities, frequency of monitoring, and data sources are clearly specified Core indicators have been formulated and systematically applied to measure impact and performance The use of indicators for monitoring Results-Based Management method in UNHCR rely on the formulation and application of indicators. Indicators are tools for the systematic measurement of change and progress. They allow staff to make objective and reliable qualitative and quantitative judgments about operations. There are many types of indicators, including management indicators, emergency indicators, and process indicators. UNHCR uses impact indicators and performance indicators in its Operations Management System. Definitions of each are found in Chapter 2 and the glossary in Annex 6. A sample Logical Framework with easily measurable indicators for monitoring operations in the education sector is reproduced in table 1 below. The example shows how to develop gender-sensitive indicators. For more examples and terminology, refer to UNHCR s Project Planning in UNHCR: A Practical Guide on the Use of Objectives, Outputs and Indicators (IOM/26/FOM/25/2002). Table 1: Logical Framework for monitoring education activities FMIS sector code: I FMIS sector: Education Current situation Sector objectives Impact indicators Of 15,500 refugee children 5 17 years old, only 20% attend school, because of a shortage of classrooms and teachers More school-age children attend school, acquire basic knowledge, and complete primary education Increase in primary school attendance from 20% (3,100) to 40% (6,200) by the end of the year Outputs Additional teachers will be hired Performance indicators 5 male and 15 female teachers recruited and trained in first 3 months 24

29 Chapter 4: Using Standards in UNHCR Programme Planning 4.10 Evaluation While monitoring tracks implementation of activities, evaluation measures the outcomes and impact of the project. The needs and well-being of refugees should be evaluated annually by tracking progress against the standards for each indicator. Evaluation results then become the baseline for the next planning year. Events outside the control of UNHCR or implementing partners can interrupt progress in reaching standards for given indicators. Such events include a large influx of refugees, political upheavals, or natural disasters. Other events, such as migration out of camps, which leaves more resources for the remaining refugees, or favourable weather conditions can support progress towards reaching standards. Evaluation should therefore capture the critical assumptions and constraints in each camp situation, as well as significant qualitative information about indicators that may have affected outcomes. 25

30 A refugee s hut in search of human dignity UNHCR/ A. Hollmann

31 Chapter 5: Using Standards and Indicators in UNHCR Documentation CHAPTER 5: USING STANDARDS AND INDICATORS IN UNHCR DOCUMENTATION UNHCR planning and reporting documents require the consistent use of the standards and indicators that are the subject of this Guide. 5.1 Planning documents The main UNHCR planning documents are the Country Operations Plan (COP), the Project Submission and the Sub-Project Agreement. These are all linked although they serve different purposes for different levels of the organisation. The COP connects global strategic directions to the needs of beneficiary populations. The Project Submission defines implementation goals for each beneficiary population or theme. The Sub-Project Agreement is UNHCR's basic contractual document with implementing partners Country Operations Plan The COP covers all aspects of a country operation, including protection, assistance, proposed durable solutions, justification for planned staff development and resource requirements. It is formulated in light of the Office s priorities and links goals, objectives and outputs with needs established through situation analyses. The main function of the COP is to set programme goals and objectives for the protection of refugees and to define major outputs needed to achieve these goals and objectives. Project planning, which should be carried out in a participatory manner with key stakeholders, is as important as the project document itself. The main contents of the COP are listed below: Clear and concise summary of UNHCR's programme goals Description of how the strategies and activities of other actors fit within the overall strategy Objectives, related planned outputs, and measurable indicators for UNHCR protection and assistance Explanation of how assistance activities will advance the objectives and outputs Overall human, financial, and material resources required Basic information about the beneficiary population Because it ensures that country operations are compatible with UNHCR's overall operational goals and objectives, the COP is essential for later selfevaluation by Field Offices and for reporting to UNHCR s Executive Committee on programmes and for related budgetary approval for a given year. 27

32 Chapter 5: Using Standards and Indicators in UNHCR Documentation The COP is organised into four parts, as outlined in box 1 and as described in further detail below. Box 1: Structure of the Country Operations Plan Part I. Executive Committee Summary A. Context (Beneficiary Populations and Themes) B. Main Programme Goals and Principal Objectives Part II. Beneficiary Populations and/or Themes A. Programme Goals, Objectives, Outputs, and Indicators B. Statistical and Demographic Information C. Summary Topics for the Beneficiary Populations and/or Themes Part III. Country and Management Issues A. Country Issues B. Management Issues Part IV. Project Submission A. Project Description B. Budget C. Work Plan Part I. Executive Committee Summary The Executive Committee Summary focuses on the planning year, is written so that it can be shared externally, and is the basis for documentation to submit to the Executive Committee. A. Context (Beneficiary Populations and Themes) A brief statement of the rationale UNHCR s for presence and involvement in the country including reference to protection and assistance including the standards and indicators; the political context; the security situation; protection issues; an overview of each beneficiary population; and the role of implementing partners and other UN agencies and international organisations B. Main Programme Goals and Principal Objectives A summary of the protection goals and objectives for each major beneficiary population or theme. Goals are formulated at project level. 28

33 Chapter 5: Using Standards and Indicators in UNHCR Documentation Objectives are based on appropriate gap analysis and problem identification related to the sectors of assistance. Part II. Beneficiary Populations and/or Themes This part of the COP contains information on each beneficiary population or theme. A. Programme Goals, Objectives, Outputs, and Indicators This section deals with operational planning. For each programme goal it describes the type of assistance, objectives, outputs, and indicators related to the particular beneficiary population and/or theme; and links to the sector Standards and Indicators measured in the Country Report. B. Statistical and Demographic Information This section provides demographic and statistical data on beneficiaries, information on ethnic background, skills profiles, etc. C. Summary Topics for the Beneficiary Population and/or Themes This section is divided into sub-sections, not all of which are relevant for all programmes and projects. Part III. Country and Management Issues The cross-cutting issues covered in this section affect more than one beneficiary population or theme. A. Country Issues This section contains concise information on UNHCR s role and the operational environment to justify UNHCR s involvement for the duration of the planning period. B. Management Issues This section gives a brief overview of current management issues, justifying country post requirements and administrative budgets and describing oversight mechanisms and reports, staff safety, etc. Part IV. Project Submission See below (section 5.1.2) 29

34 Chapter 5: Using Standards and Indicators in UNHCR Documentation Project Submission The Project Submission is the result of operations planning and is the basis for allocation of resources. After it is reviewed and approved at Headquarters, the Project Submission is converted into a Letter of Instruction (LOI) which is used to formulate sub-projects, which in turn leads to specific implementation arrangements. The LOI authorises and regulates the use of resources. The Bureau Director or Regional Director decides whether to submit the Project Submission in March as part of the COP, or in November. The structure of the Project Submission is outlined in box 2. Box 2: Structure of the Project Submission 1. Project Description a. Project Overview b. Description of Beneficiaries c. Implementation Arrangements d. Impact on Protection Issues and Policy Priorities e. Related Inputs and Projects f. Description of Objectives and Outputs (by Sector and Sector-Activity) 2. Budget 3. Work plan 1. Project Description The Project Description establishes parameters for monitoring by formulating specific indicators against which to track progress towards meeting objectives. a. Project Overview In the hierarchy of objectives in the Operations Management System (OMS), a project is normally established for each programme goal and type of assistance. Programme goals are then formulated for each distinct beneficiary population and theme. The Project Overview outlines the goals established in the COP and the project objectives, which flow from an assessment of needs, available resources, and UNHCR decisions about which needs to address based on gap analysis and situation analysis. b. Description of Beneficiaries 30 Detailed information on the beneficiary population, including a demographic projection, is important for designing an effective programme, tracking progress towards achieving objectives, and reporting. This information is needed to formulate the COP and to

35 Chapter 5: Using Standards and Indicators in UNHCR Documentation prepare projects and Sub-Projects. Population information in this section should be consistent with data reported in the COP, Country Report, Annual Statistical Report and other documents. c. Implementation Arrangements This section identifies Sub-Projects included in the FMIS budget by sector, listing the Sub-Project code, short agency name, and full agency name for both implementing partners and UNHCR Units. Also included are the rationale for planned implementation arrangements (e.g. through government departments or ministries, international or local non-governmental organisations, commercial contracts, or direct implementation) and the goals and responsibilities of the host government, UNHCR Field Offices, implementing partners, other agencies, and the beneficiaries. d. Impact on Protection Issues and Policy Priorities This section explains how the project will address protection issues and UNHCR's four policy priorities (gender, age, HIV/AIDS, and the environment). Specific project objectives and outputs are highlighted with an explanation of their relation and contribution to UNHCR s mandate and organisational priorities. e. Related Inputs and Projects This section describes how the project fits into the operational landscape of the country and implementation site and lists the types and estimated financial value of any inputs or related projects funded from non-unhcr sources. f. Description of Objectives and Outputs The matrix in this section (see table 1) follows the Hierarchy of Objectives and FMIS budget structure. A single, clear objective formulated at sector level is followed by outputs at the sector activity level. For detailed guidance on using FMIS in the OMS framework, see UNHCR s Project Planning in UNHCR: A Practical Guide on the Use of Objectives, Outputs and Indicators for UNHCR Staff and Implementing Partners (March 2001). 31

36 Chapter 5: Using Standards and Indicators in UNHCR Documentation Table 1: Description of objectives and outputs FMIS Sector Code: FMIS Sector Name: Current situation Sector objectives Impact indicators The current situation box should refer to the relevant sector Standards and Indicators; explain the gap between the existing situation and the standards; and concisely analyse the causes of this gap. The problem definition in the current situation box should form the basis for the sector objectives column to the right. 2. Budget Budgets are established using the Field Office Budget System (FOBS). This automated system is designed to facilitate budget preparation and revision and the progressive consolidation of budgets organisation-wide for global financial management and reporting. 3. Work plan Work plans allow project managers to set target dates for key deliverables and to track progress. All offices and Headquarters Units are encouraged to prepare and use work plans at the appropriate level. Submission of a work plan is mandatory at Sub-Project level where it is most useful as a monitoring too, but optional at Project level Sub-Project Agreement A Project is normally established for each goal in a programme. A Sub-Project is a part of a Project implemented by one implementing partner. Focusing on achieving specified objectives and delivering specific outputs in accordance with agreed impact and performance indicators, a UNHCR Sub-Project is the implementation level of protection and assistance for refugees, returnees, and other persons of concern. A separate Sub-Project Agreement is required for each implementing partner and is established under the authority of an LOI. The total of all budgets attached to Sub-Project Agreements, as well as Sub-Projects directly implemented by UNHCR, should not exceed the total budget or the Allocation 32

37 Chapter 5: Using Standards and Indicators in UNHCR Documentation Available of the LOI, whichever amount is lower. The contents of a standard Sub-Project Agreement are outlined in box 3. Box 3: Structure of the Sub-Project Agreement Agreement Annex A: Sub-Project Description Sub-Project Overview Description of Beneficiaries Implementation Arrangements Impact on Protection Issues and Policy Priorities Related Inputs and Projects Description of Objectives and Outputs (by Sector and Sector-Activity) Annex B: Budget Annex C: Work Plan Annex A: Sub-Project Description Sub-Project descriptions define the background, objectives, justification, and expected outputs of a Sub-project implemented on behalf of UNHCR within the goal and objectives of a UNHCR programme and operation. The Sub- Project description is the joint responsibility of UNHCR and the implementing partner and should reflect an understanding between the parties on the scope of the agreement, specific objectives, and outputs. The components of the Sub-Project Description are detailed below. Sub-Project Overview In the COP, goals are formulated for each programme covering a distinct beneficiary population or theme. The Sub-Project Overview explains how the Sub-Project relates to the sector objectives and programme goals defined in the COP. It also considers the well-being of the beneficiaries through gap analysis and problem identification, and refers clearly to impact and performance indicators to enable monitoring and evaluation at the end of the Sub-Project period. Description of Beneficiaries Information on beneficiaries at the Sub-Project level normally includes general background, specific information, and a demographic projection. 33

38 Chapter 5: Using Standards and Indicators in UNHCR Documentation Implementation Arrangements This section defines the specific responsibilities of all parties to the Agreement, including the roles of UNHCR Protection Officers, Programme Officers, Field Officers, Finance Officers and implementing partner staff. Impact on Protection Issues and Policy Priorities This section explains how the Sub-Project will ensure a specific impact on protection issues and UNHCR's five policy priorities, highlighting the relevant Standards and Indicators. Related Inputs This section describes the resources, including estimated financial value that the implementing partner is providing from its own or other sources, as well as related activities benefiting the same beneficiary population. Description of Objectives and Outputs This section should be organised to correspond to the FMIS Budget Structure and hierarchy of objectives described in the relevant COP. The FOBS Sector codes and FOBS Sector-Activity codes must match exactly the codes in the Budget in alphabetical and numerical sequence (e.g. A.21, A.22, B.21). For detailed guidance on using FMIS in the OMS framework, see Annex 8.3 of Chapter 4 in the UNHCR Manual and UNHCR's Project Planning in UNHCR: A Practical Guide on the Use of Objectives, Outputs and Indicators for Implementing Partners (March 2001). Annex B: Budget The Sub-Project budget reflects an understanding between UNHCR and the implementing partner on the financial resources needed to implement an agreed set of activities. It serves as a management tool to ensure that proposed inputs have been properly identified and calculates the total cost of proposed outputs. Annex C: Work Plan To focus on project results and strengthen Project-level monitoring and control, UNHCR requires all those preparing Sub-Projects to use work plans. A work plan is a management tool that helps Country Offices and implementing partners sub-divide outputs into detailed activities set against predetermined time-frames. This allows project managers to identify target dates for essential deliverables. Implementing partners are required to submit work plans so that the Country Office can assess the clarity and feasibility of its plan for achieving the agreed outputs. 34

39 Chapter 5: Using Standards and Indicators in UNHCR Documentation A check-list for preparing the Sub-Project Agreement is outlined in box 4. Box 4: Sub-Project Agreement preparation checklist 1. Sub-Project Planning _ Conduct a proper standards and indicator survey. _ Assess needs and resources and identify core problems to address. _ Link the Sub-Project goal and objectives and the development of impact indicators for the sector objective. _ Identify planned outputs and develop performance indicators. _ Develop the project implementation strategy and identify Sub- Project implementing partners. 2. Negotiations with Implementing Partner _ Explain UNHCR's standards and indicator requirements. _ Clarify and agree on objectives and outputs. _ Explain the partner s responsibilities according to the Sub-Project Agreement. _ Explain the Agreement and reporting requirements. _ Ensure that the Sub-Project description and budget conform to the objectives and resources authorised in the Letter of Intent. _ Agree on arrangements for co-ordination, monitoring and evaluation. _ Agree on the partner s funding contribution or in-kind contributions. _ Agree on the amount of Headquarters support for international NGOs. _ Agree on options for use and transfer of ownership of assets and non-expendable property. _ Agree on implementation arrangements, work plan and budget. _ Agree on the level of authority for budget transfers (normally recommended level: item) _ Agree on audit arrangements and identify an audit agency or company. _ Agree on indicative cash requirements and anticipated dates and modalities for remittances. _ Obtain the partner's banking details. 35

40 Chapter 5: Using Standards and Indicators in UNHCR Documentation 3. Preparation of Sub-Project Agreement and Annexes _ Jointly prepare a detailed Sub-Project description and budget, ensuring that the document provides a clearly agreed basis for implementation, monitoring, reporting and control of activities. _ Prepare the Sub-Project Agreement, incorporating relevant annexes and appendixes, including reporting requirements related to specific sector standards. _ Print the Sub-Project Monitoring Report (SPMR Part I at the agreed level). _ Transfer the first remittance to the partner within 10 working days. 5.2 Reporting documents The main UNHCR reporting documents are the Country Report, the Sub- Project Monitoring Report, the Situation Report and the Mid-year Progress Report. The Country Report contains information relevant to the COP; the Sub-Project Monitoring Report tracks progress toward the objectives in the Sub-Project Agreement; and the Situation Report provides a regular update on programme operations and beneficiary well-being. The Mid-year Progress Report describes implementation Country Report The Country Report is the main end-of-year report produced by the Country Offices. The Country Reports are the basis for the Global Report produced by Headquarters and for the COPs produced by the Country Offices. Country Offices are required to submit the Country Report at the end of February, covering the period from 1 January to 31 December of the previous year. The Country Report provides information on progress towards programme goals and sectoral objectives and on the impact and results of UNHCR s protection and programme activities for the identified beneficiary populations or themes. The Country Report should report on the objectives, outputs, and indicators in the year s COP and Project Descriptions and give an honest appraisal of demonstrable progress and any failure to produce the desired results. Standards and Indicators are an integral part of the Country Report and the Camp Indicator Report (see Annex 2). The Country Report assesses the effectiveness of UNHCR s co-ordination of refugee-related activities in this larger context, identifies constraints and gaps, and outlines planned actions to address them. 36

41 Chapter 5: Using Standards and Indicators in UNHCR Documentation The Country Report serves three main purposes. First, it is a management tool for reporting offices to review programmes and monitor progress against the objectives in the previous year s COP and UNHCR s core Standards and Indicators. Second, it provides country programme information to Headquarters Units and Regional Directorates. Third, it provides input for the Global Report issued annually to members and observers of UNHCR s Executive Committee. The Country Report contains five parts as outlined in box 5. Box 5: Structure of the Country Report Part 1. Executive Summary A. Main Objectives and Activities B. Impact Part 2. Working Environment A. Context B. Constraints C. Funding Part 3. Achievements and Impact (by beneficiary population and/or theme) A. Protection and Solutions B. Activities and Assistance C. Progress as Measured against Indicators Part 4. Organisation and Implementation A. Management B. Working with Others Part 5. Overall Assessment Part 1. Executive Summary The Executive Summary describes in a concise manner results measured against the objectives outlined in the previous year s COP. It is written so that it can be shared externally. A. Main Objectives and Activities This section describes what UNHCR planned to achieve in the country programme (i.e. the main objectives) for each beneficiary population, and what activities were implemented to reach these objectives. 37

42 Chapter 5: Using Standards and Indicators in UNHCR Documentation B. Impact This section describes the concrete results and impact of the programme and, if appropriate, complementary interventions of other agencies. Information includes activities; numbers of refugees, returnees, and internally displaced persons helped by these activities; improvements in the situation; reasons for unsuccessful aspects of the programme; and remedial action taken or planned. Part 2. Working Environment This part provides information on 1) the number and situation of refugees and other persons of concern assisted by the programme; 2) constraints that affected the programme or hindered the attainment of planned objectives; and 3) adequacy of funding and specific examples of the impact of budget reductions or reduced obligation levels on refugees and other persons of concern. Part 3. Achievements and Impact A. Protection and Solutions This section explains the main protection issues affecting the programme and UNHCR's actions to address these issues. Measures to enhance security in refugee-hosting areas (including camps) and areas to which refugees have returned are outlined, as well as durable solutions that were sought. Policy-related aspects of a theme in the country programme are also described under this heading. B. Activities and Assistance Assistance provided and activities conducted under each sector, as well as activities to pursue objectives relating to themes, are described in this section. Donors request that UNHCR be as precise as possible in quantifying outputs under each sector. C. Progress as Measured against Indicators This section reports progress against up to ten of the most important impact/performance indicators for key Sectors, as described in the original Project Submission. 38

43 Chapter 5: Using Standards and Indicators in UNHCR Documentation Part 4. Organisation and Implementation A. Management This section lists the number of UNHCR offices in the country, briefly describes their structure, and indicates the total number of staff by category (international and national) and by functional unit in each office. B. Working with Others This section lists the number of implementing partners (international and national) and describes co-operation with other organisations, including the government. UNHCR s policy on Better meeting needs of refugees through strengthened collaboration with operational partners is spelt out in IOM/FOM 048/2003 of 24 July Part 5. Overall Assessment This self-critical assessment of whether UNHCR was successful in attaining its objectives should describe reasons for shortcomings, remedial actions taken or proposed, lessons learned, and trends in the overall programme. The assessment should consider 1) effectiveness; 2) appropriateness; 3) impact; 4) efficiency; 5) unexpected results; and 6) UNHCR's exit strategy Sub-Project Monitoring Report Monitoring establishes on an ongoing basis whether or not planned results and outputs have been achieved and resources used for the intended purposes. The main instrument for reporting on UNHCR-funded activities is the Sub-Project Monitoring Report (SPMR). The purpose of the SPMR is to reflect the proper use of inputs and to compare achievements against the planned outputs and indicators described in the Sub-Project Agreement. Two kinds of SPMR s are monitored regularly: 1) monitoring of progress through site visits and meetings, and 2) direct spot-checks of the accounting records of implementing partners to monitor the use of UNHCR funds. These two kinds of monitoring are linked and best accomplished through teamwork. The SPMR is submitted at least twice a year by the implementing partner. The structure of the SPMR reports is outlined in box 6. 39

44 Chapter 5: Using Standards and Indicators in UNHCR Documentation Box 6: Structure of the Sub-Project Monitoring Report Part I. Budget (against budget codes) A. Expenditure B. Balance C. Commitments Part II. Sub-Project Overview A. Description of Beneficiaries B. Implementation Arrangements C. Impact on the Protection Situation of the Beneficiaries and UNHCR s Policy Priorities D. Related Inputs and Project E. Reporting on Progress towards Indicators F. Overall Assessment of Sub-Project Results In Part II, the Description of Beneficiaries should include changes in the population and demographic data. Implementation Arrangements should describe arrangements made to produce the outputs described in the report, constraints, and changes in planned activities. The Related Inputs and Projects section should cover separate contributions of partners and other inputs, as applicable. The reporting on Progress against Indicators measures progress against impact indicators and achievements against performance indicators. Finally, the Overall Assessment of the Sub-Project Results section describes the overall impact of the Sub-Project, co-operation with other actors, unmet needs, and lessons learned Situation Report The Situation Report, or Sitrep, is designed primarily as a management tool for reporting on activities during the month under review. It measures progress in meeting the goals and objectives in the COP and explains reasons for delays or failure to meet objectives. This information allows the Field Office to revise objectives if needed and facilitates future planning. In addition to its function as a management tool, Sitreps are used by Headquarters t o prepare the Global Report on protection and assistance activities and other reports, including individual reports to donors. 40

45 Chapter 5: Using Standards and Indicators in UNHCR Documentation The structure of the Sitrep is outlined in box 7 and described in further detail below. Box 7: Structure of the Situation Report A. General Situation B. Major Developments C. Statistics and Registration D. Protection and Durable Solutions E. Programme F. External Relations G. Administration, Human Resources and Finance Under each heading, the Sitrep should include identifying major problems; proposing action to resolve those problems; and reinforcing previous requests for action by Headquarters. Initial or follow-up requests for action or advice from Headquarters should be clearly identified and addressed in the subsection entitled Outstanding Responses Required from Headquarters. Such reporting makes the Sitrep an important supplement to ongoing Field Headquarters communication. A. General Situation This section summarises information under the relevant sub-headings on the general political, economic, and social situation in the country, particularly related to protection and assistance activities. B. Major Developments This section summarises important developments that are described in more detail in the sections below, with updates on beneficiary populations or relating to particular themes on major trends in protection and assistance. This includes programme reviews as well as evaluation missions resulting in a significant reformulation of these activities. C. Statistics and Registration This summary of major changes reflected in the quarterly statistical and resettlement reports includes a gender breakdown, information on vulnerable groups, sources of information, variations between UNHCR and official figures, and group or individual determination. This section analyses the main trends in the population of concern to UNHCR, focusing specifically on the impact of population changes on UNHCR operations. 41

46 Chapter 5: Using Standards and Indicators in UNHCR Documentation D. Protection and Durable Solutions This section indicates progress towards durable solutions and protection objectives, including details on the promotion of refugee law and asylum policies and practices. E. Programme Major developments since the previous report are broken down in this section by beneficiary or theme and sector. Information should include major problems in programme delivery; modifications of implementing arrangements; progress or problems encountered in implementing policies; and guidelines and activities related to women and gender, children and adolescents, the environment, and special groups. F. External Relations This section describes relations with governments, NGOs, other United Nations agencies, etc. G. Administration, Human Resources and Finance This summary of administrative and financial developments covers the effects of programme trends on the budget, staffing levels, and structure of UNHCR's presence in the country or area. 42

47 CHAPTER 6: COMPENDIUM OF UNHCR STANDARDS AND INDICATORS 6.1 Selection of indicators To select indicators for measuring refugee well-being, UNHCR has engaged in a wide consultation process involving UNHCR field offices, sister agencies and non-governmental organisation (NGO) partners. Technical officers provided useful suggestions in revising the initial set of core impact indicators, and policy priority units reviewed the indicators and modules in this chapter to make sure that they address and mainstream policy priorities for women, children, the elderly and the environment, including the High Commissioner s Five Commitments to Refugee Women 8. The core indicators were selected on the basis of the following criteria: Relevance Measurability Clarity Practicality Reliability In choosing the indicators, consideration was also given to the following: Camp situations: In 2002, there were 11.8 million refugees of concern to UNHCR, of whom 4.4 million were in camps or centres, the rest being scattered over both urban and rural areas and in unspecified locations. 9 Considering the scale of refugee movements, the complexity of field operations, the nature of UNHCR interventions, and required resources, it was necessary to prioritise certain situations and types of beneficiaries. As a first step in integrating standards and indicators into UNHCR s programming, it was decided that priority will be given to data collected on refugees in camps which are directly or indirectly administered by UNHCR. However, data on other situations should not be excluded where this is available. 8 Refer to the Glossary for the High Commissioner s Five Commitments to Refugee Women 9 For detailed statistics, see UNHCR Statistical Yearbook (2001): Refugees, Asylumseekers and Other Persons of Concern Trends in Displacement, Protection and Solutions 43

48 44 Protracted situations: The core set of 52 standards and indicators presented in this Guide go beyond the emergency indicators contained in the UNHCR Emergency Handbook. They include many additional indicators which are useful in non-emergency situations, while maintaining those critical indicators that are applicable in both emergency and protracted situations. Considering that the great majority of refugee situations are of a protracted nature, and given that the programming and reporting cycle of an emergency is different from that of non-emergency situations, this Guide primarily discusses the use of indicators in established refugee camps where a great proportion of UNHCR s resources are allocated. The core set of indicators is not exhaustive. A limit was put on the selection of a reasonable number of indicators so that they could be properly measured, analysed, and reported on regularly to Headquarters by the majority of camps under UNHCR s responsibility. The Guide also provides supplemental indicators for programme monitoring although reporting on them is not mandatory at this stage. The supplemental indicators will be tested further and will be reflected in a future edition of the Guide. Other project-level indicators to be measured with implementing partners are not covered in this Guide. The Guide should be considered as a work-in-progress, requiring continual feedback, periodic review, and further development and refinement. 6.2 Limitations of the core indicators As explained above, the standards and indicators presented in this Guide were not developed for direct application to urban settings, non-camp-based refugees in rural areas or internally displaced persons and returnees. These groups are not necessarily excluded, however, from the application of indicators where appropriate. This chapter presents modules of indicators for Protection; Community Services and Development; Food Security and Nutrition; Water; Sanitation; Health; Shelter; Education; Crop Production; and Income Generation sectors. It does not cover all the sectors in UNHCR s current Financial Management Information System (FMIS) structure, e.g. Transport/Logistics; Fisheries; Forestry; Animal Husbandry; and Agency Operational Support. The next edition is expected to include additional sectors and more in-depth indicators for other key areas such as self-reliance and the environment. The non-food items listed in the modules are considered necessary to achieve the standards for the indicators in each targeted assistance section. However, the only non-food item indicator for which data needs to be collected and analysed is sanitary kits for women. Field offices and implementing partners

49 are encouraged to collect data on the provision of other non-food items as time and resources permit. There is no UNHCR policy on distribution of nonfood items or recommendation on the frequency of distribution, which is left to the discretion of the Field Offices. UNHCR provides general guidance on items to distribute in emergencies. In more stable situations, however, Field Offices periodically assess the non-food item needs of refugees and base distribution on needs and resources. The indicators covered in this edition are not directly linked to programme success in other phases of UNHCR operations, such as the reintegration phase. Once Field Offices have developed the capacity to collect systematic data, and to measure and report on the core indicators, UNHCR intends to expand programme assessment in these other areas. 6.3 Introduction to the modules The modules are labelled by assistance category. UNHCR s mandate has two overarching and cross-cutting sectors in which to achieve standards, i.e. Protection and Community Services/Development. Targeted assistance includes the typical technical sectors such as food and nutrition, water, sanitation, health and education. Each module is divided into two parts: Summary page A table of quantifiable core indicators for emergency and stable situations A table of recommended supplemental indicators (not for all sectors). These provide further information related to the sector while they are not required for annual reporting to Headquarters. A table of key non-food items required to achieve the recommended standards for the core indicators (not for all Sectors) Cross-checks relating to UNHCR's policy priority areas (i.e. children, the elderly, gender, and the environment), for assessment and action by UNHCR and implementing partners. For example, a crosscheck for Environment in the Food Security and Nutrition module mentions the need to preserve the natural resource base of the population when wood is used for housing or cooking. Sectoral linkages to indicators in other sectors that should be referred to when conducting gap analysis and defining problems. For example, 45

50 a programming linkage should be made between the indicator on the provision of sanitary materials under the Community Services module and the indicator on the percentage of girls completing the school year under the Education module. Specific points and definitions of terms, considerations for interpreting the indicators and standards, and assumptions and constraints relating to the sector overall Resources provides references to material in both printed and electronic form, for the respective sector (Annex 7 contains a complete list of references) Core indicator descriptions The second part of each module describes each core indicator in detail, including the following information: Rationale: The reason for measuring the data specified in the indicator Disaggregation: Indicators may be disaggregated by gender and/or age. Ages are grouped in four main categories from birth to elderly. In some instances specific age groups are noted. Methods of measurement: Types: Yes/No answers or quantitative or qualitative measurements. Quantitative measurements include figures (e.g. the number of known cases of refoulement), ratios (e.g. the number of students per teacher), or percentages (e.g. % of children vaccinated against measles). In many cases administrative data may be sufficient to measure the indicator, but in others, the most accurate and representative sample will come from an annual random sample survey of the beneficiary population. Numerator: The number above the line in a fraction Denominator: The number below the line in a fraction 3 Numerator 4 Denominator To arrive at a percentage, divide the numerator (for example, the number of households with family latrines), by the denominator (for example, the total number of households) and multiply the result by

51 Data sources: Where to find information needed to measure the indicator Frequency of reporting: Normally once a year to Headquarters, depending on the indicators, and possibly more frequently for field programming purposes Specific points: Brief definitions, critical considerations, assumptions, or constraints 6.4 Data quality For transparency, accountability, and statistical soundness, the data collected by the field should meet the following criteria: Proven validity Adjustment for bias (for example, changes in populations or over seasons) An explicit data audit trail allowing replication from primary data collection Consultation and agreement with partners and beneficiaries 47

52 Registration of refugees wishing to return home helps organization of repatriation assistance activities UNHCR/P. Benetar

53 Meticulous planning and concerted effort of all parties concerned make durable solutions possible UNHCR/C. Sattlberger

54 Protection & Community Services and Development SECTOR O: PROTECTION Overall objective(s): To provide international protection and seek permanent solutions for refugees Core indicator(s): These core indicators are grouped by the five main areas of UNHCR s mandate for refugee protection: physical protection, legal status, enjoyment of rights, special protection, and active search for durable solutions. Indicator Standard Disagg. Emergency Stable _/_ Age Physical protection 1. # of cases of refoulement None None Legal status 2. % of refugees individually registered 100% 100% x 3. % of refugees issued individual documentation 100% 100% x x 4. % of refugees with status 1) following individual Refugee Status Determination (RSD), 2) on the basis of prima facie or group recognition, or 3) by other means such as temporary protection 5. % of newborns who have been issued individual birth certificates 100% x 100% 50

55 Enjoyment of rights 6. Refugees can move freely in and out of the camp Yes Yes Special protection needs 7. % of unaccompanied and separated children for whom durable solutions are found 100% 8. % of SGBV survivors who have received psychosocial, medical, legal, or any other form of support 100% 100% x x 9. SGBV training for different stakeholders (UNHCR, partners, authorities) provided Yes 10. % of refugees who participated in SGBV training 10% x x Active search for durable solutions 11. # and % of refugees who expressed a will to return and returned Up to 100% x 12. % of refugees who belong to vulnerable categories for whom resettlement is a suitable solution and who were resettled 100% x Supplemental indicators: Under development (2004) Essential non-food items: Refer to targeted assistance sectors 51

56 Cross-checks Elderly: Gender: Protection programs should attempt to mainstream and integrate the unique needs of refugee women. Environment: A well-developed and well-implemented Natural Resources Management plan which takes into account potential exploitation of scarce resources is an important link to overall protection issues (see the Shelter and Infrastructure module). Sectoral linkages Community services and development: Protection indicators link to child survival indicators on increasing participation in reproductive health issues (HIV/AIDS) as well as conflict resolution and peace-building activities. Food security and nutrition: Sanitation: Health: Education: Assumptions and constraints 1. It is important to recognize that this list captures only part of the protection activities of UNHCR and its partners. Many other important protection activities are not included. A more comprehensive list of indicators is found in UNHCR s Designing Protection Strategies and Measuring Progress: Checklist for UNHCR Staff (July 2002). A country's underlying protection regime should be assessed against accession to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees; accession to the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons; and the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness; adoption of national asylum or refugee legislation; establishment of national asylum or refugee authorities; operational national Refugee Status Determination (RSD) procedures; mechanisms for border authorities to refer asylumseekers to asylum authorities; and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) active in refugee protection or support. 52

57 2. Concerning the active search for durable solutions, these indicators include only those relevant to the early phases of searching for durable solutions in protracted refugee camp situations. Profiles of the refugee population should be updated to identify suitable durable solutions. For the camp population profile, see core indicator no. 1 (Camp Population Profile Survey conducted) in the Community Services and Development module. For local integration, see core indicator no. 1 (% of cultivated land in use per household) in the Crop Production module; core indicator no. 1 (% of adult beneficiaries with access to income generation activities) inthe Income Generation module; and core indicator no. 5 (% of refugees participating in community-based structured programmes on conflict resolution or peace building) in the Community Services and Development module. 3. Reporting against this core set of indicators does not replace the thorough analysis undertaken in the Annual Protection Report (APR) exercise. However, the two processes should be linked and more quantifiable information should be incorporated into the processes. 53

58 Resources Inter-Agency Working Group on Unaccompanied and Separated Children (International Rescue Committee, International Committee of the Red Cross, Save the Children-UK, UNHCR, UNICEF, and World Vision), Inter-agency Guiding Principles on Unaccompanied and Separated Children, 2003 UNHCR, Designing Protection Strategies and Measuring Progress: Checklist for UNHCR Staff, Geneva, July 2002, Gender Training Kit on Refugee Protection, Geneva, November 2003, Handbook for Registration: Procedures and Standards for Registration, Population Data Management and Documentation, Geneva, September 2003 (provisional release), Handbook on Voluntary Repatriation, Geneva, 1996, Resettlement Handbook, Women at Risk, Geneva, September 2002, Respect Our Rights: Partnership for Equality, ReportontheDialogue with Refugee Women, Geneva, June, 2001, Working with Unaccompanied Children: A Community-Based Approach (revised edition), Community Service Guidelines, Geneva, 1996, Interagency Guidelines for the Prevention and Response of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees, and Internally Displaced Persons, Geneva, May

59 Protection core indicator 1 INDICATOR: Number of cases of refoulement STANDARD: Emergency: None Stable: None Rationale To honour the cardinal protection principle in the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the rule of customary international law binding on all States not to expel, or return (refouler) refugees to territories where their life or freedom would be threatened Disaggregation None Source of data UNHCR presence on the border and in the field, governments, human rights agencies, implementing and operational partners, media, local communities, refugees, and asylum seekers Methods of measurement Add the total number of cases known to UNHCR Frequency of reporting Annually unless otherwise stated, but with continual monitoring, especially during an emergency or influx of refugees or asylum-seekers (also in Situation Report and Annual Protection Report). Specific points and definitions 1. Reliable external information sources and a solid monitoring presence are necessary to maximize UNHCR s knowledge of cases of refoulement. 2. Exceptions to the principle of non-refoulement are detailed in Article 33(2) in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, and nonexpulsion is detailed in Articles 32(2) and (3). 3. This indicator is measured at camp level, covering cases of known refoulement from camps or camp-like settings. 55

60 Underlying human rights norms and related UNHCR guidelines United Nations, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Geneva, 23 March 1976, Article 13, 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951, Article 32 UNHCR, Agenda for Protection, Geneva, 2001, Goal 4: Redoubling the Search for Durable Solutions, Goal 6: Meeting the Protection Needs of Refugee Women and Refugee Children 56

61 Protection core indicator 2 INDICATOR: Percentage of refugees individually registered STANDARD: Emergency: In total, 100% Stable: In total, 100% Rationale To protect refugees against refoulement and forcible recruitment; provide access to basic rights and family reunification; identify needs for special assistance; quantify and assess needs; and implement appropriate durable solutions Disaggregation Gender Source of data Formal and informal reports of UNHCR, government authorities, human rights agencies, implementing and operational partners, refugees, and asylumseekers; UNHCR monitoring of and participation in registration Methods of measurement Numerator: Total number of refugees individually registered Denominator: Total population x 100 = % of refugees individually registered Frequency of reporting Annually unless otherwise stated, but with continual monitoring, especially during an emergency or influx of refugees or asylum-seekers (also in APR) Specific points and definitions 1. This indicator is linked to the UNHCR Annual Statistical Report, Table 4.B. 2. This indicator is linked to core indicator no. 1 (Camp Population Profile Survey) in the Community Services and Development module. 3. Potential constraints to individual registration include insecurity, lack of operational capacity, and lack of access to refugees. Underlying human rights norms and related UNHCR guidelines 57

62 United Nations, 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951, Articles 27 and 28, United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1990, Article 7, United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 23 March 1976, Article 24 (2) UNHCR, Agenda for Protection, Geneva, 2001, Goal 1: Strengthening Implementation of the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol UNHCR Executive Committee (ExCom) Conclusions Refugee Women and International Protection, No. 64 (1990) Registration of Refugees and Asylum-Seekers, No. 91 (2001) 58

63 Protection core indicator 3 INDICATOR: Percentage of refugees issued individual documentation STANDARD: Emergency: 100% Stable: 100% Rationale To ensure the legal status, rights, obligations, and physical protection of all refugees Disaggregation Gender Source of data Formal and informal reports of government authorities, human rights agencies, implementing and operational partners, local communities, refugees and asylum-seekers; UNHCR contact with local authorities and participation in refugee registration Methods of measurement Numerator: Total number of refugees issued individual documentation Denominator: Total number of refugees entitled to documentation x 100 = % of refugees issued individual documentation Frequency of reporting Annually unless otherwise stated, but with continual monitoring, especially during an emergency or influx of refugees and asylum-seekers (also in APR) Specific points and definitions 1. Criteria for documentation depend on national laws or international law in countries where people 18 and older are entitled to documents. 2. Potential constraints include insecurity, lack of operational capacity, and lack of access to refugees. 59

64 Underlying human rights norms and UNHCR guidelines United Nations, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Geneva, 23 March 1976, Article 24 (2) and General Comment No. 17, paragraph 7, 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951, Article 27, United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1990, Articles 7 and 8 UNHCR, Agenda for Protection, Geneva, 2001, Goal 1: Strengthening implementation of the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol UNHCR Executive Committee (ExCom) Conclusions Refugee Women and International Protection, No. 64 (1990) Refugee Protection and Sexual Violence, No. 73 (1993) Registration of Refugees and Asylum-Seekers, No. 91 (2001) 60

65 Protection core indicator 4 INDICATOR: Percentage of refugees with status 1) following individual Refugee Status Determination, 2) on the basis of prima facie or group recognition, or 3) by other means such as temporary protection STANDARD: Stable: 100% Rationale To ensure that refugees have access to basic rights that depend on legal status Disaggregation Gender Source of data Formal and informal reports of government authorities, human rights agencies, implementing and operational partners, local communities, refugees, and asylum-seekers; UNHCR contact with local authorities and participation in refugee registration Methods of measurement Numerator: Total number of refugees with clear status Denominator: Total number of refugees and Asylum-seekers x 100 = % of refugees with status Frequency of reporting Annually unless otherwise stated (also in APR) Specific points and definitions 1. Potential constraints to determining refugee status include insecurity, lack of operational capacity, and lack of access to the refugees. 61

66 Underlying human rights norms and UNHCR guidelines UNHCR, Agenda for Protection, Geneva, 2001, Goal 1: Strengthening Implementation of the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol, Goal 4: Redoubling the Search for Durable Solutions, Goal 6: Meeting the Protection Needs of Refugee Women and Refugee Children, Guidelines on the Protection of Refugee Women, Geneva, 1991 United Nations, 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951, Handbook for Registration: Procedures and Standards for Registration, Population Data Management and Documentation, Geneva, September 2003 (provisional release), Policy on Refugee Women, Geneva, 1990, Resettlement Handbook, Women at Risk, Geneva, September 2002, Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees, and Internally Displaced Persons, Guidelines for Prevention and Response, Geneva, 2003, especially chapter 8 UNHCR Executive Committee (ExCom) Conclusion Protection of Asylum- Seekers in Situations of Large-Scale Influx, No. 22, 1981 United Nations, 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Geneva, 1948, Article 14 62

67 Protection core indicator 5 INDICATOR: Percentage of newborns who have been issued individual birth certificates STANDARD: Stable: 100% Rationale To confirm nationality and status; prevent statelessness; ensure legal status, rights, and obligations; and safeguard the legal and physical protection of refugees and asylum-seekers Disaggregation None Source of data Formal and informal reports of government authorities, human rights agencies, implementing and operational partners, local communities, refugees, and asylum seekers; clinic data from midwives; records of traditional birth attendants (TBAs); UNHCR contact with local authorities; participation in refugee documentation, or issuance of birth certificates Methods of measurement Numerator: Total number of newborns issued with individual birth certificates Denominator: Total number of newborns Frequency of reporting Annually unless otherwise stated but with continual monitoring, especially during an emergency or influx of refugees or asylum seekers (also in APR) Specific points and definitions 1. Potential constraints to registering refugee births include insecurity, lack of operational capacity, and lack of access to refugees. 2. Newborns should be registered within 3 months of birth. x100=%of newborns issued individual birth certificates 63

68 Underlying human rights norms and UNHCR guidelines United Nations, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Geneva, 23 March 1976, Article 24 (2) and General Comment No. 17, paragraph 7, 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951, Article 27, United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1990, Articles 7 and 8 UNHCR, Agenda for Protection, Geneva, 2001, Goal 1: Strengthening implementation of the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol, Handbook for Registration: Procedures and Standards for Registration, Population Data Management and Documentation, Geneva, September 2003 (provisional release) UNHCR Executive Committee (ExCom) Conclusions Refugee Women and International Protection, No. 64 (1990) Refugee Protection and Sexual Violence, No. 73 (1993) Registration of Refugees and Asylum Seekers, No. 91 (2001) 64

69 INDICATOR: Protection core indicator 6 STANDARD: Emergency: Yes Stable: Yes Refugees can freely move in and out of the camp Rationale To allow refugees to move freely within and outside of camps for work or personal reasons Disaggregation None Source of data Formal and informal reports of government authorities, implementing and operational partners, local communities, and refugees; UNHCR contact with local authorities and monitoring presence Methods of measurement Yes or No answer on the freedom of movement into and out of the camp, both de jure (accession to and observance of the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, national legislation, administrative measures) and de facto observation Frequency of reporting Annually unless otherwise stated, but with continual monitoring, especially during an emergency or influx of refugees or asylum seekers (also in APR) Specific points and definitions 1. Under the United Nations 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, refugees who are legally in a country should in principle be free to choose where they live and to move freely within their country of asylum. The Convention allows restrictions to this provision limited to regulations applicable to aliens in general. On this basis, restrictions on the right to move freely in the territory, such as into or out of certain areas or camps, should be imposed only when this is clearly in the interests of refugee security or overall national security. 2. This indicator links to core indicators nos. 2 (percentage of refugees individually registered) and3(percentage of refugees issued individual documentation). 3. The security situation will affect movement into and out of camps. 65

70 Underlying human rights norms and UNHCR guidelines United Nations, Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, Articles 26 and 31, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Article 5, New York, 1966, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Geneva, 23 March 1976, Articles 9 and 12 UNHCR, Agenda for Protection, Geneva, 2001, Goal 1: Strengthening implementation of the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol 66

71 Protection core indicator 7 INDICATOR: Percentage of unaccompanied and separated children for whom durable solutions are found STANDARD: Stable: 100% Rationale To preserve the safety and well-being of unaccompanied and separated children in emergencies and protracted refugee situations Disaggregation None Source of data UNHCR, implementing and operational partners (especially the International Committee of the Red Cross, UNICEF, and child protection NGOs), refugee community (camp management committees) Methods of measurement Numerator: Total number of unaccompanied and separated children for whom durable solutions have been found Denominator: Total number of unaccompanied and separated children X 100 = % of unaccompanied and separated children for whom durable solutions have been found Frequency of reporting Annually unless otherwise stated, but with continual monitoring, especially during an emergency or influx of refugees or asylum-seekers (also in APR) Specific points and definitions 1. Particular attention should be paid to the common registration form for unaccompanied and separated children. 2. Special care should be arranged for children while Best Interest Determinations (BID) are made and should continue until reunification with parents and relatives. 67

72 3. Durable solutions are defined as follows: Solutions to refugee situations which are lasting, including voluntary repatriation (to country of origin), local settlement or integration (into country of asylum); and resettlement (to a third country) Box 1: Definitions related to child protection Child: A person under the age of 18 or the national age of majority (Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 1) Separated child: A child separated from both parents or from the previous legal or customary primary caregiver but not necessarily from other relatives; may therefore include a child accompanied by other adult family members Unaccompanied child (minor): A child who has been separated from both parents and other relatives and is not being cared for by an adult who is responsible by law or custom for such care Orphan: A child with both parents known to be dead or, in some countries, a child who has lost one parent Source: International Committee of the Red Cross, International Rescue Committee, Save the Children, World Vision International, UNHCR, and UNICEF, Interagency Guiding Principles on Unaccompanied and Separated Children, 2003 Underlying human rights norms and UNHCR guidelines United Nations, United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1990, Articles 7, 20, and 22 UNHCR, Agenda for Protection, Geneva, 2001, Goal 4: Redoubling the search for durable solutions, Goal 6: Meeting the protection needs of refugee women and refugee children, Guidelines on Policies and Procedures in Dealing with Unaccompanied Children Seeking Asylum, Geneva, 1997, Refugee Children: Guidelines on Protection and Care, Geneva, 1994 UNHCR and Save the Children, Separated Children in Europe Programme, Statement of Good Practice, 2000 UNHCR Executive Committee (ExCom) Conclusion, Protection of the Refugee s Family, No. 88,

73 Protection core indicator 8 INDICATOR: Percentage of survivors of SGBV who have received psychosocial, medical, legal or any other form of support STANDARD: Emergency: 100% Stable: 100% Rationale To provide refugees and asylum-seekers, particularly women and children, who have experienced sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) during flight, in the camp, or on arrival in their countries of asylum with support to ensure their access to basic protection and assistance, including health care and education, issuance of personal documentation, or refugee status. Disaggregation Gender and age Source of data Formal and informal reports and service and clinic records of UNHCR; government authorities; implementing and operational partners; refugee communities and individual refugees; surveys Methods of measurement Numerator: Total number of victims of SGBV who have received care & support Denominator: Total number of victims of SGBV x 100 = % of survivors of SGBV who have received support Frequency of reporting Annually unless otherwise stated, but with continual monitoring (also in Sitrep and APR) Specific points and definitions 1. Forms of support include but are not limited to psychosocial or other counselling, medical treatment, legal support, safe accommodation or other security and safety response, and skills training. 2. In emergency situations medical care should be the minimum support provided. Other forms of support are encouraged where possible. 3. It is often overlooked that certain categories of refugee children (children in detention, disabled children, adolescent mothers, boys, and survivors of war or trauma) are particularly at risk from SGBV. See Chapter 5 of 69

74 UNHCR s of UNHCR s Guidelines for the Prevention and Response of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees, and Internally Displaced Persons (2003). 4. Disaggregation for age groups is <18 years and >18 years. 5. This indicator is linked to core indicator no. 1 (camp Population Profile Survey), core indicator no. 3 (community participation in leadership issues) and core indicator no. 6 (support to persons with special needs) in the Community Services and Development module. 6. An effective mechanism is needed to prevent the occurrence of SGBV in camps. Underlying human rights norms and UNHCR guidelines Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), General Comment No. 19 UNHCR, Agenda for Protection, Geneva, 2001, Goal 4: Redoubling The Search For Durable Solutions, Goal 6: Meeting The Protection Needs Of Refugee Women And Refugee Children, Guidelines for the Prevention and Response of Sexual and Gender- Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced Persons, Geneva, May 2003, Guidelines on International Protection (against Gender-Related Persecution), Geneva, 2002, Guidelines on the Protection of Refugee Women, Geneva, 1991, Refugee Children: Guidelines on Protection and Care, Geneva, 1994, Refugee Protection in International Law: UNHCR S Global Consultations on International Protection, Cambridge, UK, 2003 UNHCR Executive Committee (ExCom) Conclusion, Protection from Sexual Abuse and Exploitation, No

75 Protection core indicator 9 INDICATOR: SGBV training for different stakeholders (UNHCR, partners, authorities, refugees) provided STANDARD: Stable: Yes Rationale To raise awareness of gender equity issues and SGBV among UNHCR staff, partners, authorities, and refugees Disaggregation None Source of data Implementing and operational partners, refugees, community (camp management committees), UNHCR Methods of measurement Refer to records of training and sensitisation activities held for each stakeholder group: UNHCR staff, partners, authorities, refugee men and women, and refugees involved in the traditional justice system. Frequency of reporting Annually unless otherwise stated (also in Sitrep and APR) Specific points and definitions 1. SGBV training can include sensitisation and meetings, as well as more formal training. Posters, rallies and billboards do not qualify as training or sensitisation. 2. For all UNHCR staff basic SGBV awareness training should take place in all phases including emergency; more detailed training based on the SGBV Guidelines should be organised in stable situations. Participants should reflect a gender and multi-sectoral balance. 71

76 Underlying human rights norms and UNHCR guidelines UNHCR, Agenda for Protection, Geneva, 2001, Goal 4: Redoubling the Search for Durable Solutions, Goal 6: Meeting the Protection Needs of Refugee Women and Refugee Children, Interagency Guidelines for the Prevention and Response of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees, and Internally Displaced Persons, Geneva, May 2003 UNHCR Executive Committee (ExCom) Conclusion, Protection from Sexual Abuse and Exploitation, No

77 Protection core indicator 10 INDICATOR: Percentage of refugees who participated in SGBV training STANDARD: Stable: 10% Rationale To raise awareness of gender equity issues and SGBV among refugee men and women, particularly refugees who represent the community in formal committees or the traditional justice system Disaggregation Gender and age Source of data Implementing and operational partners, refugees, community (camp management committees), records of participation in training and sensitisation meetings Methods of measurement Numerator: Total number of participants in SGBV training Denominator: Total population x 100 = % of refugees who have participated in SGBV training Frequency of reporting Annually unless otherwise stated (also in APR) Specific points and definitions 1. Disaggregation for age groups is <18 years and >18 years. 2. Training and sensitisation include training courses for refugee groups on SGBV and meetings. Posters, rallies and billboards do not qualify as training or sensitisation. 73

78 Underlying human rights norms and UNHCR guidelines UNHCR, Agenda for Protection, Geneva, 2001, Goal 4: Redoubling the Search for Durable Solutions, Goal 6: Meeting the Protection Needs of Refugee Women and Refugee Children, Interagency Guidelines for the Prevention and Response of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees, and Internally Displaced Persons, Geneva, May 2003 UNHCR Executive Committee (ExCom) Conclusion, Protection from Sexual Abuse and Exploitation, No

79 Protection core indicator 11 INDICATOR: Number and percentage of refugees who expressed a will to return and returned STANDARD: Stable: Up to 100% Rationale To obtain an indication of how many refugees are willing to return to their countries of origin and the degree of success of voluntary repatriation Disaggregation None Source of data Refugees, International Organization for Migration (IOM), surveys, formal requests for return, UNHCR repatriation database Methods of measurement Numerator: Total number of refugees who expressed a will to return and returned Denominator: Total number of refugees who expressed a will to return x 100 = % of refugees who expressed a will to return and returned Frequency of reporting Annually unless otherwise stated Specific points and definitions 1. Factors affecting refugees ability to return to their countries of origin include war or instability in the home country; lack of funds; government policies and potential reprisals; and weather. 2. Spontaneous return also occurs in some situations. This should not be included in the measurement of the indicator. 3. Expression of the will to return is defined and measured by a refugee filling out the voluntary repatriation form; receiving information from registration interviews; receiving protection monitoring in the camp; and making contact with UNHCR. 4. This indicator shows annual trends of voluntary return to countries of origin. 75

80 Underlying human rights norms and UNHCR guidelines United Nations, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Geneva, 1986, Article 12 (4) UNHCR, Agenda for Protection, Geneva, 2001, Goal 5: Redoubling the Search for Durable Solutions, Global Consultations on International Protection, UN Doc. EC/GC/02/5, 25 April 2002, Voluntary Repatriation, Annex 1 76

81 Protection core indicator 12 INDICATOR: Percentage of refugees who belong to vulnerable categories for whom resettlement is a suitable solution and who were resettled STANDARD: Stable: 100% Rationale To provide access to resettlement for refugees in vulnerable categories for whom this is a suitable option and expedite resettlement for the safety, health, or other reasons for refugees who meet special conditions of vulnerability Disaggregation Gender Source of data UNHCR and relevant implementing and operational partners Methods of measurement Numerator: Total number of refugees in vulnerable categories who sought resettlement, were considered suitable for resettlement, and have been given access to the resettlement process Denominator: Total number of refugees in vulnerable categories that meet criteria for resettlement x 100 = % of refugees belonging to vulnerable categories for whom resettlement is a suitable option who were resettled Frequency of reporting Annually unless otherwise stated, but with continual monitoring (also in APR) Specific points and definitions 1. Resettlement is not an automatic solution for all refugees belonging to vulnerable categories. Resettlement vulnerable categories include: unaccompanied and separated children with special protection needs for whom resettlement is suitable following best interest determination assessment, medical cases, survivors of violence or torture, women at risk, elderly, and persons with immediate legal or physical protection needs. There should be an assessment of suitability of resettlement. 77

82 Underlying human rights norms and UNHCR guidelines UNHCR, Agenda for Protection, Geneva, 2001, Goal 5: Redoubling the Search for Durable Solutions 78

83 Flight from home and own country is particularly distressing for the elderly and handicapped UNHCR/P. Moumtzis

84 SECTOR H: COMMUNITY SERVICES AND DEVELOPMENT Overall objectives: To improve the capacity of refugees to meet their social, human and emotional needs and solve their own problems Core indicators: These core indicators will give a picture of the culture, requirements, and skills of the refugee population and the services needed particularly for people at risk. Indicator Standard Disagg. Emergency Stable _/_ Age Camp management 1. Camp Population Profile Survey conducted 2. Frequency of multi-sectoral structured dialogue involving refugees, partners, and UNHCR In the past 3 months Weekly In the past 12 months Monthly 3. % of women in camp management committees 50% 50% Targeted community assistance 4. % of refugees participating in community-based structured programmes on HIV/AIDS 5. % of refugees participating in community-based structured programmes on conflict resolution or peace-building 6. % of individuals with special needs met 7. % of adequacy of sanitary material kit received by women and girls of menstruating age 10% of women, 10% of men per year 10% of women, 10% of men per year x x 50% 80% x x 100% 100% x x x 80

85 Supplemental indicators: These indicators describe the extent of community participation; the quality of community care for vulnerable groups; the access of vulnerable groups to services; and the extent of refugee selfreliance; an important factor for durable solutions. Indicator Evaluation of participation conducted % of children who have experienced severe trauma with access to psychosocial, medical, security, and legal support % of disabled persons with access to community-based physical, social, and economic rehabilitation services % of adolescents and adults participating in communitybased income generation activities Standard Disagg. Emergency Stable _/_ Age In the past 3 months In the past 12 months 70% 100% x x 70% 100% x x 5% of the female population and 5% of the male population 30% of the female popula-tion and 30% of the male popula-tion x x Essential non-food items Item Sanitary material kit Emergency 12 disposable napkins per person per month or 2 metres of reusable, absorbent cotton material per person per 6 months, 6 underpants per person per year, and a 250-g bar of soap per person per month Standard Stable 12 disposable napkins per person per month or 2 metres of reusable, absorbent cotton material per person per 6 months, 6 underpants per person per year, and a 250-g bar of soap per person per month 81

86 Cross-checks : Refugee children should have access to social and other services to their special needs. People in the refugee community who can provide non-formal education, play, and recreation for children should be recruited and supported. Childcare facilities should be arranged for children whose parents are working, engaged in training, or unable to care for their children because of emotional difficulties. Elderly: Standard facilities should be accessible to the elderly and disabled. Family caregivers should be part of social support networks to help elderly and disabled refugees cope with displacement. Gender: Women refugees should play an equal part with men in programme assessment, design, and implementation so that their voices are heard and their needs are addressed. Environment: Community services should help raise awareness of environmental issues that are linked to targeted assistance. Sectoral linkages gements should be made to establish legal guardianship or its unaccompanied children according to Best Interest Determinations (BID). Child placement services should assess care needs and facilitate appropriate placement while social service support should facilitate family reunion. Food and nutrition: The community can determine gaps in food assistance by identifying people who are chronically malnourished; who receive less than the standard 2,100 kilocalories per day; who are selling food rations and why; and who are victims of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) related to food distribution. Water: Camp Water and Sanitation Committees should ensure that water sources and systems are sanitary and functioning and track causes of conflict over water so that action can be taken. Sanitation: Camp management committees should raise awareness of the importance of controlling disease vectors such as flies, mosquitoes, and rodents to reduce morbidity and mortality. Health: HIV/AIDS is a cross-sectoral issue but community services can raise awareness and provide information about HIV which is linked to health indicators such as screening of blood drawn for transfusions, morbidity, and mortality. 82

87 Shelter and infrastructure: The community can identify poor or uninhabitable shelters for rehabilitation of construction for people with special needs. Education: The community can contribute to structured initiatives to keep girls in school by providing sanitary materials and clothing and referring families to health, skills training, and other services. Crop production: Participating refugees should be trained in increasing yield and market value and on the nutritional aspects of food crops for their families health and nutrition. Income generation: Both male and female refugees should be trained to improve their productive capacities. They should also be trained in basic negotiation, and functional literacy and numeracy. Specific points and definitions 1. The rationale for community service and development core indicators is to assess community self-management and self-reliance, especially for people in need. Sustainable approaches to meet these needs will depend on community involvement and participation. 83

88 Resources CASA Consulting, The Community Services Function in UNHCR: An Independent Evaluation, Montreal, March 2003 UNHCR, Guidelines for Educational Assistance to Refugees, Geneva, 1995, Guidelines on Protection of Refugee Women, Geneva, 1991, Manual, Chapter 4, Programme Instruction, Geneva, 2003, Refugee Children: Guidelines on Protection and Care, Geneva, 1994, Refugee Emergencies: A Community-Based Approach, Community Service Guidelines, Geneva, 1996, Registration: A Practical Guide for Field Staff, Geneva, (2003), Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations, an Inter-Agency Field Manual, Geneva, 1999, Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced Persons: Guidelines for Prevention and Response, Geneva, May 2003, Situation Analysis in UNHCR and the accompanying Situation Analysis Template, Geneva, expected 2004 Wofford, Bethany, Community Services: Exploring Standards and Indicators, Geneva: UNHCR Community Services Unit, April

89 A doctor examines a new-born baby abandoned by a rape victim mother UNHCR/P. Deloche

90 Community services and development core indicator 1 INDICATOR: Camp Population Profile Survey conducted STANDARD: Emergency: In the past 3 months Stable: In the past 12 months Rationale To help close gaps in planning, implementation, and monitoring of protection and assistance programmes identified by the Community Services Survey on Standards and Indicators Disaggregation None Source of data Camp Population Profile Survey Methods of measurement Record whether Population Profile Survey was conducted or not Frequency of reporting Emergency: Within 3 months of the onset of an emergency Stable: Annually Specific points and definitions: 1. The Population Profile Survey should cover by gender and age the general beneficiary population and special needs groups. Another important purpose of this survey is to identify suitable durable solutions, and identify protection issues. 2. Survey information should include age, gender, types of special needs, community resources, and protection and assistance gaps. 3. Special needs groups include unaccompanied minors and elderly people, separated children, the chronically ill, the mentally and physically disabled, ex-combatants, single heads of households, survivors of violence, and others, depending on the specific situation. 86

91 Community services and development core indicator 2 INDICATOR: Frequency of multi-sectoral structured dialogue involving refugees, partners, and UNHCR STANDARD: Emergency: Weekly Stable: Monthly Rationale To create trust, allow full participation of refugees, and give them the opportunity to identify protection gaps in the refugee community Disaggregation None Source of data Monthly Situation Report (Sitrep), minutes of meetings, Field Security Advisor reports, refugees, Sub-Office/Field Office reports Methods of measurement Emergency and stable Numerator: Total number of multi-sectoral co-ordination meetings tracked for the reporting period Denominator: Number of weeks/months of the reporting period = frequency of multisectoral structured dialogue involving refugees, partners, and UNHCR Frequency of reporting Emergency: Weekly Stable: Annually 87

92 Specific points and definitions 1. Partners include implementing and operational partners, nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), and governments. 2. Multi-sectoral meetings must cover at least security and protection, gender equity, children and youth, persons with special needs, food, water, sanitation, health, shelter, and education. 3. Only meetings attended by the UNHCR Head of Office and officers for concerned sectors should be counted although the attendance of other officers and staff (e.g. the Representative at least once a year) is welcome and encouraged. 88

93 INDICATOR: Community services and development core indicator 3 Percentage of women in camp management committees STANDARD: Emergency: 50% Stable: 50% Rationale The indicator is crucial in measuring the empowerment of refugee women and their participation in leadership. It is also one of the UNHCR policy priorities on refugee women and one of the High Commissioner s Five Commitments to Refugee Women. Disaggregation None Source of data Lists of camp management committees or other equivalent refugee leadership bodies, lists of camp representatives and camp managers. Methods of measurement Emergency and stable Numerator: Total number of refugee women in camp management committees Denominator: Total number of refugee representatives in camp management committees x 100 = % of women in camp management committees Frequency of reporting Emergency: Within 1 month of the onset of an emergency or as soon as a refugee leadership body is constituted Stable: Annually Specific points and definitions 1. These committees may include Administration, Food, Health, Shelter, Water and Sanitation (WATSAN), Gender Equity, Youth, Education, Persons with Special Needs, and Security. 2. Women members of Camp Management Committees should receive leadership training. Many refugee women lack practice expressing themselves in public because public speaking is perceived as a male prerogative. 89

94 3. Women s participation means not only physical presence at meeting but also voicing their concerns and opinions. 90

95 Community services and development core indicator 4 INDICATOR: Percentage of refugees participating in communitybased structured programmes on HIV/AIDS STANDARD: Stable: 10% of female population 10% of male population Rationale To promote prevention of HIV infection among adult and adolescent refugee populations and encourage participation in and ownership of solutions to health problems Disaggregation Gender and age Source of data Lists of participants in HIV/AIDS training Methods of measurement Stable Numerator: Total number of refugees participating in HIV/AIDS activities Denominator: Total number of refugees x 100 = % of refugees participating in community-based structured programmes on HIV/AIDS Frequency of reporting Annually Specific points and definitions 1. This indicator is a proxy for other programmes on health and reproductive health issues, including safe motherhood, adolescent pregnancy, and SGBV. 2. Refugee participation in programmes on HIV/AIDS may be constrained by cultural and religious beliefs. 3. Age disaggregation is <18 and >18 91

96 Community services and development core indicator 5 INDICATOR: Percentage of refugees participating in communitybased structured programmes on conflict resolution or peace-building STANDARD: Stable: 10% of female population 10% of male population Rationale To promote activities to mitigate conflict and build more peaceful communities among adult and adolescent refugees and encourage participation in and ownership of solutions to small-scale conflict Disaggregation Gender and age Source of data Lists of participants in structured conflict resolution and peace-building activities Methods of measurement Stable Numerator: Total number of refugees participating in structured activities on conflict resolution or peace building Denominator: Total population x 100 = % of refugees participating in community-based structured programmes on conflict resolution or peace building For children, include school training activities and the number of children participating in a complete course. For adults, include the number of adults participating in a course or series of sessions (count as one activity if the participants are the same throughout the course). Frequency of reporting Annually Specific points and definitions 1. This indicator is a proxy for leadership issues, which include, more broadly, human rights, conflict resolution, peace building, and selfreliance. 92

97 2. Refugee participation in programmes on conflict resolution and peace building may be constrained by cultural and religious beliefs. 3. Disaggregation by age is <18 and >18 93

98 Community services and development core indicator 6 INDICATOR: Percentage of individuals with special needs met STANDARD: Emergency: 50% Stable: 80% Rationale To measure the extent to which community and implementing partners are meeting the needs of refugees who need additional assistance, as defined by UNHCR. Disaggregation Gender and Age Source of data Medical records, community and committee leaders, food distribution and registration forms, other relevant camp committee reports, UNHCR and partner staff, and participatory situation analysis Methods of measurement Emergency and stable Numerator: Number of refugees with special needs who are in support programmes Denominator: Number of refugees with special needs x 100 = % of refugees with special needs met Frequency of reporting Emergency: Within 3 months of the onset of an emergency or as soon as community-based programmes for people with special needs are in place Stable: Annually Specific points and definitions 1. People with special needs (unaccompanied minors and older persons, separated children, the chronically ill, the mentally and physically disabled, ex-combatants, single-headed households, survivors of violence, and others) are identified through the Camp Population Profile survey. 94

99 Community services and development core indicator 7 NDICATOR: Percentage of adequacy of sanitary material kit received by women and girls of menstruating age STANDARD: Emergency: 100% Stable: 100% Rationale To meet the basic and protection needs of refugee women and girls to uphold their dignity and self-esteem, one of the High Commissioner s commitments to refugee women Disaggregation None Source of data Registration, clinic, and distribution reports; purchase order logs; camp management committee reports on women's issues; refugee women; implementing partners; and UNHCR staff Methods of measurement Emergency and stable Numerator: Cost of kit distributed Denominator: Cost of complete kit x 100 = % of adequacy of sanitary material kit received by women and girls of menstruating age For example, for a total female population of 48,000 (48% of the total population of 100,000), calculate the total number of women of menstruating or reproductive age (13 49). In this sample case, population statistics show this population as 28,000. The first figure to find is the value of what was actually distributed to the women during the year. The second figure will be calculated on the basis of what each woman should have received. Using the example in the table below, the value of the sanitary kit actually distributed compared to the kit that should be distributed to reach the standard is 98,200/189,000 = x 100 = 52%. 95

100 Item Std. distribution 112,000 square metres Absorbent cotton Underpants Soap Total Std. 2 square metres per person per 6 months 6 per person per year 250 g per person per month Price per unit US$0.75 per square metre US$0.40 per pair US$0.45 per kg Actual distribution 98,000 square metres Value US$ 73,000 0 pairs 0 56,000 kg US$ 25,200 US$ 98, ,000 pairs Value US$ 84,000 US$ 67,200 84,000 kg $ 37,800 US$ 189,000 Frequency of reporting Headquarters: Emergency: Within 6 months of the onset of an emergency Stable: Annually Field: At least semi-annually; quarterly preferred Specific points and definitions This group includes girls and women ages and does not correspond to the reproductive age group and UNHCR age groupings. The sanitary material kit includes either disposable napkins (12 per person per month) or reusable, absorbent cotton material (2 metres long per person per 6 months, 6 underpants per person per year, and a 2.5-gramme bar of soap per person per month (in addition to soap provided to the whole population). This indicator is linked to core indicator no. 5 (% of schools with structured initiatives to support girls retention in school) in the Education module. Costs for transport and logistics should not be incorporated in the calculations. The indicator gives relative value of the kit, however does not yield specific information on which item(s) were not distributed from the kit, nor the value of importance of the items to the beneficiaries. Local market values of items may differ from other locations where items were purchased. 96

101 Armed conflict and famine affect those whom voiceless the most UNHCR/E. Dagnino

102 Targeted Assistance SECTOR A: FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION Overall objectives: To guarantee the right of refugees to a healthy life by ensuring availability of and access to adequate quantity and quality of food Core indicators: These core indicators will give a picture of the nutritional status and food security (along with health and childcare, one of the three main underlying causes of malnutrition) of refugees. Indicator 1. % of malnourished children (< 2 SD Z scores weight for height) Standard Disagg. Emergency Stable Age <10% <5% x 2. # of kilocalories per person per day 2,100 2, % of newborn children with low birth weight <15% <15% 4. Presence of micronutrient deficiencies (MND) Epidemic: No MND outbreaks Endemic: < WHO cut-offs for public health concern Epidemic: No MND outbreaks Endemic: < WHO cut-offs for public health concern Supplemental indicators: These indicators provide more specific information about nutritional status, such as chronic under-nutrition, severe malnutrition, and causes of mortality. In times of nutritional stress, populations may reduce the number of meals they consume per day because of lack of food. To ensure the physical well-being of beneficiaries, food-related conflict should be monitored and prevented. The nutritional recovery of vulnerable populations from supplementary feeding is a measure of programme effectiveness. 98

103 Indicator Emergency Stable Age Chronic malnutrition rate <20% <20% x x Severe malnutrition rate 1 ( 3 Z score W/H) Under-5 mortality (U5MR) as a result of malnutrition <2% <1% x x Monitor 2 Monitor x x % of food rations sold in the market or exchanged 3 0% <20% % of population with less than standard # of meals per day 0% (<2 meals) 0% (<3 meals) # of reported cases of abuse and unfair treatment during food aid distribution None None Supplementary feeding program coverage Recovery rate Default rate Death rate >70% <15% <3% >70% <15 <3% x x Therapeutic feeding Recovery rate 4 Default rate Death rate Weight gain (g per kg per day) >75% <15% <10% >8g Notes: 1 These cut-off points for severe malnutrition are not yet established internationally. These figures are suggested for refugees based on experts field observations. 2 International cut-offs for emergency and stable situations have not been established but large increases in mortality from malnutrition are cause for immediate analysis and action. 3 The sale of food rations in the market could be a coping strategy or indicate that food distribution is inappropriate, inadequate, or inequitable. An alarming incidence of sales could indicate mass diversion of food aid, inadequate rations, or incorrect evaluation of refugee needs. 4The Sphere Project Handbook cites >75% for the recovery rate but the same cut-offs for the other indicators. x x 99

104 Essential non-food items Item Emergency Standard Stable Kitchen utensils per family 1 1 set 1 set Firewood or other cooking fuel 1 kg. firewood per person per day or 1 litre fuel per family per week for family of 3 plus.5 litres for each additional member According to needs Food containers per family 1 x 100 kg. 1 x 100 kg. Notes: 1 The average family size of 5 should be adjusted in the field according to need. 2 For water containers, see recommendations in the Water module. For soap, see recommendations in the Sanitation module. Cross-checks se children who receive supplementary food may be fed less at home, regular rations should be monitored to ensure they reach children. Food for children should be culturally and socially acceptable, palatable, and digestible. Food assistance should encourage exclusive breastfeeding while gradually introducing complementary weaning foods at 6 months. Clear instructions on preparing and feeding breast milk substitutes should be given to mothers unable to breastfeed, and the use of bottles or bottle-feeding discouraged. The use of milk products should be monitored according to the UNICEF/UNHCR/WFP UN Joint Statement Policy on Infant Feeding (1999). Elderly: Food Aid Committees should be enlisted to help elderly or disabled refugees carry heavy food aid packages. Gender: Scooping materials should be sensitive enough to ensure equal distribution of food rations. Environment: Natural resources should be protected and deforestation avoided when wood is used for cooking. Food commodities that require less cooking time and fuel-saving cooking methods should be prioritised in initial and updated Natural Resource Management plans. 100

105 Sectoral linkages Protection: Inefficient or inequitable food distribution can lead to sexual exploitation of women and children and sexual violence at both individual and household levels. Community services and development: Camp Food Aid Committees should include women and under-represented groups to address food distribution equity, frequency, composition of rations, and exploitation. Income generation through credit, agriculture, small micro-enterprises, or employment allows households to earn cash to supplement their diets and reduces dependency of food aid. Water: Water quality and quantity should be adequate enough to enable refugees to cook their food safely. Sanitation: Adequate sanitation can help prevent diarrhoeal disease that causes lack of energy and fluids, malabsorption of nutrients, and compromised food security. Health: Food and nutrition indicators are closely linked to health indicators. High levels of malnutrition are associated with under-5 mortality, low birth weight is associated with infant mortality, and inadequate food and food composition are closely linked with morbidity. Shelter and infrastructure: Inadequate shelter in colder climates may raise kilocalorie requirements to maintain body temperature. Without pest control, stored food can be damaged or eaten by insects or rodents, causing losses in Specific points and definitions 1. The Humanitarian Charter of the Sphere Project (2004) describes the basic necessities to support life and preserve dignity for people afflicted by conflict or other misfortune. These necessities include the right to adequate quality and quantity of food. 2. Participatory food security assessment and analysis should be done where people are at risk of food insecurity. The assessment should cover geographic location, cultural needs, seasonal differences, livelihood grouping, preservation of livelihoods where possible, and coping strategies. A nutrition assessment should also be done to highlight the main underlying causes of malnutrition (e.g., lack of food, health, or care). 101

106 3. In addition to food ration distributions, food aid programmes can involve school feeding, food for work, or complementary feeding for at-risk or other populations. If refugees have access to land or income, the food they produce or buy should be considered when calculating the estimated total number of kilocalories available per person per day. 4. Food aid is only a small component of food security. Because it creates dependency and changes eating habits, food distribution should be evaluated regularly with a commitment by UN agencies, implementing partners, and governments to phase in more sustainable and dignifying food security initiatives wherever possible. Livelihood support can promote food security, self-reliance, and dignity during and after emergencies and prevent long-term vulnerability. 5. No international standard for kilocalorie intake in stable situations has been agreed. The emergency situation standard applies to stable situations as well, but should be considered a "minimum" standard. 6. Conflict over food distribution can result in household abuse, riots, and injury. Actors including humanitarian workers who monitor food distribution should take measures to mitigate or eliminate such conflict. 7. The recommended amount of fuel depends on the cooking modalities in the camp. Firewood should be dry. References Médécins sans Frontières, Nutrition Guidelines, Paris, 1995 Sphere Project, Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response, Geneva, 2004 UNHCR, Health, Food and Nutrition Toolkit, Geneva, 2001 UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, WHO, Food and Nutrition Needs in Emergencies, n.d. WHO, The Management of Nutrition in Major Emergencies, second edition, Geneva, World Food Programme (WFP) and UNHCR, Guidelines for Estimating Food and Nutritional Needs in Emergencies, Geneva, December

107 UNHCR/P. Moumtzis High malnutrition rate prevails especially during the emergency phase

108 Food security and nutrition core indicator 1 INDICATOR: Percentage of malnourished children (< 2 SD Z scores weight for height) STANDARD: Emergency: <10% Stable: <5% Rationale To assess the nutrition status of refugee populations, an impact indicator that reflects delivery of other social and service commodities such as including health, food, and water. Malnutrition in children under 5 is a common proxy measure of a population s general nutritional status. Disaggregation Gender Source of data Nutrition survey reports, government, UNHCR, World Food Programme (WFP), implementing partners Methods of measurement For more precise survey measures, define a representative population-based sampling frame, use a common probabilitistic random sampling procedure (30 x 30 cluster sampling), use standard antropometric techniques, and present information in z-scores, % of the median, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) results if used. Preferred measure of total acute malnutrition among children 6 59 months old: Weight for height with < 2 SD Z scores below National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and Center for Disease Control (CDC)-normalized reference or nutritional oedema. Severe malnutrion is defined as < 3 SD Z scores below NCHS/CDC-normalized reference or oedema. Monitoring and surveillance: Ongoing measurement of current malnutrition (weight for height) and underweight (weight for age). MUAC is used in combination with other indexes to assess nutrition status and is best used to screen and detect children at risk of mortality. 104

109 Frequency of reporting Headquarters: Annually Field: Monthly Emergency: Quarterly Stable: Annually or semi-annually post-emergency Specific points and definitions 1. In both emergency and stable situations, the average 2,100 kilocalories per person per day should be adapted to the population s level of activity, climate, and demographic distribution(e.g., the percentage of elderly and young children). Pregnant women require an average of 285 extra kilocalories per day, and lactating women require an average of 500 extra kilocalories per day, as well as daily folic acid and iron supplementation. 2. Calibrating scales and training are important for obtaining accurate information on nutritional status. 3. For survey references see the Médécins sans Frontières Nutrition Guidelines (1995), UNHCR Health, Food and Nutrition Toolkit, (2001), and WHO Management of Nutrition in Major Emergencies (2000). 105

110 Food security and nutrition core indicator 2 INDICATOR: Number of kilocalories per person per day STANDARD: Emergency: 2,100 Stable: 2,100 Rationale To ensure access to adequate quality and quantity of food to support life and preserve dignity of people afflicted by conflict or adversity Disaggregation None Source of data WFP UNHCR joint assessments, other implementing and operational partners Methods of measurement Gross estimate Numerator: Total average number of kilocalories distributed per day Denominator: Total population = # of kilocalories per person per day Monitoring estimate For food basket monitoring, see WFP methodology for weighing food ration items from randomly sampled households after direct distribution. Survey approximately 10% of the population leaving distribution sites (all of which are surveyed regularly) or monitor post-food distribution (WFP methodology). Survey measure Food consumption surveys are the most precise measure of actual food intake but are expensive and complex. Frequency of reporting Headquarters: Annually Field: After each distribution cycle Emergency: Once every food distribution cycle Stable: Quarterly Specific points and definitions 1. See General Points and Definitions in the summary section. 106

111 Food security and nutrition core indicator 3 INDICATOR: Percentage of newborn children with low birth weight (<2.5 kilogrammes) STANDARD: Emergency: <15% Stable: <15% Rationale To reduce incidence of low birth weight and improve survival of infants through better nutrition Disaggregation None Source of data Monthly maternal and child health (MCH) statistics, records of traditional birth attendents and midwives Methods of measurement Numerator: Total number of newborns <2.5 kilogrammes in the past year Denominator: Total number of newborns in the past year x 100 = % of newborn children with low birth weight Survey MCH statistics for all newborns over 1 year for the total number of newborns weighing under 2.5 kg. Frequency of reporting Headquarters: Annually Field: Monthly birth reports Specific points and definitions 1. Birth weight is a powerful predictor of infant growth and survival. Low-birth weight infants begin life disadvantaged and have poor survival rates. Infants may have low birth weight because of inadequate intraruterine growth or nutrition or premature birth. Risk factors include decreased maternal height (stunting), below-normal pre-pregnancy weight, low energy intake, and low pregnancy weight gain. Proper preventive maternal care and nutrition may reduce incidence of low birth weight. 107

112 2. Access to adequate food, micronutrients, and antenatal care, along with other socioeconomic, cultural, and behavioral characteristics of mothers, affect this indicator. 3. A system should be established to capture the weight of newborns within the first 24 hours post-partum, especially where home births are the norm. 4. Scales used to measure birth weight should be recalibrated regularly and the quality of measurements monitored. 5. Incentives for mothers such as birth certificates and kitchen utensils may increase coverage of the total number of newborns weighed. 108

113 Food security and nutrition core indicator 4 INDICATOR: Presence of micronutrient deficiencies STANDARD: Emergency: Epidemic: No outbreaks Endemic: < WHO cut-offs for public health concern Stable: Epidemic: No outbreaks Endemic: < WHO cut-offs for public health concern Rationale To ensure the nutritional adequacy of refugees' food intake Disaggregation None Source of data Hospital or clinic records, surveys, implementing partners Methods of measurement Administrative data: # of outbreaks per camp during the past year (epidemic or endemic) Surveillance, monthly statistics Precise measures: Baseline and monitoring surveys can be combined with anthropometric surveys where trained health staff are employed. Survey sampling guidelines are mentioned under acute malnutrition. Frequency of reporting Headquarters Emergency: At baseline Stable: Annually post-emergency Field: Monthly surveillance Specific points and definitions 1. Epidemic deficiency outbreaks of public health concern include beriberi (thiamine deficiency), pellagra (niacin deficiency),and scurvy (ascorbic acid and vitamin C deficiency). One case or more of these nutritional deficiencies is considered an outbreak and trigger for action. 109

114 2. Good micronutrient status (vitamin A, iron, calcium, and zinc) of pregnant and lactating women is key to healthy birth outcome and sound growth. 3. If a population is known to have micronutrient deficiencies (MND) in vitamin A, iron, or iodine, these deficiencies can be assumed to prevail throughout the Emergency. When the incidence of MND surpasses the WHO public health cut-offs, action should be taken. Depending on the seriousness of the situation, high-dose capsules of vitamin A could be distributed, iodised salt routinely purchased, or food ration nutritional composition reviewed. The WHO public health cut-offs (WHO, The Management of Nutrition in Major Emergencies, 2000) are listed below. Vitamin A deficiency: Clinical signs of Bitot s spots (X1B) in children 6 71 months old <0.5% prevalence Iodine deficiency: Total goitre rate (TGR) in school-age children (6 12 years) <5.0% prevalence Thiamine, niacin, and ascorbic acid deficiencies in whole population: 1 case or <1% in the age group concerned Anaemia (in women and children under 5): <20% prevalence 110

115 Unsafe water is the cause of high mortality rate and breakout of epidemics UNHCR/P. Moumtzis

116 SECTOR D: WATER SUPPLY (NON-AGRICULTURE) Overall objectives: To provide a sufficient quantity of safe water for each refugee to meet domestic and individual needs Core indicators: These core indicators will give a picture of how much water is available to refugees daily and whether it is safe to drink. The indicators are designed to ensure secured, easy, and equitable access to water points and do not represent water used for other reasons, such as crop production and animal care and feeding. Indicator 1. Average quantity of water available per person per day 2. % of population within standard distance between usable water points and dwellings 3. # of persons per usable water point (tap, well, or hand pump) 4. # of total coliform organisms at distribution points Standard Disagg. Emergency Stable _/_ Age >15 litres >20 litres 100% <300 metres >1 water tap per 120 persons; >1 water well or hand pump per 300 persons 0 per 100 ml treated water 100% <200 metres >1 water tap per 80 persons; >1 water well or hand pump per 200 persons 0 per 100 ml treated water Note: 0 coliforms per 100 is aspirational, while <10 in occasional water samples is considered reasonable quality. 112

117 Supplemental indicators: These indicators provide more information on the safety of water collection and sanitation measures, water distribution and collection, the degree of conflict arising from water distribution, the sanitary conditions of water and water points, and the operational sustainability of water system operation and maintenance. Indicator # of conflicts arising from water distribution # of incidents of sexual and gender based violence (SGBV) associated with water collection % of water committee maintenance and operation of water supply system Distance between latrines and water points Standard Disagg. Emergency Stable _/_ Age % 100% >30 metres >30 metres Residual chlorine concentration in disinfected water mg per litre mg per litre Essential non-food items Item Emergency Standard Stable # of basic water testing kits per 5,000 population per camp # of water containers (5-, 10-, and 20-litre) per average household of 5 persons x 10-litres per household 2 x 5 litres per household 1 x 20 litres per household 2 x 10 litres per household 2 x 5 litres per household Note: 1 These recommendations are based on a household storage capacity of at least 50% of the daily water needed. For a household of 5 persons, litres are needed in emergencies and 50 litres in stable situation. Where water is available or supplied throughout the daylight hours by hand pumps and wells, the recommended storage amount could be less. 113

118 Cross-checks Elderly: Gender: Water collection sites should be planned in central locations and well lit at night to prevent SGBV. Environment: Water points should be kept clean and animals kept at a distance. Pumping of ground water and withdrawal of surface water should be limited to protect the local ecology. Defecation and other forms of pollution should be prohibited in standing water, streams, and rivers. Sectoral linkages t ater distribution points and waiting time should be monitored ict. Community services and development: Programmes should mobilize communities around and raise awareness of equitable and effective water distribution and water conservation. Food security and nutrition: Adequate clean water for drinking and cooking is linked to food security and nutrition status. Sanitation: Community education should raise awareness of the health benefits of sanitary water use and maintenance of water points. Health: The incidence of water-borne diarrhoeal and skin diseases should be monitored regularly to pinpoint outbreaks. Shelter and infrastructure: Individual plots should be large enough and spaced adequately to avoid environmental sanitation problems resulting from overcrowding. 114

119 General points and definitions 1. The water sources that should be measured include surface water, groundwater (springs, wells, boreholes), and rainwater. 2. Water indicators link to health and sanitation indicators, especially waterborne illnesses; malnutrition; increases in diarrhoeal, parasitic, fungal, and other skin diseases and eye infections; and dehydration. 3. Clean water campaigns are important to educate communities about water use, conservation, and safety. 4. Storage containers are critical for carrying and storing water. Storing water for hours improves water quality. 5. How well camp Water and Sanitation Committees function is an indicator of the sustainability of water delivery and community self-reliance. 6. There is no gender or age disaggregation for this set of indicators. Resources Practising and Promoting Sound Environmental Management in Refugee/Returnee Operations. International Workshop, New York, October 2001 Sphere Project, Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response. Geneva, 2004 UNHCR, UNHCR Emergency Handbook, Geneva, 1999, UNHCR Handbook for Emergencies, Geneva, 2000, Water Manual for Refugee Situations, Geneva, 1992, UNHCR Water Manual for Refugee Situations, Programme and Technical Support Section, Geneva, 1992 WHO, Guidelines on Drinking-Water Quality, Geneva,

120 Besides quality of water, the security of water collection point must be ensured at any cost UNHCR/N. Behring

121 Water supply core indicator 1 INDICATOR: Average quantity of water available per person per day STANDARD: Emergency: >15 litres Stable: >20 litres Rationale To measure the availability of safe drinking water in the camp Source of data Implementing partners, camp layout maps, Global Information System (GIS), registration data, government (meteorological institute), household surveys Methods of measurement Evaluate all sources of the daily water supplied in the camp, individually and summed collectively. Tankered water or water pumped or withdrawn from rivers or boreholes and measured with water metres Numerator: Quantity of water delivered during 1 month minus water used in communal infrastructure minus 5% for spillage and waste Denominator: Number of days in the month = # of litres of water available per day If the amount of water used in communal infrastructure is not measured precisely, it can be estimated as 20% of the total water delivered. This method is preferred for piped water systems in which water metres should be systematically installed. Springs Quantity of water collected in the container in 1 minute x 720 = daily water available based on a collection period of 12 hours If the water is stored in reservoirs with sufficient capacity to store all water flowing during the night, then multiply the yield per minute by 1,

122 Wells 1.Based on the number of containers filled, estimate over 2 hours the quantity of water taken by users, not including wastage. 2. Repeat the measure later the same day. 3. Calculate the average yield ( = water collected). 4. Ask users how many hours the water is available every day. 5.Calculate water availability per day = average yield times (x) (daily hours of operation). If only a sample of wells is measured, include wells from all over the camp and especially from the highest and lowest points. Hand pumps Measure the number of litres of water that come from the pumps for 2 hours in the morning and repeat in the late afternoon. Tap stands Measure the number of litres of water from the same tap twice a day at the beginning and end of the water distribution. Camp average Numerator: Total of all available water measured Denominator: Total number of beneficiaries = average # of litres of water available per person per day Rainwater harvested for drinking (unrealistic in most refugee camps) Either evaluate the surface covered with roofs and multiply by 75% of the average annual rainfall or evaluate the quantity of rainwater harvested through a household survey. Overall water availability Numerator: Total of all quantities of water from all points above Denominator: Total population = # of litres available per person per day Indirect measurement (a household survey) is preferable if the camp has more than 50 water sources, more than 150 taps, or very different yields in different areas. 118

123 Frequency of reporting Headquarters: Semi-annually, accounting for seasonal differences in availability, and averaging the two figures (however, seasonal needs should be considered for planning purposes) Field: More frequently to show seasonal variations Specific points and definitions 1. Available means usable or collectible in a 12-hour period every day, not how much is actually used. 2. Seasonality affects water availability. More water is usually available in the rainy season and less in dry seasons, and water needs increase with higher air temperature and increased physical activity. 3. Adequate storage capacity and backup systems for all water supplies must be ensured, as interruptions in the water supply may be devastating. 4. Supplementary and therapeutic feeding programmes, hospitals, clinics, and schools need sufficient water for food preparation and basic hygiene in addition to the daily supply calculated above. 5. Reduced water supply may mean unwashed clothes or cooking utensils, poor personal hygiene, use of unsafe water sources, and inadequate food preparation. Direct intake may be insufficient to replace moisture lost from the body. 6. The standard 15 litres per person per day covers only domestic and individual needs. If agricultural activities are planned, potential competition between livestock or plant needs and human needs must be considered. 119

124 Water supply core indicator 2 INDICATOR: Percentage of population within standard distance between usable water points and dwellings STANDARD: Emergency: 100% of population <300 metres Stable: 100% of population <200 metres Rationale To measure that there is access to water at a reasonable distance from dwellings; to ensure that people collect adequate quantities and do not resort to nearby unsafe water sources; and are not at risk of attack when required to walk long distances to fetch water Source of data Camp layout maps, GIS, surveys, registration data Methods of measurement Direct measurement is the most cost-effective method but requires either a reasonable camp layout map or GIS mapping. The number of usable water points (in current use) is calculated by observation, adding the number of available water points or sources and subtracting those that are not functioning or used. Numerator: Total number of households within 300 (E)/200 metres of waterpoint x average number o poeple per household Denominator: Total population x 100 = % of population within standard distance between usable water points and dwellings Use a scaled camp map with usable water points plotted to calculate the number of households within 200 metres of water points. If the camp is mapped with GIS, this information can be automated. The precise number of houses winthin the distance of 300/200 metres from water points can be easy retrieved. This number can be multiplied by the average number of people per household to obtain population who are living within the standard distance. 120

125 Numerator: Total number of households x average number of people per household Denominator: Total population x 100 = % of population living within standard distance of usable water points If no camp layout map is available, refugee leaders or volunteers may be able to provide approximate information on the population within the prescribed distance (along the walking route and not radial measurements) from each water point. Normally, this kind of information can be inferred from the design data used for the planning of water points and the population figures at household level, which are supposed to be updated periodically. In any case, a certain degree of approximation is unavoidable in this kind of measurement. Reporting and frequency Headquarters: Annually Specific points and definitions 1. Adequate distribution of water points in the camp will reduce long walks and unsafe access to fetching water, especially for children and women. 121

126 Water supply core indicator 3 INDICATOR: Number of persons per usable water point (tap, well, or hand pump) STANDARD: Emergency: >1 water tap per 120 persons Stable: >1 water well or hand pump per 300 persons >1 water tap per 80 persons >1 water well or hand pump per 200 persons Rationale To reduce pollution and damage, queuing time, and conflicts resulting from too many people using a single source or outlet of water Source of data Implementing partners, camp layout maps, GIS, observation Method of measurement If there is only one source of water in the camp: Numerator: Total number of taps or wells excluding water points in communal infrastructure such as schools Denominator: Total population If there are several sources of water in the camp: Numerator: Total number of people using taps Denominator: Total number of taps = # of persons per usable water point = # of persons per usable water point Numerator: Total # of people using wells + total number of people using hand pumps Denominator: Total number of wells and hand pumps = # of persons per usable water point The total number of people with access to water points may be higher than the total number of people if they really use more than one source of water. 122

127 Both figures should be reported. Standards for taps and wells and hand pumps are not the same. Frequency of reporting Emergency: Once, when a new site is established Stable: Semi-annually Specific points and definitions 1. Usable water points are those that are operational on a regular basis. Broken taps, wells, and so on that are not being tapped at the time of the survey should not be counted. 123

128 Water supply core indicator 4 INDICATOR: Number of total coliform organisms at distribution points STANDARD: Emergency: 0 per 100 ml treated water Stable: 0 per 100 ml treated water Rationale To ensure a safe level of bacteriological content in water for human consumption and reduce transmission of faeco-oral diseases or outbreaks of cholera likely in emergency situations Source of data Water test surveys Method of measurement Table 1 shows the frequency of controls recommended by WHO. These were designed mainly for non-refugee situations and should be used only in stabilized and protracted refugee situations or reintegration operations. Table 1: Recommended frequency of water control Population Sampling frequency Samples per year <5,000 Quarterly 12 5, ,000 Monthly 12 per 5,000 population >100,000 Weekly 12 per 10,000 population plus additional 120 samples In field conditions only basic bacteriological analyses are made, mainly Total Number of Coliforms (TNC) and number of Faecal Coliforms (FC). The first parameter indicates the level of contamination of the water, and the second indicates contact of the water with faecal matter. In principle, both parameters should equal

129 Data collection should be based on random sampling and cover at least 15% of the distribution points (supplied from the same source) to capture the representative value for the entire camp. This applies to both emergency and stable situations. Frequency of reporting Headquarters: Semi-annually Field: Emergency: In a normal emergency, weekly, more frequently in case of a cholera epidemic or similar situation Stable: At least once every 2 weeks during the wet season and monthly in the dry season Specific points and definitions 1. The quality of drinking water may be controlled through a combination of protecting water sources, controlling treatment processes, and managing water distribution and handling. To ensure adequate bacteriological quality, many activities must be implemented. A proper survey to identify a suitable water source will have long-lasting repercussions for water quality, but subsequent protection from bacteriological contamination is also important. 2. New water sources should be tested invariably for physical, chemical, bacteriological, and other impurities. 3. Environmental protection and sanitation measures should be taken to protect the water between collection and use. 4. The water quality testing protocol should be based on and designed in accordance with the level of perceived health risk which can be inferred from the health statistics of the population and other local environmental and social factors. 5. Water testing kits are a necessary input to measure this indicator. 6. Even when water quality is monitored regularly, when in doubt, chlorinate the water immediately. 125

130 SECTOR E: SANITATION Overall objective: To ensure healthy and sanitary conditions for refugees by installing sufficient numbers of suitably located excreta disposal facilities such as toilets, latrines, defecation fields, waste pick-up points, and water distribution points Core indicators: These core indicators will give a picture of basic sanitation conditions, including excreta disposal, hygiene, and waste disposal, especially in regard to population size. Indicator Standard Disagg. Emergency Stable _/_ Age 1. # of persons per communal latrine in use 20 (after 6 months) 20 x 2. % of households with individual latrines 100% 3. # of persons per shower in use x 4. % of communal buildings with adequate water and sanitation 5. # of communal refuse pits (2 x 2 x 5 metres) per population size 100% (within 6 months) 100% 1 per 500 persons 126

131 Supplemental indicators: These indicators provide information on the completeness of vector control for mosquitoes, flies, and rodents, as well as distances from dwellings to latrines. Indicator % of population living within metres of communal latrines % of population with malaria prevention coverage % of population with fly vector prevention coverage % of population with rodent vector prevention coverage % of adequately drained area in camp Standard Disagg. Emergency Stable _/_ Age 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Essential non-food items Item Emergency Standard Stable Soap 250 grammes (g) person per month 300 g per person per month 127

132 Cross-checks Elderly: Disabled elderly refugees should have access to latrines. Gender: Separate sanitation facilities of equal quality should be provided for women and men. Environment: Drainage systems should be designed to avoid soil erosion. Wherever possible, environmentally safe measures should be used instead of chemicals to control rodents, mosquitoes, and other pests. Sectoral linkages Protection: Sanitation facilities should be designed with adequate lighting, access, privacy, proximity to dwellings, and attention to the special sanitation needs of women to avoid sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV). Community services and development: Refugees should be sensitised and mobilised to participate in designing, building, and maintaining sanitation facilities. Tools, equipment, and training in latrine construction should be provided. Women should be encouraged to participate in Water and Sanitation Committees. Food security and nutrition: Diarrhoea and dysentery from poor sanitary conditions and water sources are major contributors to malnutrition in children. Water: Lack of water compromises personal hygiene and sanitation. Health: Sanitary personnel should be in place and sanitation standards met and sustained to reduce morbidity and mortality, especially from malaria, diarrhoea, and other vector and water-borne diseases. Shelter and infrastructure: Individual plot sizes should be at least the standard 3.5 square metres per person; a higher population density per square metre contributes to environmental sanitation problems. 128

133 General points and definitions Chapter 6: Compendium of UNHCR Standards and Indicators 1. Environmental pathways for pathogens and other agents to harm the inhabitants of emergency settlements must be controlled through integrated and effective environmental health management. All services that protect the population from environment-borne disease are interrelated. Potable water; adequate shelter; sewage and waste disposal; protection from vectors, pests, and damaging air pollutants; delivery of clean food stocks; and protection from noise and physical hazards must be co-ordinated and managed in an integrated way, giving priority to the most urgent services without excluding the others. 2. Ongoing community education and participation are key to achieving sanitation standards and creating sustainable change. 3. Whenever possible, environmentally safe measures should be used to control rodents, mosquitoes, and other pests. Resources UNHCR. Handbook for Emergencies, Geneva, 2000 University of Wisconsin, Disaster Management Center, Emergency Management Project, 129

134 Sanitation core indicator 1 INDICATOR: Number of persons per communal latrine in use STANDARD: Emergency: 20 (after 6 months) Stable: 20 Rationale To avoid congestion in latrine use that will increase the spread of communicable diseases among the refugee population Disaggregation Gender Source of data Observation, administrative data, implementing partner records Methods of measurement Emergency Numerator: Total population Denominator: Total number of latrine holes = # of persons per latrine in use If latrines are separate for women and men, 1) divide the total number of women by the total number of latrine holes (cubicles) for women (= # of women per latrine hole) and 2) divide the total number of men by the total number of latrine holes (cubicles) for men (= # of men per latrine hole). Stable Numerator: Total population Denominator: Total number of communal and family latrines Twice a year, physically count latrines in use and then monthly add new latrines and subtract full or collapsed latrines. Frequency of reporting Headquarters and field: Semi-annually Specific points and definitions 1. The maximum distance of latrines from dwellings should be 50 metres. 2. Regular cleaning, care, and maintenance are indicators of useable latrines. 3. For protection and security against SGBV, lighting is recommended along paths and around latrine facilities, particularly those for women. 130 = # of persons per latrine in use

135 Sanitation core indicator 2 INDICATOR: Percentage of households with individual latrines STANDARD: Stable: 100% Rationale To avoid congestion in latrine use that will increase the spread of communicable diseases among the refugee population. Experience shows that household latrines are better maintained than communal latrines in refugee camps. Disaggregation None Source of data Observation, administrative data, implementing partner records Methods of measurement Numerator: Number of households with family latrines Denominator: Total number of households x100=%of households with latrines Twice a year, physically count household latrines in use, then monthly add new household latrines and subtract full or collapsed latrines. Frequency of reporting Semi-annually Specific points and definitions 1. Gender disaggregation is unnecessary for family latrines. 2. Regular cleaning, care, and maintenance are indicators of usable latrines. 131

136 Sanitation core indicator 3 INDICATOR: Number of persons per shower in use STANDARD: Emergency: 80 Stable: 50 Rationale To promote personal hygiene in order to reduce the risk and spread of infectious diseases arising from crowded living conditions Disaggregation Gender Source of data UNHCR Field Offices, partners Methods of measurement Emergency Numerator: Total population Denominator: Total # of showers = # of persons per shower If men and women have separate showers, divide 1) the total number of women by the total number of shower heads for women (= # of women per shower head for female population) and 2) the total number of men by the total number of shower heads for men (= # of men per shower head for male population). Stable Numerator: Total population = # of persons per shower in use Denominator: Total # of showers Twice a year, physically count showerheads in use, then monthly add new showers and subtract collapsed latrines. Frequency of reporting Annually Specific points and definitions 1. If showers are not physically separate from latrines, the indicator will be an indefinite number of persons per shower. Do not count latrines as showers. 2. For protection and security against SGBV, lighting is recommended along the paths to and from and around shower facilities for women. 132

137 Sanitation core indicator 4 INDICATOR: Percentage of communal buildings with adequate water and sanitation STANDARD: Emergency: 100% (within 6 months) Stable: 100% Rationale To ensure adequate access to communal water and sanitation facilities, especially in schools and health facilities Disaggregation None Source of data UNHCR, implementing partners, field monitors, surveys Methods of measurement Numerator: Total number of communal buildings with adequate water and sanitation Denominator: Total number of communal (school and health) buildings Frequency of reporting Annually x 100 = % of communal buildings with adequate water and sanitation Specific points and definitions 1. The water standard for hand washing in schools is 1 tap per 200 children or 1 well per 400 children. The minimum water standard for health facilities is 1 separated water point per facility. 2. The sanitation standard for schools is 1 latrine per 50 children, ideally separate for girls and boys (gender disaggregation is captured in another indicator). The sanitation standard for health facilities is 1 latrine per 20 males and 1 per 20 females. 3. Temporary installations are acceptable in emergency situations but water points and latrines must be permanent in stable situations. 4. Water points should have proper drainage, latrines should be built with permanent material, and a maintenance scheme should be in place. 5. In communal facilities, cleaning latrine slabs and regular maintenance should be entrusted to the administration of the facilities. 133

138 Sanitation core indicator 5 INDICATOR: Percentage of communal refuse pits (2 x 2 x 5 metres) per population size STANDARD: Emergency: 1 per 500 persons Stable: 1 per 500 persons Rationale To facilitate safe disposal of garbage in order to reduce vector-borne diseases transmitted by flies and rodents that breed in refuse lying around the camp Disaggregation None Source of data UNHCR, implementing partners, field monitors, surveys Methods of measurement Emergency and stable Numerator: Total population Denominator: Total number of communal refuse pits = # of persons per communal refuse pit Count the number of refuse pits in use, even if they are partially filled. Do not count full pits or pits being dug that are not yet in use. Frequency of reporting Semi-annually Specific points and definitions 1. Biodegradable wastes are sources of odours and breeding ground for vectorborne diseases. Wrapping garbage waste in plastic sheeting is dangerous because the plastic may be eaten by animals and is not biodegradable, contributing an environmental hazard. 2. Children can be cut by metal waste and the cuts can become infected. 134

139 Health is the most important asset of all human kind UNHCR/P. Smith

140 SECTOR F: HEALTH Overall objective: To deliver safe and effective preventive and curative health services, targeting the most important causes of illness and death among the refugee population Core indicators: These core indicators will give a picture of access to primary curative and preventive services, the quality of those services, and their impact as expressed by mortality rates. Indicator Standard Disagg. Emergency Stable _/_ Age 1. Crude mortality rate <1 death per 10,000 population per day <1.5 deaths per 1,000 population per month x 2. Under 5 mortality rate <2 deaths of children under 5 years per 10,000 under 5 years population per day <3 deaths of children under 5 years per 1,000 under 5 years populaion per month x 3. Infant mortality rate <60 deaths of children under 1 year per 1,000 live births per year 4. # of primary health facilities per 10,000 refugees 5. # of new visits to primary health facilities per person per year >1 > x 6. # of consultations per trained clinician per day in primary health care facilities Measles vaccination coverage 90% of children aged 6 months 15 years 90% of children aged 9 59 months x 8. % of live births attended by skilled personnel > 50% 9. % blood drawn for transfusion screened for HIV 100% 100% 136

141 Supplemental indicators: These indicators provide information on the quality of health services, including numbers of trained staff; quantities of materials needed to deliver safe services; co-ordination, surveillance, and outbreak investigation and response capacity; and impact of health, water, and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease and malaria. Indicator # of new cases 1 of malaria per 1,000 population per week # of new cases of non-bloody diarrhoea per 1,000 population per week # of new cases of bloody diarrhoea per 1,000 population per week # of trained clinicians Standard Disagg. Emergency Stable _/_ Age Monitor # of New cases Monitor # of New cases Monitor # of New cases 2 per 10,000 population # of community health > 1 per 1,000 workers 2 population % of primary health facilities signing written standardised referral agreements established by lead health authority % of health facilities and agencies submitting standardised surveillance data 3 to designated coordinating agency % of health agencies meeting with health co-ordination agency % of suspected cases of serious disease outbreaks reported by health facility to next appropriate level within 24 hours Monitor # of New Cases x x Monitor # of New cases x x Monitor # of New cases 2 per 10,000 population > 1 per 1,000 population 80% 100% 100% per week 100% per week 100% per month 100% per month 100% 100% % of health facilities with adequate supplies to carry out 100% 100% universal precautions 4 x x x 137

142 Notes: 1 See UNHCR, Health, Food, and Nutrition Toolkit (2001) for case definitions. 2 Community health workers have skills in various aspects of community health, such as community mobilisation, health promotion, or basic diagnostic, treatment, and referral skills and are supervised by trained supervisors. 3 Standardised surveillance data should be collected at least weekly and include the most common diseases and important diseases of epidemic potential, as determined by the designated coordinating agency, by age group (<5, 5 and older), and by gender, using standard case definitions. 4 Universal precautions are essential activities performed by healthcare workers to prevent transmission of HIV from patient to patient, healthcare worker to patient, and patient to health care worker, assuming that all blood, blood products and body fluids are potentially infectious. Minimum requirements are washing hands with soap; wearing gloves; safely handling sharp objects; disposing of waste materials; cleaning, disinfecting, and sterilizing equipment; properly handling corpses; and treating injuries at work. Required materials should be calculated based on the number of potential exposures. See UNHCR Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations, an Interagency Field Manual, Essential non-food items 138 Item # of condoms distributed Essential drugs and supplies for primary health care available Intra-partum supplies 4 Emergency > 0.6 per person per month 1 1 New Emergency Health Kit 2 or equivalent per 10,000 population per 3 months 200 clean delivery kits 5 per 1,000 population per 3 months or equivalent Standard Stable >1 per person per month 1 week stock rupture per 3 months 3 1 week stock rupture per 3 months Notes: 1 Equivalent to the conventional formula for calculating condom requirements: of the 20% of the population who are sexually active males, 20% use 12 condoms per month, plus 20% wastage and loss. This quantity is provided in the Emergency Reproductive Health Sub-kit No. 1: (condoms)/10,000/ 3 months (UNFPA, The Reproductive Health Kits for Crisis Situations, second edition, 2003) 2 WHO s New Emergency Health Kit 1998: Lists of Drugs and Medical Supplies for 10,000 People for Approximately 3 Months (Geneva 1998) can be replaced by other kits as appropriate to the situation. Usually kits will need to be supplemented with additional antibiotics (such as the Emergency Reproductive Health Sub-kit No. 5 (antibiotics for STIs)/10,0000/3months (Manual of Reproductive Health Kits for Crisis

143 Situations, 2 nd edition, 2003) and additional antimalarial drugs in light of likely drug resistance patterns. 3 Essential drugs and supplies for stable situations should be defined by health coordinators in collaboration with partners and be based on the UNHCR or WHO Essential Drugs List. 4 Essential intra-partum supplies for stable situations should be defined by the reproductive health coordinator in collaboration with partners. 5 Equivalent to 1 Emergency Reproductive Health Sub-kit No. 2 Clean delivery: Kit per10,000/3 months (UNFPA, Manual of Reproductive Health Kits for Crisis Situations, second edition, 2003) and additional antimalarial drugs in light of likely drug resistance patterns. Cross-checks : Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) should be inc ed where already introduced in the country. Youth-friendly reproductive health and HIV/AIDS programmes should be considered. Elderly: Attention should be paid to the increasing role of the elderly as caretakers (particularly of children orphaned by illness, including AIDS). Planning of community and youth activities should take into consideration the attitudes of the elderly and their support. Gender: Health services (including for reproductive health and for sexually transmitted illness, or STIs) should be accessible to women and to men, including young women and men. Women health workers can help improve accessibility of services to women. Treatment of STIs and promotion of safe motherhood (clean delivery kits) should be part of the Minimum Initial Services Package (see UNHCR, Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations, an Inter-Agency Field Manual, Geneva, 1999). Environment: health hazards related to the environmental situation (such as malaria) should be identified. Sites should be selected away from potential hazards where possible, and site design should minimise promotion of vector breeding (e.g., by poor drainage). Sectoral linkages for facilities. ncludes confidentiality of health services, including those sical safety in waiting areas and on routes to health Community services and development: Communities should be engaged to ensure accessibility and cultural appropriateness of curative and preventive health services, including prevention of STIs and HIV transmission, promotion 139

144 of early treatment of STIs, safe motherhood, prompt treatment of malaria, and use of insecticide-treated nets (ITN) for malaria prevention. Food security and nutrition: Adequate intersectoral co-ordination is needed to ensure that nutritional surveillance is linked to appropriate and effective response (including counselling and supplementary and therapeutic feeding programmes) and that nutritional response is appropriate to prevalence of malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency. Water: Intersectoral co-ordination meetings should ensure adequate access to safe water to prevent diarrhoea and dysentery. Sanitation: Intersectoral co-ordination meetings should ensure adequate access to latrines, hygiene promotion, and vector control to prevent transmission of diarrhoeal disease, skin and eye infections, malaria, and other vector-borne diseases. Shelter and infrastructure: Intersectoral co-ordination meetings should ensure adequate shelter quality and quantity to minimise the spread of respiratory diseases and skin and eye infections. General points and definitions 1. Mortality rates are linked to a host of factors in refugee camps. Specific causality should be determined by looking at other indicators such as food, vaccination coverage, adequate shelter, and safe water. These indicators are therefore cross-cutting and not only applicable to the health sector. 2. By convention, the threshold for a public health emergency is reached when mortality rates are more than twice the baseline observed for the population prior to the disaster, signalling the need for urgent response. The data should therefore be determined in light of the local context (see table 1). If the baseline mortality is not known, benchmarks should be used as indicated in the standards. 3. Mortality rates are related to the baseline rates pre-dating the acute crisis. The benchmarks given are the minimum standards for settings where baseline rates are not known. In practice, mortality rates should be much lower than baseline in stable conditions if access to good quality health services is ensured. 140

145 Table 1: Baseline reference mortality data by region Region CMR (deaths/ 10,000/ day) CMR emergency threshold U5MR (deaths U5s/ 10,000/ day) U5MR emergency threshold Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East and North Africa South Asia East Asia and Pacific Latin America and Caribbean Central and Eastern European Region/CIS/ Baltic States Industrialise d countries Developing countries Least developed countries World Note: CMR = Crude mortality rate; U5MR= Under 5 mortality rate or child mortality rate Source: UNICEF s State of the World's Children 2003 (data from 2001), reproduced in the Sphere Project Handbook, Geneva,

146 Resources Inter-Agency Standing Committee Task Force on HIV/AIDS in Emergency Settings (IASC TF), Guidelines for HIV/AIDS Interventions in Emergency Settings, 2002 Johns Hopkins and International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Public Health Guide for Emergencies, 2000 The Sphere Project, Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response. Geneva, 2004 UNFPA, The Reproductive Health Kits for Crisis Situations, second edition, New York, 2003 UNHCR, Handbook for Emergencies, second edition, Geneva, June 2000, Health, Food and Nutrition Toolkit, Geneva, 2001, Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations, an Inter-Agency Field Manual, Geneva, 1999, Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations, an Inter-Agency Field Manual, Geneva, 1999 United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2003: Millennium Development Goals: A Compact among Nations to End Human Poverty, New York, 2003 Connolly, M., Communicable Disease Control in Emergencies, WHO/CDS/ , Geneva,

147 A qualified doctor examines his patient in a well-equipped refugee camp health facility UNHCR/A. Hollmann

148 Health core indicator 1 INDICATOR: STANDARD: Crude mortality rate Emergency: < 1 death per 10,000 per day Stable: <1.5 deaths per 1,000 per month Rationale To monitor crude mortality. Doubling of the baseline rate signifies a public health emergency requiring urgent response. Disaggregation Gender Source of data UNHCR, government, implementing partners, refugee committees Methods of measurement Emergency: Numerator: Total number of deaths from all causes among all ages per day Denominator: Total population in that day x 10,000 = crude mortality rate Stable: Numerator: Total number of deaths from all causes among all ages per month Denominator: Total av. population in that month x 1,000 = crude mortality rate The time period should be 1 day in an emergency situation and 1 month in a stable situation. Count the number of graves; designate a single burial site for the camp or settlement monitored by grave watchers 24 hours a day; develop a verbal autopsy procedure for expected causes of death using standard forms; check hospital or health facility records and records of organisations responsible for burial; and interview community leaders. Other methods can be used to collect prospective mortality data, such as mandatory registration of deaths; issuing of shrouds to families of the deceased; 144

149 or employing voluntary community informants to report deaths for a defined section of the population, for example, 50 families In some cases a retrospective mortality survey may be needed (for examples of methods, see Johns Hopkins and International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2000, Public Health Guide for Emergencies) Frequency of reporting Headquarters: Annually Field: Daily or monthly, depending on emergency or stable situation Specific points and definitions 1. Because there is a tendency to under-report deaths and over-report population, special care should be taken to obtain accurate results. 145

150 Health core indicator 2 INDICATOR: Under five mortality rate STANDARD: Emergency: <2 deaths per 10,000 per day Stable: <3 deaths per 1,000 per month Rationale To measure child survival, particularly in emergencies (a reduction in deaths of children under 5 is a Millennium Development Goal) Disaggregation Gender Source of data UNHCR, government, implementing partners, refugee committees Methods of measurement Emergency: Numerator: Total number of deaths from all causes among children under 5 per day Denominator: Total number of children under 5 on that day Stable: Numerator: Total number of deaths from all causes among children under 5 per month Denominator: Total av. number of children under 5 in that month x 10,000 = emergency child mortality rate x 1,000 = stable child mortality rate The time period should be 1 day in an emergency situation and 1 month in a stable situation. Count the number of graves; designate a single burial site for the camp or settlement monitored by grave watchers 24 hours a day; develop a verbal autopsy procedure for expected causes of death using standard forms; check hospital or health facility records and records of organisations responsible for burial; and interview community leaders. Other methods can be used to collect prospective mortality data, such as mandatory registration of deaths; issuing of shrouds to families of the deceased; 146

151 or employing voluntary community informants to report deaths for a defined section of the population, for example, 50 families. A retrospective mortality survey may be needed. For examples of methods, see Johns Hopkins and International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Public Health Guide for Emergencies (2000). Frequency of reporting Headquarters: Annually Field: Daily or monthly, depending on situation Specific points and definitions 1. Because there is a tendency to under-report deaths and over-report population, special care should be taken to obtain as accurate results as possible. 2. The denominator should include only the population of children under

152 Health core indicator 3 INDICATOR: Infant mortality rate STANDARD: Stable: <60 deaths among children under 1 year per 1,000 live births per year Rationale To measure child survival and the social and environmental conditions in which children live, including health care (a reduction in the infant mortality rate is a Millennium Development Goal) Disaggregation None Source of data UNHCR, government, implementing partners, refugee committees, vital statistics, registration, household surveys (e.g. Demographic and Health Surveys and UNICEF s Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys) Methods of measurement Numerator: Total number of deaths of children under 1 year-old in 1 year Denominator: Total number of births in that year x 1,000 = infant mortality rate Frequency of reporting Headquarters: Annually Field: Monthly Specific points and definitions 1. Live birth is the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of the pregnancy, which, after such separation, breathes or shows other evidence of life such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles, whether or not the umbilical cord has been cut or the placenta is attached; each product of such a birth is considered live-born. 2. Obtaining accurate records of infant mortality is difficult and depends on an accurate recording system. 148

153 Health core indicator 4 INDICATOR: Number of primary health care facilities per 10,000 refugees STANDARD: Emergency: > 1/10,000 population Stable: > 1/10,000 population Rationale To measure a refugee population s access to quality primary health care that addresses priority illnesses to minimise avoidable morbidity and mortality Disaggregation None Source of data Health facility records, implementing partner records for health staff, camp administration Methods of measurement Numerator: # of facilities (count, with written reports confirmed by observation) Denominator: Total population Frequency of reporting Annually x 10,000 = # of primary health care facilities per 10,000 refugees Specific points and definitions 1. Primary health care services should provide essential curative and preventive care based on standard protocols established by the lead health agency. 2. Priorities in emergency settings include treating and preventing the most common causes of illness and death and the most important diseases of epidemic potential (e.g., malaria, measles, malnutrition, acute diarrhoeal diseases, and meningitis); treating STIs; and promoting and distributing clean delivery kits. In stable settings, antenatal care, growth monitoring, nutritional counselling, and tuberculosis treatment can be added. 149

154 Health core indicator 5 INDICATOR: Number of new visits to primary health facilities per person per year STANDARD: Emergency: Stable: Rationale To measure primary health care service accessibility through service utilisation rates in order to minimise avoidable morbidity and mortality. Disaggregation Gender Source of data UNHCR, implementing partner, and health facility data Methods of measurement Numerator: Total number of new visits in a given time period Denominator: Total population served by health centres in the same time period =#ofnewvisits to primary health care facilities per person per year This information is reflected in health centre records. Frequency of reporting Annually Specific points and definitions 1. This indicator gives an idea of both under-utilisation and over-utilisation of health care facilities. 2. For developing countries, visits per person per year is considered standard. This figure is below that of developed countries and refugee situations with effective and accessible health services. 3. Efforts should be made to break down service utilisation data by age, sex, ethnic group, or other factors that interfere with service access. Data should be supplemented with quantitative and qualitative information on service accessibility. 150

155 4. Efforts must be made to record new consultations accurately. The definition of a new consultation, as distinguished from a repeat consultation related to the same illness episode, should be disseminated among staff that complete data collection forms. Data collection should be adequately supervised. 151

156 Health core indicator 6 INDICATOR: Number of consultations per trained clinician per day in primary health facilities STANDARD: Emergency: 50 Stable: 50 Rationale To measure the quality of health services offered and the adequacy of trained personnel to devote sufficient time per consultation to deliver appropriate treatment Disaggregation None Source of data Health service data of implementing partners Methods of measurement Numerator: Number of consultations in a given time period Denominator: Number of full-time equivalent clinical staff working in a health service multiplied by the number of days the clinic was open during the same time period = # of consultations by trained clinician per day As an example, say 1,500 patients are seen in 1 month. Staff includes a full-time nurse, a nurse who works only mornings, and a doctor who works only mornings. This translates into = 2 full-time equivalents (FTEs). The clinic is open 5_ days a week (with 2 weeks of holiday), which translates into 5 x 5.5 = 275 days. The number of consultations per trained clinician per day is thus 32.7 (18,000 (2 x 275). Frequency of reporting Annually 152

157 Specific points and definitions 1. A trained clinician is trained to proficiency in skills necessary to diagnose, treat, and refer the primary causes of morbidity and mortality. Traditional birth attendants and auxiliary nurses are excluded, even if they have received short training. 2. The number of clinical staff should be translated into full-time equivalents (FTEs). For example, a visiting doctor who attends for 3_ hours per week is 0.1 FTE, and a nurse who works 5 mornings in the clinic and 5 afternoons in health promotion is 0.5 FTE. 3. The Sphere minimum standard is 50 consultations per day. A service that regularly exceeds this number should recruit additional staff. 153

158 Health core indicator 7 INDICATOR: Measles vaccination coverage STANDARD: Emergency: >90% aged 6 months to 15 years Stable: >90% aged 9-59 months Rationale To reduce mortality from one of the five main causes of death of children under 5, a risk that may increase in refugee situations. Disaggregation Gender Source of data Clinic records and vaccination campaign records Methods of measurement Administrative Numerator: Total number of vaccines given to target population Denominator: Total target population x 100 = % of measles vaccine coverage Survey: Standard Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI) two-stage cluster survey (may be combined with nutritional survey) Frequency of reporting Annually Specific points and definitions 1. For administrative methods of measurement, both the number of vaccines given and the size of the target population must be accurate. 2. The denominator should be the total target population rather than the number of all children with vaccination cards. 3. The treatment method should be specified in the report. 4. Vitamin A distribution for children under 5 should be standard in areas where there is a high risk of measles. 5. In an emergency situation the risk of spreading disease may increase. Vaccinations should be done in small groups, if possible. 154

159 Health core indicator 8 INDICATOR: Percentage of live births attended by skilled personnel STANDARD: Stable: > 50% Rationale To minimise maternal mortality by ensuring that births are attended by trained health personnel who can diagnose and refer complications (an increase in the proportion of births attended by trained health personnel is a Millennium Development Goal) Disaggregation None Source of data Health service data from UNHCR, government, and implementing partners Methods of measurement Numerator: Number of births attended by skilled personnel in a specified time period Denominator: Number of deliveries or births (recorded or estimated) in the time period Use health centre reports for birth records or collect data through household surveys. Frequency of reporting Headquarters: Annually Field: Quarterly x 100 = % of live births attended by skilled personnel Specific points and definitions 1. Maternal mortality data is difficult to collect. In small populations maternal mortality is a rare event and can fluctuate widely from year to year, making data difficult to interpret. 2. Skilled health personnel are people with midwifery skills (doctors, midwives, or nurses) who have been trained to proficiency in skills necessary to manage normal deliveries and diagnose or refer obstetric complications. Traditional birth attendants, trained or not, are excluded. 155

160 3. The 52% of births attended by trained health personnel in developing countries recorded in UNICEF s State of the World s Children 2001 represents the baseline in the stable phase and should increase incrementally each year by at least 5%. 4. The Minimum Initial Services Package should be implemented in the emergency phase (see Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations, an Inter- Agency Field Manual (UNHCR 1999). This package includes promoting and distributing clean delivery kits (see non-food items in the summary above). 156

161 Health core indicator 9 INDICATOR: Percentage blood drawn for transfusions screened for HIV STANDARD: Emergency 100% Stable 100% Rationale To ensure that health facilities do not perform transfusions unless blood has been screened for HIV, as well as syphilis, hepatitis B, and, if possible, hepatitis C. HIV transmission through transfusion with HIV-infected blood is close to 100%. Disaggregation None Source of data Laboratory records from implementing partners Methods of measurement Numerator: Number of blood samples drawn for transfusion that are screened for HIV in a specified time period Denominator: Number of blood samples drawn for transfusion in the same time period Review blood transfusion registers, including those for refugees in the referral hospital. Frequency of reporting Annually Specific points and definitions 1. Simple or rapid tests should be used in emergency situations. x 100 = % of blood drawn for transfusions screened for HIV 2. Results of HIV tests must be unlinked to the donors until a voluntary counselling and testing service can be put into place after the emergency. Results of all tests must be treated as confidential. 3. HIV infection cannot be diagnosed on the basis of only one screening test. 157

162 A secure and appropriate shelter assures physical and spiritual well-being of refugees and returnees UNHCR/N. Behring

163 SECTOR G: SHELTER AND INFRASTRUCTURE Overall objectives: To provide adequate and safe shelter and living space for refugees Core indicators: These core indicators will give a picture of the strategic and physical design of a camp how well it is designed to meet the basic living area needs, including sufficient inside area for cooking, sleeping, eating, and privacy and sufficient outside area for garden space, roads, pathways, and so on. The indicators gauge shelter design and the appropriate use of natural resources in physical planning. Indicator Standard Disagg. Emergency Stable _/_ Age 1. Surface area per person 1 for a refugee camp 2. Average floor area of shelter per person 3. % of dwellings constructed of an adequate nature 4. Natural Resources Management plan developed 45 square metres 3.5 square metres Yes 45 square metres 3.5 square metres 100% Re-viewed annually Note: 1 The recommended standard for surface area in a refugee camp is 45 square metres per person, including kitchen garden space. The minimum standard is at least 30 square metres per person, excluding kitchen garden space. Both figures take into account area for schools, sanitation, security, firebreaks, administration, community halls, roads, relief storage, markets, and the shelter space itself. Supplemental indicators: This indicator measures privacy, an important factor for parents, single parents, and families living with older children or other relatives. Indicator % of families (>3 members) with shelters that have partitions that ensure privacy Standard Disagg. Emergency Stable _/_ Age 100% 100% 159

164 Essential non-food items Chapter 6: Compendium of UNHCR Standards and Indicators Item Emergency Standard Stable Plastic sheeting 1 sheet (4 x 5 metre) sheet per family 1 sheet (4 x 5 metre) sheet per family Sleeping mats 1 per person 1 per person Blankets 1 (2 in cold climates) per person per year 1 (2 in cold climates) per person per year Cross-checks fo n: The camp design (surface area) should include recreational space n and adolescents. Elderly: Shelter space should accommodate elderly people living alone so that they are integrated into camp communal activities. Gender: Women should be consulted in shelter planning and design to ensure provision of privacy and other needs. Environment: The design plan should make environmentally sound use of resources and mitigate the possible effects of erosion, sedimentation, water and air contamination, deforestation, landslides, and loss of habitat. Sectoral linkages Protection: To avoid sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), dwellings should allow separation between the sexes where culturally required and open into a common area for provide privacy and safety. Community services and development: Health centres, schools, and other essential community services should be situated within a 1 kilometre radius of dwellings. 160

165 Food security and nutrition: Space should be sufficient for household activities such as cooking, eating, and storing food and water to protect against loss and contamination. Where feasible, space should be allocated for kitchen gardens. Water: Water points should be located within 200 metres of dwellings. Water should also be made available for building purposes. Sanitation: Camp design should include the construction of household latrines in addition to communal latrines wherever possible to maximise maintenance and improve sanitation. General points and definitions 1. The design of shelters and physical plans should attempt to preserve social units and draw on local skills. 2. Core indicators do not need to be disaggregated for this sector. Resources Sphere Project, Humanitarian Charter and Standards in Disaster Response, Geneva, 2004 UNHCR, Environmental Indicator Framework: A Monitoring System for Environment-Related Activities in Refugee Operations (User Guide), Engineering and Environmental Services (EEES), Geneva, 2002, UNHCR Emergency Handbook, Geneva, 2000 General: Environmental management planning guidelines Participatory environmental management guidelines Rapid environmental assessment tools 161

166 Shelter and infrastructure core indicator 1 INDICATOR: Surface area per person for a refugee camp STANDARD: Emergency: 45 square metres Stable: 45 square metres Rationale To provide sufficient space for acceptable sanitary conditions and minimal social tensions in individual space and communal infrastructures such as roads, footpaths, firebreaks, markets, schools, health units, as well as for kitchen gardens. Disaggregation None Source of data Implementing partners, UNHCR field monitors, maps, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), surveys Methods of measurement Numerator: Total area of camp Denominator: Total number of refugees = surface area per person Evaluate or calculate the total area of the camp, using a GIS if available. If no systematic topographic survey has been done, corner points can be taken with a Global Positioning System (GPS) device and the co-ordinates sent to the Geographical Information Mapping Unit (GIMU) ( HQMAP@unhcr.ch) to calculate the total area of the camp. If this is not possible, the gross area can be calculated by driving the main roads of the camp and noting the number of kilometres travelled. The gross area equals the product of the lengths of the two main perpendicular roads. Frequency of reporting Annually or when the number of refugees, number of dwellings, or available land area charge sustantially 162

167 Specific points and definitions 1. The recommended standard for surface area in a refugee camp is 45 square metres per person, including kitchen garden space. The minimum standard is at least 30 square metres per person, excluding kitchen garden space. 163

168 Shelter and infrastructure core indicator 2 INDICATOR: Average floor area of shelter per person STANDARD: Emergency: 3.5 square metres Stable: 3.5 square metres Rationale To provide physical protection against rain, sun, and cold and provide sufficient space per person to reduce social tensions and outbreaks or spread out of diseases such as meningitis or scabies Disaggregation None Source of data Implementing partners, UNHCR field monitors, surveys Methods of measurement Numerator: Total number of houses based on a standard design x average size of each house Denominator: Total number of beneficiaries This measurement is valid if all houses are based on a standard plan that provides the minimum space requirement per person. If the refugees are living in tents, the average floor area is already known by the tent measurements. If the above approach is not possible, a random sample survey can be done in camps that have existed for years. Frequency of reporting Annually or when the number of dwellings increases substantially Specific points and definitions None = average floor area per person 164

169 Shelter and infrastructure core indicator 3 INDICATOR: Percentage of dwellings constructed of an adequate nature STANDARD: Stable: Up to 100% Rationale To establish adequate shelter as quickly as possible Disaggregation None Source of data Implementing partners, UNHCR field monitors, surveys Methods of measurement Numerator: Total number of adequate dwellings Denominator: Total number of dwellings surveyed x100=%of dwellings constructed of an adequate nature Identify a number of dwellings through random sampling and evaluate whether each house is of adequate construction or whether it is temporary. Frequency of reporting Annually or when the number of refugees or dwellings increases sustantially Specific points and definitions 1. Temporary shelter includes tents, huts, plastic sheeting, or ruins that have not been repaired. 2. Because of variations in climate and local building customs, universally adequate settlements are difficult to define. Adequacy should be determined by the following factors: Covered space that provides dignified accommodation and a degree of privacy Sufficient thermal comfort and fresh air Protection from the elements and natural hazards 165

170 Shelter and infrastructure core indicator 4 INDICATOR: Natural Resources Management Plan developed STANDARD: Emergency: Yes Stable: Reviewed annually Rationale To identify to what extent environmental planning has been considered in refugee operations in view of diverse environmental conditions and the difficulty of specifying widely applicable standards and indicators Disaggregation None Source of data Local and national ministries and other government agencies; implementing partners, non-governmental organisations (NGOs); surveys; field monitors; environmental mapping units and databases (including GIMU); refugee and host community groups (e.g. environmental working groups) Methods of measurement Determine whether an environmental management plan has been prepared in a participatory manner, endorsed by the Head of Sub-Office, and discussed with the camp administration, implementing partners, refugees, and host communities. Frequency of reporting Annually Specific points and definitions 1. Environmental management plans are particularly important in operations with the following: Large numbers of refugees A fragile environment (e.g. dry land areas or steep hillsides) Close proximity to protected areas or areas with important ecological functions (e.g. water catchments, national parks, and areas of important biodiversity) Prolonged operations Host government sensitivity Environmental damage in the refugee camp site 166

171 2. A Natural Resources Management (NRM) plan should cover conservation and use of wood and water, vector control, and drainage. Plan details will depend largely on the environment of the relief operation. 167

172 Equal opportunity for girl s education must be sustained irrespective of cultural, social, religious traditions UNHCR/N. Behring

173 SECTOR I: EDUCATION Overall objective: To ensure that all refugee children have access to primary and lower secondary education from the onset of refugee situations and that appropriate standards of educational opportunities are maintained Core indicators: These core indicators will give a picture of net primary school enrolment of refugee children, completion of the school year, number and gender balance of trained teachers, and number of students per teacher. Indicator Standard Disagg. Emergency Stable _/_ Age 1. % of refugees ages 5 17 enrolled in primary and lower secondary education 80% of boys 80% of girls 100% of boys 100% of girls x 2. % of students successfully completing school year > 90% of boys >90% of girls x 3. Student per teacher ratio 40:1 40:1 4. % of teachers who are qualified or trained 50% aspiring to gender parity >80% (>40% female and >40% male) x 5. % of schools with structured initiatives to support girls retention in school 50% 80% 169

174 Supplemental indicators: These indicators provide information about the amount of time children spend in school, the general quality of education offered, the safety of the school, and the adequacy of school materials, measured in textbooks. Indicator # of hours of schooling per child per day Systems for validating and certifying school achievement Standard Disagg. Emergency Stable _/_ Age 4 for early childhood (ages 5 9), 6 for upper primary and lower secondary (ages 10+) Recognition of external examination results by the receiving school system (progressive standard moving toward acceptance of results from every grade) 4 for early child-hood, 6 for upper primary and lower secondary (ages 10+) (Same as for emergency) % of sexual, verbal, or physical harassment of 0% 0% children in school 1 Textbook per student ratio 1:3 for every subject 1:3 for every subject % of vulnerable 2 children ages 5 17 enrolled in appropriate formal >80% >80% or non-formal education Notes: 1 A safe space is defined as a non-threatening environment in which children and adolescents are guaranteed and given protection by the community and concerned agencies and armed personnel are forbidden. 2 Vulnerable children include children with disabilities or special needs, ex-child soldiers, children separated from their parents, and other children at risk. 170

175 Essential non-food items Chapter 6: Compendium of UNHCR Standards and Indicators Item Emergency Standard Stable School-appropriate clothing, including underwear, and shoes UNICEF recreational and school emergency kits 1 per child 1 per child 1 per class of 40 children Cross-checks Children: Schools should be a safe space for children and provide for their psychological and social needs. Elderly: The elderly can be a school resource to read to children or assist with other activities. Women: Solutions for retention of girls in school is should be sought through schools, families, and community services. Environment: Schools should provide vector control, clean water, and latrines and be housed in safe structures. The school curriculum must include environmental awareness activities. Sectoral linkages icle 28 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child states that each child has a right to education. Being uprooted does not negate a child s right to education or a State s responsibility to provide it. The absence of basic education is a lifelong handicap. Attending school provides continuity for children and is a priority in terms of protection and assistance. Community services and development: Sanitary materials should be provided and parent community teacher associations developed. Food security and nutrition: School feeding contributes to higher enrolment and retention and provides nutritional benefits for learning. Water: Water points should be provided in or near schools. 171

176 Sanitation: Separate latrines for boys and girls should be encouraged for privacy and retention of girl students. Health: The school curriculum should include education on health, nutrition, and hygiene. Shelter and infrastructure: Schools should be situated within 1 kilometre of dwellings. General points and definitions 1. Initial education activities in a camp situation should include providing safe educational spaces and structures for training and identifying teachers. 2. Curricula should be based on those of the refugees country or area of origin to facilitate reintegration on repatriation. 3. Education should be in the children s own language, at least in the earliest grades, and provide practical knowledge and skills relevant to the economic life of their own communities. 4. Refresher training or retraining of former teachers among the camp population should be a priority in planning teacher training, 5. Refugees should be involved early in emergencies to identity teachers among the camp population, help plan the curriculum, and organise educational opportunities for children. Former school administrators should also be identified and given responsibilities for school organization. 6. Schools should address barriers to full enrolment, such as costly uniforms exclusion of overage children. Resources Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Save the Children, UNICEF, and UNHCR, Action for the Rights of Children Resource Pack, 2002 UNHCR, Education: Field Guidelines, Geneva, 2003, Guidelines on International Protection: Gender-Related Persecution (HCR/GIP/02/01, Geneva, 7 May 2002), Refugee Children: Guidelines on Protection and Care, Geneva,

177 A qualified female refugee teacher helps refugee children to learn UNHCR/A. Hollmann

178 Education core indicator 1 INDICATOR: Percentage of refugees aged 5 17 enrolled in primary and lower secondary education STANDARD: Emergency: 80% of boys 80% of girls Stable: 100% of boys 100% of girls Rationale To ensure that as many school-age children as possible are enrolled in school or educational facilities Disaggregation Gender Source of data Government school admission books, partners, coordinating agency, and refugees Methods of measurement Emergency and stable: Numerator: Total number of children aged 5 17 enrolled in school Denominator: Total population aged 5 17 x 100 = % of refugees ages 5 17 enrolled in primary and lower secondary education Divide the total number of children from age 5 up to and including age 17 enrolled in primary and lower secondary education 1 month after the start of the school year by the total number of children ages 5 17 in the same location on the same date. If the ages of the school children are unknown, use the number of children enrolled in primary and lower secondary education to estimate of the numerator. Make a correction for children older than 17 who are enrolled. In the absence of camp registration, use the best available population estimate. If the camp registration does not include year of birth and age, estimate the numbers of children ages

179 Frequency of reporting Annually, 1 month after the start of the school year Specific points and definitions 1. This is the net enrolment ratio (NER). Because it is not feasible to know the ages of all students in many large camp populations, over-age students are often included in enrolment figures, yielding the gross enrolment ratio (GER). The NER is preferred. 2. Most of the operations UNHCR is involved with are of a protracted nature. Therefore, there should be fewer and fewer out-of-age children enrolled in school in refugee situations, narrowing the gap between the GER and the NER. 3. The Millennium Development Goal is 100% primary enrolment by 2015 and gender parity by This goal does not take into account the situation in some countries, which may not have all primary school-age children enrolled in school. 4. The 5 17 age group corresponds to a standard UNHCR population age category. In practice, because children may not be required to attend school for 13 years, the enrolment rate for this age group is unlikely to reach 100%. 5. Children over 17 who are enrolled in lower secondary school should not be included in the calculation of the enrolment rate. 6. The school enrolment record (admission book) may contain the following information: admission number, date of admission, class, date of birth, sex, name, parent name, address, and last school attended. 175

180 Education core indicator 2 INDICATOR: Percentage of students successfully completing school year STANDARD: Stable: >90% of boys enrolled >90% of girls enrolled Rationale To measure the quality of instruction and other factors that affect school retention and drop-outs Disaggregation Gender Source of data School and class attendance records; government, partner, coordinating agency, and refugee enrolment and registration records Methods of measurement Stable: Numerator: Total number of children attending primary and lower secondary school school 1 month before the end of the school year Denominator: Total number of children enrolled in primary and lower secondary school 1 month after the start of the school year %ofstudents successfully completing school year Frequency of reporting Headquarters: Annually, on enrolment in school Field: Annually for school enrolment (1 month after the start of the school year) and monthly for school attendance Specific points and definitions 1. The quality of learning affects whether students stay in school and graduate to the next level. Retention is an indicator of poor quality instruction, among other things, and is particularly significant in terms of gender. The retention rate is the opposite of the drop-out rate. Dropout rates tend to increase by grade. Girls tend to drop-out earlier and in larger numbers than boys. 176

181 2. The length of non-attendance before a child is considered a school dropout varies from country to country, for example, from 3 weeks in Ethiopia to more than a term in Uganda. 3. Although this indicator measures retention from within one school year to the next, the monitoring of drop-outs, particularly girls, is also important from one school year to the next. 4. Class attendance records may contain children s names, sex, class, and daily attendance. 5. This indicator assumes a stable situation, with no influx or repatriation. 6. Statistics collected over years form a basis for comparison. 177

182 Education core indicator 3 INDICATOR: Student per teacher ratio STANDARD: Emergency: 40:1 Stable: 40:1 Rationale To measure the average number of students per teacher, a key indicator of the quality of refugee education Disaggregation None Source of data School or class attendance records (students); government, partner, coordinating agency, or refugee employer records (teachers) Methods of measurement Emergency and stable: Numerator: Total number of students = student per teacher ratio Denominator: Total number of teachers Through observation, reporting, and monitoring, compare the average number of students attending primary and secondary education with the number of employed teachers plus non-teaching staff. Volunteer teachers should not be included in the calculation of this indicator. Where teachers are assigned by subject rather than class, the 40:1 student per teacher ratio will not be adequate for effective teaching. Another 25% will need to be added to yield the number of teachers required for the school plus non-teaching staff Frequency of reporting Annually, except in case of refugee influx Specific points and definitions 1. Teachers are generally under-trained. 2. Classrooms of the standard size of 7 x 8 metres are designed for students. To help inexperienced teachers manage students, class sizes should be manageable and training provided. 3. In developing countries the average student per teacher ratio is 40:1. 178

183 Education core indicator 4 INDICATOR: STANDARD: Percentage of teachers who are qualified or trained Emergency: 50%, aspiring to gender parity Stable: >80% (>40% female and >40% male) Rationale To measure the level of teacher qualification, progress towards gender parity in recruitment and training, needs of female teachers, and funding spent on training Disaggregation Gender Source of data Government, partner, coordinating agency, and refugee employer records and teacher certification Methods of measurement Numerator: Number of teachers completing 10 full days of training Denominator: Total number of teachers x 100= % of teachers who are qualified or trained Frequency of reporting Headquarters and field: Annually Specific points and definitions 1. Governments, UNHCR, or implementing partners should ensure a minimum of 10 days per year of in-service training for each teacher who is not fully qualified. 2. Efforts must be made to recruit and train female teachers if parity is not achieved. 3. Sustained pre-service training is impossible in most emergencies, but orientation should ensure that teachers understand their role and function and have basic content competencies and a willingness to learn. 4. The training should be designed so that it meets the needs of the students [and] cumulatively leads to a recognised qualification in the country of origin and/or asylum (UNHCR, Education Field Guidelines 2.2.5, Geneva, 2003). 179

184 INDICATOR: Education core indicator 5 Percentage of schools with structured initiatives to support girls retention in school STANDARD: Emergency: 50% of schools with >1 structured initiative Stable: >80 % of schools with >2 structured initiatives Rationale To reduce the drop-out rate of girl students, who often have household responsibilities, obligations to contribute to family income, or religious or cultural constraints on education Source of data Government, partner, coordinating agency, and refugee reports Methods of measurement Emergency and stable Numerator: Number of schools with structured initiatives to increase retention of girl students Denominator: Total number of schools x 100 = % of schools with structured initiatives to support girls retention in school Frequency of reporting Annually Specific points and definitions 1. Structured initiatives to help ensure retention of girls and reduce drop-out rates may include referrals to health and community services; income generation opportunities for lower-income families; providing uniforms or clothes; providing sanitary materials; separate enrolment for girls and boys; training of women teachers; training of men and women teachers in gender issues; and separate latrines for girls and boys; depending on the local context. 2. Generally, fewer girls than boys are enrolled in school. Specific measures may be required to ensure that girls attend school, such as referrals to health and community services, income generation opportunities for lower-income families, providing uniforms or clothes, providing sanitary materials, separate enrolment for girls and boys, training of women teachers, training of men and women teachers in gender issues, and separate latrines for girls and boys. 180

185 Refugee women work hard in community gardens under a self-reliance project UNHCR/L. Taylor

186 SECTOR J: CROP PRODUCTION Overall objectives: To help refugees meet part of their subsistence needs and improve household income by producing food crops from home gardens and plots Core indicators: This core indicator gives a picture of one aspect of selfsufficiency: household cultivation of land for consumption or income supplementation. Indicator 1. # of hectares per household cultivated Standard Disagg. Emergency Stable _/_ Age >1 Supplemental indicators: The supplemental indicators point to the effect of market fluctuations on key commodities such as food and fuel. Abnormal fluctuations in prices can be warning indicators of refugees inability to meet their basic substance needs. Indicator Stability of market price of staple fuel costs Stability of market price of staple food costs % of households in agricultural production receiving extension training and support Standard Disagg. Emergency Stable _/_ Age Abnormal Monitor price fluctuations Abnormal Monitor price fluctuations Monitor Up to 100% Essential non-food items Seeds Tools Item Emergency Starter packs Standard Stable 1 seed kit per household 1 hoe per household 182

187 Cross-checks staff should pay attention to the age of children working in agriculture to monitor possible exploitation. Efforts should be made to keep school-age children in school rather than at work in agricultural production. Gender: Agencies should promote equal wages for women and men doing the same agricultural labour, monitor labour costs charged to female and elderly heads of households, and raise awareness of equity issues. Environment: Cultivation practices should be environmentally sound and no roy natural resources. Sectoral linkages s where land is cultivated should be demined wherever possible and refugees protected against armed conflict and robbery while doing agricultural work. Community services and development: Refugees should have access to training in improving crop yields and increasing market value. Food security and nutrition: Seeds distributed to refugees should be selected with attention to reducing micronutrient deficiencies, complementing the basic ration and diet, and suitability for the local soil. Water: Rainwater collection should be encouraged to avoid diverting drinking water resources to crop cultivation. Health: The use of fertilizers and pesticides should be carefully controlled to avoid contaminating drinking water and food and exposure to chemicals dangerous to health. Education: Involvement of children and youth, especially girls, in agricultural activities can negatively affect school completion rates and girls retention in school. General points and definitions 1. The standard of at least 1 hectare of cultivable land per household is a minimum goal for self-reliance, especially where agriculture is the primary source of external income. Additional opportunities to earn income or access food should also be considered in assessing household self-reliance. The standard will need to be reviewed after 1 year. 183

188 2. In some refugee camp situations, governments allocate land for each refugee or household or for the camp to use for crop production. This information is readily available and should be considered as a factor in the indicator. Where no land is made available for refugees, cultivation is limited or impossible. 3. Organic rather than chemical fertilizers should be promoted. 4. Seed kit composition should take into account local practices, foods consumed, nutritional needs, and crops that will grow in the locality. The use of hybrid seeds should not be promoted. 5. Multi-story gardening (MSG) should be promoted in all camps which lack access to land or water for growing food. With MSG vegetables can be grown in empty World Food Programme (WFP) food bags in the dry season and during the hunger gap. Resources UNHCR, Environmental Indicator Framework: User Guide, Geneva, February 2002, Manual on Self-Reliance, Employment, and Microfinance, Geneva, provisional version, 1997, Self-reliance Guidelines, Geneva, (forthcoming 2004) 184

189 Crop production core indicator 1 INDICATOR: Number of hectares per household cultivated STANDARD: Stable: >1 Rationale To measure the average area in hectares of land cultivated per household. Land cultivated for food can complement the WFP ration in terms of kilocalories and micronutrient value and provide a potential additional source of income for refugee self-reliance. Source of data Government, partners, coordinating agencies, refugees Methods of measurement Numerator: Total number of square metres of land, including kitchen garden plots, cultivated per year, divided by 10,000 Denominator: Total number of households = # of hectares per household cultivated Frequency of reporting Headquarters: Annually Field: Semi-annually Specific points and definitions 1. All land cultivated by refugees should be taken into consideration, whether officially allocated or not. 2. These measurements should be made even where the only cultivable land available to refugees is kitchen gardens and governments do not allow land use for farming. 3. Actual production and outcomes of cultivation will not be measured, as not only amount of cultivable land but also soil fertility, type of land (rainfed vs. irrigated), land slope, weather, number of harvests per year, and other factors can affect levels of production. 4. In emergencies, this indicator would be measured only where cultivation is established. In Uganda, for example, where refugees are already settled, government policy is to provide land to cultivate to new arrivals soon after their arrival. 185

190 Many refugees can be self-reliant when their access to the income generation opportunity is supported UNHCR/S. Boness

191 SECTOR N: INCOME GENERATION Overall objective: To improve household income and cover a share of the basic subsistence needs of refugees Core indicator: This core indicator will give a picture of the availability of formal income generation opportunities in a camp and the number of adult beneficiaries accessing these opportunities. Correlated with other indicators related to health, crop production, and education, it can give a broad view of the extent of refugees' self-reliance. Indicator Standard Disagg. Emergency Stable _/_ Age 1. % of adult beneficiaries who have access to income opportunities 1 100% x Note: 1 This indicator does not cover the informal sector (employment opportunities outside the camp) or provide information about the level of household income. A comprehensive household income survey, although costly and time consuming, would provide more complete information about income sources. Supplemental indicators: Under development (2004) Essential non-food items: None Cross-checks Children: Where income generation activities are combined with money management training, saving for child welfare and education should be emphasised. Elderly: Where possible, income generation activities should include or be tailored to elderly and disabled people. Gender: Income generation activities should prioritise single heads of household and widows. Environment: Income generation activities that depend directly on local natural resources and have environmental implications (e.g. charcoal burning, firewood gathering, expansion of agriculture and irrigation, and stone crushing) should be designed to minimise environmental damage and sustain the resource base. 187

192 Sectoral linkages a me generation opportunities should reduce vulnerability and om economic dependency. Community services and development: Refugees, particularly women, should participate in identifying and designing income generation activities to promote community empowerment and development. Food security and nutrition: Income from agricultural production or other employment should enable households to purchase food to supplement their diets. Water: Earned income enables households to pay for water services. Watering of vegetable gardens and irrigation of agricultural land should be managed to conserve water resources and protect further income possibilities for both refugees and local populations. Sanitation: Earned income can allow refugees to buy additional soap and materials to construct latrines and cover water storage containers. Shelter and infrastructure: Earned income can allow refugees to purchase plastic sheeting, tin for roofing, and mud brick for walls to improve their dwellings and increase privacy and safety. General points and definitions 1.Income opportunities in camp settings provide not only money but also dignity and self-worth, skills, and self-reliance in preparation for durable solutions. 2.Income generation activities include microfinance schemes, animal husbandry, (self)-employment in service industries such as bicycle repair, brick making, sewing, child care, artisanship, or trade; or work for implementing partners such as non-governmental organisations (NGOs). Resources International Labour Organization and UNHCR, Micro-Finance in Conflict- Affected Communities: A Training Programme, Geneva, 2003 UNHCR, Manual on Self-Reliance, Employment, and Microfinance, Geneva, 1997 (provisional version), Self-reliance Guidelines, Geneva, (forthcoming 2004) 188

193 INDICATOR: Income generation core indicator 1 STANDARD: Stable: Up to 100% Percentage of adult beneficiaries who have access to income opportunities Rationale To determine refugees ability to become more self-reliant and to measure progress toward durable solutions Disaggregation Gender Source of data Relevant committee and project records Methods of measurement Numerator: Total number of adult beneficiaries participating in income generation activities Denominator: Total adult population (>18) x 100 = % of adult beneficiaries who have access to income generation opportunities Frequency of reporting Headquarters and field: Annually Specific points and definitions 1. This indicator only captures formal or structured income opportunities offered by UNHCR and implementing partners. Other sources of income both inside and outside camp settings, such as trading, agriculture, informal cottage industries, and remittances, should not be considered in calculating this core indicator because gathering data on these activities can be problematic. 189

194 Annex 1: Table of Core Indicators Annex 1 : Table of Core Indicators I. PROTECTION Indicator Standard Disag. Emergency Stable _/_ Age <Physical Protection> # of cases of refoulement None None <Legal Status> % of refugees individually registered In total, 100% In total, 100% x % of refugees issued individual documentation 100% 100% x x % of refugees with status 1) following individual RSD; 2) on the basis of prima facie or group recognition; or 3) by other means such as temporary protection 100% x % of newborns who have been issued individual birth certificates 100% 190

195 Annex 1: Table of Core Indicators <Enjoyment of Rights> Refugees can freely move in and out of the camp Yes Yes <Addressing Special Protection Needs> % of unaccompanied and separated children for whom durable solutions are found 100% % of SGBV survivors who have received psycho-social, medical, legal or any other form of support 100% 100% x x SGBV training for different stakeholders (UNHCR, partners, authorities, refugees) provided Yes % of refugees who participated in SGBV training 10% x x <Active Search for Durable Solutions> # and % refugees who expressed a will to return and returned Up to 100% x % of refugees who belong to vulnerable categories for whom resettlement is a suitable solution and who were resettled 100% x 191

196 Annex 1: Table of Core Indicators II. COMMUNITY SERVICES AND DEVELOPMENT Indicator Standard Disag. Emergency Stable _/_ Age <Camp Management> Camp Population Profile Survey conducted Within 3 months Frequency of multi-sectoral structured dialogue involving refugees, partners, and UNHCR Within the last 12 months Weekly Monthly % of women in camp management committees 50% 50% <Community Development & Support> % of refugees participating in community-based structured programmes on HIV/AIDS % of refugees participating in community-based structured programmes on conflict resolution or peace-building 10% of the female population 10% of the male population 10% of the female population 10% of the male population x x x x % of individuals with special needs met 50% 80% x % of adequacy of sanitary material kit received by women and girls of menstruating age 100% 100% x 192

197 Annex 1: Table of Core Indicators III. TARGETED ASSISTANCE Indicator Standard Disag. Emergency Stable _/_ Age Food Security and Nutrition % of malnourished children (< 2 SD Z scores weight for height) <10% <5% x # of kcals per person per day 2,100 kcal 2,100 kcal % of newborn children with low birth weight (<2.5 kg) Presence of micro-nutrient deficiencies (MNDs) <15% <15% Epidemic: No MND outbreaks Endemic: <WHO cut-offs for public health concern Epidemic: No MND outbreaks Endemic: <WHO cut-offs for public health concern Water Supply (Non-agricultural) Average quantity of water available per person per day % of population within standard distance between usable water points and dwellings # persons per usable water point (tap, well or hand pump) # of total coliform organisms at distribution points >15 litres >20 litres <300 metres < 200 metres >1 water tap/120 persons; >1 water well, handpump/ 300 persons 0 per 100 ml treated water >1 water tap/80 persons; >1 water well, handpump/ 200 persons 0 per 100 ml treated water 193

198 Annex 1: Table of Core Indicators Indicator Standard Disag. Emergency Stable _/_ Age Sanitation # of persons per communal latrine in use 20 persons 20 persons (communal) x % of households with individual latrines 100% # of persons per shower in use 80 persons 50 persons x % of communal buildings with adequate water and sanitation 100% (within 6 months) 100% # of communal refuse pits (2 x 2 x 5m) per population size 1 per 500 persons Health Crude Mortality Rate < 1 death/10,000/day <1.5 deaths/1,000/ month x Under 5 Mortality Rate <2 deaths/10,000/day <3 deaths/1,000/ month x Infant Mortality Rate <60 deaths among children under 1 year of age/1000 live births/year # of primary health facilities per 10,000 refugees >1/10,000 population >1/10,000 population 194

199 Annex 1: Table of Core Indicators Indicator Standard Disag. Emergency Stable _/_ Age (Health cont.) # of new visits to primary health facilities per person per year # of consultations per trained clinician per day in primary health facilities Measles vaccination coverage x <50 <50 90% aged 6 months to 15 yrs 90% aged 9-59 months x % of live births attended by skilled personnel 50% % of blood drawn for transfusion screened for HIV 100% 100% Shelter/Physical Planning Surface area per person for a refugee camp 45 m_ 45 m_ Average floor area of shelter per person 3.5m_ 3.5m_ % of dwellings constructed of an adequate nature Up to 100% Natural Resource Management plan developed Yes Reviewed annually 195

200 Annex 1: Table of Core Indicators Indicator Standard Disag. Emergency Stable _/_ Age Education % of refugees aged 5 17 enrolled in primary and lower secondary education % of students successfully completing school year 80% of boys 80% of girls >100% of boys >100% of girls > 90% of boys enrolled >90% of girls enrolled x x Student per teacher ratio 40:1 40:1 % of teachers who are qualified/trained % of schools with structured initiatives to support girls retention in school 50%, aspiring to gender parity 50% of schools have > 1 structured initiatives 80% (>40% female and trained, >40% male and trained) 80% of schools have > 1 structured initiatives x Crop Production # of hectares per household cultivated > One hectare per household Income Generation % of families who have access to income opportunities up to 100% x 196

201 Annex 2: Camp Indicator Report Format Annex 2 : Camp Indicator Report Format Camp Indicator Report See Sheet Explanatory notes in this workbook. PART I DATA ENTRY I. GENERAL Data element Information Comments 1 Country (UNHCR standard country code--see sheet Country codes) 2 Reporting period: From (dd/mm/yy) 3 Reporting period: To (dd/mm/yy) 4 Total no. of days covered by the reporting period 5 Focal point 5 Name of camp 6 Date established (MM/YY) 7 Distance from border (measured by arrival/return route) (km) 8 Total surface area of site (m 2 ) 9 Geographical location code (source: GIMU/PGDS) 10 UNHCR Office (area of responsibility) 11 Administrative location code (source: GIMU/PGDS) 12 First administrative level below country level ( Province ) 13 Second administrative level below country level ( District ) II. CAMP IDENTIFICATION Data element Information Comments 197

202 Annex 2: Camp Indicator Report Format A Demography (Annual Statistical Report) 14 Total population begin period 15 Population under 5 begin period 16 Population ages 5 17 begin period 17 Population ages 9 <60 months, begin period 18 Population under 5, end of period 19 Population aged 5 17, end of period 20 Population ages 18 59, end of period 21 Population age 60 and over, end of period 22 Total population, end of period 23 Population under 1, end of period 24 Population ages 9 <60 months, end of period 25 No. of females ages 15 49, end of period 26 No. of live births during the period 27 No. of deaths during the period 28 No. of deaths under 5 during the period 29 No. of deaths under 1 during the period III. INDICATOR DATA Peri od Source Female Male Total Comments During period End of period Begin period When reporting on annual basis, ensure consistency with Annual Statistical Report 30 No. of new arrivals during the period 31 No. of departures during the period 32 No. of households/families, end of period End Survey 198

203 Protection (Annual Protection Report, Resettlement Statistical Report) 33 Have refugees been refouled? (Y/N) During period 34 No. of refugees with a clear status 35 No. of persons registered individually 36 No. of persons entitled to individual documentation 37 No. of persons issued individual documentation 38 No. of newborns issued a birth certificate 39 Refugees move freely in and out of camp? (Y/N) 40 Total no. of unaccompanied minors and separated children 41 No. of UAMs/SCs provided with solution 42 No. of SGBV survivors 43 No. of SGBV survivors under No. of SGBV survivors who received support 45 No. of SGBV survivors <18 who received support 46 SGBV training provided to all stakeholders? (Y/N) 47 No. of participants in SGBV training 48 No. of participants in SGBV training under No. of refugees who expressed will to repatriate 50 No. of refugees who repatriated 51 No. of refugees who were identified for resettlement 52 No. of refugees who were resettled Period Female Male Total Comments End of period During period End of period During period B Annex 2: Camp Indicator Report Format 199

204 Annex 2: Camp Indicator Report Format C Camp management and community services Period Female Male Total Comments 53 Latest pop. profile survey conducted (mm/yy) Date 54 No. of multi-sectoral, structured dialogues held During period 55 No. of Camp Mgt. Committee members End period 56 No. of participants in HIV/AIDS progs. 57 No. of participants <18 in HIV/AIDS progs. 58 No. of participants in peace building programmes 59 No. of participants <18 in peace-building programmes During the period 60 Persons with special needs 61. of persons whose special needs have been met End period 62 Cost of providing adequate sanitary materials (US$) During the period 63 Cost of sanitary materials provided (US$) D Food and nutrition Period Female Male Total Comments 64 No. of malnourished children < 5 (weight for height) 65 Ave. no. of kcal per person per day 66 No. of newborns with low birth weight (< 2.5 kg) 67 No. of micro-nutrient deficiency outbreaks End period During period E Water (non-agricultural) Period Female Male Total Comments 68 Total water availability (m3) During period 69 Pop. living within 200 (300) m from water point 70 No. of usable water taps 71 No. of usable water wells/hand pumps 72 No. of total coliform organisms at distribution points End of period 200

205 Annex 2: Camp Indicator Report Format F Sanitation Period Female Male Total Comments 73 No. of communal latrines in use 74 No. of dwellings with individual latrines 75 No. of communal showers in use 76 No. of communal buildings with adequate water and sanitation End of period 77 No. of communal refuse pits G Shelter and infrastructure Period Female Male Total Comments 78 Total no. of dwellings 79 Total no. of dwellings of adequate nature 80 Average dwelling floor size per person (m2) End of period 81 Nat. resource mgt. plan reviewed (mm/yy) Latest date H Health (Health Information System, if in place) Period Female Male Total Comments 82 No. of primary health facilities End of period 83 No. of new visits to primary health facilities During period 84 Children aged 9 < 60 months with measles vacc. 85 No. of qualified health workers in the camp End of period 86 No. of live births attended by qualified health workers 87 Blood drawn for transfusion (litres) 88 Blood drawn for transfusion screened for HIV (lt.) During the period 201

206 Annex 2: Camp Indicator Report Format I Education (Education Statistical Report) Period Female Male Total Comments 89 Population ages 5 17 at start of school year Beg. ac. year 90 No. of children enrolled at start of school year Beg. ac. year 91 No. of children successfully completed school year 92 No. of teachers 93 No. of qualified teachers 94 No. of schools 95 No. of schools with structured girl retention initiatives End of academic year J Crop production Period Female Male Total Comments 96 Total cultivatable land allocated (m 2 ) End period 97 Total land cultivated (m 2 ) During period K Income generation Period Female Male Total Comments 98 No. of households and families benefiting from income generation projects During the period 202

207 Annex 2: Camp Indicator Report Format Camp Indicator Report Format PART II Indicators and Standards (automatic calculation) Demography Standards Female Male Total Total population by sex, begin period Population under 5 by sex, end period (%) Population ages 5 17, end period (%) Population ages under 18, end period (%) Population ages 18 59, end period (%) Population ages 60 and over, end period (%) Average population during period Average household per family size, end period Population change during period Crude birth rate (births per 1,000 av. pop. per year) Crude mortality rate (deaths per1,000 av. pop. per year) Under 5 mortality rate (deaths <5 per 1,000 av. pop.<5 per yr) Infant mortality rate (deaths <1 per # of births) Arrival rate (new arrivals per 100 population per period) Departure rate (departures per 100 population per period) Protection Emergency Stable Female Male Total Physical protection Have refugees been refouled? (Y/N) No Legal status No. of refugees with a clear status 100% % refugees registered individually 100% 203

208 Annex 2: Camp Indicator Report Format (Protection cont.) Emergency Stable Female Male Total % refugees issued individual documentation 100% % newborns issued a birth certificate 100% Enjoyment of rights Can refugees move freely in and out of camp? (Y/N) Y Special protection needs % of UAMs/SCs provided with solution 100% % of SGBV survivors who received support 100% % of SGBV survivors <18 who received support 100% SGBV training provided to all stakeholders? (Y/N) Yes % of population participating in SGBV training 10% per year % of population <18 participating in SGBV training 10% per year Durable solutions % of refugees intending to return who repatriated voluntarily 100% % of refugees identified for resettlement who were resettled 100% Community services and development Emergency Stable Female Male Total Camp management Latest Camp Population Profile survey conducted (mm/yy) 3 month Annual No. of multi-sectoral, structured dialogues held (per yr) % women in camp management committees 50% Targeted community assistance % of population participating in HIV/AIDS programmes (per yr) 10% per year % of population <18 participating in HIV/AIDS programmes (per yr) 10% per year % of population participating in peace building programmes (per yr) 10% per year 204

209 Annex 2: Camp Indicator Report Format (Community services and development cont.) Emergency Stable Female Male Total % of population <18 participating in peace building programmes (per yr) 10% per year % of pop. whose special needs have been met >50% >80% % of needs for sanitary materials met 100% Food and nutrition Emergency Stable % of malnourished children <5 (weight for height) <=10% <=5% Average no. of kcal per person per day (calculation?) 2,100 % of newborn children with low birth weight (< 2.5 kg) <15% <15% No. of micronutrient deficiency outbreaks 0 0 Water (non-agricultural) Emergency Stable Daily water consumption (litres per person) >15 >20 % of population living within 200 (300) m from water point 100% 100% Population per usable water tap <120 <80 Population per usable well and hand pump <300 <200 No. of total coliform organisms per 100 ml treated water 0 0 Sanitation Emergency Stable Population per communal latrine in use % of dwellings with individual latrines 100% Population per communal showers in use % of communal buildings with adeq. water and sanitation 100% 100% Population per communal refuse pit

210 Annex 2: Camp Indicator Report Format Shelter and infrastructure Emergency Stable Camp surface area per person (m 2 ) >=45 >=45 % of dwellings of adequate nature 100% Average dwelling floor size per person (m 2 ) >=3.5 >=3.5 Natural Resource Mgmt. plan reviewed (mm/yy) Annual Health Emergency Stable Population per health care facility <10,000 No. of new visits to primary health facilities per person 3 5 Measles vaccination coverage rate (total) >90% % of live births attended by skilled personnel >=50% % of blood drawn for transfusion tested for HIV 100% Education Emergency Stable % of population ages 5 17 enrolled in school >=80% 100% % of students successfully completing school year >=90% Student to teacher ratio <=40 % of qualified or trained teachers >=50% >=80% % of schools with structured retention initiatives for girls >=50% >=80% Crop production Emergency Stable Allocated land per family per household (m 2 ) >10,000 Cultivated land per family per household (m 2 ) >10,000 Income generation Emergency Stable No. of families benefiting from income generation projects 100% 206

211 Annex 3: Indicator Performance Tracking Table Annex 3 : Indicator Performance Tracking Table Add baselines and targets for each indicator. Modify the table to include additional indicators and years as needed. Indicator Measure Standard Baseline Value Year 2004 Target 2004 Actual 2005 Target 2005 Actual 207

212 Annex 4: Cross-Cutting Policy Priority Indicators Annex 4 : Cross-Cutting Policy Priority Indicators In an attempt to highlight the core indicators that have a direct relationship to UNHCR s policy priorities (children, the elderly and people with special needs, the environment, and gender), as well as the cross cutting theme of selfreliance, core indicators have been clustered in each of these areas and presented below. Many of these linkages have been mentioned in the modules in Chapter 6. In the table below, the core indicators are listed in the first column, with columns for the UNHCR policy priorities, and self reliance to the right. Wherever the indicator and policy area link or have a direct connection, the cell is marked with an X. The list of indicators is limited to the ones most relevant to the policy priorities, although other indicators may have direct or indirect links. An analysis of a set of indicators for the policy priority area of children, for example, could include all of the links in the table under Children (e.g. child mortality, newborns issued birth certificates, and measles vaccination coverage) to give a snapshot of the most important indicators for refugee children s well-being. By clustering the set of indicators, the analysis can help assess the differential impact of current or proposed policies and programmes on women and men, children, the elderly, and people with special needs. The table thus can be used as a tool for understanding social processes and gaps and responding with informed and equitable programming decisions. 208

213 UNHCR/A. Hollmann

214 Annex 4: Cross-Cutting Policy Priority Indicators Indicator Children Elderly/sp ecial needs Gender Environment Selfreliance I. PROTECTION 1. # of cases of refoulement 2. % of refugees individually registered X X X 3. % of refugees issued individual documentation X X 4. % of refugees with status either 1) following individual RSD, 2) on the basis of prima facie or group recognition, or 3) by other means such as temporary protection 5. % of newborns who have been issued individual birth certificates X X X X 6. Refugees can freely move in and out of the camp X 7. % of unaccompanied and separated children for whom durable solutions are found 8. % of SGBV survivors who have received psycho-social, medical, legal or any other form of support X X X X X 9. SGBV training for different stakeholders (UNHCR, partners, authorities, refugees) provided X 10. % of refugees who participated in SGBV training X X X 11. # and % refugees who expressed a will to return and returned X X 12. % of refugees who belong to vulnerable categories for whom resettlement is a suitable solution and who were resettled X X X 210

215 Annex 4: Cross-Cutting Policy Priority Indicators Indicator II. COMMUNITY SERVICES AND DEVELOPMENT Children Elderly/sp ecial needs Gender 1. Camp Population Profile Survey conducted X X X X X 2. Frequency of multi-sectoral structured dialogue involving refugees, partners and UNHCR 3. % of women in all camp management committees X X 4. % of refugees participating in community-based structured programmes on HIV/AIDS 5. % refugees participating in community-based structured programmes on conflict resolution or peace-building Environment Selfreliance X X X X X X X X X 6. % of individuals with special needs met X X X X 7. % adequacy of sanitary material kit received by women and girls of menstruating age X X X III. TARGETED ASSISTANCE Food and Nutrition 1. % of malnourished children (< 2 SD Z scores weight for height) X X X 2. Average # of kcal per person per day 3. % of newborn children with low birth weight X X 4. Presence of micro-nutrient deficiencies (MND) X X X X X 211

216 Annex 4: Cross-Cutting Policy Priority Indicators Indicator Water Supply (Non-agricultural) Children Elderly/sp ecial needs 1. Average quantity of water available per person per day X 2. % of population within standard distance between usable water points and dwellings X X 3. # persons per usable water point (tap/well/hand pump) X 4. # of total coliform organisms at distribution points X Sanitation 1. # of persons per communal latrine in use X X 2. % of households with individual latrines X Gender 3. # of persons per shower in use X X 4. % of communal buildings with adequate water and sanitation X 5. # of communal refuse pits (2 x 2 x 5m) per population size X Health 1. Crude mortality rate X X X X 2. Under 5 mortality rate X X X X 3. Infant mortality rate X X X 4. # of primary health facilities 5. # of new visits to primary health facilities per person per year X 6. # of consultations per trained clinician per day in primary health care facilities 7. Measles vaccination coverage X X Environment Selfreliance 212

217 Annex 4: Cross-Cutting Policy Priority Indicators Indicator Children (Health cont.) Elderly/sp ecial needs 8. % of live births attended by skilled personnel X X 9. % blood drawn for transfusion screened for HIV Shelter and Infrastructure 1. Surface area per person for a refugee camp X 2. Average floor area of shelter per person X 3. % of dwellings constructed of an adequate nature X 4. Natural Resource Management plan developed X Education 1. % of refugees ages 5 17 enrolled in primary and lower secondary education Gender Environment Selfreliance X X X 2. % of students successfully completing school year X X X 3. Student/teacher ratio X 4. % of teachers who are qualified or trained X X 5. % of schools with structured initiatives to support girls retention in school X X X Crop Production 1. Number of hectares per household cultivated X X Income Generation 1. % of adults beneficiaries who have access to income opportunities X X X 213

218 Annex 5: Country Example - Ruritania Annex 5 : Country Example - Ruritania This example of refugee operations in the fictional country of Ruritania explains how UNHCR uses Standards and Indicators in planning. The sections below describe the influence of the local situation on programme design and development; preparations for planning; gap analysis; internal and partner planning workshops; and development of the Country Operations Plan. 1. Programme setting The UNHCR programme in Ruritania provides protection and assistance to around 220,000 refugees. Most of these refugees come from the eastern part of the neighbouring country of Avuko and from the north of Mastania, although many people from Waslama and Ribrush, as well as some Pilatians, have also sought refuge in Ruritania. The Government of Ruritania has a policy of encampment which means that all asylum-seekers and refugees are required to live in refugee camps. Nevertheless, a small number of refugees reside in the capital city where assistance is mainly restricted to critical security, medical, and community service cases referred by the camps. The main focus of UNHCR s work, therefore, is in the Mataka and Rusila camps. Mataka camp is in northwestern Ruritania, about 110 kilometres from the border with Mastania. This camp houses 82,216 refugees, mainly from Mastania and Waslama. Rusila camp in the northeast accommodates about 136,455 refugees, predominantly Avukan, Ribrush, and Pilatian. The sites are located in semi-arid to arid areas where the meagre natural resources barely sustain the local population. For this reason, the host communities are extremely reluctant to allow refugees access to these resources. The refugees are not allowed to grow crops or keep livestock. They are also actively discouraged from taking advantage of local and national employment opportunities or social services. The beneficiary population therefore relies completely on international assistance for basic humanitarian needs. Although many of the refugees fled their countries of origin over 10 years ago after the outbreak of hostilities in the region, trickles of new arrivals from each of the countries continue, adding to the already considerable caseload. The UNHCR Ruritania programme consists of the following projects: CM/200 Care and maintenance of urban refugees in Ruritania 2. CM/201 Care and maintenance of refugees in Rusila camp

219 Annex 5: Country Example - Ruritania 3. CM/202 Care and maintenance of refugees in Mataka camp 4. CM/233 Supplementary project for relocation of Rusila-based refugees living in flood-prone areas 5. CM/234 Supplementary project for relocation of Matakabased refugees living in flood-prone areas 6. CM/251 RESCUE project for sustainable collection of firewood as household fuel 7. RP/300 Voluntary repatriation of non-avukan refugees in Ruritania 8. RP/370 Voluntary repatriation of Avukan refugees from Ruritania 9. RE/500 Resettlement of refugees in Ruritania 10. LS/450 DAFI (Albert Einstein Academic Scholarship Programme) education project for refugees in Ruritania Durable solutions are problematic for most of these refugees. Peace talks are taking place between parties in the Avuko and Mastania disputes, but even if agreement is reached on a cessation of hostilities, this may not facilitate voluntary repatriation immediately. There is no infrastructure or established civil and political institutions in Avuko to support large-scale repatriation. Local integration in the host country is not considered an option, as the Ruritanian population itself lacks resources and opportunities. Finally, the prospects of resettlement are extremely limited for the size of the refugee population. Because of these restricted options, plans for phasing out UNHCR protection and assistance in the Ruritania refugee programme do not seem realistic at this stage. 2. Planning preparations UNHCR Ruritania began early to prepare for the March 2003 submission of the 2004 Country Operations Plan (COP). At the end of November 2002, a Plan of Action was prepared to inform all stakeholders in the Ruritania programme of the roadmap towards preparation of the 2004 COP (table 1). Under each month in the table, the four columns represent weeks. The overall Branch Office (BO) strategies were established in the third week of December. The table shows that UNHCR Ruritania envisioned full participation of all stakeholders in preparing the COP. All Sections and Units were also involved in the planning and were aware of their roles and responsibilities. 215

220 Annex 5: Country Example - Ruritania Table 1: Plan of Action for Ruritania COP Activity Dec Jan Feb Mar Deadline Establish overall Branch Office (BO) strategies and goals (1 st round) x 20 Dec. Assess needs; compile baseline data for protection, sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), security, repatriation, resettlement, environment, HIV/AIDS, x x x x minimum standards of material assistance, etc. Establish Sub-Office strategies and goals (UNHCR internal discussions) x x Establish overall BO strategies and goals (2 nd round) x 21 Jan. Send out letter to implementing partners (IPs) on Joint Strategic Planning Workshop (JSPW) x 17 Dec. Hold 2-day internal Country Operations Plan (COP) Jan. x planning workshop Identify venue for JSPW x Conduct pre-jspw planning with IPs and host government x Invite donors and UN to visit camps and participate in the JSPW x Welcome donors and UN to the camps x 29 Jan. (R) 30 Jan. (M) Conduct JSWP x Feb. Sub-offices (SOs) and BO compile draft COP x x x x SOs submit draft COP to BO x Verify, consolidate, and collate COP at BO x x Submit COP for approval by the Representative x Submit COP to Headquarters x 216

221 3. Assessment of achievements Annex 5: Country Example - Ruritania Before planning the project, UNHCR evaluated current country programme performance. Where possible, this was done in close co-operation with implementing and operational partners. At Sub-Office level, refugee representatives were included in the process to help UNHCR understand the actual effects of the Ruritania programme on its beneficiaries. To assess achievements, each Section and Unit referred to the objectives and indicators in the COP for 2003 in order to conduct a line-by-line review of the project activities. They then assessed performance in relation to the minimum standards. With this information, they identified the programme's accomplishments and constraints. To assess the minimum standards, each Head of Section or Unit was given the gap analysis matrix in table 2 below. With the relevant implementing and operational partners, the Units compared performance indicators disclosed by the line-by-line review; Sub-project Monitoring Reports (SPMRs); Mid-Year Reviews; and results of continual monitoring throughout the year against the set minimum standards. This process allowed stakeholders to define expected achievements by sector for implementation year 2003 and gaps remaining for planning year Planning for 2004 then aimed at least to bridge the gap between performance and minimum standards and to increase service delivery beyond the minimum standards where possible. Although Ruritania is in a protracted rather than an emergency situation, funding constraints and the nature of operations make attaining even minimum emergency standards a challenge. For this reason, stakeholders focused on minimum emergency standards during assessment and planning as a benchmark for basic humanitarian assistance. The sample gap analysis in table 2 is not exhaustive, but rather an example of how to analyse progress and achievements and begin preparing for the planning year. For the 2005 COP, UNHCR Ruritania intends to use a more detailed matrix that includes columns for Sector, Minimum Standards, Changes January 2003 January 2004, Expected Achievements 2004, Outstanding Gaps in 2005, Funding Requirements, and Gap Impact. After the gap analysis and identification of constraints, the Section and Unit Heads assessed the feasibility of the approved project activities for the implementing year and clarified intentions and expectations for the implementing year. With an estimated starting point for the projects for the planning year, the Sections and Units were able to ascertain the refugees' needs, related aspirations, and objectives for the planning year. 217

222 Annex 5: Country Example - Ruritania Table 2: Gap analysis for UNHCR Ruritania Sector Minimum humanitarian standards Domestic needs General distribution of soap every month General distribution of sanitary pads to women of reproductive age Legal assistance and protection Admission to the country of asylum and protection from refoulement Enjoyment of internationally recognised fundamental civil rights (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) Adequate provision for the protection of minors Expected achievements in 2003 Gaps to fill in 2004 Soap is distributed over 8 months in Mataka camp instead of 12 and is only distributed in Rusila camp to vulnerable cases. Only 15,500 of 38,141 women of reproductive age in Rusila camp will have benefited from sanitary pads and only 12,250 of 27,800 in Mataka camp. No case of denied admission to territory or refoulement is known. Refugee status is determined in accordance with international standards, but with current staffing levels, Refugee Status Determination (RSD) will be lengthy. Government participation in target for 2003 but may be only token. Fundamental rights are generally recognised, but the ambiguous status of the urban caseload and lack of government-issued documentation will continue to lead to detention unless addressed in the context of the new government setup with UNHCR support. Special provisions for minors are included in the Refugee Bill. Monthly general distribution of soap Access or 100% of women and girls of menstruating age to sanitary materials No known case of denied admission to territory or refoulement; RSD in accordance with international standards, providing a first instance decision within 3 months from registration with the government s substantial involvement Status of urban refugees clarified and all asylum- seekers and refugees documented by the government to prevent further detention on this ground All decisions affecting children subject to Best Interest Determination (BID) 218

223 Annex 5: Country Example - Ruritania Food security and nutrition Water supply Refugees granted all necessary facilities to enable them to obtain durable solutions Availability of a minimum of 2,100 kilocalories per person per day Acute global malnutrition <10%< 2 Z score Anaemia<30% HB<11 mg/dl Absence of outbreak of micronutrient deficiencies (MND) 15 litres of water per person per day Durable solutions are hampered by the situation in the countries of origin, Kenya s rejection of local integration, and limited resettlement processing capacity. The average minimum daily requirement of 2,000 kilocalories per person per day is provided. Global malnutrition is 14.3 <2 Z score in Mataka camp and 15.6 <-2 Z score in Rusila camp and 14.3<-2 Z score in Rusila camp. 63.3% of children in Mataka camp and 75% of pregnant women in Rusila camp are anaemic. In Rusila camp, an average of 17 litres per person per day theoretically attained in 2002 will be maintained in 2003, but this amount is also for consumption by the local community s livestock; it is impossible to know exactly how much water goes to each person. In Mataka camp, 14 litres per person per day is distributed; this is expected to increase to 15 litres by end Increased resettlement submissions respecting standard operating procedures provided that sufficient staffing is available for Protection 2,100 kilocalories per person per day Distribution of complementary food in both camps Prevention of outbreaks of MND Maintenance of the current standard in Rusila camp though maintenance of water infrastructure and 3 additional boreholes, including 1 for the neighbouring community, and 4 standby generators; construction of water pans for livestock around the camp; increased standards from 14 to 15 litres per person per day in Mataka camp 219

224 Annex 5: Country Example - Ruritania Sanitation Toilet user ratio of 1:20 At the end of 2003 the minimum standards will be attained, with the ratio already at 1:24 in Mataka and 1:14 in Rusila. Health Crude mortality rate (CMR) of 0.5 deaths per 1,000 population per month The CMR is 0.4 deaths per 1,000 population per month. Shelter and infrastructu re Under-5 mortality 1 death per 1,000 under-5 population per month 3.5 square metres of shelter space per person The under-5 mortality rate is 1.03 deaths per 1,000 under-5 population per month. In Rusila camp there are <3 square metres per person, and shelters are in very poor condition. The situation is not expected to improve in It will only be possible to construct 3,500 new structures in Mataka and repair 1,000 in Rusila. Education Classroom/student ratio of 1:35 The classroom/student ratio is 1:79 in Mataka camp and 1:144 in Rusila camp. UNHCR plans to bring down this ratio to 1:60 in Mataka camp and 1:80 in Rusila camp by the end of Teacher/student ratio of 1:35 The teacher/student ratio is the same as the classroom/student ratio. Maintenance of current standards in both camps through construction of new latrines to replace the used ones Maintenance of at least the meagre indicators achieved in 2003 and prevention of the rise of CMR above average in the rainy season because of malaria, pneumonia, and diarrhoea Construction of 6,000 of the required 15,500 shelters in Mataka camp and repair of 15,000 shelters of the 34,000 required in Rusila camp Filling the huge gap between current and humanitarian standards in both camps with UNHCR s funding projection will be unrealistic in 1 year. The Branch Office aims to reduce the ratio to 1:50 in both camps in 2004 and attain standards in

225 Annex 5: Country Example - Ruritania 4. Internal Planning Workshop An internal planning workshop was organised in January 2003 to enable UNHCR representatives from the Branch Office and Sub-offices to establish collectively the programme goals, objectives, and indicators for the various projects for the planning year. For every project, the relevant Sections and Units presented the minimum standards, goals and objectives and important indicators. They also shared the results of their gap analysis, particularly the achievements and constraints of the projects. On the basis of these findings, they discussed proposed programme goals and objectives for the planning year with all participants at the workshop. Several break-away groups participated in brainstorming sessions to further consider the UNHCR goals and objectives and identify possible constraints to programme implementation. Each of the breakaway groups then presented its findings to the plenary for further feedback. The workshop enabled UNHCR to establish the main operating targets and activity objectives for each project. The collaboration ensured that projects run by different departments or offices were compatible and fit into the overall country programme. After the internal planning workshop, Sections and Units calculated the project requirements to achieve the goals and objectives for the planning year. The plans and resource requirements were then translated into a draft Country Operations Plan. 5. Visit by donors and UN sister agencies UNHCR Ruritania planned a visit for donors and UN sister agencies to one of the camps to familiarise them with the Ruritania programme and problems facing the country operation. The event was an opportunity to display to donors the impact of their funds and indirectly emphasise Ruritania s dire need for increased funding. Documents on the programme and issues for individual projects were sent to the visitors. When they arrived in the camp, UNHCR management staff and representatives of implementing and operational partners introduced them to the programme and shared constraints affecting performance. The visitors were taken on a tour of the camp to see first hand the food, medical, primary education, and vocational training services. Discussions with elders further emphasised the challenges and needs facing refugees in Ruritania. With their enhanced knowledge of the refugee situation and the issues inhibiting assistance provided by the aid agencies, the participants were better equipped to take part in the Joint Strategic Planning Workshop. 221

226 Annex 5: Country Example - Ruritania 6. Joint Strategic Planning Workshop The Joint Strategic Planning Workshop was organised to establish the collective ownership of all stakeholders in the planning year, including strategy, vision, goals objectives, and indicators for each project. The event also served as a forum to finalise resource requirements and inform donors of UNHCR s needs in the context of Ruritania s refugees. Participants included government representatives, refugee spokespersons, implementing and operational partners, and relevant staff from the Branch Office and Sub-offices. Before the workshop, participants were sent a draft COP, which served as a discussion paper. Again, background information and explanatory documents were provided by each office, Unit and Section, to ensure that participants had sufficient knowledge of the Ruritania programme to contribute to the workshop. Presentations by UNHCR, the government, refugees, and implementing and operational partners brought to light various programme issues, mutually supportive objectives, and differing intentions of organisations or institutions. Participants were grouped according to expertise or experience for the workshop break-away sessions. During these sessions the goals, objectives, and indicators for each project were crystallised. Once these were approved by the participants in the plenary session, they were set for inclusion in the COP. 7. Compilation and finalisation of the Country Operations Plan Each Section, Unit, and Office shared the responsibility of preparing the COP. After they had established the strategy, vision, goals, and other issues in the Joint Strategic Planning Workshop, the Sections and Units worked closely with the implementing and operational partners to prepare realistic sector activity inputs for the Logical Framework matrix. Each department prepared a narrative and needs assessment table to accompany its Logical Framework matrix. With these inputs, the Programme Section was able to compile the COP, a sample of which is found in table 3 below. After assembling all the necessary inputs, the Programme Section submitted the draft COP to UNHCR Sections, Units, and Offices and to the implementing and operating partners for additional comments. The 2004 Ruritania COP required both qualitative and quantitative outputs and indicators to assess 2004 performance and service delivery. However, as table 3 shows, it was not always possible to quantify the outputs and indicators, particularly in the Protection and Community Services and Development sectors. Because all stakeholders were involved in preparing and planning the COP, refugee care and maintenance efforts were united, streamlined, and transparent. Opportunities for input and participation resulted in a stronger partnership and clearer programme to benefit the Ruritania refugees. 222

227 Annex 5: Country Example - Ruritania Table 3: Sample of 2004 COP for Ruritania Beneficiary population: Refugees of Mastanian and other nationalitie Mataka camp Goal(s) Ensure that refugees enjoy safe and dignified asylum in the camps with priority placed on the safety of women, children, and other vulnerable groups. Streamline and implement effective Refugee Status Determination (RSD) and registration; and promote a more comprehensive and effective role for the Government of Ruritania in camp management. Provide solution-oriented assistance with refugee participation and coordination of all operators, focusing on bridging the gaps between current services and established minimum standards, especially in education, shelter and infrastructure, and food security and nutrition. Financial and Management Information System (FMIS) projec code 04/AB/RUR/CM/202 Objectives Outputs Indicators Protection Assist the Government in defining and implementing national refugee legislation and policy to ensure a comprehensive refugee management system with clear standards of treatment and identification and documentation mechanisms. Refugee bill passed and implemented _ National legislation and policies on refugees consistent with international standards adopted 223

228 Annex 5: Country Example - Ruritania Ensure unhindered access for asylum-seekers to eligibility services. Food security and nutrition Ensure that all refugees have access to minimum food aid standards as established by WHO and FAO. Government camp management established with clear mandate to implement national policy on refugees and appropriate structure in terms of staffing, qualification, and equipment. Expeditious, transparent, and credible RSD procedure strengthened _ Eligibility functions adequately staffed and procedures widely disseminated Support for World Food Programme (WFP) advocacy for and information dissemination on the need to avoid a break in the food pipeline and promote dialogue among the Government of Ruritania, donor agencies, and embassies on refugee food requirements Clear and predictable procedures for camp management developed and implemented Government involved in RSD procedures _ Asylum-seekers interviewed, receiving results of eligibility interviews within 3 months of registration and made aware of appeal procedures Timely intervention by donors 224

229 Annex 5: Country Example - Ruritania Objectives Outputs Indicators (Food security and nutrition cont.) Reduction in under-5 malnutrition (>75% weight for height) and micronutrient deficiency _ Food basket of 2,100 kilocalories per person per day reaching refugee households Water All refugees have access to adequate potable water. Water boreholes, storage, generators, tap stands, and water distribution system further developed and maintained Yield of litres per person per day sustained Crowding at water points reduced Refugee women and children are protected from violence related to water collection and supply. Adequate tap stands or distribution points installed in the vicinity of refugee shelters Violence against women and children collecting water reduced Sanitation Refugees live in healthy, sanitary conditions. 3,600 existing pit latrines repaired and functioning User/latrine ratio of 1:23 achieved in 2003 sustained 225

230 Annex 5: Country Example - Ruritania Health Refugees have access to primary health care in the camp according to established standards. _ Reduce seasonal peak in crude and under-5 mortality from malaria, pneumonia, and diarrhoea by strengthening case management and vector control. Inpatient and outpatient departments operational, and emergency services and referral system functioning Crude mortality rate maintained at maximum 0.5 deaths per 1,000 population per month Under-5 mortality rate maintained at maximum 1.5 deaths per 1,000 under-5 population per month Seasonal mortality avoided or minimised Under-5 mortality rate not exceeding 1.5 deaths per under-5 population during the rainy season Common childhood diseases detected and 70% of children admitted to the inpatient department Local and regional health infrastructure functional and accommodating refugee patients Timely residual spraying conducted at least once a year. _ 100% of houses covered with effective residual spraying once a year 226

231 Annex 6: Glossary Annex 6: Glossary A Achievement. See Output Activity. The second level of budgeting (under Sector) in the FMIS budget structure; identifies the task being carried out. An Activity is a specific action or series of specific actions, which are undertaken to transform inputs into outputs. Activities can be broken down into tasks and sub-tasks as part of the work planning process. Activities have a time frame with expected start and end dates. Assumption. In the planning process, a prediction, condition, or event that must exist if a Project or Sub-Project is to succeed, i.e. meet its objectives. Typically, project planners have little or no control over these conditions or events, but effective planning demands that assumptions be articulated and considered as part of analysing the likelihood of the project being successful. Assessment. The information and analysis that form the basis on which to plan and implement operations. An assessment is an essential pre-condition for planning effective refugee operations in existing or new camps, in rural and urban settlements, and in repatriation efforts. B Beneficiaries. Persons in a beneficiary population who benefit from UNHCR s protection or material assistance. Direct beneficiaries are persons in a beneficiary population who benefit directly from UNHCR s protection or material assistance. Depending on the type and sectors of assistance, direct beneficiaries can constitute a sub-group of the beneficiary population. Indirect beneficiaries are persons who do not receive direct assistance but nevertheless benefit from the assistance given to their relatives, neighbours, friends, or community. Beneficiary population. Synonymous with caseload, a distinct population of concern (e.g. Afghan refugees, Liberian returnees, Sri Lankan IDPs) which requires a UNHCR intervention. Within OMS, a programme is developed for each beneficiary population (normally of the same nationality, ethnic background, etc.). For each programme, one or more goals are defined and set out in the Country Operations Plan (COP). A beneficiary population can usually be sub-divided into direct beneficiaries (synonymous with target group) and indirect beneficiaries. Blue Guide. A guide with a blue cover for staff and implementing partners on establishing objectives and defining project indicators, officially titled Project Planning in UNHCR: Practical Guide on the Use of Objectives, Outputs, and Indicators, second edition, March C Code of Conduct. A guide to help staff make ethical decisions in their professional lives and in their private lives to the extent that the latter affects their professional work 227

232 Annex 6: Glossary Country Operations Plan (COP). Document prepared by every country operation which sets out the overall protection and solutions strategy as well as the hierarchy of objectives (goal, sector objectives, and outputs) for each programme. The COP is the only narrative document on which resource allocations for the planning year will take place. Country Report (CR). Document prepared by every country operation to report on the impact and results of the overall protection and solutions strategy as well as the objectives and outputs established for a country programme. The reporting period for the Country Report is 1 January to 31 December of the preceding year. The Country Report, among other reports, replaces the Project Monitoring Report (PMR) narrative. D Durable solutions. Solutions to refugee situations which are lasting, including voluntary repatriation (to country of origin), local settlement or integration (into country of asylum); and resettlement (to a third country) E Emergency. Any situation in which the life or well-being of refugees will be threatened unless immediate and appropriate action is taken and which demands an extraordinary response and exceptional measures. Emergency assistance is aimed at meeting basic survival needs quickly. Emergency projects normally last no longer than 1 year and focus essentially on life-saving and life-sustaining measures. Evaluation. An analysis and assessment, as systematic and objective as possible, of UNHCR s policies, programmes, projects, practices, or procedures, focusing on their planning, design, implementation, and impact ExCom. The UNHCR Executive Committee, the principal governance mechanism. The ExCom meets annually, and its work is facilitated by a Standing Committee which meets 3 4 times a year. F Five Commitments of the High Commissioner to Refugee Women. Integrated country-level strategies to address violence against women, including 1) domestic violence, 2) individual registration of women, 3) 50% representation of women in camp management committees, 4) participation of women in food and non-food distribution, and 5) standard provision of sanitary materials to women FMIS. UNHCR s computerised Financial and Management Information System, which provides a standard budget structure common to UNHCR and operational partners 228

233 Annex 6: Glossary FMIS budget structure. The Budget Structure is based on four components (1) Sector, 2) Activity, 3) Item, and 4) Sub-Item), which are sub-divided into two levels Sector/Activity and Items and Sub-Items. The Sector/Activity level is the primary focus of project management and the minimum level of reporting throughout FMIS. G Gap analysis. An analysis of discrepancies between the current situation and the accepted standard. Gaps can be closed by directly providing external inputs or by increasing the resource base of the community. Gender. The socially constructed attributes and opportunities associated with being male or female and the socio-cultural relationships between men and women and girls and boys. Gender is a learned behaviour and can change over time. Gender differs from sex, which refers to biological differences between females and males. Gender equality. The ultimate goal of mainstreaming a gender perspective, entailing assessing the implications for both males and females of any planned action, including the formulation of policies and programmes Goal. In relation to a country operation, the desired overall result to be achieved though UNHCR s involvement with a beneficiary population or theme H Hierarchy of objectives. The cascade in the OMS planning framework from goals down to sector objectives and outputs. A hierarchy of objectives can be developed at all levels of the organisation, from the highest level of organisational goals (mandate, mission statement) down to the level of individual staff members (CMS objectives). I Impact. The higher-level effect achieved through implementation of activities to meet goals and objectives. In a normal UNHCR country operation, impact refers to the quality and intended change produced by a programme. For example, by achieving the sector objective to provide sufficient quantities of cooking fuel to all segments of the refugee population in a given camp, higher level impacts are 1) a positive contribution to the nutritional status of the population, 2) a reduction in sexual violence in connection with firewood collection, and 3) mitigation of environmental damage around the camp. UNHCR seeks to develop operational strategies, which have the broadest impact. Impact indicator. See Indicator 229

234 Annex 6: Glossary Implementing partner. Any organisation or agency (governmental, nongovernmental inter-governmental, United Nations, or multilateral) to which UNHCR delegates responsibility for the implementation of material assistance, and provides funds for this purpose through a standard (Sub-)Project agreement Indicator. A unit to measure signs of change towards the achievement of results. Two types of indicators are employed in the OMS. An impact indicator is a sign of change in conditions or in institutional practice that affects beneficiaries or their welfare. Aperformance indicator is a measure of performance toward the achievement of planned outputs that can be quantified or graded in terms of quality and readily revisited within a foreseen timeframe. Performance indicators are set at the output level. Input. Any human, financial, or material resource which is transferred through activities into an output IOM/FOM. Inter-Office Memorandum/Field Office Memorandum originating from Headquarters and containing management instructions M Mid-Year Progress Report. Report issued by the Donor Relations and Resource Mobilisation (DRRM) Service based on reports of the same name received from operations in the field. These reports provide information on progress achieved against current year objectives, as well as constraints encountered. The report issued by DRRM and forwarded to donors and the public also introduces any new situations that have arisen since the issuance of the Global Appeal and draws attention to expected funding shortfalls and financial support required for the remainder of the year. Milestones. In relation to work plans, a marker signifying that an important interim-phase has been completed Millennium Development Goals: 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve universal primary education 3. Promote gender equality and empower women 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Develop a global partnership for development Monitoring. The continual review of performance during implementation undertaken by implementing partners, host governments, and UNHCR Field Offices. Monitoring involves a systematic review of financial and programme performance, as measured against previously established planned achievements. 230

235 Annex 6: Glossary Indicators are applied regularly and frequently to ascertain whether benefits are reaching the intended target group. O Objective. The intended result or impact of any Project or Sub-Project undertaken by UNHCR. An objective is a statement of the situation expected to prevail on completion of the Project or Sub-Project; a statement of desired results and impact, which contribute towards the achievement of the programme goals. OMS. Operations Management System, the management framework for planning, organising, and controlling UNHCR protection and assistance activities; the means by which UNHCR ensures that all aspects of its operations are appropriate, consistent, and effective Operational partner. Any organisation or agency with which UNHCR collaborates to provide protection and assistance for refugees or other persons of concern to UNHCR but which does not receive funds from UNHCR to implement activities on its behalf Output. A specific result of programme activities whose delivery is within the control of UNHCR or an implementing partner and for which implementers can be held fully accountable. An output contributes towards achieving an objective. Typical examples of outputs are classrooms built, cooking fuel distribution systems operational, and workshops delivered. P Performance indicator. See Indicator Persons of concern. A generic term to describe all persons whose protection and assistance needs are of interest to UNHCR. UNHCR s authority to act on behalf of persons of concern other than refugees is based on General Assembly resolutions. Planning year. The year for which initial project planning is undertaken. In the current programming cycle, programme teams report on the previous year, implement in the current year, and undertake initial planning for the following, or planning year. Programme priorities. Areas of activity highlighted by UNHCR s Executive Committee as particularly important and integrated into UNHCR s Agenda for Protection. Programme priorities include protection and assistance needs of refugee women, refugee children and adolescents, and older refugees; HIV/AIDS in refugee populations; and the environmental impact of a refugee presence on a host country s natural resources. R Resources. Elements such as material items, people, skills, and funds which can be applied to meet needs and produce an intended result 231

236 Annex 6: Glossary Result. A change in the condition of a beneficiary population or situation of a host country which has a relationship to the (individual) beneficiary. A result is brought about by the intervention of UNHCR in concert with its partners. S Sector. An aggregation or categorization of UNHCR project activities; a level within the FMIS budget structure. Under current UNHCR procedures, objectives are formulated for each project at the FMIS Sector level. T Target. Measured against the standards set for an indicator and set monthly, quarterly, or annually to work towards meeting or exceeding a standard Type of assistance. UNHCR s programmes and projects are divided into the five operational types of assistance: Emergency (EM): Assistance following an influx of refugees or other persons of concern to the High Commissioner, aimed at meeting basic survival needs quickly, normally lasting no longer than 1 year, and essentially focusing on life-saving and life-sustaining measures Care and maintenance (CM): Assistance to refugees in relatively stable situations in which survival is no longer threatened but the durable solution for the refugee group has not yet been determined Voluntary repatriation (RP): The most desirable solution (as long as the voluntary nature of the repatriation is safeguarded), which also covers assistance to help refugees overcome practical difficulties in repatriating to their country of origin Local settlement (LS): Where voluntary repatriation is not yet possible, assistance to help refugees become self-supporting in the country of first asylum and to integrate into the economic and social life of the local community Resettlement (RE): Where no other durable solution is feasible, assistance to enable refugees to resettle in a third country 232

237 Annex 7: References Annex 7: References Chapter 1: Introduction United Nations, Implementing the Millennium Declaration, Fact Sheet, New York, 2002 UNHCR, Project Planning in UNHCR: A Practical Guide on the Use of Objectives, Outputs and Indicators for UNHCR Staff and Implementing Partners (known as the Blue Guide ), second edition, Geneva, March Millennium Development Goals and health targets: Chapter 2: UNHCR s Operations Management System Anderson,MaryB.etal,A Framework for People-Oriented Planning in Refugee Situations Taking Account of Men, Women, and Children: A Practical Planning Tool for Refugee Workers, Geneva: UNHCR, 1992 UNHCR, Agenda for Protection, Geneva, 2003, Handbook for Registration: Procedures and Standards for Registration, Population Data Management and Documentation, Geneva, September 2003 (provisional release), Project Planning in UNHCR: A Practical Guide on the Use of Objectives, Outputs and Indicators for UNHCR Staff and Implementing Partners (known as the Blue Guide ), second edition, Geneva, March 2002, UNHCR Handbook for Emergencies, second edition, Geneva, 2000 Chapter 3: Data Collection Kaiser, Tania, Participatory and Beneficiary-Based Approaches to the Evaluation of Humanitarian Programmes, New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper No. 51, Geneva, February 2002 UNICEF, Multi-Cluster Indicators Survey,

238 Chapter 4: Using Standards in UNHCR Programme Planning CCA indicators: UNHCR, Manual, Chapter 4, Participatory Evaluation Methods, EPAU/ES, 2003 Annex 7: References, Participatory Planning in UNHCR: A Practical Guide, Geneva, Project Planning in UNHCR: A Practical Guide on the Use of Objectives, Outputs and Indicators for UNHCR Staff and Implementing Partners (the Blue Guide ), second edition, Geneva, March 2002 Chapter 5: Using the Standards and Indicators in UNHCR Documentation Anderson,MaryB.etal,A Framework for People-Oriented Planning in Refugee Situations Taking Account of Men, Women, and Children: A Practical Planning Tool for Refugee Workers, Geneva: UNHCR, 1992 Sphere Project, Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response, Geneva, 2004 UNHCR, Agenda for Protection, Geneva, 2003, Designing Protection Strategies and Measuring Progress: Checklist for UNHCR Staff, Geneva, 2002, Handbook for Registration: Procedures and Standards for Registration, Population Data Management and Documentation, Geneva, September 2003, Health, Food and Nutrition Toolkit, Geneva, 2001, Project Planning in UNHCR: A Practical Guide on the Use of Objectives, Outputs and Indicators for UNHCR Staff and Implementing Partners (known as the Blue Guide ), second edition, Geneva, March 2002, UNHCR Handbook for Emergencies, second edition, Geneva, (for indicators) 234

239 General Annex 7: References Sphere Project, Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response. Oxford: Oxfam Publishing, 2004 UNHCR, Refugee Operations and Environmental Management: Key Principles for Decision Making, Geneva, 1998, UNHCR Handbook for Emergencies, second edition, Geneva, 2000 Protection ICRC, UNICEF, UNHCR, IRC, Save the Children and World Vision International, Inter-agency Guiding Principles on Unaccompanied and Separated Children, 2003 UNHCR, Agenda for Protection, Geneva, 2001, Goal 1: Strengthening implementation of the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol, Code of Conduct, 2002, available at Guidelines on Policies and Procedures in Dealing with Unaccompanied Children Seeking Asylum, Geneva, February 1997, Handbook for Registration: Procedures and Standards for Registration, Population Data Management and Documentation, Geneva, September 2003 (provisional release), Protecting Refugees, A Field Guide for NGOs, Geneva, May 1999, Refugee Children: Guidelines on Protection and Care, Geneva, 1994, Resettlement Handbook, Geneva, revised edition, 2002, Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced Persons: Guidelines for Prevention and Response, Geneva, May 2003, Working with Unaccompanied Children: A Community-Based Approach : Community Service guidelines, Geneva,

240 Annex 7: References UNHCR Executive Committee (ExCom) Conclusions Protection in Voluntary Repatriation, No. 18 (1980) Basic Rights of Asylum Seekers in Cases of Mass Influx, No. 22 (1981 ) Identity Documents for Refugees, No. 35 (1984) Refugee Women and International Protection, No. 39 (1985) No. 40 Protection in Voluntary Repatriation Operations, No. 40 (1985) Detention of Refugees. No. 44 (1999) Refugee Women and International Protection, No. 64 (1990) Refugee Protection and Sexual Violence, No. 73 (1993) Protection of the Refugee s Family, No. 88 (1999) Registration of Refugees and Asylum Seekers, No. 91 (2001) Reception of Asylum Seekers in the Context of Individual Asylum Systems, No. 93 (2002) United Nations, Convention on the Political Rights of Women, 1953, Articles 1 41, Geneva Convention Relating to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, Articles 26, 44, and 70 and Articles 73 to 89 of its Protocol I, 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 28 July 1951, Articles 2 34, 27, 31.1, 32, 33, 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 1954, Articles 2 32, United Nations, United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1990, Articles 1 42 and two optional protocols, United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 23 March 1976, Articles 1 27 and Operational Protocol thereto, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1949, Articles I III IOM/FOM/22/99/Rev.1 (26 Feb 99) Guideline 6: Minors who are asylumseekers should not be detained. Separated Children in Europe Programme, Statement of Good Practice, second edition, October

241 Annex 7: References Community Services CASA Consulting, The Community Services Function in UNHCR: An Independent Evaluation, Montreal, March 2003 Crisis Interventions Teams, How to Guide 1: Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations: A Community-Based Response on Sexual Violence against Women, Ngara, Tanzania, 1997 UNHCR, Code of Conduct, 2002, available at Guidelines for Educational Assistance to Refugees, Geneva, 1995, Guidelines on Protection of Refugee Women, Geneva, 1991, Manual, Chapter 4, Programme Instruction, Geneva, 2003, Refugee Children: Guidelines on Protection and Care, Geneva, 1994, Refugee Emergencies: A Community-Based Approach, Community Service Guidelines, Geneva, 1996, Registration: A Practical Guide for Field Staff, Geneva, (2003), Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations, an Inter-Agency Field Manual, Geneva, 1999, Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced Persons: Guidelines for Prevention and Response, Geneva, May 2003, Situation Analysis in UNHCR and the accompanying Situation Analysis Template, Geneva, forthcoming 2004 UNHCR, WHO, and UNAIDS, Guidelines for HIV Interventions in Emergency Settings, Geneva, 1996 Wofford, Bethany, Community Services: Exploring Standards and Indicators, Geneva: UNHCR Community Services Unit, April

242 Annex 7: References Health Inter Agency Standing Committee Task Force on HIV/AIDS in Emergency Settings (IASC TF), Guidelines for HIV/AIDS Interventions in Emergency Settings, 2002 Johns Hopkins and International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Public Health Guide for Emergencies, 2000 Sphere Project, Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response. Geneva, 2004 UNFPA, The Reproductive Health Kits for Crisis Situations, second edition, New York, 2003 UNHCR, Handbook for Emergencies, second edition, Geneva, June 2000, Health, Food and Nutrition Toolkit, Geneva, 2001, Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations, an Inter-agency Field Manual, Geneva, 1999, Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations, an Interagency Field Manual, Geneva, 1999 United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report 2003: Millennium Development Goals: A Compact among Nations to End Human Poverty, New York, 2003 Connolly, M., Communicable Disease Control in Emergencies, WHO/CDS/ , Geneva, 2003 Food Security and Nutrition Médécins sans Frontières, Nutrition Guidelines, Paris, 1995 Sphere Project, Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response, Geneva, 2004 UNHCR, Health, Food and Nutrition Toolkit, Geneva, 2001, Micronutrients Training Package UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, WHO, Food and Nutrition Needs in Emergencies, n.d 238

243 Annex 7: References UNHCR and WFP, Guidelines for Selective Feeding Programmes In Emergency Situations, February 1999 WHO, The Management of Nutrition in Major Emergencies, second edition, Geneva, World Food Programme (WFP) and UNHCR, Guidelines for Estimating Food and Nutritional Needs in Emergencies, Geneva, December 1997 Water Practising and Promoting Sound Environmental Management in Refugee/Returnee Operations. International workshop, New York, October 2001 Sphere Project, Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response. Geneva, 2004 UNHCR, UNHCR Emergency Handbook, Geneva, 1999, UNHCR Handbook for Emergencies, Geneva, 2000, Water Manual for Refugee Situations, Geneva, 1992, UNHCR Water Manual for Refugee Situations, Programme and Technical Support Section, Geneva, 1992 WHO, Guidelines on Drinking-Water Quality, Geneva, Shelter and Infrastructure UNHCR, Environmental Indicator Framework: A Monitoring System for Environment-Related Activities in Refugee Operations (User Guide), Engineering and Environmental Services (EEES), Geneva, 2002 Environmental management planning guidelines Participatory environmental management guidelines Rapid environmental assessment tools 239

244 Annex 7: References Sanitation UNHCR. Handbook for Emergencies, Geneva, 2000 University of Wisconsin, Disaster Management Center, Emergency Management Project, Education Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Save the Children, UNICEF, and UNHCR, Action for the Rights of Children Resource Pack, 2002 UNHCR, Education: Field Guidelines, Geneva, 2003, Guidelines on International Protection: Gender-Related Persecution (HCR/GIP/02/01, Geneva, 7 May 2002), Refugee Children: Guidelines on Protection and Care, Geneva, 1994 Crop Production UNHCR, Environmental Indicator Framework: User Guide, Geneva, February 2002, Manual on Self-Reliance, Employment, and Microfinance, Geneva, provisional version, 1997, Self-Reliance Guidelines, Geneva, forthcoming 2004 Income Generation International Labour Organization and UNHCR, Micro-Finance in Conflict- Affected Communities: A Training Programme, Geneva, 2003 UNHCR, Manual on Self-Reliance, Employment, and Microfinance, Geneva, 1997 (provisional version), Self-Reliance Guidelines, Geneva, forthcoming 2004 Non-food items UNHCR, Partnership: A Programme Management Handbook for UNHCR s Partners, Geneva, 1996, Annex A, pp Supplies and Food Aid Handbook, Geneva, June 1989, UNHCR Emergency Handbook, Chapter 13, Geneva,

245 Let us join the hands together in order to live up to the expectation of those people UNHCR/J. Zaprzala