286 POLITICS AND STATE BUILDING IN SOLOMON ISLANDS

Transcription

1 Index Index 285 Afeau, Primo, 21, 114, 138, 139 Ambuofa, Peter, anti-chinese sentiment, 41, 49, 58, 68, 71, 132, 149 April 2006 riots see riots (2006), Honiara Asian community, 72, 89, 198, 247 links to corrupt activities, 18, 40, 42, 43, 44, 57, 58, 59, 64 5, 66, 72, 91, 149 role in economy, 64 Waku, 64, 65, 66, 67 72, 79 see also Chinese community Association of Independent Members of Parliament (AIMP), 43, 44, 106, 108, 122, 153, 157, 158, 167, 169, 170 1, 173, 174, 175 AusAID, 125, 150, 151, 187 Australia, 12, 22, 103 ban on PNG ministerial visits, 31n dominance in RAMSI, 15, 20 government perspective on riots, military forces, 87 8 police, 3 4, 12, 13, 14, 18, 39, 44, 52, 86, 148, 176 7, 190 policy on Asian migration, 68 regional leadership, viii, 12 relationship with Solomon Islands government, viii ix, 1, 2, 9, 13, 20, 21 6, 30, 114n, , 141 visa restrictions on SI politicians, 22 Australian Defence Force (ADF), Australian Federal Police (AFP), 12, 19, 22, 39 Commissioner, 27 8, 149 International Deployment Group (IDG), SI Commissioner appointment, 19, 189 Australian High Commissioner, 22, 25, 31n, 52, 92n, 124, 157, 171, 178 expulsion, 22, 114n, 138 Bainimarama, Commodore, 27 banks, 83, 88 9, 89, 232, 271 foreign, 169 Bartlett, Alex, 51, 66, 90, 91n Biketawa Declaration on Mutual Assistance, 12, 254 Black Shark, 229, 239n Black Tuesday, 43, 44 6, 53, 54, 55, 91, 96, 97, 131 4, 149, 265 see also riots (2006), Honiara Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA), , 232, 239n Brown, Terry, 16, 209n Brunton, Brian, 26, 278 capacity building, 3, 4, 8, 10, 13, 14, 51, 188, Castles, Shane, 23 4, 28, 45, 82, 177 Chan, Laurie, 89, 162, 166, 171, 173 Chan, Sir Thomas, 43, 52, 83, 89, 106 7,

2 286 POLITICS AND STATE BUILDING IN SOLOMON ISLANDS 122, 129, 131, 133, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172 China, 4, 42, 49, 66, 68, 70, 88, 89, 132, 140, 162, 260 see also Taiwan Chinese community businesses, viii, 39, 44, 48, 49, 58, 59, 60n, 64, 66, 71 2, 90, 106, 108, 133, 135, 141, 170, 173, 273, 274 Chinatown, viii, 1, 15, 18, 39, 40, 44, 48, 49, 55, 60n, 64 71, 82, 86, 87, 96, 132, 148, 175, 180n, 185 links to corruption, 59, 89, 65, 71, 79 80, 106, 131, 133, 141, 274 history of, new Chinese, 49, 66, 70 1, 83, 133, 141 old Chinese, 49, 66, 83 population numbers, 70, 72 see also Asian business community Christian Fellowship Church (CFC), 100, 110, , 160 Rove, Reverend Ikan, 112 Christianity, 7, 69, 100, Civic Education Project, 125, 179n, 187, 275 Clean Election Campaign, 125, 128, 151 advertisement, 126 Cold War, 2 Cole, Patrick, 22, 25, 31n, 52, 92n, 114n, 124, 138, 139, 171 Commission of Inquiry into April disturbances, 21, 26, 138, 143n, 253 terms of reference, 114n, 253 4, Commonwealth Secretariat, 127 compensation payments, 40, 48, 58 9, 59 60n, 86, 108, 156, 201, 220, 271 Constituency Governing Councils (CGCs), 226 constitution, draft, 101, 102, 113, 161, 236 Constitutional (Amendment) Bill 2005, 179n Constitutional Review Committee, 196, 224 5, 234, 235 corruption, 2, 11, 15, 17, 21, 24, 28, 31n, 41, 55, 56, 60n, 67, 108, 114n, 115n, 140, 142, 155, 157, 165, 173, 186, 197, 270 allegations against Kemakeza, 40, 47 8, 123, 133, 143n, 154, 167 Asian business interests, 18, 40, 42, 43, 44, 57, 58, 59, 64 5, 66, 72, 91, 149 Chinese business interests, 59, 65, 71, 79 80, 89, 106, 131, 133, 141, 274 reducing, 26, vote-buying, 39, 42, 43, 58, 125, 126, 127 8, 151, 166, 170, 263, coup, June 2000, 12, 19, 41, 56, 86, 157, 194, Black Shark, 229, 239n declaration of joint, federal style statement government, ethnic conflict, government response, June takeover, inequality between provinces, Munda Accord, 223 4, 228 provincial government review, sub-national identities, Western leaders communiqué, Western Province identity, criminal behaviour, 11, 54, 55, 56, 188, 191, 192, 198, 271, 274 culture, 7, 53, 53 4, 65, 90, 101, 103, 109, 189, 190 Dausabea, Charles, 19, 20, 45, 46, 49, 50, 54, 55, 66, 89, 90, 91n, 107, 108, 109, 115n, 135, 137, 138, 139, 157, 158, 160, 171 2, 173, 175 6, 179, 252 Decentralisation Bill, Deep-Sea Canoe Movement, 201 5, 206 7, 208 Dettke, Bobo, 43, 108, 122, 173

3 Index 287 Devesi, Sir Baddeley, 104, 170 Downer, Alexander, 12, 20, 21, 25, 27, 31n, 137, 139, 274 Dunning, Adam, 13, 51 economy decline, viii, 27, 121, 154, 163, 186, 195, 248, 257, 271 export revenue, 215, 252 exports, 215, 237, 251 GDP, 154, 186, 251 growth, 27 inequality, 66, 141, inflation, 90, 186 management, 3, 102 recovery, 155, 169 reform, 1, 13, 27, 41, 50, 186, 187, 225, 273 role of Asian community, 64, 66, 71 2, 107, 141, education, 3, 6, 7, 70, 81, 111, 124, 195, 208, 214, 247, 254, 259, 261 Einfeld, Marcus, 21, 114n, 138, 253 election, 2006 national, 39 44, 105 9, ballot papers, 42 camps, political, 43, 107, 108, , 142, candidates, dummy, 42, 59n candidates, number of, 39, 42, 122 3, 126, 160, 163 corruption, 39, 42, 43, 58, 127 8, 151, 162, 166 7, 170, 173, 175, 177, 263 electoral roll, 40, 42, 43, 150 incumbent turnover, observer groups, 110, 127, 141, 149, 151, outcomes, political parties contesting, 42, prime minister election, 17 18, 44, 97, 104 5, 106, 108 9, , 136, 171 4, 177 prime minister election results, 174 registered voters and turn-out, 152 representation by gender group, 164 results, single ballot-box voting system, 43, 125 6, 127, 151 women candidates, 40, 42, 123, 127, see also electoral process; Westminster system elections, 1993, 153, 155 elections, 1997, 55, 122, 136, 155 elections, 2001, 47, 122, 127, 137, 150, 153, 157 elections, features since independence, 161 electoral process, lack of local representation, 46 8, 58, 97, , 121, 195 reforms needed, Ellison, Chris, 24 employment, 27, 186, 216, 273 see also unemployment Enhanced Cooperation Program, Papua New Guinea, 4 environment, 57, 76, 153, 248, 261 see also logging, sustainability ethnic tensions, viii, 11, 12, 18, 41, 48, 49, 55, 58, 59, 65 6, 67, 123, 172, 185, 194, 198, 199, 200, 214, 215, 220 3, 225, 231, 255, 257 8, 259, 260, 261, 267, 271 European Union, 31n, 157, 158 Facilitation of International Assistance Act 2003, 13, 50 failed/failing states, viii, 3, 4, 8, 11, 28, 30, 31n, 159, 208 federalism, 101, , 196, 197, 213, 225, 227, 228, Fiji, viii, 18, 23, 114n, 189 December 2006 coup, 24, 27, 56

4 288 POLITICS AND STATE BUILDING IN SOLOMON ISLANDS firearms/weapons removal, 13, 51, 190, 191, 257, 271, 272 Fisheries Act, 78, 79 fishing industry, 77 81, corruption, 41, 57, 72, 78, 79, 91, 177 history of, 77 production and average prices, 78 tuna exports, 77 Fono, Fred, 109, 135, 136, 158, 165, 172, 174 alleged corruption, 136, 166 food shortages, 90, 135, 260, 264 foreign aid, 3, 8, 9, 10, 17, 56, 150, 214, 238n, 258 Foreign Investment Board, 76 Forest Act, 76 forestry industry, 56, 111 corruption, 41, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60n, 72, 76, 91, 246, 247, , 256 Asian loggers, 246, 247, , 256 see also logging future directions, 121, , 256, Goh, Robert, 60, 71, 84 5, 131, 132, 154, 167 governance centralisation of power, 17, 40, 101, 142, 195 9, , , 261 involvement of traditional leaders, 14, 98, 100, 102, 103, , 114n government, system of see Westminster system; see also federalism; regional autonomy governor-general, 44, 47, 85, 90, 104, 106, 130, 131, 132, 133, 136, 142, 148, 170, 174 Grand Coalition for Change, 137 8, 141 2, 236 Guadalcanal Malaita conflict, 194, 214, 215, 221 2, 225 health, 3, 71, 111, 124, 208, 214, 247, 258 Hilly, Francis Billy, 55, 60n, 75, 107, 140, 155, 166, 168, 172, 256 political party, 122, 168 Holy Mama Silas Eto, 111, 122 Honiara Hotel, 43, 83, 89, 106, 107, 129, 133 4, 153, 170, 171, 172, 174 Howard, Prime Minister John, 4, 22, 92n, 154, 186 infrastructure, 3, 6, 187, 208, 256, 261 Institute for Public Administration and Management, 273 institutional transfer, 2, 8 9, 10 institutions, 5, 6, 7, 28 9, 81, 187, 188 non-state, 11 strengthening, 3, 4, 5, 81, 113, 189, 271, 275 International Deployment Group (IDG), Iron Bottom Sound Hotel, 43, 46, 54, 89, 107, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 170, 172, 173, 174 Isatabu Freedom Movement (IFM), 59n, 137, 156, 172, 176, 229 Japan, 5, 65, 67, 71, 72, 77, 151 kastom, 100, 114n, Deep-Sea Canoe Movement, 201 5, 206 7, 208 definitions, 201, 205, 209 disturbance of, Guadalcanal, 110, 111 Malaitan, 40, 48, 52, 59, Kausimae Committee on Provincial Government, 217, 224 Keelty, Mick, 27 8, 149 Keke, Harold, 12, 47, 51 Kemakeza, Sir Allan, 1, 2, 12, 15, 20, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48, 84, 88, 101, 106, 108,

5 Index , 139, 148, 153 4, 162, 163, 173 4, 175, 178, 236, 255 alleged corrupt activities, 40, 47 8, 123, 133, 143n, 154, 167 background, 153 election as deputy speaker, 46 knighthood, 153 political party, 122 unpopularity, 1, 40, 47, 48, 58, 106, 123, 129, 131, 159, 167 Kenilorea, Sir Peter, 45, 81, 109, 131, 155, 169, 172, 177, 179n, 224 kinship, 7, 150, 200, 201, 209, 218, 219 Lafari Party, 43, 106, 108, 122, 167 land tenure, 121, 140, 142, 196, 197, 216, language, 7, 190, 191, 218 law and order, viii, 4, 11, 13, 21, 51, 80, 90, 112, 121, 124, 186, 187, 190, 194, 247, 256, 257, Leadership Code Commission, 165, 270 Leong, Patrick, 44, 84, 89, 96, 108, 133, 173 Lilo, Reuben, 226, 227, 232, 233, 234 local communities, involvement in governance, 7, 30, , 195 Local Government Act 1964, 195 logging companies involved, 73, 74, 89, 248 9, 252 Delta Timber Company, history of, 72 3 exports, 60n, 74, 75, 111, 215, land area available, 74, 92n Malaita Province, 250 production, 73, 75 revenue, 166, 186 rural, 75, 163 sustainability, 74 5, 153, 248 volume and export prices, 75 see also forestry industry Ma asina Rule Movement, 98, 100, 231 Maeliau, Michael, Malaita, population, 258 relations with Western Province, Malaita Council, 98 Malaita Ma asina Forum, 52, 53, 60n Malaita Guadalcanal conflict, 194, 214, 215, 221 2, 225 Malaitan Eagle Force (MEF), 19, 25, 40, 47, 56, 58 9, 59 60n, 66, 90, 91n, 137, 154, 157, 158, 163, 173, 229, 230, 232, 234 opposition to RAMSI, 50, 188 Malaysia, 65, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 141, 246, 248, 249 Mamaloni, Solomon, 55, 60n, 73, 79, 115n, 127, 153, 155, 156, 165, 179n, 224, 225 maps, xiii xvii media freedom, 256, reports/statements, 18, 21, 22, 25, 42, 50, 66, 123 4, 130, 136, 139, 194, 222, 231, 253 Melanesian Spearhead Group, 24 members of parliament (MPs) arrest of, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23, 31n, 39, 45, 51, 52, 66, 135, 175 6, 253 inciting violence for political ends, 19, 21, 54 5, 56 7, 59, 60n, 66, 104, 109, 175 6, 179n number of, 42 party affiliations, 168 memoranda of understanding (MOU), 129, 140, 153 militants, Malaitan, 12, 19, 52, 107, 156, 170, 194 see also Malaitan Eagle Force (MEF) militias, 11, 12, 163, 194 Moro Movement, 100, 110, Moti, Julian, 22 3, 24, 26, 28

6 290 POLITICS AND STATE BUILDING IN SOLOMON ISLANDS appointment as attorney-general, 26, 114n, 139 arrest, 22 escape from Papua New Guinea, 23, 25 nation building and state building, definition, 5 National Council of Women, 128, 163 nationalism, 5, 7, 199 Native Administration Regulation 1947, 98 Nauru, 4, 31n, 68 Ne e, Nelson, 20, 45, 54, 66, 90, 107, 108, 109, 135, 137, 138, 139, 163, New Zealand, viii, 12, 18, 21, 26, 39, 44, 53, 86, 188, 190, 191, 270, 275 NZAID, 150 Nori, Andrew, 50, 158, 229, 239n Oti, Patteson, 24, 45, 134, 157, 168, 172 Pacific Casino Hotel, 43, 44, 84 5, 87, 89, 90, 96, 108, 129, 132 3, 148, 173, 188 Pacific Islands Forum Review of RAMSI, terms of reference, mandate, 280 methodology, 282 outputs and reporting, 283 purpose, 281 scope, Pacific Islands Forum, 12, 17, 23, 51, 110, 254 Eminent Persons Group, 17, 51 review of RAMSI, 23, 51 Papua New Guinea, 4, 22, 23, 31n, 80, 101, 112, 114n Asianisation, 80 Australian police, 14 ban on ministerial visits to Australia, 31n Defence Force Board of Inquiry, Port Moresby, 25, 31n election system, 179n Enhanced Cooperation Program, 4, 158 Organic Law on the Integrity of Political Parties and Candidates, 113 Village Courts Act 1973, 112 Participating Police Force (PPF), 12, 13, 15, 18, 31n, 41, 44, 52, 53 4, 58, 131 4, 143n, 189, 190, 191 see also RAMSI, policing component; riots, police mismanagement Peoples Alliance Party (PAP), 106, 108, 122, 158, 167 9, 174, 175 ples men, 98 9, 102 police/policing, viii, 1, 3, 4, 11 2, 13,14, 18 immunity provisions, foreign police, 13 injured during riots, 17, 83, 96 provincial stations, 16 riots, mismanagement, 53 4, 58, 66 7, 81 2, 83, 87 8, 143n, 176 7, 190 see also Australian Federal Police (AFP); Participating Police Force (PPF); Solomon Islands Police Force (SIPF); RAMSI, policing component political parties, 42, 43, 103 4, 106 8, 121 2, 155 AIMP/PAP/Lafari coalition, 108, 129 failing to gain a seat in Parliament in 2006, 128 Grand Coalition of political parties, 43, 107, 108 proposed legislation to strengthen, 128 politics, 29 30, centralisation of power, 17, 40, 101, 142, 195 9, , intervention, party affiliations of elected MPs, 168 see also elections; members of parliament; political parties; Westminster system population, 216, 218 growth, 258, 260 poverty, 89, 90, 247, 258

7 Index 291 Preservation of Public Security act, 44 prime minister election 2006, 17 18, 44, 97, 104 5, 106, 108 9, , 136, 171 4, results, 174 alternative way of electing, Provincial Government Act, 224 Provincial Government Decentralisation Bill, Provincial Government Review Committee, 225, 227 public service, 50, 56, 80, 81, 259, Quan, Sir Henry, 133, 134 RAMSI (Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands) achievements, 1, 26 7, 191, 195, 257, community outreach program, 192 opposition to/criticism of, 14, 15, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 29, 31n, 50 3, 58, 60n, 90, 139, 107, 134, 138, 140, 158, 159, 188, 269 dominance in decision-making, 10, 14, 20 economic governance program, 13, 50, 186, 188 effect on SI politics, 47, 57, 149, 151, 155, 157, 163, 167, 178 about suitability of prime minister, 19, 31n, 52, 92n, 171 Eminent Persons Group recommendations, 17 establishment, viii, 11, 121, 154, 186, 194, 254, 270 expectations of, 1, 16 17, 267, 275 firearms/weapons removal, 13, 51, 190, 191, 257, 271, 272 future, 17, 18, 52, 138, military contingency, 191 numbers deployed, 191 personnel located in SI ministries, 187 policing component, 12, 13 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 24, 26, 31n, 41, 44, 52, 67, 81, 131 4, 138, 149, 176, 190, 191 population support, 188, 189 prosecutions, selective, 15, 80 1, 91, 154, 159 reform program, 187 relations with SI counterparts, 27, 188 role, 2, 12, 13, 16, 28, 30, 255 6, Sogavare attacks against, 19 20, 23, 24, 188 special envoy, 189 third anniversary, 1 see also Participating Police Force (PPF); riots 2006 (Honiara), police mismanagement/lack of preparedness Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands see RAMSI regional autonomy, 195, resources, natural, 195, 213, 214, 216, 235 6, 237 see also fishing industry; forestry industry Rini, Snyder, 15, 19, 31n, 43 4, 44, 89, 92n, 171 announcement, prime minister-elect, viii, 1, 17, 18, 39, 44, 47, 57, 81, 86, 88, 106, 108 9, 131, 141, 148, 169 criticism of RAMSI, 51 nomination as Prime Minister, 108, 130 1, 174 petition demanding resignation, 44, 85, 132 resignation, 1, 19, 39, 46, 91, 109, 134, 174, 179n swearing-in as Prime Minister, 45, 133 riots (1989 and 1996), 40, 48, 60n, 96 riots (2006), Honiara, viii, 1 2, 13, 17 18, 30, 39 59, 81 91, 131 4, anti-chinese sentiments, 41, 49 arrests, 44, 45, 272

8 292 POLITICS AND STATE BUILDING IN SOLOMON ISLANDS causes of, viii, 1, 9, 11, 16 17, 18, 30, 39, 40, 44, 46 57, 97, 113, 138, 140, 141, 149, 175 6, , 257 8, 259, 274 Chinatown, viii, 1, 15, 18, 39, 40, 44, 48, 49, 55, 60n, 64 71, 82, 86, 87, 96, 132, 148, 175, 180n, 185 compensation claims, 48, 58 9 crowd dynamics, 54, 59 economic effects, 135, 257 electorate frustration, 46 8, 58, 97, , injuries, 17, 44, 53, 82, 85, 86, 88, 96, 131, 192 looting, 1, 17, 38, 44, 46, 49, 54, 55, 57, 59, 66, 67, 71, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 109, 131 2, 138 opposition to RAMSI, 50 3, 58 parliamentary lock-down, 45 6 police mismanagement/lack of preparedness, 18, 26, 41, 52, 53 4, 58, 66 7, 81 2, 83, 87 8, 143n, 176 7, 190 premeditation, 55, 66, 81, 82, 149, 176, 179n prior intelligence, 18, 66, 86, 192 role of MPs in inciting, 19, 21, 54 5, 56 7, 59, 60n, 66, 104, 109, 175 6, 179n use of tear-gas, 18, 44, 53, 81, 85, 131, 148, 177 Ronia, Edward, 122 Rove Prison, 27, 81, 123 Rove, Reverend Ikan, 112, 122 rural areas, 17, 12, 17, 57, 64, 121, 125, 137, 142, 156, 160, 161, 187, 196, 197, 216 development, 214, 260 1, 267 Rural Constituency Development Funds (RCDF), 162, 165 6, 177 Russell Islands Plantations Estates Ltd, 162 Sae, Edmond, 52, 257 Samoa, 31n, 68, 102, 103, 114n Sasako, Alfred, 123 4, 158, 165, 167 security, 3, 11, 13 skill shortage, 14, 15 social services, 99, 111 Sogavare, Manasseh, viii, 1, 1 2, 19, 30, 39, 48, 86, 89, 92n, 96, 101, 107, 108, 120, 122, 172, 233, 235, 239n, 247, 253, 256 assassination plot, alleged, 25 appointment as prime minister, 109, 136, 232, 269 assertions of sovereignty, 2, 20, 21, 22, 23, 139 background, corruption allegations, 89, 140 crossing the floor, 46, 134 links to MEF, 188, 232 nomination as prime minister, 130 1, 135, 174 opposition to RAMSI, 19 20, 23, 24, 25, 29, 31n, 90, 139, 140, 158, 188, 269 personal SIPF guard, 24 policy committee, 135 political appointments, 26, 28 political party, 43, 107 8, 109, 122, 128 relationship with Taiwan, role in disorder, 56 7, vote for prime minister, 108, 115n Solomon Islands description, 7 maps, xiv xvii population, 216 Solomon Islands Alliance for Change (SIAC), 55, 56, 60n, 156, 157, 158, 159, 226, 229 Solomon Islands Christian Association (SICA), 14 Solomon Islands College of Higher Education (SICHE), 107 Solomon Islands government relationship with Australia, viii ix, 1, 2, 9, 13, 20, 21 5, 30, 114n, , 141

9 Index 293 Solomon Islands Party for Rural Advancement (SIPRA), 43, 107, 122, 169, 172 Solomon Islands Police Academy, 190 Solomon Islands Police Force (SIPF), 14, 18, 19, 39, 81, 83, 85, 87, 154, 175, 190, 195, 228, 229, 230, 271, 272 appointment of Jahir Khan, 26 clean-out of rogue officers, 272 Commissioner, 14, 19, 23, 26, 45, 66, 82, 85, 86, 177, 189, 272 re-arming of Sogavare guard, 24 re-arming budget request, 26 Solomon Islands Public Service Commission, 26 Solomon Taiyo Ltd, 77 8, , 237n Somare, Sir Michael, 23, 25 6 shoe incident, 31n South Sea Evangelical Church (SSEC), 201 Speaker of Parliament, 45, 81, 109, 131, 169 state-building, international, 7 11, 29 Statement Government Taskforce, Report, 235 Taiwan, 4, 24, 42, 58, 66, 88, 123 4, 140 1, 161 2, 166, 167 electoral campaign funding, 42, 66, 173, 177 Tausinga, Job Dudley, 43, 44, 89, 90, 107, 108, 111, 120, 122, 127, 129, 132, 143n, 160 nomination as prime minister, 130 1, 134, 172, 174, 179n taxation, 27, 29, 56, 76, 80, 89, 216, 224, 227, 235, 271 terrorism, 2 3, 4 timber industry see forestry industry; logging Tonga, 23, 31n tourism, 273 Townsville Peace Agreement (TPA), 12, 40, 48, 56, 58, 59 60n, 101, 161, 197, 234 truth and reconciliation commission, 140 tsunami, 25 Tuhanuku, Joses, 123, 155, 159, 162, 166 Ulufa alu, Bartholomew, 41, 44, 46, 50, 55, 59n, 75, 78, 79, 107, 122, 137, 156, 157, 164, 166, 168, 172, 194, 224, 232, 233, 251 political party, 168 unbounded politics, 104 unemployment, 41, 48, 49, 58, 89, 90, 176, 257 United Kingdom, 102, 103 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 101, 236 Observer Group, 110, 127, 170 United States, 2, 3, 5, 31n, 73, September 2001 attacks, 2 Vanuatu, 23, 179n Vavaya Ridge, 43, 106, 174 violence see ethnic tensions; riots (2006), Honiara Waena, Sir Nathaniel, 106, 131, 132, 148, 174, 233, 239n Waku, 64, 65, 66, 67 72, 106, 107 Western State Movement, Bougainville and Malaita relations, , ethnic tensions, history of, Munda Accord, 223 4, 228 parliamentary representation to the Premier, violence in Gizo, 230 Western Leaders Consultative Meeting, 227 8

10 294 POLITICS AND STATE BUILDING IN SOLOMON ISLANDS Western leaders communiqué, Westminster system, adversarial character of, 97, 99, 103, 109 disconnection with local community, 101 2, 103 functions in Solomon Islands, 101 history of Solomon Islands administration, incorporation of local communities, , 195 relevance for Solomon Islands society, 110, 197, 207 representativeness of, 17 18, 97, 105, 113, 162 3, 187 vs. committee system, 99 Winds of Change, 125, 126, 128, 151, 162, 173 Wong, Alex, 89, 107, 170 World War II, 5, 6, 69, 98, 220, 222