Models of Development and Management of Brazilian University Sports: An Interpretation according to its Relationship with the State

Transcription

1 DOI: /pcssr Models of Development and Management of Brazilian University Sports: An Interpretation according to its Relationship with the State Authors contribution: A) conception and design of the study B) acquisition of data C) analysis and interpretation of data D) manuscript preparation E) obtaining funding Fernando Augusto Starepravo A-E, Juliano de Souza C,D, Wanderley Marchi Júnior C,D Federal University of Parana Curitiba, Brazil, ALESDE ABSTRACT KEYWORDS The present study is intended to discuss the way in which the state is constituted as a major element for the management of Brazilian university teams, pointing out, above all, the most recent moment that represents a hybrid model of development. To do so, empirical resources of research has been used: 1. Documents that belong to the file of the FPDU (an institution in the state of Paraná which is in charge of university teams), 2. The existing legislation on the theme, 3. Interviews with some of the agents who took part in the FPDU as members of the directory board throughout its history. It has been concluded that the state is directly responsible for the development of university sports in Brazil, mainly because between them there is an inter-dependence relationship through the financial support of sports. university sports, state, financing, Brazil Introduction A relevant factor when choosing a subject of study is the distant involvement with it (Elias, 1980). During the period in which we attended the Physical Education Course ( ) at UFPR (Federal University of Paraná), we went through experiences that got us closer to university teams. The most outstanding one was in the Brazilian University Games (JUB s) in At that event, which took place in the city of Curitiba. As athletic referees we noticed some problems regarding the games organization, such as, delays in the competitions, problems with internal transport of the delegations and a possible strike by the referees. We were also able to visualize the relationship of the state to the organization board of the games, since the state government was one of the major sponsors of the

2 JUB s 2. Such experiences were, beyond doubt, a motivating factor that made us investigate university teams more deeply. It is interesting to point out some aspects and facts that characterize the model of management of Brazilian university sports at the end of 2003, so as to make things more clear. In order to so, it is important to remember some words by the journalist Renato Marques: The year of 2003 was especially characterized as a clear example to show that things did not go well While several regional tournaments, like the Taça Brasil de Futsal, were cancelled a few days before their openings, the Brazilian University Teams had all their collective modalities out of the Universíade 3 due to lack of resources. The situation got even worse in July, when the 51 st edition of the JUB s took place. The serious problems faced by the organization resulted in several athletes quitting, almost leading the competition to a failure (Marques, 2003a). Based on the journalist Renato Marques s words, we can conclude that 2003 was in fact a year when the actions by the CBDU (Brazilian Confederation of University Teams) showed disorganization and confusion. Major evidence of this was the canceling of tournaments, the absence of collective Brazilian modalities in the Universíade, and the lack of organization in the JUB s that took place in Curitiba, as has already been mentioned. At this point in history, a new and decisive element in the Brazilian Federal Government came to light. The election of Brazilian president Luis Inácio Lula da Silva or Lula brought some important changes to Brazilian Sports. For the first time in history, sports had a federal sports office 4, and as result, a section for the university teams was created, with the aim of managing this sports demonstration under the direction of Mr. Ricardo Capelli. The policy employed by the federal government was to interfere in the institutions, so as to reorganize the Brazilian university teams. According to Renato Marques, In December 2003, thanks to a white intervention by the office, the election of the CBDU registered the victory of a single slate, by full agreement, this fact put an end to conflicts in the entity (Marques, 2003a). This white intervention was done so that representatives of the Sports Office got involved with the State Federations of University Teams, which have the right to vote in the elections for the directory board of the CBDU. Taking this measure as a starting point, the government managed to carry out the election of a slate in common agreement, aiming at the decrease of the level of internal tension in the CBDU. According to Capelli, the greatest problem found in the setting up of a public policy for the sector was the crisis of credibility the Brazilian university teams experienced. Because of that, the intervention in the CBDU would be used as a message to all those involved in the organization: In our opinion, however, by giving a shock of credibility and revitalizing the Confederation, the entity starts to be capable of reorganizing the sector as a whole (Marques, 2003b). This attitude by the federal government towards university teams makes clear a more present model of state, directly intervening in the institutions and in the organization of sports. The State of Paraná is an example of something similar. Just as there was an intervention by the Office of Sports in the CBDU, there was also interference in the FPDU by the State of Paraná. At the end of 2003, a new managing board took over the direction of the FPDU, due to an apparent agreement between the IES 2 The government of the State of Paraná and the city government were great partners of the FPDU and the CBDU when carrying out the JUB s 2003, providing resources to cover expenses with accommodation and food supplied to the athletes and referees, in addition to internal transport of the delegations and availability of extra staff. 3 The Universíade is organized by the FISU (International University Sports Federation) in different cities every two years. It is the world biggest college event in relation to participants, second only to the Olympic Games. 4 Interim n.103, of January 1, VOLUME LVIII

3 (Institutions of Colleges) in Curitiba 5 and the government of Paraná State, through its autarchy, Paraná Esporte 6. This cooperation between the state government and the FPDU is seen in the Paraná Esporte s 7 so-called director of leisure of in the slate that took over the FPDU as the director of sports. Besides that, in 2004 the Paraná Esporte, together with the FPDU, took over direction of the university teams in Paraná. The state government agreed to support the university teams in Paraná. Nonetheless, this support was directed only to punctual university competitions, that being the JUP s and JUM (University Metropolitan Games). This willingness to organize the university teams in Paraná worked accordingly to the proposal for sports by the state government, which regarded the university and school games as a priority ever since they took office in The following situation got our attention. Even though university teams were considered a highperformance 8 practice in 2003, it also showed a strong relationship with the state, through financial and technical support, in addition to the intervention in the FPDU and CBDU. This mismatch occurs because the Brazilian legislation gives priority to resources for educational sports (Starepravo et al., 2010b) 9. On the other hand, high performance sports are, up to a certain proportion, supported by the state, but essentially by private initiative, since they tend to have the same characteristics as goods for sale. In the face of the situation and contradictions found, in the present article we intend to discuss the way in which the state is considered a major element for the management of Brazilian university teams, pointing out, above all, the most recent moment that represents a model called by us as the hybrid model of development. In order to do so, empirical resources of research have been used: 1. Documents that belong to the FPDU, 2. The existing legislation on the issue, 3. Interviews carried out with some agents that were members of the directory board of the FPDU throughout its history. It s worth noting the fact that we have employed the concept of development, as it is shown by the German sociologist Norbert Elias (1994a, 1994b), as basis for our proposal. Such a concept denotes a social process not necessarily in developing and progressive terms of a social history built by continuity. Apart from that, this concept of development does not have the same effect of a pre-concept. It is a technical concept, used here to make us think about the management of university teams in Brazil. Relationships between University Sports and the State By researching, analyzing, and discussing the empirical material we were able to conclude that university teams in Brazil have gone through several phases. Basically it is possible to point out at least four stages 10. Besides that, it is important to keep in mind the fact that the transition from one phase to another has as a peculiarity the fact that the state was the main element and structure of action and the first one to have registered intervention (Palma & Inácio, 2009). 5 They had been organizing the College Metropolitan Games in the last years. 6 An autarchy of the state government for the development of sports and leisure in the State of Paraná. 7 Mr. João Arruda. 8 INTRODUCTORY PROVISIONS Article 1. The organization and the functioning of college sports shall take place in accordance with Law n. 6251, of October 8, 1975, Decree n , of August 25, 1977, in this decree and in the resolutions issued by the national Council of Sports and in the College Educational Legislation. Sole subparagraph College sports shall have its scope restricted to the demonstration of performance sports in the field of the national sports system, being barred from interferences of the other two demonstrations (sport-education and sport-participation) defined in the recommendation 01/86 of the CND (Brasil, 1987, emphasis added by us). 9 Article 217 It is the duty of the state to promote formal sports practices, as a right of each, observing the following: I. The autonomy of sports entities, leaders, and associations, with regards to their organization and functioning; II. The destination of public funds in some specific cases for high performance sports (Brasil, 1988). 10 This division of stages of college sports in Paraná and in Brazil is the result of the research: Starepravo, F.A. (2005). O esporte universitário paranaense e suas relações com o poder público. Curitiba, Dissertation (Masters in Physical Education) - Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Paraná.

4 The first stage of university teams in Brazil began at the same time as the first sports events at colleges, which started at the end of the 19 th century, at Mackenzie College in São Paulo, College of Medicine and Surgery in Praia Vermelha (State of Rio de Janeiro), and in the former Polytechnic School in Rio de Janeiro (Diário do Pará, 1987). The first university competitions took place in their own states. In 1916 these competitions became interstate, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro being the first ones to compete against each other. The establishment of the first college federation happened in 1933 and 1934 in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, respectively. In 1935 the first College Olympics in Brazil were held in São Paulo, just like the second edition of the games in Before that, however, the CBDU, the most powerful agency of university teams, was officially established on August 9, 1939 (Ely, 2009; Leitão, 2009; Starepravo et. al., 2010b). This phase is characterized by the university teams organization without an effective partnership with the state. It was noticed that the university teams had their genesis inside those institutions and a federal system was organized with no interference by the state, that is, the state structures were organized in quite an autonomous way. The first transition of the university teams in Brazil was in 1941, when sports were regulated through legal devices 11, following a general wave of national politics at the time. As a result, the FPDU was created on September 19, 1941, four days after Getúlio Vargas, President of Brazil on that occasion, signed the decree n (Albuquerque, 2003, p. 3). It is important to remember that the developmental model of sports in Brazil was made so as to privilege the school system and university teams, as well as high-level sports competitions. Because of that, the state started to invest in university sports, mainly through funds for regional and national university competitions. During this period the decisions taken by the FPDU transcended the university team demonstrations, permeating academic life in general, since, It was normal to see the FPDU involved with several other activities as a promoter or participant, having even enrolled the volleyball athlete Ivani Lour Miss University Teams in 1955, in a beauty contest of the State of Paraná in 1956, when she got first place. There were other weird contests, like a music one in 1948, which was carried out by a radio program called Quarto de Pensão ( Boarding Room ); such events had the participation of the bucolic citizens of Curitiba, the capital of Paraná (Id, ibid). Sports competitions, on the other hand, got involved with only some courses of the Federal University of Paraná 12. As time went by, and due to the expansion of higher education in Brazil, especially in Paraná, the competitions became bigger and more important. It was such a great extension that in 1975, through Law n. 6215, on October 8 the Academic Athletic Associations were given the power to represent the institutions of higher education rather than only isolated courses (Ely, 2009; Starepravo et. al., 2010b). In spite of that, it can be said that the frame of national sports as a whole did not suffer major changes during the decades from 1940 to Sports in general, particularly the university teams, kept on developing under state enforcement, receiving money and support by the state. No doubt this is the main characteristic of the second stage of university teams in Brazil: the financing and control by the state, which was the centralizing power of actions (Albuquerque, 2003; Toledo, 2006). The second transition of university teams started in Paraná at the beginning of the 1980 s; more precisely in 1983, when the military regime was finished and the state was run by politicians of the MDB 13. It is relevant to observe that this temporal issue may have varied from one federal state to another. Being so, 11 Decree-Law n. 3199/41 and Decree-Law n. 3617/ The first university in Brazil, the main institution of higher education in the State of Paraná. 13 A political party opposing the military regime in Brazil VOLUME LVIII

5 the second transition was accomplished in 1993, due to the regulation of the law called Lei Zico (Brasil, 1993). The beginning of this second transition was reported by the following researched agents: We had a great loss soon after the MDB won the elections. Actually, there were too many people that belonged to student politics who, in a certain way, did not help the Federation of University Teams anymore. They tied university teams to something that came from the military government. So, there was a certain stigma. ( ) After 1983, nothing else would come 14. This is perfectly understandable, since the support to university teams given by the military forces were in fact an ideal to control the capacity of undergraduates mobilization. Apart from that, the agents in opposition to the military government that took office were aware of this ideological political use on the university teams disseminated by the military government. Indeed, when taking office, the MDB did not support this kind of sports demonstration anymore (Albuquerque, 2003). Another interviewed person says: I believe that there was a change between the military period and after it (regarding financing). I forgot to mention one detail. In 1978 we organized the Brazilian University Games in Curitiba, when about 3,000 people were involved besides the federal government, through its dictatorship. As I have already said, I think they were a bit afraid of the university environment and so they had always supported it 15. Due to these issues, in addition to personal interests by those who were members of the state government after 1983, the public power on the university teams decreased more and more in the following years. Besides that, there were legal and conceptual changes in the decade of 1980 that consolidated the separation between amateur and professional sports: Art. 217 It is the state s duty to promote formal sports practices, as each one s right, observing: ( ) III the differentiated treatment towards professional and non-professional sports (Brasil, 1988). University teams, this way, were characterized as a demonstration of performance sports (Brasil, 1987). In a few words, university teams became high performance sports, getting closer and closer to those which are professional sports. However, the structure for a professional organization had not yet been made according to this new scenery. Undoubtedly it became really necessary to make a partnership with the private practice since the state would prioritize the transfer of funds to educational sports. It is also vital to highlight the fact that the consolidation of this second transition of university teams was accomplished, as mentioned before, by Federal Law n , of July 6, 1993, which became known as Lei Zico. This new order was the basis for some changes in the sports context in the Federal Constitution of 1988 (Starepravo et. al., 2010a). Douglas J. T. Reinaldim, one of the interviewees and ex-director of the FPDU, points out some differences between the decades of the 1970s and the 1980s, and the post-1993 period in the university teams in the State of Paraná: Well, as I have said I decided not to get involved, I was unmotivated because the group we had at the FPDU was essentially made of friendship. We liked each other. We liked our jobs. We helped each other. We were a lot of people because we supported each other. So, we were first of all friends ( ). Except for Roberto and Ney, all the others were interested in money. They wanted a reward for their efforts. At our time this didn t exist. It was essentially amateur. And now, unfortunately, it is more professional. We even once helped Rodrigo with some Paranaense Games, which were in fact a complete mess, but all the directors were paid for it. Everyone got paid. And at our time ( ). The difference between our time, the decades of the 70 s and 80 s, and the one after it was essentially the first one being amateur and the last one professional Extract from an interview with Mr. Luiz Borges Albuquerque, on September 28, 2005, in Curitiba PR. 15 Extract from an interview with Douglas Júlio Yoppel Reinaldim, on October 22, 2005, in Curitiba PR. (emphasis added by us). 16 Extract of an interview with Douglas Julio Toppel Reinaldim, on October 22, 2005, in Curitiba PR.

6 People were involved with university teams in an amateur way in the 1970s and 1980s, that is, they were fond of sports. In the 1990s people got interested in university teams because of the profit they would make in return to their work. As the structure of university teams was not yet prepared for this new phase, people ended up going away. At this point it is possible to identify a political and social break that can be used to identify a new stage of university teams in Brazil (the third stage), when a few actions were actually carried out, reported, and filed: And so, as far as I m concerned, from the 90 s on in Rio de Janeiro, university teams were stagnant. Although I didn t follow it pari passu, it seems to me that this pattern was only reactivated after seven or eight years. Sports had practically no national events for almost a decade. It seems that the decade of the 90 s was wasted when considering university teams 17. Even though this was a bad period, some trials to carry out events in university teams were made. Nonetheless, the lack of preparation and professionalism by the people involved in such events almost led them to complete vanishing, as they did not manage to get adapted to this more professional new period (Palma & Inácio, 2010). Besides that, the federal government of Brazil that had adopted neo-liberal practices was becoming less and less supportive of university teams. All these facts resulted in a situation of disorganization and disbelief where university teams were inserted in 2003, as reported at the beginning of this work. Having done this empirical analyses, which made it possible to identify the first three historical and structural stages that determined the development of Brazilian university teams, especially in Paraná, we believe we have gathered enough information that allows us to move on to the fourth stage, the current management of university teams in Brazil. The hybrid model of management of university teams In 2004, the management of Brazilian sports was determined by new insertions and conjecture. It can be even said that this year was vital for the beginning of the most recent transition of university teams in Brazil, closer to professionalism and issues regarding the sports area raised by Bourdieu (1983, 1990). This rupture had started the year before in When President of Brazil Luis Inácio Lula da Silva took office sports were given a state department. Inside this new cabinet, there was a special section for university teams. The policy adopted by the federal government was to intervene in the institutions, with the aim of reorganizing Brazilian university teams: A few things changed in the scenery of university teams in However, the changes that occurred at the end of the year brought hope to the organization of sports practiced at colleges. For the first time in several years, the government took notice of the IES and decided to create, inside the Ministry of Sports, a special department to look after university sports athletes. In December, due to a white intervention of the Ministry, the election of the CBDU registered the victory of a single slate, by full agreement, putting an end to conflicts in the entity (Marques, 2003a). In fact, the federal government aimed at reorganizing the CBDU and entailing it to the COB (Brazilian Olympic Committee), so that a source of funds would be viable (due to Law n , of July 16, 2001, known as Lei Agnello Piva ), and so a new model of financing the university teams would emerge. Let us call this model as a hybrid model since this initiative was a starting point for the association of public sources with funds from private practice (Starepravo et. al. 2010a). This new transition originated with the victory of a single slate, with full agreement, in the elections of December 2003 at the CBDU. The elected president s main concern was to reassure credibility to university teams: 17 Id, ibid. 18 Add item and paragraphs to article 56 of Law 9.615, of March 24, 1998, that establishes general rules on sports VOLUME LVIII

7 The biggest challenge is to accomplish the entity in all senses. The disbelief to the confederation is high at present. You see, the elections were on the 19 th followed by the entrance to the office soon after that. We were in Brasília on the 5 th to be told about the situation of the confederation. Nowadays the confederation is in debt to some businesses, to Serasa (a company that makes economic analyses to support credit decisions) and to SPC (Service to Protect Credit); it also has bad checks. The situation is complex from a financial point of view. Such fact is the cause for disbelief to the federations, for example the IES, athletes and the federal government, besides being away from private practice, who are the supporting sponsors. It s a very delicate situation (Marques, 2004a). The next step was the approximation of the CBDU to the COB, which started at the JUBs in São Paulo, in 2004: Tarso Olinto, president of the FUPE (Federation of College Sports in São Paulo), explains: Afterwards we managed to get accommodation, food supply, and internal transport. The COB made it available a part of the funds of the Lei Agnelo Piva and helped with the costs of the structure. This way, all the delegations are going to stay at a hotel, avoiding the problem they had last year. ( ) The availability of the entities to take part in the event as partners shows a change in the scenery of the Brazilian university teams. Before that, when they had no credibility, the CBDU managed to get support from the government and private practices to fulfill the project of the competition. The JUBs in São Paulo is the victory of a team. It s a victory of Ricardo Capelli (director of the Department of University Teams in the Ministry of Sports) in the Ministry, it s the victory of the state support, the municipal secretariat support and also the coming of the COB, which was a very important fact (Marques 2004b). This new transition was effected through the reformulation of the statute of the CBDU in December This one represented the bond of the CBDU with the COB: Article 1 the CBDU (Brazilian Confederation of College Sports), affiliated with the FISU (International University Sports Federation), and entailed to the COB (Brazilian Olympic Committee), created by Law n , of September 05 th 1941, in place of the Brazilian University Sports Confederation, founded on August 9 th 1939, is an association with no economic purposes, of a sports character, and made of the Entities affiliated with the state management of college sports, all of them with equal rights, in the Brazilian territory (Confederação Brasileira de Desporto Universitário/CBDU, 2004). So, from 2005 on, the JUBs became known as the College Olympics, consolidating the partnership between the CBDU and the COB: From 2005 on, the College Olympics initiated a new era for university teams. Being the result of an 8- year-old partnership (two Olympic cycles) between the COB, the CBDU and the Ministry of Sports, the event substituted for the JUBs. Until its 52 nd and last edition, in São Paulo 2004, the JUBs was carried out by the CBDU and the Ministry of Sports, with support by the government and the College federation of the states that held the competitions. The College Olympics, which gather athletes between 18 and 28 years old, are an annual event, with state and national phases. The national organization of the event is carried out by the COB and the CBDU. The college federations are in charge of the state stages, with the support of the COB and the CBDU. In the state qualifying rounds, it is defined which universities will represent their state in each one of the modalities that will be part of the national competition. The COB makes use of the funds of the Lei Agnelo Piva to carry out the national stage, with basis on the percentage appointed to university teams (Comitê Olímpico Brasileiro/COB, 2005). Besides the funds from Lei Agnelo Piva (which has a public character), the COB assigned as a partner the private company Golden Cross, which is connected to the health sector. The event was also intensely reported by the media, through the TV channel Rede Globo 19. This partnership is established as empirical evidence that reinforces the model we call a hybrid model, characterized by the promotion of 19 The main TV broadcasting station in Brazil.

8 sports from an association of funds given by the state and by the private practice, such a fact which is always worth remembering. In other words, the information gathered highlights the fourth stage through which the university teams in Brazil went. We believe that this model, although it is not yet an ideal one, represents an improvement of relationship between the state, private practice, and sports. This progress is not stagnated, and it occurs with the approximation to the private practice, the presence of the media, and the financial agents (Toledo, 2006; Mandarino, 2010). Apart from that, the setting up of a professional management and the valorization of the institutions of higher education 20 in the games might give the university teams an opportunity to follow according to the new tendencies of the world sports: the approximation to the world business and the disentanglement of the state. On the other hand, state money is still financing university teams, through the transfer of funds to the COB. Final considerations It is of major importance to visualize the most recent features related to the sports field, such as the progressive consolidations of professionals in the production of sports assets, services, and shows, which are characterized by specific interests, competition, and forced correlations. Besides that, it is relevant to notice that the relatively autonomous logic on the field of assets production and sports services, and more precisely, the development of an industry of sports show inside this field, has aimed at maximizing efficacy and profit (Bourdieu, 1983a, p. 145). This juncture, on the other hand, intensifies the need for specialized professionals to be inserted in the scientific field, so that the process of training athletes and the sales of products can be organized and rationalized. It is important to remember that this situation has caused a considerable gap between professionals and amateurs, sports for show, and sports for leisure (Marchi Júnior, 2001, p. 51). As a result of this, the space for amateur practices has been colonized by the social laws that rule and prescribe a highly professional sports universe (Starepravo et. al., 2010a). It is also essential to point out that this situation is still present in the Brazilian scenery of university teams, even though Bourdieu (1983a) raised the issue that there is no homogeneous or autonomous space for amateurs in professional sports. We should understand it as an ongoing process, which, however, has not yet been completely accomplished. Moreover, the most recent transition of the Brazilian university teams, as already mentioned, represents an approximation that demonstrates a certain level of commitment with the professional sports world. At last, we should highlight the fact that during the process of empirical identification of the four main stages or models of development of university teams in Brazil, we were able to notice that the state in fact was always present in the organization and management of this sports possibility and demonstration, being a major element in the changes of the structure and transition from one stage to another in the Brazilian sports field (Toledo, 2006; Palma & Inácio, 2010). This way, except for a deeper understanding, it can be concluded that the state has been directly related to the development of university teams in Brazil, especially because they keep a relationship of interdependence, mainly represented by the economic issue, through public funds. Nonetheless, this is not 20 Regarding the games, the CBDU decided to make a change in the regulation. From this year on, the participation of teams of selected players will not be allowed anymore. All the games will be played by teams directly engaged with institutions of higher education. The regulation changed a bit. It is not the ideal one yet, it is not what we want for the CBDU. However, in this edition, the JUB s will be held by institution. Colleges only, no state teams will be allowed anymore, says Cabral. In relation to the modalities, which will work as qualifying rounds for world tournaments, 50% of the athletes can belong to another institution. If the modality is not a qualifying round, these figures fall to 30%. By doing this, the CBDU aims at strengthening the teams that represent the country in international competitions while preserving the image of the institution (Marques, 2004b) VOLUME LVIII

9 the only factor of approximation between them, considering the fact that such relationships are permeated by the political and personal interests of the most distinct agents involved in this situation. REFERENCES Albuquerque, L.O.B.A. (2003). As manifestações do desporto universitário paranaense no período /The manifestations of college sport in the period in Paraná/. Curitiba, Monograph (Specialization in Sport Management): Universidade do Esporte. Albuquerque, L.O.B.A. (2005). Entrevista concedida a Fernando Augusto Starepravo /Interview of Fernando Augusto Starepravo/. Curitiba, September 28. Archives of FPDU ( ). Ofícios e documentos enviados e recebidos pela Instituição /Reports and documents sent and received by the institution/. Curitiba. Bourdieu, P. (1983a). Como é possível ser esportivo? /How can sports be?/. In Questões de Sociologia /Issues of Sociology/. Rio de Janeiro: Marco Zero. Bourdieu, P. (1983b). Coisas Ditas /Things Spoken/. São Paulo: Brasiliense. Bourdieu, P. (1983c). Pierre Bourdieu: sociologia /Pierre Bourdieu: sociology//organizer /the collection/ Renato Ortiz; (translated by Paula Montero and Alícia Auzmendi). São Paulo: Ática. Brasil (1938). Decreto-Lei nº 421 /Decree-Law number 421/, May 11. Brasil (1941). Decreto-Lei nº /Decree-Law number 3,199/, April. Brasil (1941). Decreto-Lei nº /Decree-Law number 3,617/, September 15. Brasil (1943). Decreto-Lei nº /Decree-Law number 80,228/, March 25. Brasil (1975). Lei nº /Law number 6,251/, October 8. Brasil (1977). Decreto-Lei nº /Decree-Law number 80,228/, August 25. Brasil (1987). Portaria nº 236 do Ministério da Educação /Ordinance number 236 of the Ministry of Education/, April 8. Brasil (1988). Constituição Federal de 1988 /Federal Constitution of 1988/. Brasil (1993). Lei nº /Law number 8,762/, July 6. Brasil (1998). Lei nº /Law number 9,615/, March 24. Brasil (2001). Lei nº /Law number 10,264/, July 16. Brasil (2003). Medida provisória 103 /Provisional Measure 103/, January. CBDU (2004). Estatuto /Statute/. Porto Alegre, December 11. COB (2005). Olimpíadas Universitárias /College Olympics/. Retrieved from ( ). Elias, N., Dunning, E. (1987). A busca da excitação /The quest for excitement/. Lisboa: DIFEL. Elias, N. (1980). Introdução à sociologia /Introduction to Sociology/. São Paulo: Edições 70. Ely, L.I. (2009). Interação: esporte/escola/universidade /Interaction: sports/school/college/. In B. Espindula (Ed.), Políticas de esporte para a juventude: contribuições para debate /Policies for youth sport: contributions to discussion/ (pp.49-59). São Paulo: Centro de Estudos e Memória da Juventude, Instituto Pensarte. FPDU (2007). Estatuto /Statute/. Curitiba. Histórico de todos os JUBS (1987). Jornal Diário do Pará /Official Journal of Pará/, Belém, July 18. Leitão, A.A. (2009). O esporte universitário e sua trajetória histórica /College sports and its historical trajectory/. In B. Espindula (Ed.), Políticas de esporte para a juventude: contribuições para debate /Policies for youth sport: contributions to discussion/ (pp ). São Paulo: Centro de Estudos e Memória da Juventude; Instituto Pensarte. Mandarino, J.D.B., Figueiredo da Silva, C.A. (2010). Esporte universitário no Brasil: seus desdobramentos e desenvolvimento sob a ótica de uma reflexividade das instituições de ensino superior com melhores resultados no âmbito esportivo /College sports in Brazil: its development and development from the perspective of a reflectivity of higher education institutions with better results in sports/. Revista de Trabalhos Acadêmicos, 1(1), 1-4. Marchi Júnior, W. (2001). Sacando o voleibol: do amadorismo à espetacularização da modalidade no Brasil ( ) /"Pulling" volleyball: from amateur to the spectacle of the sport in Brazil/ /. Thesis (Ph.D. in Physical Education) School of Physical Education. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Marques, R. (2003a). Após ano com sérios problemas, Governo Federal articula nos bastidores e reestrutura esporte universitário para reagir em 2004 /After years with serious problems, the Federal Government under the hood hinges and restructures to react college sports in 2004/. Retrieved from ( ).

10 Marques, R. (2003b). Governo toma a frente e coordena reforma do esporte universitário brasileiro. Mudanças animam setor para 2004 /Government takes the lead and coordinate the reform of college sports in Brazil. Changes animate sector for 2004/. Retrieved from ( ). Marques, R. (2004a). Com a CBDU vivendo uma das piores crises de sua história, nova diretoria já começa a se movimentar /CBDU living with one of the worst crises in its history, the new board has begun to move/. Available at / Retrieved from ( ). Marques, R. (2004b). JUBS 2004 é prova de fogo para nova CBDU /JUBS 2004 is litmus test for new CBDU/. Retrieved from ( ). Marques, R. (2004c). Novo presidente da CBDU assume com a dura missão de reerguer a entidade e retomar sua credibilidade /New president takes CBDU with the tough task to lift the body and regain their credibility/. Retrieved from ( ). Palma, D., Inácio, S.L. (2010). Perfil dos gestores do esporte universitários da região metropolitana de São Paulo /Profile of the managers of college sport in the metropolitan region of Sao Paulo/. Coleção Pesquisa em Educação Física, 9(2), Reinaldim, D.J.T. (2005). Entrevista concedida a Fernando Augusto Starepravo /Interview of Fernando Augusto Starepravo/. Curitiba, October 22. Starepravo, F.A. (2005). O esporte universitário paranaense e suas relações com o poder público /College sports in Parana and its relations with the government/. Dissertation (Master in Physical Education) Department of Physical Education. Curitiba: Universidade Federal do Paraná. Starepravo, F.A., Almeida Reis, L.J., Mezzadri, F.M., Marchi Júnior, W. (2010a). O esporte universitário no Brasil: uma interpretação a partir da legislação esportiva /College sports in Brazil: an interpretation from the sports legislation/. Esporte e Sociedade, 5(14), Starepravo, F.A., Almeida Reis, L.J., Mezzadri, F.M., Marchi Júnior, W. (2010b). Esporte universitário brasileiro: uma leitura a partir de suas relações com o Estado /Brazilian college sport: a reading from its relations with the state/. Revista Brasileira de Ciências do Esporte, 31(3), Toledo, R. (2006). Gestão do esporte universitário uma importante estratégia de marketing para as universidades /Management of college sports - an important marketing strategy for universities/. São Paulo: Aleph. AUTHOR S ADDRESS: Fernando Augusto Starepravo Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM) Departamento de Educação Física Avenida Colombo, Campus Universitário CEP Maringá/Paraná/Brasil fernando_edf@yahoo.com.br VOLUME LVIII