INTEGRAL DEVELOPMENT AND WHOLESOME GOVERNANCE OF LIFE EXCELLENCE OF MAURYA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (MMS) IN ANCIENT INDIA

Transcription

1 INTEGRAL DEVELOPMENT AND WHOLESOME GOVERNANCE OF LIFE EXCELLENCE OF MAURYA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (MMS) IN ANCIENT INDIA DR. S. P. RATH PROFESSOR MARKETING SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AURO UNIVERSITY SURAT, , GUJARAT, INDIA. ABSTRACT Maurya period in the Ancient Indian history is that it embraces the wholesome and holistic approaches of the integral management and development which establishes the excellence beyond the modern period achievements. Indian History has a lot in its store house to deliver to the modern world management. Accepting such a reality is a tough job for the Western scholars. Maurya Period had a dynamic time, which gave the world great rulers, many philosophers, scholars, statesmen who were the masters and maestros of their scientific streams. Strategic management of that time was designed by a great visionary and pragmatic philosopher who not only gave India an ideal emperor but also united India as one empire, in realty who controlled the time not time controlled him. Such works, practices, philosophies, doctrines, arguments and logic of Chanakya were never ever delivered by any other philosopher or thinker of the world. Chanakya was the end in itself in the social science researches not his theory of End justifies the means. The world is governed by the three major management systems called American, European & Japanese. Nothing is available as Indian Management System that reflects the dominance of the Japanese Management System over the industrial, corporate and organizational practices. Quality Mantras of the Japanese are dominating the world management practices as the champion of the time and need. Oriental management of India and the theories and practices of Mauryan period were delivered by Chanakya in a systematic codified manner for corporate good governance and excellent corporate governance. More than anything Chanakya s contributions to scientific management are enormous. A systematic study conducted on the works and practices of Chanakya provides ample scope for a new disciplinary approach of management stream Oriental Indian Management System, which can be followed in the modern management system of the 21 st century. Chanakya s works, doctrines and theories are valid and have scientific application for the modern management. Only the context to be modified as per the time and application needs to be conceptualized as per the requirements. That s what justifies Chanakya as the Modern Management Guru. Attempts have been made to synthesize Chanakya s works in management terminologies for this research paper. Contextual use of Chanakya s doctrines is examined in the context of the management validity in modern times. The results of this research justifies the pioneering efforts required by the Indian scholars to establish a new order to be called as (IMS) Indian Management System for the modern world of corporations, companies, organizations and the governments. A revival research is required for establishing IMS from the Oriental Indian Management Practices to contribute the world order in advanced management practices. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Qualitative research methodology is used as the core concept of this research paper. Available sources from secondary streams are used for the comparative analysis, those include literature of ancient Indian history, philosophy of India, Greece, China and Japan, political thought of the West and the East, political economy, diplomacy, military science, Sanskrit texts, interpretation works of oriental literature and texts, and other commentary works which are found relevant to the time and the context. Some of the discourses

2 of the specialized symposiums and seminars were used for the conceptualization of this research. Focus groups and some discussions were also used for framing the research process. Depth interviews of the experts were taken for diversified aspects of the Maurya period in the ancient Indian history. Management approach is followed in this research to rediscover and explore the core competencies of the works of Chanakya and his time. In the primary front some of the micro films and the manuscripts preserved in the private libraries in U.K. & European countries were referred as some of the authentic sources of first hand references. Many of the Pali script texts were referred for the purpose of the research and to establish the Chanakya s original management skills and strategies in delivering one of the best management systems in the period of before Christ. All the examinations of the sources were to bring out a management and governance dimensions out of the ancient Indian history, philosophy and practices. KEY WORDS: Oriental Indian Management, Chanakya, Theories of Indian Origin, Doctrines of Chanakya, Practices of Maurya Period, Strategic Management, Corporate Good Governance, Integral Development. REFERENCES: 1. Adcock, F.E., (1957), The Greek and Macedonian Art of war, University of California Press, Berkley, 2. Aiyangar, K.V.R., (19160, Some Aspects of Ancient Polity, Madras University Press, India. 3. Apostolou, A., (1997), A Murder in Macedon, Martin s Press, 4. Behl, B.K., (2011), Dec. 16, Cross roads of Cultures Buddhism Spread in ancient Times, Frontline, Kasturi sons, Chennai, India, PP Bhargava, P.L., (1996), 2 nd Edition, Chandragupta Maurya: A Gem of Indian History, D.K. Printworld, New Delhi, 6. Bhattacharjee, A. (1979), History of Ancient India, Sterling Publishers, New Delhi, 7. Boesche, R., (2003), Kautilya s Arthasastra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India, The Journal of Military History, Vol. 67, No. 1, Jan. 2003, Society for Military History, PP Bose, P. (2003), Alexander the Great s Art of Strategy, Gotham, New York. 9. Bosworth, A.B., (1988), Conquest and Empire, Cambridge university press, UK. 10. Carnes, M.C. & Gardner, D.K., (2005), 3 rd Edition, Confucianism and Succession Crisis of The Wanli Emperor, Pearson Education, 11. Chambers, K.D., (20090, How Toyota Changed the World, Jaico Publishing, New Delhi. 12. Chan, Wing Tist (ed.), (1986), Chu His and Neo Confucianism, Hawai Pacific University Press, Honolulu, 13. Chatterjee, S., (2007), Challenging the Dominance of Western Managerial Models: Reflections from the Wisdom and Traditions of Asia, International Conference on Integrating Spirituality and Organisational Leadership, Univerity of Delhi, India, Feb. 8-10, Das, S., (1994), Social Life in Ancient India: 800 B.C. 183 B.C., B.R. Publishing Corpotation, New Delhi. 15. Dhammika, V.S., (1994), The Edicts of King Asoka, Buddhist Publiction society, Kanfy, Sri Lanka. 16. Dikshitar, V.R.R., (993), The Mauryan Polity, Motilal Banarasi Das, New Delhi.

3 17. Dodge, T.A., (1890), Alexander, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 18. Drekmeier, C., (1962), Kingship and Community in Early India, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 19. Edmond Yee, Confucian Education: A Moral Approach Religion East and West, the journal of Institute of World Religions, Issue 2, June Engels, D.W., (1978), Alexander the Great and the Logistics of Macedonian Army, University of California Press, 21. Fox, R.L., (1973), Alexander the Great, Penguin, London. 22. Fuller, J.F.C., (1960), The Generalship of Alexander the Great, Rutgers University Press, New Burnswick, NJ, 23. Fung Yu Lan, A short History of Chinese Philosophy, ed., Derek Bodde, P See also A.C. Graham. What was new in the Ch eng Chu Theory of Human Nature?, in Chu His, PP Fung, Yu-Lan, (1948), A Short History of Chinese Philosophy, ed., Derek Bodde, Free Press, New York. 25. Garde, A.R., (2003), Chanakya s Aphorism on Management, Ahmedabad management Association, India. 26. Gardner, Daniel K., (1990), Chu His: Learning to be a Sage, University of California Press, Berkley, 27. Hanson, V.D., (1999), The wars of Ancient Greeks, Cassell & Co., London. 28. Harit Krishna Deb, (1938), The Kautilya Arthasastra on Forms of Government, Indian Historical Quartely, 14 (June 1938): , See Imai, Massaki, (1986), Kaizen: The Key to Japan s Competitive Success, McGraw Hill, 30. Kale, H.S. & Srivastava, S., (2003), The Enneagram System for Enhancing workplace Spirituality, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 22, No. 4. PP Kangle, R.P., (1992), 2 nd edition, Kautilya, The Arthsastra, Motilal Banarasidas, New Delhi. 32. Kangle, R.P., (1992), The Kautilya Arthasatra, Vol. 3, A Study, Motilal Banarasidas, New Delhi. 33. Kautilya, Arthasastra, : 356; See Arvind Kumar Srivastava, The Ancient Indian Army: Its Administration and Organisation, (Delhi: Ajanta Publications, 1985), Kenneth W. Morgan, (1964), Asian Religions An Introduction to the Study of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Confucianism and Taoi, American historical association, Collier Macmillan Ltd., 1964, London. 35. Kosambi, D.D., (1964), 3 rd Edition, The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India, Vikas Publishing, New delhi. 36. Krishna rao, M.V., (1958), 2 nd Edition, Studies in Kautilya, Munshi Ram Manohar Lal, New Delhi. 37. Kulke, H. & Rothermund, D., (1991), A History of India, Rupa & Co., New Delhi. 38. Lau, D.C., trans., (1990), Confucius: The analects, Chinese University press, Hong Kong 39. Li, Dun J., (19710), The Ageless Chinese: A History, Charls Scribner s sons, New York, 40. Magee, D., (2007), How Toyota Became Number one, penguin Books, 41. Majumdar, B.K., (1960), The Military System in Ancient India, Calcutta, India.

4 42. Maniapam, B. & Shikh, J., (2007), Lessons in Corporate governance from Kautilya s Arthasastra in Ancient India, World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development (WREMSD), Special Issue on: Accounting Standards Cinvergence, Corporate Governance and Sustainability Practices in East Asia, Volume - 3, No Marquez, P., (20080, 7 th Edition, Civilisation in the West, Pearson, 44. Mookerji, R.K., (1988), 4 th Edition, Chandragupta Maurya and His Times, Motilal Banarasidas, New Delhi. 45. Muniapan, B., (2008), Kautilya s Arthasatra and Perspective on organizational Management, Journal of Asian Social science, Vol. 4, No. -1, January, Nag, K.S. & Dikshitar, V.R.R., (1927), The Diplomatic Theories of Ancient India and the Arthasastra, Journal of Indian History, Issue 6, No.- 1, PP Nandkarni, V.C., (2012), Jan. 8 th, Rediscovering Asoka, Times of India, Pune, India. 48. Prasad, R., (1989), Politico Geographical Analysis of Arthasatra, Inter India Publications, New Delhi. 49. Rangarajan, L.N., (1992), Kautilya: The Arthasastra, penguin Books, New Delhi. 50. Rath, S.P., (2008) February, An Inquiry in to the Origin of Six Sigma, Management Ideas, Vol., No. 2. Wiley India, New Delhi. PP. 51. Rath, S.P., (2008) January, Six Sigma A Quality Yard Stick, Management Ideas, Vol., No.1, Wiley India, New Delhi, PP. 52. Rath, S.P., Chaturvedi, R. & Das, B., (2011) March, Strategic Intervention for Human Resource Planning and Development: Managing Change in British Airways, International journal of research in Commerce & Management, Vol. 2, No Rath, S.P., Das, B., Mishra, S. & Chaudhary, A., (2011), November, Paradigm Perspective and Reflective Study of Six Sigma Origin to Future with Trends, International Journal of Business and Management Tomorrow, Vol. 1, No Rath, S.P., Mishra, S., Das, B. & Jayaram, S., (2011) May, Indecisiveness in Decision Making: A Perspective Study of Managing Indecisiveness A Classical Indian Case Study, International journal of research in Commerce & Management, Vol. 2, No Saletore, B.A., (1963), Ancient Indian Political Thought and Institutions, Asia Publishing House, London. 56. Savill, A. (1993), Alexander the Great & His Time, Barnes & Noble, New York, 57. Sharma, G.D. (2001), Management & Indian Ethos, Rupa & Co., New Delhi. 58. Sharma, R.S., (1991), 3 rd Edition, Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India, Motilal Banarasidas, New Delhi. 59. Sil, N. P., Political Morality Vs. Political Necessity: Kautilya and Machiavelli Revisited, Journal of Asian History, Issue 19, No. 2. PP Singh, G.P., (1993), Political Thought in Ancient India, D.K. Printworld, New delhi. 61. Stein, B., (1998), A History of India, Oxford Blackwell, London. 62. Tarn, W.W., (1930), Hellenistic Military & Naval Developments, Ares Press, Chicago, 63. Thappar, R., (1978), Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations, Orient Longman, New Delhi. 64. Thappar, R., (1997), Asoka and Decline of Mauryas, Oxford University Press. New Delhi.

5 65. Waddell, L.A., (1) The Discovery of Exact Site of Asoka s Classical Capital, (2) Report on the Excavations at Pataliputra (1903 Ed. Calcutta). 66. Warry, J., (20090, Alexander the Great, Leadership Lessons from the man who created an empire, Jaico, New Delhi. 67. Wolpert, S., (1982), 2 nd Edition, A New History of India, Oxford University Press, London. 68. Womack, J., (2006) Feb. Mar., Just Plain Wrong, IEEE Manufacturing Engineering. 69. Womak, J.P., Daniel, T.J. & Daniel Ross, (1991), the machine that changed the World: The Story of Lean Production, Harper Perennial, 70. Yao, Zinzhong, (2000), An Introduction to Confucianism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 71. Zimmer, H., (1967), Philosophies of India, Princeton University Press, NJ,