Military Sociology: Past, Present, Future
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1 Military Sociology: Past, Present, Future Patricia M. Shields, PhD Texas State University Presented at Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies September 24, 2013
2 Organization 1. Short Scholarly Biography 2. Definitions of Military Sociology 3. History and Leading Military Sociologists 4. Theoretical perspectives 5. Contemporary Dimensions of Military Sociology 6. Future of Military Sociology
3 Short Scholarly Biography J. G. Shields
4 College Years 1969 Vietnam War 1977 Dissertation The Determinants of Service in the Armed Forces during the Vietnam Era
5 Early Publications 1980 Determinants & Consequence of Service in Vietnam (Veterans focus) Enlistment during the Vietnam Era and the Representation Issue of the All Volunteer Force 1981 The Burden of the Draft: The Vietnam Years Journal of Political and Military Sociology
6 1988 Women in the Military Sex Roles in the Military The Military More than a Job (Moskos & Wood) 1989 Military Privatization Consequence of Privatization The Bureaucrat Shift to All-Volunteer military
7 1993 Socioeconomics A New Paradigm for Military Policy: Socioeconomics Family Demographics Changing Family Demographics in Future Soldier and the Quality Imperative Volunteer military
8 Applied Pragmatism Public Administration Research Methods Decision-making John Dewey (12)
9 2001-Present Operates in the broad intellectual and policy spheres where society and the military meet.
10 2003 The Bureaucracy in Military Sociology Florence Nightingale 2009 Women s Contribution to Military and Societal Transformation
11 Expeditionary Mindset (2011) 2013 Pragmatism & Peacekeeping Post Cold War War on Terror
12 Research Methods
13
14 Military sociology is a subfield of the study of armed forces and society that is focused more narrowly on the relationships between military oganizations and the larger society. James Burk
15 Military sociology is a broad term to describe the academic field that studies the individual within the military institution, and the military profession within its wider society. BG Nick Jans
16 In warfare the force of armies is the product of mass multiplied but something else, an unknown x. X is the spirit of the Army
17 Understand X develop policies Opinion polling 500,000+ Research Arm of Army Self aware field
18 practical Morale Integration (contact Hypothesis) Demobilization (point system)
19 Standing Army and shift focus Officer 1960 Cold War (Shift from absolutist to pragmatist)
20 sociology Political science Social Psychology X
21 Brenda Moore Mady Segal James Burk Bernard Boëne David Segal
22 Post Vietnam volunteer military/post Cold War
23 1996 John Butler 1993
24 Military sociology should be understood in a broad, generic way cluster of disciplines (Boëne, 2000) Bernard Boëne European Journal of Military Studies
25 Jacques van Doorn Decline of Mass Army Shift in Center of gravity from US to Europe
26 Christopher Dandeker Health/mental health of troops Veterans Strategic concerns
27 Giuseppe Caforio
28 Yagil Levy Reuvan Gal
29 Civil Military Relations Theories Huntington Democratic Control (Hobbes Political Science) Janowitz Citizen Soldier (Aristotle/Dewey - Sociology) Theoretical Perspectives Civil Military Relations
30 Political Science Security Studies Liberal theory of democratic state Problematique -military strong enough to defend the state can threaten the polity Objective Control - regime loyalty/professional autonomy Effectiveness Samuel Huntington Soldier and the State
31 Morris Janowitz Sociology The Professional Soldier Civic republicanism theory of democracy Citizen Soldier service & fairness Functional Imperative (meet changing threat environment constabulary force) Pragmatic professionalism (focus policy problems )
32 Huntington/Janowitz Absolutist View Huntington War basis of IR View of International Relations Pragmatist View Janowitz War a tool of IR Total victory End of War given More than Victory/Defeat Adjustment between ends and means Punitive objective States Role in IR protect own interest Political objective Reinforce commitments to a system of international alliances Burk 2005 p
33 Constabulary Force revisited Definition: continuously prepared to act, [was] committed to the minimum use of force, and [sought] viable international relations rather than [military] victory (Janowitz, 1971, 418) Approach to the use of force Does not specify a unique structure
34 Implications for force structure Pragmatist View of IR War a tool of IR More than victory/defeat Adjustment between ends and means Political objective Reinforce commitments to a system of international alliances Constabulary Force tool of IR Success/effectiveness Fluidity between ends and means as context changes Emphasize political objectives Manage commitments to an international system of alliances
35 Brendel, 2006 Philosophy Pragmatism Logic of Inquiry Democracy Social Science Sociology Social Control Social Organization Institution Building Applied Fields Applied to problems in military realm Categories useful distinctions, they interpenetrate, process connects them
36 TRENDS Mass Army Constabulary Force Institutional/Occupational Hypothesis WWII Cold War All volunteer force
37 Institutional/Occupational Hypothesis Post Modern Military Cold War Ends st Century Afghanistan Iraq
38 Institutional Occupational Traditional values Market mechanisms Moskos 1977
39 Post Modern military Decline of Mass Army Expeditionary Model Strategic Private
40 Post Modern military Reform after cold war Small forces w/global Outreach Torunn Haaland Olav Bogen Anders Sookermany New Skills
41 Topics in Military Sociology Overlapping and interpenetrating Useful distinctions
42 Working Groups 1. Morale, Cohesion, Leadership 2. Women and gender issues 3. Military Family 4. Military Profession 5. Warriors in Peacekeeping 6. Recruitment/Retention 7. Blurring of Military and Police Roles 8. Veterans 9. Civilian Control of Armed Forces 10.Public Opinion Mass media & Military
43 Morale, Cohesion, Leadership Samuel Stouffer Diversity in the Ranks Gays Racial/ethnic Women Transgender Post modern context Charles Moskos
44 Women and gender issues Brenda Moore Mady Segal Diversity broadly defined
45 Military Family Both are Greedy Institutions Mady Segal David Segal
46 Military Profession Janowitz Giuseppe Caforio
47 Warriors in Peacekeeping Postmodern Military Christopher Dandeker David Segal
48 Recruitment/Retention Moskos Motivation Butler David Segal
49 Constabulary Force Blurring of Military and Police Roles
50 Veterans Christopher Dandeker Vidar Falck
51 Civilian Control of the Armed Forces Christopher Dandeker Overlap Political Science James Burk
52 Public Opinion Mass Media & Military
53 Future New or different X-factor Multi-Polar World Small Wars Climate Change AF rescuer Technology Weapons, Drones, Robots Nature of communication Wealth polarization Veterans
54 Multi-Polar World Small Wars Decision-making pushed down chain
55 Climate Change Military as rescuer
56 Technology Weapons, Drones, Robots
57 Nature of communication
58 Communication During WWII
59 Wealth polarization Who will serve? Place of military in society? Bridging environment.
60 Veterans Last Civil War Widow PTSD Health issues Homelessness Unemployment
61
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