THE IDEOLOGIES OF ANTI-AUTHORITARIANISM AND SOCIAL MOVEMENT IN ANTI-FLAG S PROTEST SONG LYRICS: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS A THESIS

Transcription

1 THE IDEOLOGIES OF ANTI-AUTHORITARIANISM AND SOCIAL MOVEMENT IN ANTI-FLAG S PROTEST SONG LYRICS: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS A THESIS Presented to the Graduate Program in English Language Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) in English Language Studies by Deasy Natalia Lessu Student Number: THE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2017 i

2 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

3 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI A TTTESIS E3 SSOI,OGIES OF AITITI.AUTEOBITABIAITTISM AND STE&fi. S&YI.il{ENTIN ANTI.FI46'S:PROTESf SONG LYruCS A Cf,ITIC*L DrscogtsE analy$s ' lr.y. Presented Deasy Natalia Lessu Student -N:umber: 1 I 6axl&tr Was defended in : &e Thesis,Committee pn".y-r. rg r&"- - t-+ T.\w EW {4.r I*tSl ffirl glh- # sd Fi,. -gt- fir.rffi '**\ #r,., f H,i* l.yalus t.s's., cg* Lt \l r Ph.I)...dEt!^4 * E4 utr*k*' ItF LI;Hum. Yoglutarh; 27 Februrry r*17 Program Diieetor u.#i By / i Subsnarr S,J,

4 This is to certify that all the ideas, phrase, and sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the ideas, phrases, sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands the full consequences including degree cancellation if she took somebody else's ideas, phrase, or sentences without proper references. Yogyakarta, 27 F ebruary 2017 Deasy Natalia Lessu

5 T]NTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswi Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama NomorMahasiswa : Demi perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah yang berjudul: THE IDEOLOGIES OF ANTI.AUTHORITARIANTSM AND SOCIAL MOVEMENT IN I,^/r1.FLAG'S PROTEST SONG LYRICS: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan. Dengan demikian saya memberikan hak kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikannya secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di intemet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 27 Februari 2017 Yang menyatakan, Deasy Natalia Lessu

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the very beginning, I would like to glorify my Awesome Lord, Jesus Christ who started with me, worked with me and finished this thesis with me. I would also like to reveal my biggest honor and thanks to those who have helped me to accomplish this thesis. Bapak Dr. B. B. Dwijatmoko, M.A. as my linguistics lecturers and my thesis advisor for his patience, kindness, ideas, helps and supports. Bapak Dr. G. Budi Subanar, S.J as the Graduate Program Director of Sanata Dharma University. Bapak Paulus Sarwoto, Ph.D. as the Head of the Graduate Program in ELS. Bapak FX. Mukarto, Ph. D., Bapak Dr. E. Sunarto, M.Hum. and Bapak Paulus Sarwoto, Ph.D. as my thesis examiners for their questions, ideas, advices, inputs and revision since my thesis review until my thesis defence. The lecturers in English linguistics of Graduate Program; Bapak Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., Bapak Prof. Dr. Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo, Bapak Dr. B. B. Dwijatmoko, M.A., Bapak Barli Bram M.Ed., Ph.D. for the lecturers, the knowledges, the ideas, the wisdom, the attitudes, the happiness and the laugh you have shared with me. Lectures in the Graduate Program, Ibu Dra. Novita Dewi, M.S., M.A (Hons.)., Bapak Dr. J. Bismoko and all lecturers I cannot mention. My special thanks for Bapak Dr. F.X. Siswadi, M.A. for his sharing and supports. Gondesz Ruslinah a.k.a Inul as my soulmate, my classmate and my supporter. Thank a bunch for her uncountable kindness, laugh, foolish acts she shared vi

7 with me. For being together in happiness and sorrow from the beginning until the end of our study. My Gradute Program classmates, Mbak Fransisca, Mbak Ayu, Nitha, Rindang, Ika Daru, Mas Windu, Mbak Sri, Mas Yanu, Fendy, Pak Ahsan Mbak Susie and Satrio, Mbak Fahma, Diah, Christo and also my senior, Usi Ariyana Pattiwael. Thank you for all we have been through together. Graduate Studies staffs, Mbak Lely, Mbak Marni, Mbak Dita and Pak Mul. Thank you for the helps and supports. My family, Papa Ot and Mama Mery, my sisters, Jeane and Injili, my brother, Mario, my cousin, Natalia and my extended family. Thank you for being patient, praying, loving, blessing and supporting. Especially for my papa and mama, thank you so much for believing me. My brother and sisters of GKB Jubilee, especially, Breakthrough cell-group. Special to Kak Yopie and Kak Helen. Thank you for all the blessing you have shared with me. My spiritual family, Chosen Generation Ministry in Ambon. Thank you for the supports and prayers My lecturers and friends of English Department, Pattimura University Ambon. Thank you for the supports and carings. Other people such as my best friend, Niko Harefa for his kindness and support. Mbak Mar for caring me. vii

8 MOTTO FAITH And being not weak in faith, she considered not her own body now dead,... she staggered not at the promise of God through unbelief; but was strong in faith, giving glory to God; And being fully persuaded that, what God had promised, God was able also to perform. --- Romans 4: 19a viii

9 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE... i ADVISOR S APPROVAL PAGE... ii DEFENSE APPROVAL PAGE... iii STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY... iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... vi MOTTO... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS... ix LIST OF TABLES... xi LIST OF APPENDICES... xii ABSTRACT... xivv ABSTRAK... xvii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Problem Formulation Objectives of Study Benefits of the Study... 8 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Review of theories Ideology Ideology and Discourse Ideology and Power Ideology of Punk Critical Discourse Analysis Systemic Functional Grammar Ideational Function and Meaning Interpersonal Function and Meaning Protest Music Review of Related Studies Theoretical Framework CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY Type of study Data of the Study Data Analysis Procedures CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Linguistic Features use in Anti Flag Protest Song Lyrics The Grammatical Features ix

10 Transitivity Analysis Modality Analysis Pronoun Analysis The Lexical Features Ideologies in Anti Flag s Protest Song Lyrics Concept of the Ideologies The Concept of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism The Concept of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism The Concept of Social Movement Social Issues Social Issues of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism Social Issues of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism Social Issues of Social Movement Ideologies Representation Representation of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism Summary of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism Representation Representation of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism Summary of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism Representation Representation of Social Movement Summary of Social Movement Representation CHAPTER 5... CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions Recommendations BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES... Appendix 1: Transitivity Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism Appendix 2: Transitivity analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism Appendix 3: Transitivity Analysis of Social Movement Appendix 4: Modality Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism Appendix 5: Modality Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism Appendix 6: Modality Analysis of Social Movement Appendix 7: Pronoun Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism Appendix 8: Pronoun Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism Appendix 7: Pronoun Analysis of Social Movement Appendix 9: The Distribution of Transitivity Processes in the Ideologies Appendix 10: The Distribution of Modals in the Ideologies Appendix 11: The Distribution of Pronoun in the Ideologies Appendix 12: Anti-Flag Selected Song Lyrics Appendix 13: Clauses and Ideologies of the Selected Song Lyrics x

11 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1. List of Anti Flag Selected Song Lyrics Table 4.1 Excerpts of the Material Processes Table 4.2. Excerpts of the Relational Processes Table 4.3. Excerpts of the Mental Processes Table 4.4. Excerpts of the Verbal Processes Table 4.5. Excerpts of the Existential Processes.. 65 Table 4.6. Excerpts of Probability Table 4.7. Excerpts of Usuality Table 4.8. Excerpts of Obligation Table 4.9. Excerpts of Inclination Table Excerpts of Ability Table Excerpts of Pronoun I Table Excerpts of Pronoun You Table Excerpts of Pronoun We Table 4.14 Excerpts of Pronoun They Table Excerpts of Word-Choice Table 4.16 Excerpts of Word-Choice Table Excerpts of Word Choice Table Distribution of Transitivity Table Distribution of Modality Table Distribution of Pronoun xi

12 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1: Transitivity Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1. Material Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. 2. Relational Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. 3. Mental Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. 4. Verbal Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. 5. Existential Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 2: Transitivity Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1. Material Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. 2. Relational Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. 3. Mental Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. 4. Verbal Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. 5. Existential Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 3: Transitivity Analysis of Social Movement... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1. Material Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. 2. Relational Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. 3. Mental Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. 4. Verbal Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. 5. Existential Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 4: Modality Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism... Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 5: Modality Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism... Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 6: Modality Analysis of Social Movement... Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 7: Pronoun Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism... Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun I (Anti Flag)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun You (Government)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun You (Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Anti Flag)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Anti Flag & Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Government)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun They (Government)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun They (Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun I (Anti Flag)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun You (Government)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun You (Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Anti Flag)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Anti Flag & Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Government)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun They (Government)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun They (Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. xii

13 Appendix 8: Pronoun Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism... Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun I (Anti Flag)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun You (Government)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun You (Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Anti Flag)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Anti Flag & Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Government)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun They (Government)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun They (Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 7: Pronoun Analysis of Social Movement... Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun I (Anti Flag)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun You (Government)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun You (Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Anti Flag)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Anti Flag & Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Government)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun They (Government)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun They (Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 9: The Distribution of Transitivity Processes in the Ideologies... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 4.10The Distribution of Transitivity Processes in the Ideologies. Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 10: The Distribution of Modals in the Ideologies Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 4.11The Distribution of Modals in the Ideologies...Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 11: The Distribution of Pronoun in the Ideologies...Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 4.12 The Distribution of Pronoun in the Ideologies..Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 13: Anti-Flag Selected Song Lyrics....Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 1:"You've Got To Die For The Government"... Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 2: "Kill The Rich"...Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 3: "Red, White and Brainwashed".....Error! Bookmark not defined. Song4: "Got the Numbers"....Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 5: "A Stars and Stripes"....Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 6: "This Machine Kills Fascists"....Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 7: Watch the Right...Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 8: "What s the Difference"....Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 9:"Class Plague"....Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 10: "Protest Songs"....Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 11: "Tearing Down the Borders"....Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 12: You Can Kill the Protestor but You Can t Kill the Protest.... Error! Bookmark not defined. xiii

14 Song 13: "Depleted Uranium is a War Crime"... Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 14: "No Borders, No Nations"....Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 15: "911 for peace"......error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 14: Clauses and Ideologies of the Selected Song Lyrics... Error! Bookmark not defined. xiv

15 ABSTRACT Lessu, Deasy Natalia The Ideologies of Anti-Authoritarianism and Social Movement in Anti-Flag s Protest Song Lyrics: A Critical Discourse Analysis, Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program in English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University. Music especially punk rock is ideological. It has a basic belief about DIY (Do-It-Yourself) which presents their subculture (counterculture). It sets themselves as the outer group of the society. The belief of DIY sets the punk rock to life in liberty. Thus, they have tendency to rebel against authority. They see the traditional culture; the submissiveness of society to the power holders as the significant issue that need to be resisted. Thus, the song lyrics are not merely showing protest but the calling to do revolution as well. Through their music, specifically song lyrics, they act as the speaker to persuade the listeners. In the purpose of gaining up the critical awareness of the listeners about the role of punk rock music in carrying the protest about the social issues, the study will conducted by using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The study has aim to answer two research questions. The first question is How the linguistic features employed in Anti-Flag s protest song lyrics reveal the ideology? While the second question is What are the main ideologies conveyed in Anti-Flag s protest song lyrics? The study is about CDA, thus, the study will be guided by the framework of CDA. It helps to present concept about the ideology, how the ideology works in discourse and how the ideology constructs power. To discover the existence of ideology in the discourse, - the text, the concepts of the ideology, the special terms describe the ideology and the social issues which support the actuality of the ideology will be used. To do the analysis of the linguistic representation, the Systemic Functional Grammar will be applied. It represents the ideology through the linguistic units such as transitivity analysis, modality analysis and pronoun analysis. The data derives from the Anti-Flag song lyrics. It is as much as 15 song lyrics. This punk rock band is considerably consistent and committed in sounding protest about the social issues. The data used are for analyzing first questions attained from the lexical items used in the song lyrics and the literature data to support the concept and the social issues of the ideology. The data used for the second questions taken from the clauses in the song lyrics. It is done by the analysis of transitivity to present the frequent process which represents the ideology and the modals and pronouns analysis to present speaker s intention and judgments about the ideology. From the analysis, it is found that the two main ideologies presented in Anti-Flag selected song are the anti-authoritarianism and the social movement. The authoritarianism itself is divided into anti-authoritarian capitalism and anti-authoritarian nationalism. The result of transitivity analysis shows that both ideologies represented through the material processes and relational processes. It shows how the actions of the actors and the identity and character of the actors. xv

16 The modality analysis shows that probability, obligation and ability as the most frequent type. The probability and obligation appears mostly in anti-authoritarianism. They indicate the certainty and probability and the obligation of the authority works. The ability appears in social movement expresses the skill of doing the revolution. About the pronoun analysis, the anti-authoritarianism mostly appears in pronoun you and they. It means that Anti-Flag is as the part of punk subculture persuade (and protest as well) society and protest government. It sets position of Anti-Flag as the out-group; not belong to society. The social movement mostly carries we as the pronoun. It means that Anti-Flag is in-group with society to do the movement. It is recommended for the future researchers to conduct similar study on song lyrics, especially the punk rock music to enrich and raise their critical awareness of the use music as the protest medium. It is also recommended to explore more on the textual analysis especially theme-rheme since the usage of the theory might cause different interpretation. Key words: Ideology, Critical Discourse Analysis, Systemic Functional Grammar, Protest Songs xvi

17 ABSTRAK Lessu, Deasy Natalia The Ideologies of Anti-Authoritarianism and Social Movement in Anti-Flag s Protest Song Lyrics: A Critical Discourse Analysis, Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program in English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University. Musik khususnya punk rock memiliki ideologi. Punk memilik prinsip dasar yaitu DIY (Do-It-Yourself) yang merepresentasikan cara hidup mereka, kebiasaan dan ide-ide dari kelompok mereka sebagai kelompok yang berbeda dari kelompok masayarakat pada umumnya. Prinsip DIY mengatur para anggota punk untuk hidup dalam kebebasan. Oleh karena itu, mereka mempunyai kecenderungan untuk melawan kekuasaan. Mereka memandang budaya yang telah menjadi tradisi dalam masyarakat seperti penundukan masyarakat terhadap para penguasa sebagai isu penting yang harus dilawan. Untuk itu, lirik-lirik lagu mereka tidak sekedar menyatakan protes tetapi juga mengajak untuk melalukan revolusi. Melalui musik, khususnya lirik lagu, mereka berperan untuk melakukan propaganda kepada penikmat musik secara khusus dan secara umum kepda masyarakat. Dalam rangka meningkatkan critical awareness dari para penikmat musi tentang peran musik punk rock sebagai pembawa pesan tentang isu sosial, penelitian ini akan dilakukan dengan mengimplementasikan Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Penelitian ini bertujuan utnuk memberi solusi terhadap dua pertanyaan. Pertanyaan pertama Bagaimana unsur-unsur linguistik di dalam lirik-lirik lagu protes Anti-Flag mengungkapkan ideologi? Sementara pertanyaan kedua adalah Apa ideologi-ideologi utama yang diusung Anti-Flag dalam lirik lagu protes mereka? Penelitian in adalah tentang analisa wacana kritis (CDA) dengan demikian penelitian ini akan mengikuti kerangka teori CDA. Teori ini membantu memberikan konsep tentang ideologi, kaitan ideologi dengan wacana dan bagaimana ideologi memiliki power. Untuk menemukan keberadaan ideologi di dalam teks, konsep tentang ideologi-ideologi utama, isitilah-istilah yang terkait dengan ideologi-ideologi tersebut serta isu-isu social yang mencerminkan aktualisasi dari ideologi-ideologi tersebut akan dibahas. Untuk menganalisa representasi linguistik, Systemic Functional Grammar dipakai. Teori ini menunjukkan representasi ideologi melalu analisa transitivity, modality dan pronoun. Data yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini berasal dari lirik-lirik lagu Anti-Flag. Data yang dipakai adalah sebanyak 15 lagu. Band berjenis musik punk rock ini dipilih karena dianggap konsisten dan penuh komitmen dalam menuarakan protes terhadap isu-isu sosial. Untuk menganalisa pertanyaan pertama, data yang dipakai berasal dari teks yaitu; penggunaan istilah-istilah yang berkaitan dengan ideologi dan data-data lain di luar teks seperti latar belakang sejarah, dan politik tentang isu tersebut. Untuk menganalisa pertanyaan kedua, data yang dipakai adalah klausa yang diperoleh dari lirk-lirik lagu. Analisa yang dilakukan dengan transitivity analysis menunjukan proses-proses yang sering xvii

18 muncul di dalam teks sementara analisa modality dan pronoun menunjukkan tanggapan dan tujuan pembicara (Anti-Flag) tentang ideologi-ideologi yang dibahas. Dari analisa, ditemukan dua ideologi utama yang diusung oleh Anti-Flag adalah Anti-authoritarianism dan Social Movement. Anti-authoritarianism dibedakan kedalam Anti-authoritarian Capitalism dan Anti-authoritarian Nationalism. Hasil dari analisa transitivity menunjukkan kedua ideologi dibentuk dengan material processes dan relational processes. Proses pertama menunjukan aksi dari actor sementara proses kedua menunjukan identitas dan karakter dari actor. Dari analisa modality ditemukan bahwa probability, obligation dan ability. muncul sebagai modals meaning yang dominan. Probability dan obligation sering muncul di ideologi anti-authoritarianism. Ini menunjukkan kepastian dan kepatuhan tentang dan terhadap pekerjaan para penguasa. Ability sering muncul di ideologi social movement menunjukkan kekuatan dan kemampuan Anti-flag dan masyarakat untuk melakukan perubahan. Dari analisa pronoun ditemukan bahwa pronoun you dan they banyak muncul di idelogi Anti-authoritarianism. Hal ini berarti Anti-Flag berada di out-group yang memungkinkannya melakukan protes kepada pemerintah dan masyarakat. Pronoun we banyak ditemukan di ideologi social movement. Hal ini memposisikan Anti-Flag di in-group. Bersama-sama dengan masyarakat, Anti-Flag memberi perlawanan terhadap para penguasa. Untuk penelitian ke depan, direkomendasikan untuk melakukan penelitian yang sama pada lirik lagu, terlebih khusus lirik lagu punk rock untuk meningkatkan critical awareness terhadap penggunaan musik sebagai media protes. Selain itu direkomendasikan juga untuk mengeksplorasi textual analysis khususnya pada theme-rheme sebab penerapan teori yang berbeda dapat menghasilkan interpretasi yang berbeda pula. Key words: Ideology, Critical Discourse Analysis, Systemic Functional Grammar, Protest Songs xvii i

19 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This introductory section categorized into four sections containing background of the study, problem formulation, objectives of the study and benefits of the study. The first section, background of the study, explicates the depiction of the topic of the study and the reasons of studying it. The second section is problem formulation. It elaborated with the purpose of clarifying what matters that the study has to answer. The third section is the objectives of study that expresses the process of doing the study based on the practical theories. The fourth section provides the importance of the study and benefits obtained from the study. 1.1 Background of the Study Music and society are always powerfully intimate. Whenever people do anything either individually or socially for any reason, music is there. In politics, for example, the candidates use music to achieve number of supports from the society during their campaign. The common reason underlies the existence of music in society is it acts as a means of developing and negotiating interpersonal relationship. Juslin & Sobloda 2001 (in Cross 2006) state, music can be used by individuals to modulate and regulate their own moods, and may be used in group contexts to modulate collective mood. Hence, music can easily unite people, or contrarily break them down.

20 2 The importance of music in the society has revolutionized. Such kind of artwork is not only for entertaining people but also employed as a medium of communication to produce a change and a revolution in some areas of human culture. One of them is as a medium of protest. The use of music in protesting recognized as the protest music or protest song. The protest song according to Denisoff (1972) is a socio-political statement designed to create an awareness of social problems and which offers or infers a solution which is viewed as deviant in nature. Thus, the protest songs gain society s awareness and support for the being captured issue. Commonly, the protest rises due to the government s regulations or, actions that are contradictive to the society s expectation. Clearly stated by Boulding (1967: 50), protest arises when there is strongly felt dissatisfaction with existing programs and polices of government or other organization. In the relation to the protest, the protesters work to change or prevent the changes of a matter. At least, they try to persuade others to change their ideas by criticizing or protesting something wrong or unfair. Indirectly, through the protest, the society is eager to show their power against the government. Lipsky (1965) in Porta and Diani (2006) state that, protest is a political resource of the powerless. Anti-Flag is a punk rock band. It has been totally stuck with their capacity as the activist through their music. Since their first debut in 1996 until their latest album in 2012, Anti-Flag is likely to criticize the government s administration. Their albums published during the era of three United States presidential such as Bill Clinton ( ), George W. Bush ( ) and Barrack Obama

21 3 ( ). One the protest issue is about the Bush's decision to wage a preventive war in Iraq which becomes the trigger to arouse another issue such as endangering the social security, increasing the tax, causing unemployment, inflation, poverty etc. The protest revealed in the lyrics is such as the following clauses. (S6.C2) This scene will not fall victim to your violence or lies (Material Process). (S6.C3) Our values are nothing but your values excuses to start fights (Relational Process). (S14.C2) So, if the heads of the state want to end terrorism, they should go and kill themselves. (Mental Process). Through the clauses, the existence of government presents using noun, the heads of the state and the pronoun, your violence and your values. The protest is visible through the processes. For example, in clause S6.C3, the use of will not indicates the willingness to fight against the government s violence or lies. It is clear that in the song lyrics, Anti-Flag as the speakers try to communicate or send the message to the society about the social issue and to counter authority. Music facilitates communication that goes beyond word, which people use to share their emotions, intentions, and meanings. Thus, the language used in musical lyric is powerful to influence the people. According to Wodak (2007:1) Language... be seen as a driving force directed at changing politics and society. This is what Anti-Flag intend to spread through the message inside their lyrics. However, language only gains power in the hands of the powerful: language is not in power per se. A specific language symbolizes the group or person in power. Understanding the message necessitates a circumscription of the term ideology.

22 4 Generally, the term ideology refers to the hidden message inside the language. Therefore, the song lyrics stand as the medium to advance its ideological stance on language. Van Dijk in his writing about Ideological Discourse Analysis states that Ideologies may in fact be the same as the representation a group has of itself (and of the relations with the relevant other groups, e.g. the opponents) in the social structure. Moreover, he also states that as the member of a group, the language users supposedly will speak, write, or understand from a specific social position. In here, Anti-Flag as the punk rock band recognized as the member of the punk group. The ideologies will represent their group itself as to counter the ideology of the government the opponent. Relating to the study, the analysis examines what ideologies are typically associates with that position. To do the study, Critical Discourse Analysis is considerably helpful to support. CDA is a three dimensional framework of text analysis which involves the analysis of the social practice, the discourse practice, and the text itself. The analysis of the social practice dealt with the society in which the writer of the text lives. The analysis of discourse practice refers to the process of the text production, distribution and consumption while the text analysis deals with the uncovering the underlying ideology that prompts the text production. Fairclough (1995: 1-2) points out that a range of properties of text considered potentially ideological through the features of vocabulary and metaphors, grammar, presuppositions and implicatures, politeness conventions, speech-exchange system, generic structure, and style.

23 5 Principally, CDA is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse, which views "language as a form of social practice" (Fairclough, 1989). As one of its central objectives, CDA considers the linguistic choices. A text producer makes the linguistic choices as a potential medium through which the ideological import of a particular discourse situation can be reproduced. Fairclough and Wodak (1997) usefully translate this into the "working assumption" that "any part of any language text, spoken or written, simultaneously constitutes representations, relations, and identities". That is, discourse represents particular views of world, particular social relations between people, and particular social identities according to the purpose, context, and addressees of the text. Since the linguistics choices are considered in CDA, the Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) by Halliday will be an applicable to work with. The SFG has three metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions. They will be the tools to analyze clauses that represent the ideology. The cooperation of both theories, CDA and SFG, will support each other to see how the social issues transferred into the language and how the ideology of the speaker manipulated to state their power as a protest to the power holders.

24 6 1.2 Problem Formulation The present study investigates the problems presents in the following research questions: 1) How the linguistic features employed in Anti-Flag s protest song lyrics reveal the ideology? 2) What are the main ideologies conveyed in Anti-Flag s protest song lyrics? 1.3 Objectives of the Study The study has three objectives. They related to the field of linguistics, Critical Discourse Analysis and musical art. The first objective is to reveal the ideologies in Anti-Flag song lyrics. The objective intends to find out the concept of ideology and power conveyed by Anti- Flag as the punk rock band. To achieve the objective, the macrostructures analysis by van Dijk will be employed. The analysis focuses on the use of special terms and the social issues which support the ideologies. They special terms present the existence of topics related to the ideologies in the lyrics. On the other side, the social issues provide information and knowledge about the reality of the topics. In other words, they connect the text with the context. The second objective is to find out the representation of the ideologies through the use of linguistics units. The objective is achievable by using Systemic Functional Grammar. It provides metafunctions analysis: ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions. They help to show the relation between the lexical and grammatical features of the song lyrics with the ideologies which it conveyed.

25 7 The study focuses on ideational and interpersonal function. By means of transitivity analysis, the ideational function will be analyzed. It states that a clause has meaning as a representation of some processes in ongoing human experiences. The transitivity system is applicable to reveal the representation of people, events, or issues in the text because it has a function to infer the author s experience in the texts. On the other side, the interpersonal function is analyzed by the use of modality and pronoun analysis. The ideational function presents the interaction between the speakers to the listener. The observation on those functions might show the systemic characteristic of language in use. Moreover, to determine the clause represents a certain ideology is to consider the basic concept of the ideology itself. By doing so, the characteristics of each ideology will be clear. Therefore, it will be easier and more correct to group the clauses into an ideology. The third objective is to give appreciation to the musical art especially the punk rock music. The use of music as the object of discourse analysis is less if compare to the use of newspaper, speeches or literary works. To appreciate the musical art is not merely about the musical notes of a song but to pay more attention to the lyric of a song. The study of song lyrics by linguistics analysis helps to understand the personal thoughts and feelings of the person who wrote it. Hence, the listeners will recognize that the genre is valuable.

26 8 1.4 Benefits of the Study The substance of a study is having benefits. The study hopefully equips good contribution for all readers not merely for the certain parties. Tthe study serves a purpose for the language learners who are interested in linguistics, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG). It provides knowledge and awareness on how to apply CDA approach in analyzing song lyrics as type of discourse and SFG in textual analysis. For the study presents song lyrics as the particular text therefore it might be a good example on how to scrutinize language features on the song lyrics. Hopefully, the study might raise critical analysis and awareness on the covert meaning (ideology) of the song lyrics and on the linguistics comprehension. Tthe study presents the importance to conceive the song lyrics. For the music listeners, the study points out that music is more worthy if it is not merely listened but understood the messages concealed in its lyrics. Music, especially punk rock not merely affiliated with the noisy and awful sounds, which for few people is annoying. Thus, people will come up with the negative perceptions about the genre. On the other side, few people consider the punk rock music as an interesting music that helps them to release their emotions, such as anger. Hence, they merely appreciate the music instead of its lyrics. Lyrics are not just the part of the total package of the music. In punk rock music, the lyrics contain significant information, ideas, opinions, or images about the social issues. People are lead to be conscious for the social problems especially about the socio-politics issues occurred in America and world.

27 9 Ultimately, through the study, It is proposed that perhaps readers, - society - may benefit from a deeeper understanding of punk rock counterculture idelogy. Instead of just paying attention to the lyrics and musical sounds, people will see culture, values, ideology, and messages. Public is hoped to be conscious that music as the artwork can be an applicable medium of protest to do a revolution or social movement. In a wider perspective, the study is hopefully might arouse public response towards the social issues; capitalism and nationalism. It is about how to make a stand to resist against social injustice. Public not only listening to the punk rock music and absorb the significant points in the lyrics but to act. The protest through song is propagandist to get people support. Despite this, the intention of doing the protest is for the real action. Listening to punk rock music, especially Anti-Flag, people will notice their existence as the part of drivers of changes.

28 10 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter consists of three sections namely review of theories, review of related studies and theoretical framework. The review of theories examines the theories applied to conduct the study, the review of related studies provides insights for the study and the theoretical framework clarifies the contribution of the theories in solving the problem formulation. 2.1 Review of Theories The section presents the theories exercised in the study. The first section talks about ideology as it is what the study about. It presents the concept of ideology, ideology and discourse, ideology and power and ideology of punk. The second section is about the method of the study, Critical Discourse Analysis. It is the general framework of the study. By reviewing the theory, the study is led to reveal the ideology and power imbalance in practice in a society. The third section is about the concept of protest songs. It provides the concept of how the songs used as the protest medium. The fourth section is about the Systemic Functional Grammar from Halliday (2004) elaborated with other experts. It presents concept of transitivity, modality and pronoun. It used as the tool to observing data Ideology The term, ideology is controversial. It is because there are many definitions and notions of the term. Hence, it is better to start with its very beginning notion.

29 11 The ideology was used by Antonine Loues Claude Destutt de Tracy in 1796 for the first time. The term used to officially states the ideas of a particular group of scholars in France. The idea is about the new empiricist science of ideas (the studies of how people think, speak, and argue). Simply, ideology is about the origins of the ideas. The ideas addressed to young people due to their minds are not full of the fixed ideas compared to the minds of established scholars therefore it is not difficult to change. People who support the idea are in a group called themselves as the ideologists. Parson (1951: 39) asserts that ideology is a system of beliefs held in common by the members of a collectivity. From the explanation, two main points can be taken out are the system of beliefs and the members of collectivity. The two main points above considered as the basic notion to understand the concept of ideology. The system of beliefs might define as the set of principles while the members of collectivity defined as the group of people who shared the same ideology and essentially have been controlled by the ideology. Thus, the ideology is about a theory or set of beliefs or principles that underlie the group. A group could be a political group, party, or organization. However, the existence of an ideology might have relevancy to other ideologies. Nazism, National Socialism, for example, has relevant beliefs to nationalism and racism. The Nazism held racial theories based upon the belief of the existence of an Aryan master race that was superior to all races. Nazi ideology was developed by intense nationalists whose only interests were the future of Germany and Germanspeaking Aryan people. The people who support Nazism called as Nazi. They are

30 12 a member of the National Socialist (Workers ) Party led by Adolf Hitler which controlled Germany from 1933 to 1945 (CALD3). The ideology is not merely descriptive but it is practical as well. It is not only about a number of very general ideas that are the basis of group members specific beliefs about the world that guide their interpretation of events but it also influences their social practice. According to Fairclough (2003: 9), Ideologies are representation of aspects of the world which can be shown to contribute, to establishing, maintaining, and changing social relations of power, domination, and exploitation. Thus, ideology is practical as the power holders use the belief to control the powerless people. Ideology is the power and domination, which owned by a group who have positions, attitudes, beliefs, and perspectives. Government is a group of people who has power and domination since they are officially controlled a country. In relation to the Nazism, Nazi has power and domination to control Germany because of the position of Adolf Hitler as the leader of nation. He is hegemonic; he has position of being the strongest and most powerful and therefore can control others. The control itself is about the order, limit or rule people s actions or behavior. In a country, laws and policies become government s tools to control people. The ideology may be more or less positive and negative depending on our point of view or group membership. Marx and Engels define ideology in a negative sense. They state, Ideologies are systems of false ideas representing the consciousness of the ruling class, and used to promote and legitimize its power.

31 13 A negative connotation addressed to an ideology when it creates injustice. The injustice here refers to the way the power holders treat the powerless in a relation. There are three relations can be used; government-society, society-society and society-government. In government-society relation, government has power to create policies, which disappointedly has tendency to cause suffering to the society. In society-society relation, the rich has power to bring misery to the poor. In relation of society-government, the rich or big business have power to influence and control the government. Basically, the power holders have tendency to use their power and domination to obtain advantages for themselves by disregarding the powerless groups. For that reason, groups of people come up to counter negative ideology. The opposition to the common ideologies normally contains the disapproving opinions or suggestions that the ideologies are not good or not important. Moreover, it is due to the negative impacts of the ideology to the social life. As like a common ideology called Nazism, it has counter-ideology so-called anti-nazism. However, to spread the anti-ideology is not that easy. Inferior surely are unable to directly sounding protest or criticism to the superior as they lack of power and domination. They need to collect members to support them. Their ideology delivered through a medium that is easily to unify people. One of the media is the music, folk song. It is used under the consideration of music is well-liked and respected by common people. Moreover, it is potential to regulate mood. The counter ideology either implicitly or explicitly filled in the song lyrics, thus, song lyrics are ideological.

32 Ideology and Discourse Ideology might be abstract and general. It can only indirectly emerge in talk and text; it emerges in a discourse as the communication in speech; talk and writing; text. Thus, it can be simply said that the discourse might attributes the specific and fixed ideological contents. Moreover, the discourse is the recontextualization of concept of world through a speaker or writer s point of view that is presented in speech and writing. Therefore, the discourse is shaped by and might present the ideology of the speaker or writer. They, the speaker or writer has intention to propagate the listener or reader. Principally, they have power to control people perception about the world. Fairclough (1995: 73) clarifies that the discourse is shaped by structures also contributes to shaping and reshaping them, to reproducing and transforming them. He says that the structures are the combination of the elements of text such orders of discourse, codes and their elements such as lexical and grammatical elements but also the mediated form political and economic structure and relationships; relation in the market, relation with the state and relation with society. Talking about discourse and its relation to ideology is conceptually wide. Van Dijk (2000) states that, the study about the notions of ideology and discourses are not adequate in a discipline. They require the elaboration of all disciplines such as humanities and social sciences. For that reason, he proposes to stick with three main clusters; discourse, cognition and society. According to him, the discourse relates to the study of language use, text and other communications. The cognition relates to the nature of ideas or beliefs, the

33 15 relations with opinions and knowledge and the status as socially shared representations. The society relates to the aspects of social, political, cultural and historical, group-based nature and the roles in reproduction of dominance or resistance against dominance. The three main clusters help to find out how the language use of ideology shared by the speaker influence the listener Ideology and Power Ideology that owned by a specific social group might be different to the other social group. The difference symbolized the identity of the group itself. The identity is categorized into the in-group and the out-group. The standard determination of a group generally defines by a sense of belonging. Some reasons prescribes the belonging could be such as being in the same position in society. The reasons are such as involving in the specific social issue and having the same perception or opinion about a matter. The sense of belonging contains the term of solidarity. Such solidarity may contain positive attributes as foundations for a shared identity; groups also have a tendency to define themselves in juxtaposition to others who manifestly do not belong because they are different. Cultures thus often end up with a bipolar vision of us versus them with the former being a representation of what it means to be human, and latter implying something less than human. Groups define their collective self by presuming superiority over the other whom they do not allow to belong.

34 16 The superiority over the other groups presents the power of the ideology of the group. It specifically defines power as the domination. For this notion, Gramsci (as cited in Mayr 2008: 13) uses concept of hegemony. Hegemony highlights the mechanism through which dominant groups in society succeed in persuading subordinate groups to accept their own moral, political and cultural values and their institutions through ideological means. The position of being the strongest and most powerful and therefore provides wide chances to control others. For the practice of power, Mayr (2008: 14) has a notion that hegemony operates largely through language. He further explains that the dominant cultural group generates the discourse represent them as natural therefore people consent to the discourse with the particular formations of power. Linguistically, the ideology in a text is written in speech act or an act of writing (statement, question, command, promise, threat, giving of advice. etc.) has potential to enforce people s interests (Wodak 1989). Wodak (1989: 82) moreover states that certain types of speech act are associated with the special supporting conventions, for instance, the military commands. He further asserts that the type of speech act in principle suitable for enforcing the interests of power. The notion can be taken from the description is that the ideology is persuasive. The power in the ideology used as propaganda. As the power is dominating, the further idea is to use the domination for a specific purpose. It is to persuade. The persuasion delivered with the intention of influencing people s opinions.

35 Ideology of Punk Punk is considered as a counterculture or subculture. The term refers to the way of life, customs and ideas of of a particular group of people within society which are diferent from the rest of that society (CALD3). The subculture of punk emerged at the first time in England. By the 1970 s in England, the subculture were understood to be the groups of youths who practiced a wide array of social dissent through shared behavioral, costume and musical orientations. From the three mentioned orientations; behavioural, costume and musical, the punk existence as the subculture may be clearly potrayed. The behaviour of punk is often revolting. It means they refuse to be controlled or ruled and take violent action against authority. The behaviour is clearly seen in Do-It-Yourself (DIY) ethic. The ethich presents the core value of punk which are the freedom and thinking for yourself. The implementation of the ethic depicted in their ability to produce and distribute ideas and art without the interference of major corporations. The common costume orientation presents in the way they dress up by wear the the trashy cut-up clothes, the spiky hair and the acccessories such as offsensive body jewelry, such as safety pins as earrings and face rings, swastikas and crosses as pins and painted emblems. The musical form adopted by punk rock instrumentally presents itself as direct and straightforward, in a clear line from the so-called classic style of rock n roll music. The music employed a limited range of chords and heavy rhtymic. Musically, the style is agrresive in feel and musician played in a seemingly untutored style. About the vocal style, it is, perhaps the most significant