IDEOLOGIES OF THE JAKARTA POST S NEWS ON CORRUPTION OF SURYADHARMA ALI AND SUTAN BHATOEGANA: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Transcription

1 IDEOLOGIES OF THE JAKARTA POST S NEWS ON CORRUPTION OF SURYADHARMA ALI AND SUTAN BHATOEGANA: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS A Thesis Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) Degree in English Language Studies by Putri Adinihaqi Chusnul Chotimah THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2017

2 IDEOLOGIES OF THE JAKARTA POST S NEWS ON CORRUPTION OF SURYADHARMA ALI AND SUTAN BHATOEGANA: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS A Thesis Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) Degree in English Language Studies by Putri Adinihaqi Chusnul Chotimah THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2017 i

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7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the middle of 2013, I decided to move to Yogyakarta and accidentally continued my study in English. Being enrolled as a student at Sanata Dharma University is Qodr, a gracious fate. I believe to Allah the Most Beneficent and the Most Merciful that my decision to study English linguistics, though hard and difficult to do, can bring Barakah to many people especially me. I express so much thank for my thesis advisor Dr. B. B. Dwijatmoko, M.A. His friendly and kind-hearted manners show his integrity not only to teach but also to educate me. Being helped, pushed, supported and motivated by him gives me a chance to do and to finish this CDA research. I also thank the thesis reviewers Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M. Pd., M. A and Dr. E. Sunarto, M. Hum. because their help does really improve my writing. I express so much thank to the lecturers in this department, Prof. Soepomo Poedjoseodarmo, M.A., FX. Mukarto, Ph.D., Dr. F. X. Siswadi, M.A., Dr. J. Bismoko, and Dr. Novita Dewi, M. S., M. A. (Hons). I also express my gratitude to Dr. Alb. Budi Susanto, S. J., Dr. J. Haryatmoko, S.J., and Dr. G. Budi Subanar, S.J. They gave me many lecturers and discussions about philosophy, culture and social disciplines. Afterward these opportunities helped me to think beyond my knowledge in English education and language. My deepest gratitude goes to ignoring R. M. in his initial name H. Dady Sukoco. I am very blessed being his daughter and grateful for his support to finance also to share many ideas and much time. I also express my tender words to Hj. Sri Haryaningsih. Her blessing and prayer bring me to this stairway. The last but not the least, I thank my siblings, Nur Hasanah S.Pd., Marfuatun a.k.a Mbak Dheno, Atiiqa Hidayah R. A. Amd., M. Anhari Agung W. S.Pd., my beloved little sister, Fauziah Nuri W., my brothers The Late Hendra and Affan, my handsome lovely nephews Fakih, Azka, Athalla, Syauqi, Azzam and Kynan and my cute pretty nieces Aqueena and Ayesha. vi

8 My gratefulness also goes to my classmates in KBI 2013 class A, B and C especially Bundo Maria Wulandari and Cik Vivi Muryanti also in Linguistics class, Mbak Mimi, Mbak Rina, Mas Ryan, Mas Tangguh, Joan, Nita, Adria, and Rieta. To KBI staff, Mbak Lely, Siwi, Mbak Marni, Elly and Pak Mul thank you for helping me during my academic time. Finally, I also thank those whom I cannot mention one by one. My prayers are directed to all of you. May the Almighty give you all goodness in health, wealth, family and life path. Amen! Putri Adinihaqi Chusnul Chotimah vii

9 DEDICATION PAGE inna ma al- usri yusrā Indeed, with hardship [will be] ease. fa idzā faragta fanshab So when you have finished [your duties], then stand up [for worship]. [QS. Ash-Sharh: Verse 6-7] innalloha ma ash-shobiriin Indeed, Allah is with the patient [QS. Al-Baqara: Verse: 153] viii

10 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE... i ADVISOR APPROVAL PAGE... ii APPROVAL PAGE... iii STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY....iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... vi DEDICATION PAGE... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS... ix LIST OF TABLES... xi LIST OF APPENDICES... xii ABSTRACT... xiii ABSTRAK... xv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Research Questions Research Objectives Research Benefits CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Theoretical Review Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) Ideology Language and Symbolic Power Media Discourse Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) Related Studies Theoretical Framework CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY Type of the Study Research Data ix

11 3.3 Data Analysis Analytical Framework for CDA CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Social Wrongs Obstacles to Social Wrong Being Tackled The Network of (Social) Practices The Relationship of Semiosis to Other Social Elements The Discourse or Semiosis The Place of Social Wrong Possible Ways Past the Obstacles Critical Reflection CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS Conclusions Suggestions Bibliography Appendices x

12 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 SFG Analysis of Verbal Process Table 4.1 Summary of the Ideologies and Language Strategies in SDA Articles Table 4.2 Binary Semic of Humphrey Djemat s Propositions Table 4.3 Binary Semic of Andreas Nahot Silitonga s Propositions...72 xi

13 LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 Suryadharma gets cold feet, skips KPK summons APPENDIX 2 Suryadharma defies KPK summons, again APPENDIX 3 Ex-minister aims to repeat Budi s success APPENDIX 4 KPK detains Sutan Bhatoegana APPENDIX 5 KPK locks up flamboyant Democratic Party cofounder APPENDIX 6 Dems not surprised with Sutan s arrest APPENDIX 7 Three Dimensional Framework Analysis in the Article Suryadharma gets cold feet, skips KPK summons on February 5th, APPENDIX 8 Three Dimensional Framework Analysis in the Article Suryadharma defies KPK summons, again on February 11st, APPENDIX 9 Three Dimensional Framework Analysis in the Article Exminister aims to repeat Budi s success on February 24th, APPENDIX 10 Three Dimensional Framework Analysis in the Article KPK detains Sutan Bhatoegana published on February 2nd, APPENDIX 11 Three Dimensional Framework Analysis in the Article KPK locks up flamboyant Democratic Party cofounder published on February 3rd, APPENDIX 12 Three Dimensional Framework Analysis in the Article Dems not surprised with Sutan s arrest published on February 4th, xii

14 ABSTRACT Putri Adinihaqi Chusnul Chotimah Ideologies of The Jakarta Post s News on Suryadharma Ali s and Sutan Bhatoegana s Corruption Case: A Critical Discourse Analysis. Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program on English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University This study employs Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) that examines the ideologies of The Jakarta Post (TJP) reporting corruption cases of Suryadharma Ali (SDA), the former religious affairs minister, and Sutan Bathoegana (SB), the former head of Commission VII on energy at the House of Representatives. The lexicogrammatical choices in the news text determine how TJP put itself in the middle of discourse flow especially about corruption of SDA and SB in order to attain critical understanding of the news analysis. Since this study is CDA study, the employment of a linguistic tool Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) is applied to further find the language features as evidences while conducting the discourse analysis. Two research questions remain to start the analysis in this study. The first question is What social wrongs do The Jakarta Post texts reveal in Suryadharma Ali s and Sutan Bhatoegana s corruption case? and the second is What ideologies do The Jakarta Post texts reflect in Suryadharma Ali s and Sutan Bhatoegana s corruption case? There are some theories that are used to answer the research question: critical discourse analysis, ideology, language and symbolic power, media discourse, Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK/Komisi Pemberantas Korupsi) and The Jakarta Post (TJP). Those theories are related to one another in order to frame the analysis of ideology and discursive practice in the news articles. The analytical framework helps this research to analyze the data by using three-dimensional framing of Fairclough. In the textual analysis, SFG is intentionally used to describe the meanings of ideational (field), interpersonal (tenor) and textual (mode). The transitivity analysis of material, mental, verbal, relational and existential processes is employed in the ideational metafunction. The modality analysis is employed in the interpersonal metafunction, meanwhile conjunction and topic (thematic) analyses are in the textual metafunction. The findings of language features from textual analysis are used to interpret the discursive practice then the results are used to explain in the analysis of sociocultural practice. The criticism is produced by employing five stages of Roy Bhaskar s explanatory critique after these three dimensions of framing finish to be analyzed. From the results of mode analysis, language strategies are then produced as discourse elements. The language strategies of journalists are indicated as discursive practice. They are focus on the actor s defiance and scared of KPK detention, focus on actor s trivial things to avoid the law enforcement, being strict to the law enforcement, focus on the contradiction, focus on the propaganda action and emphasize the KPK obedience to the law / legal process. The reproduction and the representation of corruption discourse are definitely found after these strategies show up on social practice analysis dealing with ideology. However, SDA and SB news articles have different ideologies. The ideologies from SDA news articles are limitation of KPK s authority, unfavorable xiii

15 situation to KPK and charge denials of KPK. On the other hand, the ideologies from SB news articles are the powerful KPK and limitation of KPK s authority. The set of beliefs that TJP puts in corruption discourse will support mostly the readers especially the foreigner readers point of view about Indonesia sociopolitical condition which influence the economy stability in the country. This study finally shows that TJP contributions can support not only the powerless, minor, marginalized and/or discriminated KPK within the claim of degrading KPK authority in the draft revision of the Commission Law no. 30/ 2002 controlling and supervising the systematical working of KPK itself but also to support KPK becoming more powerful in order to eradicate corruption. Keywords: Systemic Functional Grammar, Critical Discourse Analysis, Corruption Eradication Commission, Social Wrong, Ideology, Corruption xiv

16 ABSTRAK Putri Adinihaqi Chusnul Chotimah Ideologies of The Jakarta Post s News on Suryadharma Ali s and Sutan Bhatoegana s Corruption Case: A Critical Discourse Analysis. Yogyakarta: Program Pascasarjana Kajian Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Penelitian in menggunakan Analisa Wacana Kritis (AWK) yang meneliti tentang ideologi The Jakarta Post (TJP) dalam pemberitaan kasus korupsi Suryadharma Ali (SDA), mantan menteri agama dan Sutan Bathoegana (SB), mantan ketua komisi VII DPR. Pemilihan leksikogramatika dalam teks berita menentukan leberpihakan TJP dalam arus wacana terutaman mengenai korupsi SDA dan SB. Dikarenakan penelitian ini adalah penelitian AWK, penggunaan alat bahasa yaitu Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG sebagai pisau bedahnya agar dapat mencari fitur bahasa sebagai bukti ketika menganalisa wacana yang ada. Dua perumusan masalah digunakan untuk memulai analisa penelitian ini. Pertanyaan pertama adalah Masalah sosial apa yang muncul dalam teks berita koran The Jakarta Post guna mengungkap kasus korupsi Suryadharma Ali dan Sutan Bhatoegana? dan kedua adalah Ideologi apa yang teks berita koran The Jakarta Post refleksikan dalam kasus korupsi Suryadharma Ali dan Sutan Bhatoegana? Beberapa teori digunakan untuk dapat membantu menjawab perumusan masalah: analisa wacana kritis, ideologi, bahasa dan kekuatan simbolis, wacana media, Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK) dan The Jakarta Post (TJP). Teori-teori ini berhubungan satu dengan yang lain guna membingkai analisa ideologi dalam artikel berita. Kerangka analitis membantu peneliti menganalisa data menggunakan tiga dimensi bingkai milik Fairclough. Dalam analisis teks, SFG sengaja digunakan untuk menjelaskan makna ideational (field), interpersonal (tenor) dan textual (mode). Analisis transitivity dari material, mental, verbal, relational dan existential process digunakan dalam ideational metafunction. Analisis modality digunakan dalam interpersonal metafunction, sedangkan kata hubung (conjunction) dan topic (thematic) analysis digunakan dalam textual metafunction. Di dalam analisis proses, penemuan fitur bahasa dari analisis tekstual digunakan untuk menafsirkan praktek wacana dan kemudian hasilnya digunakan untuk menjelaskan analisis praktek sosial. Kritik dihasilkan kemudian dengan menggunakan lima tahap explanatory critique milik Roy Bhaskar setelah analisa tiga dimensi pembingkaian berita milik Fairclough. Dari hasil analisis tekstual metafungsi, strategi bahasa diproduksi sebagai element wacana. Strategi bahasa jurnalis diindikasikan sebagai praktek wacana, yaitu: fokus terhadap penyangkalan dan ketakutan aktor akan penjara KPK, fokus terhadap hal sepele untuk menghindari penegakan hukum, tegas pada proses penegakan hukum, fokus terhadap kontradiksi, fokus terhadap propaganda dan menekankan pada kepatuhan KPK terhadap hukum. Reproduksi dan representasi dari wacana korupsi ditemukan setelah strategi tersebut muncul dalam analisis praktek sosial yang berhubungan dengan ideologi. Pemberitaan dalam artikel SDA dan SB memiliki perbedaan ideologi. Ideologi pemberitaan SDA adalah pembatasan kewenangan KPK, situasi yang tidak menguntungkan bagi KPK, dan menentang KPK. Di lain sisi, ideologi dari xv

17 pemberitaan SB adalah KPK institusi yang kuat dan pembatasan kewenangan KPK. Keyakinan yang TJP masukkan dalan wacana korupsi akan menciptakan sudut pandang pembaca khususnya pembaca asing mengenai kondisi sosial politik di Indonesia yang dapat mempengaruhi stabilitas ekonomi dan demokrasi di negara ini. Penelitian ini akirnya dapat menunjukkan bahwa kontribusi TJP dapat mendukung tidak hanya ketidakberdayaan KPK dalam kaitannya mengenai kasus pelemahan KPK dalam draft revisi UU KPK no.30/2002 mengontrol dan mengawasi sistematika kerja KPK tetapi juga mendukung KPK supaya lebih kuat dalam mencegah dan memberantas korupsi. Kata Kunci: Systemic Functional Grammar, Analisa Wacana Kritis, Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi, Masalah Sosial, Ideologi, Korupsi xvi

18 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This introductory part presents the research background, research questions, research objectives and research benefits. Research background represents why the study of the topic is worth to study. Research questions are specified to explain what matters this study has to answer. The purposes of this study are clarified in the research objectives. Research benefits are complementary to define so that the readers can relate their ideas with the benefits presented here. 1.1 Background of the Study The issue of corruption especially for the political purpose in Indonesia continues to make daily headlines in many Indonesian media and generates much heated debate and fierce discussion. The answers are still searched for the questions of corruption whether it has been roots in traditional pre-colonial societies, the Dutch colonial era, the Japanese occupation ( ) or the subsequent independent Indonesian governments. Related to the previous paragraph that political corruption is still unknown when it is started, an important thing is still believable that certain people who are able to control the hegemony is dominating and prospering in certain circumstance, in spite of, battling for the citizens interest and welfare. Through social and political context, power conducts the more powerful and dominating agents to influence the powerless and being dominated people behavior both consciously and unconsciously. It is the main element of how a discourse indicates politicians ability in dominating public or society is successful applied. By using 1

19 tactics in communication, the politician who act as a professional have been successfully persuade or argue the media and its reader depend on, what Bourdieu (1991) says, the accumulation of capitals he acquires and the historical experience of nation. The politician step in a discourse successfully contributes to the object (political practice). It can make slight dividing-line between political consciousness and unconsciousness, also, only the agent of change can make a breakthrough about many political actions or practices that by using a critical analysis; the existence of discursive practice in the discourse involving domination, inequality and power imbalance (van Dijk, 1997). A discourse has never been autonomous anymore if there is still no analysis production of objectivity. Bourdieu (2010: 170) claimed it as the twofold sense of what goes without saying and what cannot be said for lack of an available discourse. A critical discourse analysis (CDA) actually is totally opposed and different to the discourse analysis. A CDA analysis has a purpose to take side to a position with the discriminated and / or powerless group. The subjectivity is produced in judging certain practices whether the researcher gives resistance, opposition, complementarity, etc. For instance, the flow of story in a news article Suryadharma Unaware of Haj Graft in The Jakarta Post (TJP) on May, 8 th 2014 can be used as a bridge to analyze the intertextuality between one to another corruption practices. Suryadharma s unaware statement is controlled by the journalist based on the factual events of Haj Graft to represent a narration of corruption, collusion and nepotism. TJP can persuade the reader that Suryadharma is giving a mark of being innocent and having hands cleaned. However, a text needs other texts whether verbal or non-verbal, and spoken or written; to inform 2

20 about power imbalance in governmental structure. In this matter, the chronological events must be on the logical and systematical way so that redlines around the corruption discourse is found. For the simplification, an article has an interrelationship with other articles to gather specific information, in this case, Suryadharma s corruption case. The term authority is often applied for domination in political power, perceived as a legitimate business. On the other hand, power can be also seen as injustice manner for domination (Joseph, 2006) and the exercise of imbalance power is still accepted as a deadly virus to humans as social beings. Criminals who commit crimes and the status is still a witness or suspect under corruption investigation, are possible to break the rules because of his political power and capitals accumulation he has. He also can speak any tongue-twister because his ability on using the artful language used so that the quality of messages might influence public attitude. However, the law has its authority as the more powerful body to arrest. For example, now, the constraint of Indonesia corruptor can stand under the Law of KPK (Corruption Eradication Commission) since Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, the Indonesia president in has made it as the most powerful body charged with the tasks and responsibilities of eradicating Corruption matter, also involving graft, bribe, collusion and nepotism in Indonesia society. Having the legitimation to act under KPK legislation, this body is also supported by professional national and international independent third parties so that it can work efficiently. In addition, the complex strategic to watch every corruptor move in a certain situation and in a given social setting is done by KPK s 3

21 investigations in order to get arrest sooner the corruptor. Media as public representation, especially TJP in reporting corruption cases, also plays a role in supporting KPK by giving the transparencies of information to the public so that its news can make the reader believes the ideologies behind its text article. Indirect communication is successfully delivered from the sayer to the receiver if the participant, known as Media, also successfully processes the message/idea and informs it exactly. In order to be able to report and to interpret the utterances of corruptor as a political actor while speaking to the public, journalists as a participant in the communication contexts play a part to contribute to certain belief so the reader or audience can assume and assure about the corruption, the existent of crime phenomenon. The two main problems of this paper rely on, first, the framing of the language used in The Jakarta Post (TJP) news article especially about the corruption cases of Suryadharma Ali and of Sutan Bathoegana. The framing is intended absolutely to provoke disagreement over the phenomenon of corruption in Indonesia, so that can lead news reader to the certain ideologies. Related to the anti-corruption movement, van Dijk in Putz (2004: 5) has dubbed this perspective as belief systems. The journalists and KPK, however, as the subject of matter and the corruptors as the object of matter have their own cognitive concept and ideology to present their own existence in the mediated political discourse, in which politics is seen by Media as the processes of external determination of professional political discourse (Fairclough in Bell, 1998: 146). KPK has its legitimation to be the most powerful body, on the other hand, the corrupt politicians have their own potency in expressing the means of experiences. As the 4

22 conclusion, TJP as the newspaper media has its own authorization in reproduce the experiences and react fairly the representation of world into a piece of newspaper text based on the interpretation of existence, whether it is something or someone. The second problem is how vocabulary choices and well-ordered sentences in building up sequences of discourse are intended to design and to produce corruption news articles. Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) concerns to how meanings are made in different contexts. Halliday (2004) defines three metafunctional languages of the grammatical system used by the speaker/writer to rely on human experience. First is ideational metafunction which function of the grammar is language as reflection. Starting from his function focuses on language as action how the language used in a text cannot be abused or misused by the language users because it presents the representation of the world. Second is interpersonal metafunction which function is language as exchange. There is a transaction between speaker and listener. The subject is responsible for the validity of what he is saying about Object. Third is textual metafunction which focuses on how language creates discourse. When the grammar is represented systematically, it constructs not only discourse sequences but also the discursive flow, cohesion, and continuity due to the contexts where the function can mean purpose or way of using language. Those three different functional configurations can make up separate strands of meaning but their relationship construes the whole united meaning of corruption phenomenon objectively. Bourdieu (2010) calls this significance as text autonomy, the lexico-semantic and syntax domains which 5

23 play roles in determining the authority of the text instead of free from its producer (writer and utterer). Between actor and participant, there must be a relevant participant who can take part in the discourse to be criticized, intend to be delivered to audiences or readers. They act as the recipient of politics information (van Dijk 1993: 13). This statement points clearly to the students of linguistics in playing the role as the agent of change to sound the independent judgment about ideological critic in what the journalists reveal about the political corruption. It proposes producing an autonomous text objectivity based on the important real-life experience meaning. Bourdieu (2010: 170) terms this condition as epoche (French) or epoch (English). It means that a language analyst must take a distance to make trajectory of interpretation buildings by using structural analysis, instead of bracketing the text. The clauses, not only sentences, are bracketing to speak publicly Words wreak havoc. That means Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) occurs when they (words) find a name for what had up to be namelessly (Sartre in Bourdieu 2008:170) and are reproducing truth in rhetorical frameworks of explicature and implicature (Joseph, 2006: and Huang, 2007: ). Fairclough (2010) clarifies the clear ideological text are potentially having: features of vocabulary and metaphors, grammar, presuppositions and implicatures, politeness conventions, speech-exchange system, generic structure, and style. This paper tends also to focus on what Halliday, McIntosh, and Strevens (1964 in Halliday 2004: 33-34) believe in the essence that the environment of meanings in which language, other semiotic systems, and social systems operate. The 6

24 linguistic features of mode, field and tenor indicated as multi-dimensional semiotic space are applied to analyze Suryadharma Ali and Sutan Bathoegana the ex-ministers corruption news article of TJP. By employing SFG, the researcher wishes the systemic structural analysis behind the text can be found objectively. Because of the readers authority in receiving information; various assumptions between agree and disagree probably be just neutral can appear and reproduce the text they have already read. Since it is impossible for CDA researcher to criticize objectively the ideology found in the text, the analysis of CDA must be sit-in certain subjectivity to prove the truth, revealing ideology. In analyzing the clauses of a news article in TJP, Halliday s transitivity is used as a fundamental and powerful semantic concept. It generally refers to the representational meaning of the clause to show how language users encode in a language their mental picture of reality (assumptions) and how they account for their experience of the world around them (presupposit ions). Since transitivity is dealt with the transmission of ideas, it is considered to fall within the realm of the ideational function (field values) of language. Halliday s transitivity is concerned also with propositional meanings and functions of syntactic elements. The language users play roles to a large amount of the social impact that represents states of being, action, events, and situations concerning a given society. The concept is the speaker or writer, in this case, in a news article, makes the choice from available options to state. It means that his opinion and point of view are ideologically significant and consistent, e.g. by using of certain modality and tense (tenor) as a means to build the relationship between the speaker and the addressee, like in the sentence: he would present 7

25 a number of witnesses and experts [to convince the panel of judges at the court]. The inclination modulation would is used to express the writer s intention to state the earlier doing-and-happening legal move of corruption suspect while the verb present refers to present tense. The textual metafunction (mode values) relates to the construction of the text. It means that an enabling or facilitating function construe experience and enact interpersonal relations so the sequence of discourse, the discursive flow, cohesion, and continuity enable to be built up along the context, above the text. The division between semiotic and social activities, between linguistic and semiotic (in language context) activities, the rhetoric, dialogic or monologic turn, written or spoken turn, and channel whether phonic or graphic can be facilitated through mode. In the constraint of meaning, Halliday defines the Theme functions to point the departure for the message. It is the element the speaker selects for grounding what he is going on to say. For example, the using of Theme in the clause: and that he committed none of the offenses... The underlined is because it has a function as the subject, nominalized clause as Head. On the other hand, in the clause: and that he committed none of the offenses the KPK has accused him of. The underlined is Marked and it indicates that this nominalized clause is Complementizer and has a function as the Head, while the KPK is the independent subject but categorized in Rheme. In the realm of dogmatic CDA, as the language users, news media make the sum of reports about the proposition from corruptor s utterances into both reported and quoted speech. It means that this condition can be used for the valid and reliable presentation data to look for the ideology of the media itself. 8

26 Newspaper articles also provide abundant examples of the ideological significance. This paper intentionally makes overt The Jakarta news writers concept in constructing and evaluating a report related to political participants and actors in a news text. Due to the process of assuming corruption scandal, there must be part(s) of event that needs(s) to be deleted or added in order to make a logical and a chronological story. A problem appears when the journalists are commonly non-native English speakers in which their English ability must be in the same degree of natives English competence to make a good arranged of English news text. Although their mental lexicons are different with the English natives, their ideas and structures of writing hereby are built in the realm of English language. It can make sense that the journalists can influence the English readers to (dis)agree about the corruption scandals or cases. Van Dijk (1997) states that basic frameworks of social cognition should be able shared by members of social groups and three kinds of unconscious human elements of cognition in order to cover news writers ideologies can be met. His three-previous-terms are a symbol, representation, and language. They are best indicators in constitute and organize an ideological scheme that represents self-definition of a group. In addition, Fairclough (1998) optimizes that the lexis and rhetoric on the language used of news article do not only represent symbol but also power to dominate others. For simplification, the text has a mean to construct a language which is intended for hegemonic control. Since this study tends to be more mediated political discourse, the research in both Media Discourse and Corruption Discourse are good to use as 9

27 the previous studies. Here two researchers who are interested in analyzing the discourse analysis of Media by using SFG as the fundamental of structural analysis to conduct a CDA study as the approach to use. The first is Matu and Lubbe (2007). They examine the application of two approaches from discourse analysis, that is, the ideological square from CDA which analyzes consistency and relevancy of Kenya print media s idea; and transitivity of Halliday. The component of SFG in the representational clause analysis of political parties in the 1997 elections intend to show how political groups in the sense of us vs them and the representational processes of transitivity can construct ideological discourse. The second is Akinwotu (2014). He compares only the discursive strategies in the media interviews of participants in the January 2012 crisis on the removal of fuel subsidy in Nigeria. The framework of CDA examines a total of ten media interviews of government spokespersons and protesters on the rationality of government s action. His research shows that the government spokespersons deploy blackmail containing opinion and defensive rhetoric, while protesters utterances are characterized as a threat to government by using combat and condemnatory rhetoric. Manipulative persuasion strategies of solidarity and framing are significantly used by those parties. It is interesting since Corruption Discourse is an integrated part of Political Discourse which is mediated through the media. It is said as Mediated Political Discourse, stated in Media Discourse in Fairclough (1995: 77). There are few Indonesia researchers conduct CDA framework in political fields in order to find the ideology of Indonesian Newspaper in reporting corruption cases. 10

28 Mardikantoro (2014) analyzes the attitudinal study of how Kompas, Koran Tempo, Republika, Jawa Pos and Suara Merdeka have their own point of view in reporting the corruption cases, especially in the editorial. The ideologies are found within Fairclough s Framing. Firstly Koran Tempo in the two editorials shows its disagreement about misleading two suspects into custody. They are Indar Atmanto, an ex-indosat director who sentenced as the accused in the corruption case instead of a witness informing the corruption case; and of Brigjen Heru Sukrisno, who lately give back the corruption document of military Fokker F-50 project he had examined. Secondly, Koran Tempo, Kompas, Republika, Jawa Pos and Suara Merdeka show their support to some corruption cases which involving Nazarrudin, Wiendu Nuryanti, Fathonah and Gayus Tambunan. Saputri and Suratnoaji (2015) examine a CDA study in Seputar Indonesia and Jawa Pos covering the ruling party leader corruption. They found that the discursive strategies construe and the ideological goals probe Anas Urbaningrum (AU), the former ruling Democrat Party leader corruption case before the 2014 general election was held. Seputar Indonesia (Sindo) texts are defending AU by presenting very systematic and consistent discourse patterns even after the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) sentenced AU a suspect in corruption and money laundering cases. Jawa Pos texts, in contrary, is emphasizing law enforcement for AU corruption case trying to elaborate the attacking comments from some party senior cadres to AU that make the reputation of Democrat party significantly dropped. 11

29 From the elaboration of the background of this study in the previous paragraphs, this paper intends to observe the written form of language use in news articles of corruption cases in The Jakarta Post (TJP) with Systemic Functional Grammar. The analysis of Halliday s SFG, i.e. the clause as message (textual metafunction), the clause as exchange (interpersonal metafunction) and the clause as representation (experiential metafunction) in the newspaper TJP generally attracting public attention of corruption cases done by ministries; are still in the line with the goal of CDA: finding out the ideology of news text that relates to the power, control, inequality, hegemony and oppression in language system by considering the situational context behind it (van Dijk, 1993 and Wodak, 1995). 1.2 Research Questions This study intends to answer the following questions: 1. What social wrongs do The Jakarta Post texts reveal in Suryadharma Ali s and Sutan Bhatoegana s corruption case? 2. What ideologies do The Jakarta Post texts reflect in Suryadharma Ali s and Sutan Bhatoegana s corruption case? 1.3 Research Objectives The first objective of this study is to determine what social wrong is. Fairclough (2001: 135) defines that CDA should focus upon social problems and have the emancipatory objectives. The focus upon the problem deals with controversial and debated matter indicating the condition of oppressed group versus the dominant. The problem whether society does really need the existence of KPK is questioning recently. 12

30 Since KPK posits as the oppressive subject compared to the Representatives, the problem considers being depoliticization of democracy. Several trials to limit anti-corruption movements emerge in macro-political behavior. Representatives policy about the draft of Commission Law no. 30/2002 considers being the gap between power stakeholders, for instance, KPK and National Police in enforcing the law. The indication to find out the depoliticization of democracy, social context is needed rather than the text itself to get broad perspective on the social order (p. 139). The feasibility to understand the effect of TJP ideologies can reflect the representation of social cognition about corruption. The second objective is to reveal the ideologies of TJP about former ministries corruptions. In the relations of power, there exists a common sense idea sustaining unequal quality that could lead to social causes or problems (Fairclough, 1998). The critical analysis of corruption discourse relying on SFG, become the framework to give prominence on corruption context in an analysis of text. The concept of hegemony and power can usefully be used in analyzing orders of discourse (Fairclough, 1997). The lexico-grammatical, semantic choices and syntactic structures concern to be the language marker to convey that in a discourse; the power imbalance and domination can be created to control the hegemony by using strategies, as what Bourdieu (2010) and van Dijk (1997) state unconsciously the news recipients are under control to agree or disagree about the news and the consideration of oppression is being denied, if the accumulation of capitals are in the hand of political leaders and media. TJP as media plays its alignment to politicize the discourse within the news article. 13

31 The third objective is to seek the exploration of language metafunctions of ideational. Halliday (2004) in ideational function defines the transitivity approach (TA) deals with how the experiential metafunction of meaning is realized. Halliday argues that TA in the clause as representation has aims to put the experience of the world in the form of language. In this function, the language user has many choices in relying his experience of the world, in here the events of a corruption scandal, on the form of systemic language. The fourth objective is to explain why the language users in clarifying the text whether animate e.g. corruptor, delegate and/or inanimate e.g. corruption cases, allegation uses certain vocabularies and patterns to express their ideas based on their real-world experience. Halliday (2004) calls it as the interpersonal function of metalanguage. The journalists receive the info from speakers message, and as the language user, they write the message into a well-structured news article, especially the use of certain modal and tense. Stitcher and Wodak (2000) define that the concept of meaning in which part of a complex process of discourse formation are produced and reproduced in a dialectical process of negotiation. The written articles in here are observed to find the processes of news writers choice of certain linguistic features which consist of linear organization of words in a clause as an exchange. The fifth objective is to find out the Theme what the speaker selects for grounding he or she is going on to say in creating relevance to context. A clause has a meaning as a message, a quantum of information in the flow of discourse. The theme is the element that serves as the point of message departure and is indicated only by position in the clause, in English is common put it in the 14

32 first. The speaker enables to choose the Theme as his or her point of departure to guide the addressee in developing an interpretation of the message. The thematic message which is observed as Marked also the ones may help the researcher to gather information about what is the prominent message, enables herself as the addressee to process the message. 1.4 Research Benefits This study has both theoretical and practical benefits. Theoretically, this study gives the contribution to the development of Critical Discourse Analysis of corruption, especially in Indonesia. The discourse taken from newspaper media The Jakarta Post (TJP) are analyzed in the angle of mode, field, and tenor values. The findings of this metafunctional language can present how vocabulary choices, build-up sentences, and word meanings are part of the discursive practice that might carry certain ideologies as the representation of Indonesian reality in promoting anti-corruption movement. The limited analysis of reported and quoted speeches of corruptor written by TJP can be beneficial for the next researchers that the evidence of language strategies (presupposition) of the suspect, e.g. frequent denial and innocent expression of corruptors indicate media s alignment framing the texts. This research also gives the contribution that the corruption cannot be identified as common social practice but a crime against the life of civil. Eradicating corruption to the entire sectors in so many parts of governmental and private institutions has to be a good initial step since Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono created KPK. Nowadays it is like the civil war against corruption. The linguistic manipulation is employed sometimes to cause turmoil in society. 15

33 The journalists, however, has the legitimation to report the case, to quote the utterances and to produce texts; and the researcher also can play role as the addressee of information has an opportunity to criticize agree/disagree. The main tool to analyze the written texts is the metafunction analysis, and the research on CDA based on SFG that news text has its own alignments to oppose or to support (anti) corruption, is applicable to be used in text analysis. Titscher and Wodak (2000) explicitly agree that Fairclough s CDA is related to the grammatical construction of Michael Halliday s Systemic Functional linguistics that language is dealt with social interaction, and the dialectical process, the cultural and historical acts of meaning making are essential to provide as data text. By observing the linguistic structure and applying the SFG approach, the relation between text and the social circumstances will be relatable in accordance with each other. Practically, this research helps, first, the academic reader comprehend the language use in how the messages are expressed and interconnected the ideas. Fairclough (1997) defines languages used, as well as other semiotic systems, are a particular type of social structure that use to be a felicity. Through syntactic level, the meanings of corruption action moments in news article can be expressed in the concept of socio-political interaction which takes part linguistic form. It also, second, gives a contribution that by using linguistic approach the crime in the framing of news text can be justified clearly even before the investigation continues to the decision court level. If the use of the language of speakers is intelligible enough, the misconception and misunderstanding will be avoided. Finally, the relationship between discourse 16

34 and social practice and other elements or moments of social events classified as semiotics, produces the textual emergence against corruption. 17

35 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter consists of three divisions. The first is literature review which displays the theories underlying this research that identified as the main tools to answer the research questions. The second is the related studies that focus on previous studies which are in the same interest and area with this research. The third is the theoretical framework of how the theories are elaborated to answer the research questions. 2.1 Theoretical Review This part shows the theories that are used to clarify the research topic. Those are Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Ideology, Language and Symbolic Power, Media Discourse and Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) concerns with relations of power, ideology, and inequality in language. CDA becomes one of the most influential and visible schools of Discourse Analysis (DA) in order to represent a more general process of convergence in theories and practices of research on social and language. Between CDA and DA, there is a discrepancy to determine. Bloomaert and Bulcaen (2000) define that discourse refers to a text in context. It is the contexts which can produce the emergence of texts. However, It is a complicated power object in modern societies that need to be analyzed as a medium of social language interaction while Fairclough (1995: 25) states it is as 18

36 a field of both ideological processes and linguistic processes, and... there is a determinate relation between these two kinds of process. In other words, DA assumes as a language in action; while CDA aims to make it more visible and transparent. The purpose of CDA is to analyze structural relationships of dominance, discrimination, power, and control as manifested in language. Therefore to analyze the power structure, the task of critical linguistics and discourse analysis show the role of language and discourse in the development of maintenance and reproduction of that system (van Dijk, 1997). Malrieu (1999: 96-97) defines a main of two Discourse Analysis theoretical tricks from French which involved many linguists and social scientists in distinguishing between text and discourse. The text is studied by means of linguistic theories while discourse is described by ideology theory. The analysis of DA goes directly from linguistic features to interpretations. Meaning is the object of ideology theory, but Semantics is idealism in linguistic study. In conclusion, CDA focuses on relations between the structure of language strategies (interpretation) and of social practices (explanation) so they can be constituted in the semiotic dimension (orders of discourse). CDA is an important study in order to show the existence of discourse of economic, socio-political and cultural changes of modernity. Wodak (1997: 173) states that the critical approach is distinctive in its view of, first, the relationship between language and society and, second, the relationship between analysis and the practices analyzed. It means that a social theory of discourse is constructed and a methodological blueprint for critical discourse analysis is provided in practice. 19

37 Every language has an ideology in its structures or events that concluded in present condition. Ideology issues figure in the wider framework of theories and analysis of power, i.e. hegemony concept. Ideology locates at various levels in various ways. The key is a property of structures and a property of events. In searching for the ideology, Fairclough (1997) determines an analytic-threedimensional framework for conceiving of and analyzing discourse that both in structures which constitute the outcome of past events and in events which the conditions for current events reproduce and transform. The first dimension is discourse-as-text. It means that the linguistic features and organization of concrete instances of discourse as like vocabulary choices and patterns, grammar, cohesion, and text structure should be analyzed systematically. For example, the use of passive verb forms in news article the title of religion minister had been entrusted to him can result the effect of concealing the agent of political processes. In this sentence, the subject is deleted intentionally pointing out the president. The second dimension is discourse-as-discursive-practice. It means that the text has its own object (intertextuality) and assumption (presupposition). As the circulation of concrete linguistic objects; discourse is produced, circulated, distributed, and consumed in society. In analyzing vocabulary, grammar, cohesion, and text structure; attention should be given to speech acts, coherence, and intertextuality that link a text to its context. For example, big font title Suryadharma Unaware of Haj Graft is put above a picture of a religion affair ministry smiling and waving hands to describe that the accused of corruption still feels free and enjoys his position avoiding the unproved investigation from 20

38 Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). The choice of words as a headline can determine the politician s careless behavior towards an anti-corruption movement that he is apathy, showing none of my (Suryadharma) businesses. The third dimension is discourse-as-social-practice. It means that discourse is a feature in the ideological effects and hegemonic processes. Hegemony concerns power that is achieved through constructing alliances and integrating classes and groups through consent so that the articulation and rearticulation of orders of discourse are correspondingly one stake in the hegemonic struggle. The way in which corruption discourse is being represented, respoken, or rewritten by TJP journalist sheds light on the emergence of new orders of discourse, struggles over normativity, attempts at control, and resistance against regimes of power. For example, the effects of news title and the article can produce various significances. In the perspective of politic, an accused ministry is using his political power as the Islamic party head to symbolize that he may not do corruption. A capital symbol which he holds on can give an effect of power relation and contribute to social struggle that to arrest the corruptor need bigger effort and support from many related people. In conclusion, this framing analysis can determine the reframing of the researcher to talk about going back and reinterpreting the meaning of news story text in TJP about corruption discourse. In an interdisciplinary research, it requires CDA to be integrated within frameworks for trans-disciplinary research. It means that this research needs critical social analysis of particular areas or aspects of social life so that positive critique can be produced in support of alternative ways in the case of social crisis. To help this research find out the critique after frameworks analysis is 21