Organized Interests. (16:790:573:01) Rutgers University, Fall 2016, Wednesdays 12-2:40 p.m.

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1 Organized Interests (16:790:573:01) Rutgers University, Fall 2016, Wednesdays 12-2:40 p.m. Professor: Beth Leech Office: 501 Hickman Hall Office hours: 3-5 p.m. Tuesdays, 11 a.m. -1 p.m. Thursdays, and by appointment Course website: Two themes run throughout this class and throughout the interest group literature. The first is the theme of collective action and how it is that groups form and individuals succeed in working together for collective goals. The second theme is that of power: the extent of interest group and social movement influence on political decisionmaking. Collective action and the problems and puzzles it poses is at the center of virtually every political act, from the formation of the state to voting in an election. Collective action is present in the consolidation of oligarchic power as well as in the uprisings of grassroots peace movements. Collective action is integral to agenda formation and policymaking as well as to riots and genocide. In this class most of our focus will be the application of collective action theory to interest groups and social movements (and mostly in the American case), but I hope that the broader implications also become clear. Power and influence are notoriously difficult to study and measure, and scholars of interest groups and social movements have struggled (only occasionally successfully) to do so. While popular news accounts and mass-market books decry the extraordinary power of special interests, efforts to document such influence systematically have come to mixed conclusions. The theme of interest group influence also has implications that reach far into other subfields. Understanding how interest groups affect policy helps us understand the policymaking process more generally. My goal for this class is not only that you become familiar with the topics listed in the syllabus, but that you learn generally how to evaluate a body of literature and the evidence on which it rests, and become able to propose your own ideas about how knowledge in a particular area could be advanced. For more advanced graduate students, I hope the class provides a platform from which to conduct original research. Readings Required: Drutman, Lee The business of America is lobbying: How corporations became politicized and politics became more corporate. Oxford. Goss, Kristin A Disarmed: The Missing Movement for Gun Control in America. Princeton. Mahoney, Christine Brussels vs. the Beltway: Advocacy in the United States and the European Union. Georgetown University Press.

2 Provided by instructor: Baumgartner, Frank R., Jeffrey M. Berry, Marie Hojnacki, David Kimball, and Beth L. Leech Lobbying and Policy Change: Who Wins, Who Loses, and Why. Chicago. Recommended but not required: Baumgartner, Frank R., and Beth L. Leech Basic Interests: The Importance of Groups in Politics and Political Science. Princeton. Burstein, Paul American Public Opinion, Advocacy, and Policy in Congress. Cambridge. Chong, Dennis Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement. Chicago. Moosbrugger, Lorelei The Vulnerability Thesis: Interest Group Influence and Institutional Design. Yale University Press. Olson, Mancur The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. All other chapters and articles will be available on the Sakai website: Requirements Your grade will be based on your participation in class, a week spent as discussion leader, six reaction papers, and a research paper. Notice that you cannot get an A in this class if you do not participate in discussions. This is a seminar, and interaction among the participants is crucial. Grades will be calculated based on the following formula: 10 % Class participation 10 Discussion leader 30 Reaction papers 50 Research paper 100 % Discussion leader This is a chance for you to try your hand at graduate teaching. Each student will pick one week from the semester to serve as a discussion leader. Discussion leaders should read one of the optional readings from that week and give a 10-minute presentation on the most important aspects of that reading to the rest of the class. After the presentation, the discussion leader also is responsible for posing discussion questions to the class about the required readings. Reaction papers Each week I will distribute discussion questions to help you prepare for the following week s class. During the semester you must write three reaction papers (of approximately 3-5 pages each) based on one of the discussion questions. Reaction papers are due by midnight on Tuesday before class, uploaded to Sakai. Students are expected to be prepared to discuss all of the required readings each week, regardless of whether they wrote a reaction paper. Reaction papers are not meant to be simple summaries of the week s readings, but rather analytical critiques of the readings. These should help you prepare for comprehensive exams as well as 2

3 helping you think through some of the issues raised by the readings. Your papers should show that you have done all of the readings, but need not spend equal time on each of the readings. Research paper Each student will write a research paper on a topic related to some aspect of interest groups. There are three general alternatives: an analytical literature review, a research design, or an original research paper. All three papers will of course include a review of the literature, but that review would be most extensive in the first alternative and least extensive in the research paper. Literature review papers should cover all of the major pieces of published work on the topic, evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the research, summarize the state of knowledge in the area, and make suggestions for what future research might be most fruitful. Research design papers do the same thing, except spend a large chunk of the paper laying out the specifics of how that future research should be done. For students who choose to write an original research paper, there are several existing data sets that might be useful, including my data from the U.S. Lobbying Disclosure Reports, the quantitative data (not interviews) from my collaborative lobbying project, and Jack Walker s surveys of associations. Data on lobbying expenditures from either the Senate website or the Center for Responsive Politics, PAC contributions from the FEC or the CRP, and nonprofit expenditures from the IRS are also readily available. A student may also choose to undertake the pilot version of some original data collection project, using web pages, press releases, news coverage, transcripts of congressional hearings or other available primary sources. Students who are interested in writing original research papers should be sure to talk with me early in the semester so that data availability can be worked out. Case studies of interest group involvement in a particular policy area or on a particular policy issue are another option, based in part on a literature review and in part on original research from a variety of sources, such as congressional testimony, organizational documents, lobbying disclosure forms, information from the IRS and FEC, and news reports. (The Kennedy School at Harvard has many such case studies, written by its graduate students, available for purchase; these would serve as a good model.) 3

4 Weekly topics and reading assignments Week 1. Sept. 7. Introduction to Interest Groups and the Class We will not meet this week. Students with no undergraduate background in interest groups may find it helpful to read through one of the following undergraduate textbooks: Schlozman, Kay Lehman, and John T. Tierney Organized Interests and American Democracy. Harper Collins. (This is both a piece of original research AND a textbook. A classic. Although it is out of print, there are used copies available from Amazon for about $5) Berry, Jeffrey M., and Clyde Wilcox The Interest Group Society. Longman, 5 th ed. (Any of the earlier editions would be fine, too. This is a quick read and gives a good overview of what interest groups actually do.) Lowery, David, and Holly Brasher Organized Interests and US Government. McGraw-Hill. (This is has the best summary of the scholarly literature.) Week 2. Sept. 14. What is the role of interest groups/social movements in politics? Berry, Jeffrey The Interest Group Society, 3 rd ed. Longman. Ch. 1. Beyers, Jan, Rainer Eising, and William Maloney Researching Interest Group Politics in Europe and Elsewhere: Much We Study, Little We Know? West European Politics 31(6): Lowery, David, and Virginia Gray A Neopluralist Perspective on Research on Organized Interests. Political Research Quarterly. 57: Mansbridge, Jane J A Deliberative Theory of Interest Representation. In Mark P. Petracca, ed., The Politics of Interests. Boulder: Westview Press. Pp Mitchell, William and Michael C. Munger Economic Models of Interest Groups: An Introductory Survey. American Journal of Political Science 35: Baumgartner, Frank R., and Beth L. Leech Basic Interests: The Importance of Groups in Politics and in Political Science. Princeton. *Dahl, Robert A Who Governs? New Haven: Yale University Press. Lowery, David Why Do Organized Interests Lobby? A Multi-Goal, Multi-Context Theory of Lobbying. Polity 39(1): Lowi, Theodore J The End of Liberalism. New York: Norton. Madison, James. Federalist #10 McFarland, Andrew S Neopluralism: The Evolution of Political Process Theory. University of Kansas. *Molina, Oscar, and Martin Rhodes Corporatism: The Past, Present, and Future of a Concept. Annual Review of Political Science 5:

5 Ostrom, Elinor A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action: Presidential Address, American Political Science Association, American Political Science Review 92 (1): Schattschneider, E. E The Semi-Sovereign People. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, esp. Ch. 2. *Skocpol, Theda Diminished Democracy: From Membership to Management in American Civic Life. Oklahoma University Press. Ch. 1, 4 & 6. Truman, David B [1951.] The Governmental Process: Political Interests and Public Opinion. 2 nd Edition. Berkeley: Institute of Governmental Studies, Ch. 1. Walker, Jack L., Jr A Critique of the Elitist Theory of Democracy. American Political Science Review 60: , and response to Dahl on p Dahl, Robert A Further Reflections on The Elitist Theory of Democracy. American Political Science Review 60: Week 3. Sept. 21. Olson and his critics. *Olson, Mancur The Logic of Collective Action. (Selected chapters on the Sakai site.) *Cronk, Lee, and Beth L. Leech Meeting at Grand Central: Understanding the Social and Evolutionary Roots of Cooperation. Ch Schlozman, Key Lehman, Sidney Verba, and Henry E. Brady Participation s Not a Paradox: The View from American Activists. British Journal of Political Science 25: Walsh, Edward J. and Rex H. Warland Social Movement Involvement in the Wake of a Nuclear Accident: Activists and Free Riders in the TMI Area. American Sociological Review 48: Axelrod, Robert The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books. Baumgarter, Frank R., and Beth L. Leech Basic Interests: The Importance of Groups in Politics and in Political Science. Princeton. Chapter 4. Brady, Henry E., Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Sidney Verba Prospecting for Participants: Rational Expectations and the Recruitment of Political Activists. American Political Science Review 93(1): *Clark, Peter B., and James Q. Wilson Incentive Systems: A Theory of Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly 6: Dawes, Robyn M., John M. Orbell, Randy T. Simmons, and Alphons J.C. van de Kragt Organizing Groups for Collective Action. APSR 80: Hardin, Russell Collective Action. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins. Lichbach, Mark I What makes Rational Peasants Revolutionary?: Dilemma, Paradox, and Irony in Peasant Collective Action. World Politics 46(3): Marwell, Gerald, and Ruth E. Ames Experiments on the Provision of Public Goods. I. Resources, Interest, Group Size, and the Free Rider Problem. American Journal of Sociology 84:

6 Marwell, Gerald, and Ruth E. Ames Experiments on the Provision of Public Goods. II. Provision Points, Stakes, Experiences, and the Free Rider Problem. American Journal of Sociology 85: *Moe, Terry M The Organization of Interests. Chicago. *Moe, Terry M A Calculus of Group Membership. American Journal of Political Science 24: Moore, Will H Rational Rebels: Overcoming the Free-Rider Problem. Political Research Quarterly 48(2): Oliver, Pamela If You Don t Do It, Nobody Else Will: Active and Token Contributors to Local Collective Action. American Sociological Review 49: Rothenberg, Lawrence S Organizational Maintenance and the Retention Decision in Groups. American Political Science Review 82: *Salisbury, Robert H An Exchange Theory of Interest Groups. Midwest Journal of Political Science 13: Week 4. Sept. 28. Whom do groups represent? Baumgartner, Frank R., and Beth L. Leech Issue Niches and Policy Bandwagons: Patterns of Interest Group Involvement in National Politics. Journal of Politics. 63: Curtis, James E., Edward G. Grabb, and Douglas E. Baer Voluntary Association Membership in Fifteen Countries: A Comparative Analysis. American Sociological Review 57: Danielian, Lucig H., and Benjamin I. Page The Heavenly Chorus: Interest Group Voices on TV News. American Journal of Political Science 38: Miller, Lisa L The Representational Biases of Federalism: Scope and Bias in the Political Process, Revisited. Perspectives on Politics 5(2): Strolovitch, Dara Z Do Interest Groups Represent the Disadvantaged? Advocacy at the Intersections of Race, Class, and Gender. The Journal of Politics. 68: (Erratum Journal of Politics. 69:281.) *Baumgartner, Frank R., and Jack L. Walker Survey Research and Membership in Voluntary Associations. American Journal of Political Science 32: (and response from Smith/response to Smith). Berry, Jeffrey M The New Liberalism: The Rising Power of Citizen Groups. Washington: Brookings. Caldeira, Gregory A., and John R.Wright Amici Curiae before the Supreme Court: Who Participates, When, and How Much? Journal of Politics 52: Schlozman, Kay Lehman, Sidney Verba, and Henry E. Brady The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy. Princeton University Press. *Salisbury, Robert H Interest Representation: The Dominance of Institutions. American Political Science Review 78:

7 Week 5. Oct. 5. Tactics, strategies, and targets: What do groups do? Drutman, Lee, and Daniel J. Hopkins The Inside View: Using the Enron Archive to Understand Corporate Political Attention. Legislative Studies Quarterly 38(1): *Hall, Richard L., and Alan V. Deardorff Lobbying as Legislative Subsidy. American Political Science Review. 100: *Kollman, Ken Outside Lobbying: Public Opinion and Interest Group Strategies. Princeton: Princeton University Press. (Ch 1 & 5) Godwin, Ken, Scott A. Ainsworth, and Erik Godwin Lobbying and Policymaking: The Public Pursuit of Private Interests. CQ Press (selected chapters). McKay, Amy Melissa The Decision to Lobby Bureaucrats. Public Choice 147(1): Ainsworth, Scott, and Itai Sened The Role of Lobbyists: Entrepreneurs with Two Audiences. American Journal of Political Science 37: Austen-Smith, David and John R. Wright Counteractive Lobbying. American Journal of Political Science. 38: Note: You should review the exchange about counteractive lobbying between Austen-Smith and Wright, and Baumgartner and Leech in the AJPS 40: Bachellor, John Lobbyists and the Legislative Process: The Impact of Environmental Constraints. American Political Science Review. 71: Berry, Jeffrey M Lobbying for the People: The Political Behavior of Public Interest Groups. Princeton University Press. Browne, William P. and Won K. Paik Beyond the Domain: Recasting Network Politics in the Postreform Congress. American Journal of Political Science 37: Browne, William P Organized Interests and their Issue Niches: A Search for Pluralism in a Policy Domain. Journal of Politics 52: Caldeira, Gregory A., and John R. Wright Organized Interests and Agenda-Setting in the U.S. Supreme Court. American Political Science Review 82: Dür, A. and Mateo, G Gaining access or going public? Interest group strategies in five European countries, European Journal of Political Research, 52: Goldstein, Kenneth M Interest Groups, Lobbying, and Participation in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hansen, John Mark Gaining Access: Congress and the Farm Lobby, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Hall, Richard L., and Kristina C. Miler What Happens After the Alarm? Interest Group Subsidies to Legislative Overseers. Journal of Politics 70(4): Heinz, John P., Edward O. Laumann, Robert L. Nelson, and Robert H. Salisbury The Hollow Core: Private Interests in National Policymaking. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. *Hojnacki, Marie and David C. Kimball Organized Interests and the Decision of Whom to Lobby in Congress. American Political Science Review. 92:

8 La Pira, Timothy Is It Who Says It, Or How They Say It? An Experimental Study Of Lobbying Influence And Agenda Setting In Congress. Unpublished ms. Leech, Beth L Lobbying and Interest Group Advocacy. In the Oxford Handbook of Congress, Frances Lee and Eric Schickler, eds. Oxford University Press. Lowry, Robert C., and Matthew Potoski Organized Interests and the Politics of Federal Discretionary Grants. Journal of Politics. 66: Schlozman, Kay Lehman, and John T. Tierney More of the Same: Washington Pressure Group Activity in a Decade of Change. Journal of Politics 45: Week 6. Oct. 12. Influence Collins, Paul M., Jr Lobbyists before the U.S. Supreme Court: Investigating the Influence of Amicus Curiae Briefs. Political Research Quarterly. 60: Dür, Andreas, Bernhagen, Patrick, and Marshall, David Interest Group Success in the European Union: When (and Why) Does Business Lose? Comparative Political Studies 48: Grossmann, Matt, and Kurt Pyle Lobbying and Congressional Bill Advancement. Interest Groups & Advocacy 2 (1): Epstein, Lee and C.K. Rowland Debunking the Myth of Interest Group Invincibility in the Courts. American Political Science Review. 85: McAdam, Doug, and Yang Su The War at Home: Antiwar Protests and Congressional Voting, 1965 to American Sociological Review 67(5): Yackee, Jason Webb and Susan Webb Yackee A Bias Towards Business? Assessing Interest Group Influence on the U.S. Bureaucracy. Journal of Politics. 68: Recommended Burstein, Paul, and April Linton The Impact of Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Social Movement Organizations on Public Policy: Some Recent Evidence and Theoretical Concerns. Social Forces 81(2): *Drope, Jeffrey M., Wendy L. Hansen Futility and Free-Riding: Corporate Political Participation and Taxation Rates in the United States. Business and Politics 10(3): Klüver, Heike The contextual nature of lobbying: Explaining lobbying success in the European Union. European Union Politics: 12(4): Kluver, Heike Lobbying in the European Union: Interest Groups, Lobbying Coalitions, and Policy Change. Oxford. Leech, Beth L Lobbying Influence. In The Oxford Handbook of Political Organizations, Jeffrey M. Berry and Sandy Maisel, eds. Oxford University Press. Smith, Richard A Advocacy, Interpretation, and Influence in the U.S. Congress. American Political Science Review 78:

9 Week 7. Oct. 19. Lobbying and Policy Change Class canceled. We will discuss this book in tandem with the book for next week on Oct. 27. Baumgartner, Frank, Jeffrey Berry, Marie Hojnacki, David Kimball, and Beth L. Leech Lobbying and Policy Change: Who Wins, Who Loses, and Why. Chicago. Godwin, Ken, Scott A. Ainsworth, and Erik Godwin Lobbying and Policymaking: The Public Pursuit of Private Interests. CQ Press. Week 8. Oct. 26. Compared to What? Mahoney, Christine Brussels vs. the Beltway: Advocacy in the United States and the European Union. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. Binderkrantz, Anne Skorkjar, Simon Kroyer Customizing strategy: Policy goals and interest group strategies. Interest Groups and Advocacy 1: Bygnesa, Susanne We are in Complete Agreement : The Diversity Issue, Disagreement and Change in the European Women's Lobby. Social Movement Studies. Coen, David, and Jeremy Richardson, eds Lobbying the European Union: Institutions, Actors, and Issues. Oxford University Press. REQUIRED TALK Thursday, Oct.27, 3:30 a.m.-5 p.m. Professor Tim LaPira of James Madison University, a Rutgers PhD, will discuss his forthcoming book on revolving door lobbyists. Week 9. Nov. 2. Interest Groups vs. The Public? Burstein, Paul American Public Opinion, Advocacy, and Policy in Congress. Cambridge. (Selected chapters.) Gilens, Martin, and Benjamin I. Page Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics 12(3): Bashir, Omar Testing Inferences about American Politics: A Review of the Oligarchy Result. Research and Politics: 1-7. Enns, Peter K Relative Policy Support and Coincidental Representation. Perspectives on Politics 13(4): Branham, J. Alexander, Stuart N. Soroka, and Christopher Wlezien. n.d. When do the Rich Win? Unpublished ms. 9

10 Bowler, Shaun and Robert Hanneman Just How Pluralist Is Direct Democracy? The Structure of Interest Group Participation in Ballot Proposition Elections. Political Research Quarterly. 59: *Denzau, Arthur T. and Michael C. Munger Legislators and Interest Groups: How Unorganized Interests Get Represented. American Political Science Review. 80: *Schlozman, Kay Lehman What Accent the Heavenly Chorus? Political Equality and the American Pressure System. Journal of Politics 46: Week 10. Nov. 9. PACs *Baumgartner, Frank R., and Beth L. Leech Basic Interests. Ch. 8. Chin, Michelle L., Jon R. Bond, and Nehemia Geva A foot in the door: An experimental study of PAC and constituency effects on access. The Journal of Politics 62: Esterling, Kevin M Buying Expertise: Campaign Contributions and Attention to Policy Analysis in Congressional Committees. Wawro, Gregory A Panel Probit Analysis of Campaign Contributions and Roll Call Votes. American Journal of Political Science. 45: Witko, Christopher PACs, Issue Context, and Congressional Decision Making. Political Research Quarterly. 59: Wright, John R Contributions, Lobbying, and Committee Voting in the U.S. House of Representatives. American Political Science Review 84: Fleisher, Richard PAC Contributions and Congressional Voting on National Defense. Legislative Studies Quarterly 18: Grenzke, Janet M PACs and the Congressional Supermarket: The Currency is Complex. American Journal of Political Science 33:1 24. Hall, Richard L., and Frank W. Wayman Buying Time: Moneyed Interests and the Mobilization of Bias in Congressional Committees. American Political Science Review 84: Hojnacki, Marie and David C. Kimball PAC Contributions and Lobbying Contacts in Congressional Committees. Political Research Quarterly. 54: Langbein, Laura "Money and Access: Some Empirical Evidence." Journal of Politics 48(4): Silberman, Jonathan I., and Garey C. Durden Determining Legislative Preferences on the Minimum Wage: An Economic Approach. Journal of Political Economy 84: Wright, John R "PACs, Contributions, and Roll Calls: An Organizational Perspective." American Political Science Review 79:

11 Week 11. Nov. 16. What causes the group system to grow? Han, Hahrie The Organizational Roots of Political Activism: Field Experiments on Creating a Relational Context. American Political Science Review 110(2). Leech, Beth L., Frank R. Baumgartner, Timothy M. La Pira, and Nicholas A. Semanko Drawing Lobbyists to Washington: Government Activity and the Demand for Advocacy. Political Research Quarterly. 58: Lowery, David, and Virginia Gray The Population Ecology of Gucci Gulch, or the Natural Regulation of Interest Group Numbers. American Journal of Political Science 39: *Moosbrugger, Lorelei The Vulnerability Thesis: Interest Group Influence and Institutional Design. Yale University Press. (Selected chapters) Skocpol, Theda, Marshall Ganz, and Ziad Munson A Nation of Organizers: The Institutional Origins of Civic Volunteerism in the United States. American Political Science Review. 94: Ainsworth, Scott H Electoral Strength and the Emergence of Group Influence in the Late 1800s: The Grand Army of the Republic. American Politics Quarterly. 23: Becker, Gary S A Theory of Competition among Pressure Groups for Political Influence. Quarterly Journal of Economics 98: Clemens, Elisabeth S The People s Lobby: Organizational Innovation and the Rise of Interest Group Politics in the United States, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Crowley, Jocelyn Elise, and Theda Skocpol The Rush to Organize: Explaining Associational Formation in the United States, 1860s-1920s. American Journal of Political Science. 45: Gray, Virginia, and David Lowery The Population Ecology of Interest Representation: Lobbying Communities in the American States. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. *Hansen, John Mark The Political Economy of Group Membership. American Political Science Review. 79: Naoi, Megumi, and Ellis Krauss Who Lobbies Whom? Special Interest Politics under Alternative Electoral Systems. American Journal of Political Science 53(4): Olson, Mancur The Rise and Decline of Nations. Posner, Richard A Theories of Economic Regulation. Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 5: Tichenor, Daniel, and Richard A. Harris Organized Interests and American Political Development. Political Research Quarterly 117(4). *Walker, Jack L Mobilizing Interest Groups in America. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 11

12 Week 12. Nov. 30. Business and Lobbying Drutman, Lee The business of America is lobbying: How corporations became politicized and politics became more corporate. Oxford. Bauer, Raymond A., Ithiel de Sola Pool, and Lewis A. Dexter American Business and Public Policy: The Politics of Foreign Trade. New York: Atherton Press. Smith, Mark A American Business and Political Power: Public Opinion, Elections, and Democracy. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Nov. 23 NO CLASS University re-defined day Week 13. Dec. 7. Collective Action and Social Movements Banaszak, Lee Ann Why Movements Succeed or Fail. Opportunity, Culture, and the Struggle for Woman Suffrage. Princeton University Press. Ch. 1-2, 8-9. Chong, Dennis Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement. Chicago. (Selected chapters) *McAdam, Doug, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Cambridge University Press. Ch. 1 Recommended Amenta, Edwin When Movements Matter. Princeton. Banaszak, Lee Ann The Women s Movement Inside and Outside the State. Cambridge University Press. Biggs, Michael Strikes as Forest Fires: Chicago and Paris in the Late Nineteenth Century. American Journal of Sociology 110(6): Chong, Dennis Rational Lives. Chicago. *Gamson, William The Strategy of Social Protest. 2d ed. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing. Granovetter, Mark Threshold Models of Collective Behavior. American Journal of Sociology 83(6): Kubik, Jan The Power of Symbols Against the Symbols of Power. Penn State. Oliver, Pamela E. and Gerald Marwell Whatever Happened to Critical Mass Theory? A Retrospective and Assessment. Sociological Theory 19(3):

13 Week 14. Dec. 14. When Collective Action Fails Goss, Kristin A Disarmed: The Missing Movement for Gun Control in America. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Goss, Kristen A The Paradox of Gender Equality: How American Women s Groups Gained and Lost Their Public Voice. University of Michigan Press. Heaney, Michael T., and Fabio Rojas Party in the Street: The Antiwar Movement and the Democratic Party after 9/11. Cambridge University Press. RESEARCH PAPER DUE FRIDAY, DEC. 16 (One-week extensions are available upon request, but you must ask.) XX HISTORY WEEK not currently on syllabus Bauer, Raymond A., Ithiel de Sola Pool, and Lewis Anthony Dexter American Business and Public Policy: The Politics of Foreign Trade. New York: Atherton Press. pp Kennedy School of Government, Case C Prohibition A: Enactment and Prohibition B: Repeal. Skocpol, Theda, Marshall Ganz, and Ziad Munson A Nation of Organizers: The Institutional Origins of Civic Voluntarism in the United States. The American Political Science Review, Vol. 94(3): Tichenor, Daniel, and Richard A. Harris The Lost Years: Taking a Long View of American Interest Group Politics. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston. Thompson, Margaret Susan The Spider Web : Congress and Lobbying in the Age of Grant. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Prologue and Ch. 3 & 6. Clemens, Elizabeth The People s Lobby: Organizational Innovation and the Rise of Interest Group Politics in America, University of Chicago Press. Hansen, John Mark Gaining Access: Congress and the Farm Lobby, Herring, Pendleton Group Representations Before Congress. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Odegard, Peter Pressure Politics, the story of the Anti-Saloon League. New York: Columbia University Press. Schattschneider, E.E Politics, Pressures, and the Tariff: A study of free private enterprise in pressure politics, as shown in the revision of the tariff. New York: Prentice-Hall. 13