Benin v. Togo cases. Reading. 1. Recap What are the most important internal drivers? 2. External actors and strategies.

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1 Class Structure External drivers strengthening democratic governance API413 Class 4 1. Recap: Internal drivers and Benin/Togo case studies 2. External actors and types of interventions Identify key strategies, actors, programs 3. The role, structure and resources of the UN-UNDP Organizational structure, agencies, and roles UNDP operational principles Strengths and limits of the UNDP culture Challenges and opportunities 4. Strategic recommendations What external strategies and thematic priorities would you recommend? 1. Recap What are the most important internal drivers? Benin v. Togo cases Your suggested explanations for the contrasts INTERNAL Historical factors/path dependency (eg assassination, past repression) Political institutions Role of decentralization, judiciary, media Role of military keeping the army in the barracks and ethnic basis Population size Togo is smaller and easier to rule by authoritarian rulers Differences in leadership (openness to outside influences) Economic liberalization & development Role of Marxism in strengthening grassroots civil society in Benin (Nationalist vs Marxist ideologies) EXTERNAL Degree of integration with France (International links) Role of development aid conditionality 2. External actors and strategies Reading Larry Diamond Chapter 5 and 6 What are the most effective strategic priorities iti and policies i are followed on democracy promotion by major bilateral development agencies? How would you assess the strategies of the UNDP? 1

2 Diamond External drivers Diffusion effects Peaceful pressures Diplomacy Economic ties e.g. trade/wto Aid conditionality Sanctions Democracy technical assistance Regional actors EU, OAS, AU Role of force Capacity development With civil society With government Monitoring Elections Human rights Corruption Strategic options Brokerage Types of strategies Dialogue Diplomacy Legal conventions International Regional Aid Conditionality Negative Positive Financial Trade sanctions Debt relief Give example of each? Any other options? In your reading, which options were used most often? Pros and cons of each? Military Peacekeeping Force External intervention Types of actors Multilateral organizations Regional organizations Bilaterals PPP UN and its agencies International NGOs E.g. ICNRD, CD, IPU, IDEA, IFES, TI E.g. European Union, African Union, Organization of American States Government development ministries E.g. Dfid, Norad, Cida, Sida NGO development agencies e.g. Stiftungen, NED, NDI, ABA egmicrosoft, CISCO Civil society Governance Principles Thematic options Media, ICTs, and freedom of information Electoral systems and processes Political parties NGOs Decentralization Public sector reform Anti-corruption Parliaments Justice and rule of law Human rights Constitutional reform Gender equality and women s representation Minority rights 3. The role, structure and resources of the UN 2

UN Agencies related to DG Within the UN family United National Development Programme (UNDP) UN Department

Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BCPR) UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) UN Department for Economic and

(UNODC) The World Bank Institute/World Bank UN Democracy Fund Within UNDP Democratic Governance Practice

Governance Environment & sustainable development Poverty reduction Crisis prevention & recovery Source:

3 UN Agencies related to DG Within the UN family United National Development Programme (UNDP) UN Department of Political Affairs/Electoral Assistance UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BCPR) UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) UN Department for Economic and Social Affairs (UN- DESA) UN Department of Peace Keeping Operations (DPKO) UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) The World Bank Institute/World Bank UN Democracy Fund Within UNDP Democratic Governance Practice Bureau of Conflict Prevention & Recovery UNCDF UNV DG UNDP Focus Areas UNDP income, Democratic Governance Environment & sustainable development Poverty reduction Crisis prevention & recovery Source: UNDP Strategic Plan : Focus Areas UNDP largest donors, 2005 UNDP expenditure, 2005 DG is the largest area $1.4bn 3

4 Principles and role of the UNDP National ownership Capacity development Gender equality and women s empowerment e e Multilateral cooperation, technical assistance, and aid effectiveness South-south cooperation Long-term sustainable human development Values from the Millennium Declaration (Freedom, Equality, Solidarity, Tolerance, Respect for Nature, Shared Responsibility) Strengths of the UNDP International legitimacy of the UN Trusted impartial partner working with national governments and bilateral donors Global coverage (Staff and offices in 130 program countries) No aid conditionality Dedicated staff Limitations of the UNDP Lack of coherence Decentralized structure with real power in country offices (and thus national partners) Accountability to the UNDP Executive Board Can only go as far as there is an international consensus at the UN Limited budget dispersed across multiple outcomes Often low-level technical assistance rather than large innovative projects with major impact Complex organization and flat managerial structure Feeding the beast Social networks Deeply anti-intellectual and conservative culture Pushback against change Little information derived from outside the organization Flat culture of information sharing from COs Lack of staff capacity Poor accountability for results Few good impact/evaluation measures 4. Conclusions: Challenges and future priorities Challenges for UN & UNDP UN reform and cohesion High Level Panel Delivering as One 8 pilot nations Debate about speed of reform Role of UNDP in coordinating UN agencies The UNDP Strategic Plan Pushback on human rights based development Issues of implementation and impact Problems of vertical integration from corporate, regional and country levels Challenge of horizontal integration among UN agencies Democratic governance can be strengthened but Requires long-term investment in capacity development Needs national ownership, multilateral t l and south-south cooperation Risky enterprise with no guarantees of success, especially in rebuilding states emerging from conflict 4

5 Further information 5

donors for strengthening democratic governance

Strategies t of the UN and bilateral l donors for strengthening democratic governance STM103 Class 2 www.undp.org/governance www.pippanorris.com Class Structure 1. Overview of strategic options Identify