EKONOMISTA - HUMANISTA

Transcription

1 pregledni naučni članak UDK 33:929 Sen A. Svetlana Pantelić Udruženje banaka Srbije EKONOMISTA - HUMANISTA Amartija Sen Nobelova nagrada za Rezime Amartija K. Sen, rođen godine, indijski je profesor ekonomije koji je Nobelovu nagradu za ekonomiju dobio godine za "doprinos ekonomici blagostanja", socijalnog izbora i proučavanja problema siromašnih. Osnovna istraživačka preokupacija ovog nobelovca je ekonomija koja je u tesnoj vezi sa filozofijom, odnosno etikom, politikom, sociologijom, istorijom, religijom... Pisac sa stažom dužim od 50 godina čitalačkoj publici ponudio je brojne članke, eseje i druga izdanja većeg formata. Rad primljen: Odobren za štampu: Ključne reči: Nobelova nagrada, godina, Indija, ekonomija, filozofija, ekonomika blagostanja, problem siromaštva, jednakost, tolerancija, demokratija, nezaposlenost, lične slobode, nejednakost, globalizacija, liberalizam, svetska ekonomska kriza, teorija merenja, teorema nemogućnosti. JEL klasifikacija: B31, C81, J48 82

2 scientific review article UDC 33:929 Sen A. Svetlana Pantelić Association of Serbian Banks Amartya Sen Nobel Prize for 1998 ECONOMIST - HUMANIST Summary Amartya K. Sen, born in 1933, is an Indian professor of economics who won the Nobel Prize in Economics back in 1998, for his contributions to welfare economics, social choice and studies of poverty. The main research preoccupation of this Nobel Prize winner is economics, closely related to philosophy, ethics, politics, sociology, history, religion, etc. A writer with more than 50 years of experience, he has offered his readership numerous articles, essays and other large-format publications. Key words: Nobel Prize, 1998, India, economics, philosophy, welfare economics, poverty, equality, tolerance, democracy, unemployment, personal freedom, inequality, globalization, liberalism, global economic crisis, measurement theory, impossibility theorem JEL Classification: B31, C81, J48 Paper received: Approved for publishing:

3 Santiniketan je rodno mesto Amartija Sena koje se nalazi severno od Kalkute gde su smešteni škola i fakultet koje je osnovao poznati svetski pisac, pesnik i filozof Rabidranat Tagora. Deda mu je predavao sanskrit u Santiniketanu, a otac hemiju na univerzitetu Daka. Majka mu je bila pisac i urednik književnog časopisa u Bengalu. Amartija Kumar Sen rodio se 3. novembra godine i uz pomoć Tagore, dobrog prijatelja njegovog dede, dobio je ime koje na sanskritu znači "besmrtnost". Veći deo detinjstva proveo je u Daki gde je išao u školu Svetog Grgura, sem od 3-6 godine kada je živeo u Mandalaju (Burma), jer mu je tu otac radio kao profesor. Nakon Dake Sen se sa roditeljima ponovo vratio u Santiniketan i nastavio da ide u Tagorinu školu gde su se najsnažnije formirali njegovi obrazovni stavovi. U njoj je podsticana učenička radoznalost kojoj je davana prednost nad konkurencijom najboljih. Učenici su dobijali osnovna znanja iz istorije i kulture Indije ali i ostalih delova sveta. Heterogenost indijske populacije donosila je i raznovrsnost kulture, filozofije, sociologije i drugih oblasti, što je širilo saznajne sposobnosti mladog Sena. Sa glađu i siromaštvom Sen se suočio još kao dečak kada je kroz mesto prošla povorka siromašnih, na putu za Kalkutu, u želji da pronađu dobrotvorne organizacije koje bi im pomogle. Sen je do tada bio nesvestan patnje i siromaštva većine jer su mu porodica i prijatelji pripadali srednjoj klasi. Glad po Senu očigledno je zavisna od klase. Samo ljudi na najnižoj ekonomskoj lestvici, kao što su bezemljaši i poljoprivredni radnici, bili su gladni i to je ostalo u pamćenju Senu, što ga je navelo da nekoliko decenija kasnije izradi studiju o problemu gladi u Indiji, Etiopiji i Kini. Njegovi prvi radovi pisani su lapidarnim stilom poput ovih rečenica: "Glad je pojam koji označava da neki ljudi nemaju dovoljno hrane za jelo. Ali to ne znači da generalno nema dovoljno hrane". Razmatrajući podatke o ukupnoj proizvodnji hrane u Bengalu u godini uočio je da nije bila niža nego kada nije bilo gladi. Problem je nastao jer plate isplaćene radnicima na farmama nisu išle u korak sa rastućim cenama hrane usled inflacije u Kalkuti, kada je novac odlazio u ratnu proizvodnju. To Sen naziva onemogućavanje prava radnika jer su pretrpeli smanjenje sposobnosti da ostvare pravo na hranu. U mladosti Sen je doživeo još jedno gorko političko iskustvo. Indija kao simbol bogate heterogene kulture, kako je učio u Santiniketanu, srušena je u haosu sektaškog opredeljenja ljudi da su Hindusi, Muslimani i Siki što je dovelo do krvoprolića i ubistava. Lekcija koju je Sen tada naučio bila je da se treba boriti protiv ekonomskih nesloboda koje mogu dovesti do ozbiljnog kršenja ljudskih prava i da je to mnogo važnije nego davati prioritet borbi za stvaranje zajedničkog identiteta. 84

4 Santiniketan, the birth place of Amartya Sen, is located in the north of Calcutta, and prides itself on a school and a college founded by the worldwide famous writer, poet and philosopher, Rabindranath Tagore. Sen s grandfather used to teach Sanskrit in Santiniketan, and his father taught chemistry at Dhaka University. His mother was a writer and editor of a literary journal in Bengal. Amartya Kumar Sen was born on 3 November 1933, and owing to Tagore, a good friend of his grandfather, he was given the name which in Sanskrit means immortality. He spent most of childhood in Dhaka, where he attended St Gregory s School, except between the ages of 3 and 6 when he lived in Mandalay in Burma, where his father was a visiting professor. After Dhaka, he returned with his parents to Santiniketan, and continued to attend Tagore s school, where his educational attitudes were formed. The emphasis in this school was on fostering children s curiosity rather than competitive excellence. The pupils gained basic knowledge of India s history and culture, but were also introduced to the rest of the world. The heterogeneity of India s population entailed the diversity of culture, philosophy, sociology and other fields, which all increased the intellectual abilities of young Sen. He faced the concept of famine and poverty already as a boy, when a procession of impoverished people walked through his town on their way to Calcutta to find some charity organizations which might help them. Until then Sen was blissfully unaware of suffering and poverty of the majority of people, given that his family and friends all belonged to the lower middle-class. According to Sen, the famine was obviously class-dependent. Only people on the lowest rung of the economic ladder, such as landless rural labourers, were hungry, and the memory stayed with Sen, prompting him several decades later to do his study on the famine in India, Ethiopia and China. His first works were written in his typical lapidary style, illustrated by the following sentences: Starvation is the characteristic of some people not having enough food to eat. It is not the characteristic of there being not enough food to eat. After examining the records, he found that overall food output in Bengal in 1943 was not lower than in 1941, when there was no famine. The real problem was that the wages paid to farm labourers had not kept up with the rising price of food caused by inflation in Calcutta, when all the money was invested in war production. This resulted in what Sen called a shift in entitlements : labourers had suffered a reduction in their ability to command power over food. As a young man, Sen had another bitter political experience. India the symbol of rich cultural heterogeneity, which he learned about in Santiniketan, collapsed into a welter of sectarian identities when people started to define themselves as Hindus, Muslims or Sikhs, and went on killing sprees. The lesson Sen learned then was that one must fight against economic unfreedom which can make people prey to serious violations of their rights, and that this is way more important than prioritising the struggle for the creation of communal identity. Ekonomika blagostanja "Domeni Senovog izučavanja su teorija društvenog izbora i ekonomski razvoj. Pretpostavka o neuporedivim interpersonalnim korisnostima, u ekonomici blagostanja, koju je Sen jasno artikulisao, predstavlja temelj novog tumačenja slavne Arouove (Arrow) teoreme nemogućnosti. No, pored toga, interesovanja A. Sena, u skladu sa najsvetlijom tradicijom akademskog delovanja, sežu do filozofije ekonomije, političke istorije, religije, pa i do same Tagorine poezije... (Boričić, 2004: ) Welfare economics The fields of Sen s research are social choice theory and economic development. The assumption of incomparable interpersonal utilities within the welfare economics, clearly articulated by Sen, is the foundation of the new interpretation of Arrow s impossibility theorem. Moreover, Sen s interests, in line with the greatest tradition of academic research, reach to the philosophy of economics, political history, religion, and even Tagore s poetry itself (Boricic, 2004: ) 85

5 Koncepcija ranjivosti Kada se ispostavi da je neko društvo nesposobno da spozna svoju sopstvenu ranjivost, a pojedinci nisu dovoljno opremljeni da bi se odbranili od mogućih katastrofa, jer ne raspolažu odgovarajućim resursima, prirodni fenomeni mogu da ispolje punu snagu svoje razorne dinamike. Bojažljiv pogled nekog seljaka, uperen prema monsunskim oblacima, takođe može da se protumači kao siromaštvo. Amatrija Sen je početkom osamdesetih godina prošlog veka uveo pojam ranjivosti u razvojnu politiku i sociologiju i ilustrovao ga gore navedenim zapažanjem. Ovaj makroekonomista i nobelovac, poreklom iz Indije, analizirao je različite katastrofe gladovanja, pri čemu njegov pogled nije bio izoštren za značaj pretećih prirodnih katastrofa; shvatio je i da ranjivost nije zasnovana samo na hirovitosti prirode, već da prirodne katastrofe često ispoljavaju punu snagu svoje razorne dinamike tek ukoliko društvene institucije ne postoje ili loše funkcionišu. (Kneht, 2010) Vulnerability concept When it turns out that a society is incapable of recognizing its own vulnerability, and individuals are insufficiently equipped to defend from potential catastrophes, because they do not have appropriate resources at their disposal, natural phenomena may exhibit the full power of their destructive dynamics. A look on a peasant s face, dreading the monsoon clouds, might also be interpreted as poverty. In early 1980s Amartya Sen introduced the concept of vulnerability into development politics and sociology, having illustrated it by the above mentioned observation. This macroeconomist and Nobel Prize winner, hailing from India, analysed various famine-related catastrophes, but not focusing only on the importance of the threatening natural disasters namely, he understood that vulnerability is not based only on the unpredictability of nature, but that natural disasters often exhibit full power of their destructive dynamics in case that relevant social institutions do not exist or do not function well enough. (Kneht, 2010) Sen je već u tim godinama želeo da ostvari akademsku karijeru. Pre nego što se opredelio za bavljenje ekonomijom želeo je da bude predavač ili istraživač sanskrita, matematike i fizike. Kada je otišao na koledž u Kalkutu, počeo je da se interesuje za politiku. Njegova porodica pripadala je bengalskoj intelektualnoj eliti, a Bengal je bila najživlja i politički najaktivnija država Indije. Interesovala ga je leva politička opcija Mahatme Gandija i Nehrua. Jedan ujak mu je bio pripadnik socijalističke partije i proveo je 6 godina u britanskom zatvoru bez suđenja, a drugi rođak, koji je takođe bio u zatvoru, pripadao je komunističkoj partiji. Iako je učestvovao u njihovim raspravama, ipak se nije pridružio nijednoj političkoj partiji. To je bio, kako naglašava Džonatan Stil u Gardijanovoj rubrici "Gardijan profil", rani znak njegove odvojenosti od kolektivne akcije i pragmatičnog opreza, uprkos njegovom moralnom angažovanju i intelektualnoj smelosti. Kada govori o danima studiranja na ovom univerzitetu, Sen ističe da mu je intelektualni horizont ovde radikalno proširen jer je način obrazovanja bio očaravajući. Sen i dalje sebe naziva osobom leve orjentacije ali naglašava da oseća nešto uznemirujuće u vezi sa standardnom levičarskom politikom iz svojih studentskih dana. Većina njegovih prijatelja su bili staljinisti. Voleo je njihovu posvećenost jednakosti, ali je svojim prijateljima zamerao da nisu dovoljno otvoreni za politički pluralizam dok su oni njegovo zagovaranje političke tolerancije tumačili kao "slabost volje". Sen smatra da pripadnici leve opcije nisu hteli da prihvate istinu o katastrofalnim posledicama nedostatka demokratije u komunističkim zemljama. Daje primer Kine šezdesetih godina prošlog veka u kojoj je vladala velika glad. U vezi s tim zaključuje: Glad ne može nikada da se dogodi u zemljama koje imaju slobodu štampe i redovne izbore. Kada je stigao na studije ekonomije na Triniti koledž u Kembridžu, glavne rasprave o političkoj ekonomiji su se vodile između neoklasicista i kenzijanaca. Nije se priklonio nijednoj strani jer je odbacivao pojednostavljena opredeljenja. Na ovom fakultetu je i doktorirao godine. Kao mladi profesor na univerzitetu u Kalkuti 86

6 By then Sen was already bent on developing an academic career. Before settling on economics, he wanted to become a lecturer or researcher of Sanskrit, mathematics, and physics. Once he went to college in Calcutta, he started to get interested in politics. His family belonged to the Bengali intellectual elite, and Bengal itself was the most vibrant and politically active state in India. He was interested in the leftwing policy of Mahatma Ghandi and Nehru. One of Sen s uncles belonged to the Congress Socialist Party and spent six years in a British prison without trial, whereas another cousin, who also spent some time in jail, belonged to the Communist Party. Although Sen joined in the arguments, he still could not develop enough enthusiasm to join any political party. This was, as underlined by Jonathan Steele in The Guardian s column The Guardian Profile, an early sign of his detachment from collective action and pragmatic caution, in spite of his moral engagement and intellectual boldness. When he speaks of his student days at this university, Sen emphasises that his intellectual horizons greatly expanded there, given that the education excellence was captivating. Sen still calls himself a person of the left, but he says he felt something disturbing about the standard left-wing policy of his student days. Most of his friends were Stalinists. He liked their egalitarian commitment, but felt they were not open to political pluralism, while they saw his political tolerance as a weakness of will. Sen believes that the supporters of leftwing policy refused to accept the truth about the disastrous consequences of the lack of democracy in communist countries. He states the example of China in the 1960s, when there was a catastrophic famine. In this respect, he concludes that no famine can ever occur in a country with a free press and regular elections. When Sen arrived in Cambridge to study economics at Trinity College, the major debates in political economy were led between neoclassicists and followers of Keynes. He did not embrace either side, because he rejected any simplistic orientations. At this College he gained his PhD in As a young professor at the University of Calcutta, he met a literature student Nabaneeta Liberalizam Četvrto izdanje Senove monografije, inače nezaobilazne reference u tretiranju teoreme nemogućnosti, koje se pojavilo godine, sadrži i jedno novo poglavlje posvećeno liberalizmu. Ukratko, tu se, na spisku aksioma čiji se status izučava u kontekstu teorije društvenog izbora, po prvi put pojavljuje jedna nova aksioma, aksioma liberalizma, inspirisana pojmom liberalizma kako ga definiše Dž. S. Mil. (Boričić, 2004: ) Liberalism The fourth edition of Sen s monograph, the inevitable reference in dealing with the impossibility theorem, first published in 1995, contains a new chapter dedicated to liberalism. In short, the list of axioms whose status has been researched within the context of social choice theory for the first time includes a new axiom the axiom of liberalism, inspired by the notion of liberalism as defined by J. S. Mill. (Boricic, 2004: ) Dev, whom he married in From that marriage he has two daughters: Antara and Nandana. The former is a journalist and a magazine editor, and the latter is an actress and a film director. While he was married to Dev, who in the meantime became well-known in Bengal as a writer and professor of literature, Sen was fighting against the recurred cancer of the mouth which he developed at the age of 18. He was treated with massive doses of radiation, with the risk of cancer spreading. The doctors said he only had a 15% chance of survival. His recovery was a long one, with the constant fear of cancer recurring once again. In 1971 he underwent a successful surgery of the palate, which gave him hope that the struggle with this malignant disease was finally brought to a successful end. His marriage with Dev ended that year, and, after a five-year long emotional relationship with Eva Colorni, she became his second wife in Eva was a brilliant Italian economist from a distinguished anti-fascist family. She had a 87

7 upoznao je studentkinju književnosti Nabanetu Dev kojom će se godine i oženiti. Iz tog braka ima dve ćerke: Antaru i Nandanu. Prva je novinar i urednik časopisa, a druga glumica i filmski reditelj. Dok je bio u braku sa Dev, koja je u tom periodu postala poznata u Bengalu kao pisac i profesor književnosti, Sen se borio sa recidivima raka usta od čega se razboleo u svojoj 18. godini. Lečio se jakim dozama zračenja uz rizik da se može proširiti. Lekari su mu davali samo 15% šansi da će se izlečiti. Dugo se oporavljao uz stalnu bojazan da će se rak ponovo javiti. U godini imao je uspešnu operaciju nepca što mu je dalo nadu da se borba sa ovom opakom bolešću konačno uspešno završila. Brak sa Dev se raspao te godine, a Eva Kolorni postala mu je godine, nakon petogodišnje emotivne veze, druga žena. Eva je bila briljantni italijanski ekonomista iz istaknute antifašističke porodice. Imala je veliki uticaj na njegov rad, pružajući mu podršku da sa teorijskih sagledavanja pređe na praktičnu primenu procene siromaštva, nejednakosti, nezaposlenosti, kršenja lične slobode i osnovnih prava. Tekstovi sa ovom tematikom uglavnom su objavljivani u časopisima sedamdesetih i osamdesetih godina prošlog veka. U ovom braku Sen je dobio ćerku Indrani (koja je danas novinar u Njujorku) i sina Kabira (profesor muzike u Bostonu). Eva je umrla od raka godine. Želeći da pobegne od tužnih uspomena ali i zbog veće zarade jer je ostao jedini hranitelj dvoje maloletne dece, napušta Veliku Britaniju i odlazi za SAD na Harvard univerzitet. Svetska ekonomska kriza Čuveni ekonomista i filozof, profesor na Harvardu i savetnik nekih zemalja i institucija, u cilju otklanjanja efekata svetske ekonomske krize početkom ove godine izjavio je: neophodan je dobar savez države i tržišta, ne možemo isključivo da zavisimo od tržišne ekonomije, država takođe ima ulogu koju treba dobro da odigra, poreklo ove krize je u eliminisanju regulative pod predsednikom Bušom, a kasnije Reganom i Klintonom, u toku tih godina eliminisani su mehanizmi kontrole koji bi ograničavali stvaranje prljavih aktiva poput onih koje su urušile bankarski sistem, bilo je ogromnih nedostataka odgovornosti i neophodno je da država uspostavi potrebne regulative, tržište može da bude dinamičan instrument ekonomskog napretka, to treba priznati i nema razloga da se odbaci, ali treba regulisati njegovo funkcionisanje, tržišnoj ekonomiji je neophodno uzajamno poverenje, a kada se ono uništi, kao što je slučaj sada, veoma ga je teško obnoviti, ono što je počelo kao mala kriza, uvećalo se zbog dubokog nepoverenja finansijskih institucija prema ostatku privrede, MMF-u, Svetskoj banci i ostalim institucijama nastalim u Bretonvudsu, potrebna je duboka revizija, sve više je jasno da je finansijska stabilnost zajedničko dobro i da prema tome treba da uložimo veliki koordinirani napor da bismo to postigli. (Izjava Amartija Sena citirana u tekstu Uzroci i posledice svetske ekonomske krize i efekti na Srbiju Mlađena Kovačevića) 88

8 major influence on his work, supporting him in his attempts to use theoretical approaches in a variety of applied problems: to assess poverty, to evaluate inequality, unemployment, violations of personal liberties and basic rights. His papers dealing with these topics were mostly published in journals during the 1970s and 1980s. From this marriage, Sen has a daughter Indrani (today a journalist in New York) and a son Kabir (professor of music in Boston). Eva died of cancer in Wishing to escape sorrowful memories, but also because he needed a higher salary as a single father of two young children, he left Great Britain and went to Harvard University in the USA. He joined a group of economists elaborating the Human Development Index as a rival to the World Bank s system of ranking countries by classical macroeconomic criteria. One of the participants underlines that Amartya gave this project intellectual depth and credibility. Today Sen is married to Emma Rothschild, an economic historian. He spends winters in India, and springs and summers in Cambridge. He relaxes by riding a bicycle, reading, but mostly by having discussions with his friends, acquaintances and associates. Being an advocate of globalization, he explains this in the following way: Opponents may see globalization as a new folly, but it is neither particularly new or a folly. Sen also supports the anti-capitalist and environmental protesters at Seattle, Prague and Davos. He believes that the United Nations has to be saved from insolvency and given a greater leadership role in the fight against the veto power of the five largest and richest countries in the world. Sen sums up his entire professional career in the following words: I ve never had a serious non-academic job. Understandably enough, he has been a respected lecturer at many worldwide universities, including Delhi, LSE, Oxford, Harvard, and a visiting professor at Stanford, MIT, Berkeley, and Cornell. In addition to the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1998 for his contribution to the welfare economics, this Indian economist-humanist has received many other significant awards, such as: Indira Ghandi Gold Medal Award of the Asiatic Society in 1994; Eisenhower Medal, USA in 2000; Honorary Companion of Honour, UK in Global economic crisis The famous economist and philosopher, Harvard professor and advisor of some countries and institutions, with a view to eliminating the effects of the global economic crisis, early this year, gave the following statement: A sound alliance between the state and the market is necessary; We cannot exclusively depend on market economy; The state also has a role that needs to be played well; The origin of this crisis lies in deregulation under President Bush, and later Regan and Clinton; During these years, the control mechanisms were eliminated, which were supposed to limit the generation of toxic assets, such as those that undermined the banking system; There has been a huge lack of responsibility, and it is therefore necessary for the state to establish required regulations; The market may be a dynamic instrument of economic progress, this should be acknowledged and there is no reason to reject this, as long as its functioning is regulated; Market economy requires mutual trust once it is lost, as it is the case now, it is very difficult to regain; What began as a small-scale crisis, intensified due to the deep mistrust of financial institutions towards the rest of the economy; The IMF, World Bank and other Bretton Woods institutions need a thorough revision; It has been increasingly clear that financial stability is in everybody s interest and that, therefore, we all need to invest huge coordinated efforts to achieve it. (The statement by Amartya Sen quoted in the text Causes and Consequences of the Global Economic Crisis and its Effects on Serbia by Mladjen Kovacevic) 89

9 Pridružuje se grupi ekonomista u izradi Indeksa ljudskog razvoja koji oponira rangiranje zemalja Svetske banke klasičnim makroekonomskim kriterijumima. Jedan od učesnika ističe da je Amartija dao dubinu i kredibilitet ovom projektu. Danas je Sen u trećem braku sa Emom Rotšild, ekonomskim istoričarem. Zime provodi u Indiji, a proleća i leta u Kembridžu. Opušta se u vožnji bicikla, čitanjem, ali najviše razgovarajući i raspravljajući sa prijateljima, poznanicima i saradnicima. Zagovornik je globalizacije i to objašnjava na sledeći način: "Protivnici mogu da vide globalizaciju kao novu ludost ali ona nije ni posebno nova niti je glupost". Podržava i antikapitalističke i ekološke demonstracije kojih je bilo u Sijetlu, Pragu i Davosu. Smatra da Ujedinjene nacije moraju da sačuvaju solventnost i veću lidersku ulogu u borbi protiv prevlasti u odlučivanju 5 najvećih i najbogatijih država sveta. Svoj celokupni profesionalni rad Sen je ovako formulisao: "Nikada nisam imao ozbiljan neakademski posao". Razumljivo, jer je bio i cenjen predavač na mnogim univerzitetima sveta, u Delhiju, LSE, Oksfordu, Harvardu i kao gostujući profesor na Stenfordu, MIT, Berkliju i Kornelu. Osim Nobelove nagrade iz ekonomije godine za doprinos ekonomici blagostanja ovaj indijski ekonomista - humanista dobio je i druga značajna priznanja: Zlatnu medalju Indire Gandi od azijatskog društva godine; Ajzenhauer medalju, SAD godine, a počasni je građanin Velike Britanije od godine. Sen beleži više od 50 godina plodnog i uspešnog pisanja brojnih članaka, eseja i knjiga. U knjizi "Ekonomisti nobelovci " Branislav Boričić u tekstu o ovom nobelovcu nabrojao je 45 različitih dela čiji je autor Amartija Sen sam ili sa drugim naučnicima. Njegova najpoznatija dela su: Odabir tehnika (1960.), Kolektivni izbori i društveno blagostanje (1970.), O ekonomskoj nejednakosti (1973.), Siromaštvo i glad: Esej o pravu i lišavanju (1981.), Glad i javna akcija (1989.), Ekonomski razvoj i društvene prilike (1995.), Razvoj kao sloboda (1999.), itd. Literatura / References 1. Boričić, Branislav. Amartya Sen Racionalnost i društveni izbor, u: Ekonomisti nobelovci Beograd: Centar za izdavačku delatnost Ekonomskog fakulteta u Beogradu, 2004, str Kneht, Alban. Koncept ranjivosti teorija za probleme sutrašnjice?. Goethe-Institut, juli Kovačević, Mlađen. Uzroci i posledice svetske ekonomske krize i efekti na Srbiju, Nova srpska politička misao Sen, Amartya. Autobiography. Nobelprize.org (15. decembar 2011) 5. Steele, Jonathan. Food for Thought. The Guardian Profile: Amartya Sen. The Guardian

10 Sen has had more than 50 years of fruitful and successful writing of numerous articles, essays and books. In the book Nobel Prize Winning Economists , in the text about Amartya Sen, Branislav Boricic enumerates 45 different pieces of writing authored or co-authored by this Nobel Prize winner. His most famous works are: Choice of Techniques (1960), Collective Choice and Social Welfare (1970), On Economic Inequality (1973), Poverty and Famines: an Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation (1981), Hunger and Public Action (1989), Economic Development and Social Opportunity (1995), Development as Freedom (1999), etc. Teorija merenja Measurement theory Analizirajući Senovo bavljenje problemom ekonomske nejednakosti nalazimo da je, nakon niza njegovih originalnih priloga, normativni pristup merenja društvenog blagostanja i ekonomske nejednakosti dobio svoje novo, sadašnje mesto u savremenoj literaturi. Kao posledica Senovog pristupa, dominantan i opšte prihvaćen princip o raspodeli dohotka bi se, ukratko, mogao formulisati sledećim stavom: optimalnu raspodelu dohotka karakteriše maksimiziranje funkcije društvenog blagostanja. Relacija uređenja definisana na skupu svih raspodela dohotka je određena blizinom posmatranih raspodela optimalnoj raspodeli. Stoga je, u takvom kontekstu, moguće normativnu meru nejednakosti definisati kao relativni gubitak blagostanja, odnosno kao meru odstupanja od optimalne raspodele. Esencijalni doprinos Senovog metodološkog pristupa nosi u sebi i nužnost višekriterijumskog tretiranja ocenjivanja i upoređivanja raspodela u različitim tačkama prostorno-vremenskog kontinuuma. Imajući u vidu problem sa egzistencijom funkcije društvenog blagostanja, kod Sena nalazim predlog simultane primene više kriterijuma, što rezultira uzimanjem skupovnog preseka svih posmatranih mera, što dalje ima za posledicu ne željeno, linearno (prema kojem su svake dve alternative uporedive), već parcijalno uređenje (koje zadovoljava tek uslove refleksivnosti i tranzitivnosti) posmatranih raspodela. Ova razmatranja su odigrala čak ključnu ulogu u konstituisanju teorije merenja kao zasebne matematičke discipline... (Boričić, 2004: ) Analysing Sen s investigation of the problem of economic inequality, we observe that, after a series of his original contributions, the normative approach to the measurement of social welfare and economic inequality earned its new, current position in contemporary literature. As a result of Sen s approach, the dominant and generally accepted principle of distribution of revenues could be summed up in the following words: optimal distribution of revenues is characterised by maximization of the social welfare function. The relation of determination, defined at the sum of all distributions of revenues, is determined by the proximity of the observed distributions to the optimal distribution. In such a context, it is therefore, possible to define the normative measure of inequality as a relative loss of welfare, i.e. as a measure of deviation from the optimal distribution. The essential contribution of Sen s methodological approach includes the necessity of a multi-criteria treatment of assessment and comparison of distributions at the various points of time-space continuum. When it comes to the problem concerning the existence of social welfare function, Sen s works suggest a simultaneous application of several criteria, resulting in an aggregate cross-section of all observed measures, which, in turn, implies not the desired, linear determination (according to which each two alternatives are comparable), but partial determination (which satisfies only the conditions of reflexivity and transitivity) of the observed distributions. These considerations played the key role in the constitution of the measurement theory as a separate discipline in mathematics (Boricic, 2004: ) 91