Part IV Population, Labour and Urbanisation
|
|
- Brendan Caldwell
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Part IV Population, Labour and Urbanisation
2 Introduction The population issue is the economic issue most commonly associated with China. China has for centuries had the largest population in the world, and the economic significance of this has been debated in the West since the seventeenth century. On the one hand, observers have noted the vast economies of scale, the minutely efficient division of labour, and the advantages of concentration. On the other, the adverse and declining man: land ratio and the mortality consequences of food problems and natural catastrophes are clearly negative aspects of the population issue. Between the mid-nineteenth century and 1948, the population growth was approximately one hundred million; an annual growth rate of only 2 per cent per year. However, high mortality associated with civil collapse, war and failure of development, was the key factor in this slow advance. Fertility rates remained quite high and, with improved health care, were capable of rising. Thus the establishment of firm government and improved health and social welfare provisions were clearly capable of both reducing mortality and of raising fertility. Under these conditions, accelerated population growth of the kind familiar in many developing economies must occur. The early view of the Chinese Communist Party on this matter was that there was no serious problem. It is notable that as late as 1955, the Five-year Plan document contained no discussion of population issues. There were two reasons for this confidence. First, western population theory associated with Malthus was regarded as a product of capitalist society, and hence as providing policy advice irrelevant to a socialist society in which new economic institutions would transform the prospects for economic growth. Second, the Chinese looked back at Soviet experience in the two pre-war Five-year Plans. During this time, Soviet population growth rates were above those for western Europe, and yet were seen by the Chinese as having been consistent with rising standards of living. This view of Soviet experience was inaccurate and irrelevant, but was none the less sincerely held. In one sense, however, there was concern with population matters in the early fifties. Economic planning required that accurate data be obtained, and this was the motive for China's first official census in The census seems to have revived discussion of 289
3 290 The Foundations of the Chinese Planned Economy population issues, but the official view of the population problem remained firmly optimistic. No difficulties were foreseen during the First Five-year Plan (1953-7) in either employment or living standards. It was believed that industry would generate substantial new employment possibilities and that the China of the future would be one in which large-scale urbanisation would take place. As the Plan years unfolded, doubts began to accumulate as to whether a laissez-faire policy was appropriate in population matters. Unemployment and food control became major sources of anxiety, and as the planners looked toward the prospects of the Second Plan ( ), the conflict between investment and consumption became acute. Wishing to accelerate development, the planners wished to maximise investment, but began to realise the conflict between this and an accelerating population growth which, in its early stages, had the effect both of increasing the size and the degree of dependency of population and was, therefore, a major drain on resources. The controversy on this issue burst out in 1957 in the Hundred Flowers movement. The 'rightists' in this campaign were those in favour of cautious economic policies and population limitation. In the anti-rightist campaign of autumn 1957, not only were the views of the anti-natalists condemned, but so also was the profession of demography. As a result, no serious demographic study took place for many years, and as late as 1977, major population policies were being formulated without any professional advice. There are two other groups of economic problems that are closely related to population: those associated with the labour market and urbanisation. Employment, in particular, is clearly a demographicallydetermined problem in the long run, and employment issues related also to wage and other matters of labour planning. Urbanisation is concerned with both the geographical and functional distributions of population, and these were important issues of urban policy in the 1950s. Even Mao, despite his peasant and rural orientation, had assumed that urban growth, based on industrial development, was the inevitable path for China, but by the late 1950s this was being questioned and radical new policy initiatives were in the making. Our first document, published in 1953, is a good example of the early optimistic view of population. One notes that theoretical considerations leading to optimism are strongly supported by data on the very rapid growth of the economy experienced in the post-war recovery of The author underlines the point that not only are death rates falling under the new government, but that birth rates
4 Population, Labour and Urbanisation 291 are nsmg. None the less, any problems of that kind are seen as temporary, and he is confident that 'through planning these problems will be gradually resolved'. In the case of employment, the author quotes Soviet urbanisation rates (full urban employment assumed), and looks also to new, labour-intensive agricultural techniques to absorb any rural labour surplus. Ma Yinchu's article of October 1957 was written in circumstances very different to those of the earlier article (Document 2, 'A New Theory of Population'). Ma was China's most famous living economist at that time. The first problem according to Ma, was to ascertain what the facts actually were. And then, drawing on a variety of data, he cites evidence that suggests that fertility and natural increase rates were above official, national data. Looking ahead, Ma sees fertility kept high by a combination of traditional social values and new welfare incentives, while public-health measures reduce mortality dramatically. Theoretically, Ma rejects Malthusianism as being conditioned by a mode of society that is now history, and he focuses his attention on the contemporary dilemma of the relationship between population, investment and economic growth. He also has important observations on the dangers of a capital-intensive investment strategy that limits labour absorption and is, therefore, inappropriate in China. It is interesting that Ma does not place much importance on the potential of international economic relations to be a major factor in future growth. In this he seems not fully to have appreciated the Soviet role in China and to have something in common with the selfreliance ideology of the 1960s. Looking to the future, Ma's policy prescriptions are for more and better data, education to remould social norms, and a programme to make available the means of population limitation. In the anti-rightist campaign, Ma was viciously attacked, but never recanted his views. A good example of an anti-rightist article is that by Li Pu, published in the same month as Ma's article (Document 4, 'Do Not Permit Rightists to Make Use of the Population Problem'). The main focus of the attack in this case is the famous anthropologist Fei Xiaotung. A crucial aspect of this controversy is argument about the nature of the transition through socialism to communism and the speed with which this ought to be accomplished. In the socialist transition (which began in 1954) the official theory was that ownership should remain partly private in the early stages and rewards should be related to labour effort. These institutional characteristics,
5 292 The Foundations of the Chinese Planned Economy it was argued, reflected the imperatives of Chinese poverty. As this is slowly overcome, more advanced communist institutions can be introduced. It is suggested here that the rightist argument (consistent with the old theory of the transition) was that population growth was a cause of poverty and hence an obstacle to further institutional change. Thus for them (the rightists), 'the future is dark and there is no solution'. The anti-rightists, however, were beginning to shift ground and argue that further institutional change was necessary immediately, and that this would produce economic abundance which could be enjoyed and created by an even larger population. Thus in this way, population controversies were directly linked to the main political and ideological issues of the day. The basic Chinese views on labour and wages in the early 1950s were that unemployment would not be a problem, and that a differential wage system was an indispensable part of the nonagricultural employment system. By 1957 it was clear that labour absorption was a problem. Even the major agricultural collectivisation movement of 1956 had not apparently increased the absorptive capacity of agriculture as hoped, and the poor job-creation characteristics of modern industry had been revealed before then. Song Ping's article was a major turning-point in policy thinking on these matters (Document 5, 'Why We Must Implement a Rational, Low-wage System'). He starts off by realistically emphasising China's comparative poverty and by insisting that money wage increases need to be supported by rising output that ensures that such increases are real. Song Ping also emphasises the significance of the growing gap between rural and urban incomes. Song Ping's main policy prescription is that urban incomes (in the formal, large-scale sector) should in future grow much more slowly than they had in the past. In this way, peasant migration would be controlled (because income differentials between peasants and workers would be smaller), and resources saved in the wage bill would generate more jobs by being diverted to the investment budget. It is interesting to note that in this article there is no utopian demand for egalitarian policies; what is sought is a modification of Soviet practice. In reality, this programme proved to be unworkable. Maoist ideology and an unforeseen deceleration of growth combined to make its implementation impossible. Documents 6 and 7, give graphic accounts of the need for more effective measures to control the growth of urban populations. The Gongren Ribao article was the key national newspaper leader on this
6 Population, Labour and Urbanisation 293 subject (reprinted many times), while the Shanxi article describes the problem from a local viewpoint. Both articles vividly describe the statistical dimensions of the problem and outline the food, housing, social and other consquences of this rapid growth. Both articles presage the continuation of the 'sending down' movement, and the Gongren article is stiii holding out hope that collective farming would be a factor in the expansion of rural employment opportunities. This article also points to the significance of a general re-evaluation of agriculture and its role in the economy. The final article in this Part is concerned with urban strategy in its widest sense. It asks the practical question: how large should cities be? and it also discusses the broader theoretical issues of the relationship between urbanisation and socialism. There have, in reality, been two traditions in Marxist thought on the urban issue. There is the tradition of Lenin and Stalin, which emphasises that large-scale, concentrated modes of development and urbanisation are the hallmark of modernity in all societies. This was the tradition that influenced the Chinese in the early 1950s. To escape from it, the author of this document unearthed the lesser-known tradition of Engels and primitive Marxism which had a powerful bias against the large-scale city. According to this tradition, the smaller city is the key to a future in which social and economic differences between urban and rural places will be eliminated. The author tries valiantly to reconcile the theories of these traditions, but is unconvincing in his efforts. His policy prescriptions are for a new limit to be put on large cities and for development to concentrate on cities of less than people. He sees the dangers of losing the benefits of scale and concentration, and hence proposes the linking of smaller to larger urban centres, thereby creating a continuum from large-scale metropolitan centres to rural villages. Events showed that some of these ideas were not feasible, while others (such as satellite development and the ceiling on cities of 1 miiiion) were officially enforced policy for many years.
Lecture 3 THE CHINESE ECONOMY
Lecture 3 THE CHINESE ECONOMY The Socialist Era www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xiyb1nmzaq 1 How China was lost? (to communism) Down with colonialism, feudalism, imperialism, capitalism,,,, The Big Push Industrialization
More informationLessons of China s Economic Growth: Comment. These are three very fine papers. I say that not as an academic
Lessons of China s Economic Growth: Comment Martin Feldstein These are three very fine papers. I say that not as an academic specialist on the Chinese economy but as someone who first visited China in
More informationWEEK 1 - Lecture Introduction
WEEK 1 - Lecture Introduction Overview of Chinese Economy Since the founding of China in 1949, it has undergone an unusual and tumultuous process (Revolution Socialism Maoist radicalism Gradualist economic
More informationRising inequality in China
Page 1 of 6 Date:03/01/2006 URL: http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/01/03/stories/2006010300981100.htm Rising inequality in China C. P. Chandrasekhar Jayati Ghosh Spectacular economic growth in China
More informationTHE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF HYDROCARBON REVENUE CYCLING IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF HYDROCARBON REVENUE CYCLING IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Richard Auty (Lancaster University) 1. Rent Cycling Theory and Growth Collapses 2. Initial Conditions Render T+T Vulnerable 3.
More informationCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION. distribution of land'. According to Myrdal, in the South Asian
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Agrarian societies of underdeveloped countries are marked by great inequalities of wealth, power and statue. In these societies, the most important material basis of inequality is
More informationBig Data and Super-Computers: foundations of Cyber Communism
Big Data and Super-Computers: foundations of Cyber Communism Paul Cockshott, University of Glasgow, WARP 9th International WARP-VASS Vanguard Science Congress, Socialist Models and the Theory of Post-Capitalist
More informationAustralian Opportunities through the Chinese Structural Transformation
1 Policy Forum: Australia s Economic Links with Asia Australian Opportunities through the Chinese Structural Transformation Ross Garnaut 1 Abstract China is now Australia s largest trading partner, continuing
More informationTypes of Economies. 10x10learning.com
Types of Economies 1 Economic System and Types of Economies Economic System An Economic System is the broad institutional framework, within which production and consumption of goods and services takes
More informationDRIVERS OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE AND HOW THEY AFFECT THE PROVISION OF EDUCATION
DRIVERS OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE AND HOW THEY AFFECT THE PROVISION OF EDUCATION This paper provides an overview of the different demographic drivers that determine population trends. It explains how the demographic
More informationThis is the most common structural change that had a huge impact on the economic development of a country.
All successful developing countries undergo structural transformation and adopt diverse approaches to cope with political pressures generated along the way. There are four main features of structural transformation
More informationThe Predicament and Outlet of the Rule of Law in Rural Areas
SHS Web of Conferences 6, 01011 (2014) DOI: 10.1051/ shsconf/20140601011 C Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2014 The Predicament and Outlet of the Rule of Law in Rural Areas Yao Tianchong
More informationIn Refutation of Instant Socialist Revolution in India
In Refutation of Instant Socialist Revolution in India Moni Guha Some political parties who claim themselves as Marxist- Leninists are advocating instant Socialist Revolution in India refuting the programme
More informationChina s New Political Economy
BOOK REVIEWS China s New Political Economy Susumu Yabuki and Stephen M. Harner Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1999, revised ed., 327 pp. In this thoroughly revised edition of Susumu Yabuki s 1995 book,
More informationSS 11: COUNTERPOINTS CH. 13: POPULATION: CANADA AND THE WORLD NOTES the UN declared the world s population had reached 6 billion.
SS 11: COUNTERPOINTS CH. 13: POPULATION: CANADA AND THE WORLD NOTES 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1999 the UN declared the world s population had reached 6 billion. 2. Forecasters are sure that at least another billion
More informationGLOBALIZATION, DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION: THEIR SOCIAL AND GENDER DIMENSIONS
TALKING POINTS FOR THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY ROUNDTABLE 1: GLOBALIZATION, DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION: THEIR SOCIAL AND GENDER DIMENSIONS Distinguished delegates, Ladies and gentlemen: I am pleased
More informationStudy Unit 04 Activity 04. Summarise the arguments stating that population growth is not a real problem.
(a) Summarise the arguments stating that population growth is not a real problem. 1. The problem is not population growth but other issues such as: 1.1 Underdevelopment: According to this argument, underdevelopment
More informationGREEN DEVELOPMENT:Path Choice of
GREEN DEVELOPMENT:Path Choice of the Third Generation of Modernization Ningbo Administration College Zhang Ya-jing Modernization is the Goal of the Whole Humanity Modernization is a historical process
More informationIntroduction to the Economy of China
Introduction to the Economy of China Jessica Leight Williams Department of Economics February 3, 2016 Introduction China has experienced one of the most rapid transformations of any economy in the world
More informationDeath by 1,000 Births: Thomas Malthus place in Economic History. Robert Eyler, PhD Professor of Economics Sonoma State University June 26, 2017
Death by 1,000 Births: Thomas Malthus place in Economic History Robert Eyler, PhD Professor of Economics Sonoma State University June 26, 2017 Does Population Growth Scare You? China 2050: 1.45 billion
More information1996~ % %
* 1996 2006 10 2008 2007 2007 2008 2006 1.14 2007 * 41 2009 6 1996 2006 10 1996 2006 1996~2006 1996~2006 6.89 7.64 0.75 5.61 4.79 0.82 2006 5.31 6.09 1 2006 5.38 5.31 0.07 4.85 4.79 0.07 0.78 6.16 6.09
More informationResponse to the Department of Home Affairs consultation on Managing Australia's Migrant Intake
Response to the Department of Home Affairs consultation on Managing Australia's Migrant Intake February 2018 Business Council of Australia February 2018 1 The Business Council of Australia draws on the
More informationThe Transitional Chinese Society
(Discipline: Demography and Economics) The Transitional Chinese Society DESCRIPTION: China has been undergoing two exceedingly rapid transformations in the past half a century: a demographic transition
More information-- To obtain permission to use this article beyond the scope of your HeinOnline license, please use:
Citation: 84 Foreign Aff. 18 2005 Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline (http://heinonline.org) Thu Nov 22 07:18:28 2012 -- Your use of this HeinOnline PDF indicates your acceptance of HeinOnline's
More informationNote Taking Study Guide DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
SECTION 1 DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE Focus Question: What events helped bring about the Industrial Revolution? As you read this section in your textbook, complete the following flowchart to list multiple
More information11. Demographic Transition in Rural China:
11. Demographic Transition in Rural China: A field survey of five provinces Funing Zhong and Jing Xiang Introduction Rural urban migration and labour mobility are major drivers of China s recent economic
More informationOVERVIEW. 1. An allocation of resources answers the three economic questions: what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce.
3 ECONOMIC SYSTEMS OVERVIEW 1. An allocation of resources answers the three economic questions: what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce. 2. There are different processes to help society
More informationQUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF RURAL WORKFORCE RESOURCES IN ROMANIA
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF RURAL WORKFORCE RESOURCES IN ROMANIA Elena COFAS University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania, 59 Marasti, District 1, 011464, Bucharest, Romania,
More informationChapter 18 Development and Globalization
Chapter 18 Development and Globalization 1. Levels of Development 2. Issues in Development 3. Economies in Transition 4. Challenges of Globalization Do the benefits of economic development outweigh the
More information22. 2 Trotsky, Spanish Revolution, Les Evans, Introduction in Leon Trotsky, The Spanish Revolution ( ), New York, 1973,
The Spanish Revolution is one of the most politically charged and controversial events to have occurred in the twentieth century. As such, the political orientation of historians studying the issue largely
More informationUnit Four: Historical Materialism & IPE. Dr. Russell Williams
Unit Four: Historical Materialism & IPE Dr. Russell Williams Essay Proposal due in class, October 8!!!!!! Required Reading: Cohn, Ch. 5. Class Discussion Reading: Robert W. Cox, Civil Society at the Turn
More informationRural Labor Force Emigration on the Impact. and Effect of Macro-Economy in China
Rural Labor Force Emigration on the Impact and Effect of Macro-Economy in China Laiyun Sheng Department of Rural Socio-Economic Survey, National Bureau of Statistics of China China has a large amount of
More informationMarx (cont.), Market Socialism
Marx (cont.), Market Socialism The three Laws of Capitalism Exploit Others! Private property Labor becomes a commodity Extraction of surplus value Grow or Die Surplus value will always decline Capitalists
More informationdavid e. bloom and david canning
demographics and development policy BY B y late 2011 there will be more than 7 billion people in the world, with 8 billion in 2025 and 9 billion before 2050. New technologies and institutions, and a lot
More informationChapter 7. Urbanization and Rural-Urban Migration: Theory and Policy 7-1. Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Chapter 7 Urbanization and Rural-Urban Migration: Theory and Policy Copyright 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 7-1 The Migration and Urbanization Dilemma As a pattern of development, the
More informationKarl Marx. Louis Blanc
Karl Marx Louis Blanc Cooperatives! First cooperative 1844 in Rochdale, England " Formed to fight high food costs " 30 English weavers opened a grocery store with $140 " Bought goods at wholesale " Members
More informationMigration, Mobility, Urbanization, and Development. Hania Zlotnik
Migration, Mobility, Urbanization, and Development Hania Zlotnik SSRC Migration & Development Conference Paper No. 22 Migration and Development: Future Directions for Research and Policy 28 February 1
More informationLabour Market Reform, Rural Migration and Income Inequality in China -- A Dynamic General Equilibrium Analysis
Labour Market Reform, Rural Migration and Income Inequality in China -- A Dynamic General Equilibrium Analysis Yinhua Mai And Xiujian Peng Centre of Policy Studies Monash University Australia April 2011
More informationIntroduction and overview
Introduction and overview 1 Sandrine Cazes Head, Employment Analysis and Research Unit, International Labour Office Sher Verick Senior Employment Specialist, ILO Decent Work Team for South Asia PERSPECTIVES
More informationInformation Seminar for African Members of. the ILO Governing Body
Information Seminar for African Members of the ILO Governing Body Opening remarks by: Mr Aeneas C. Chuma ILO Assistant Director-General and Regional Director for Africa 27 April 2015 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
More informationASEAN: THE AEC IS HERE, FINALLY 2030: NOMINAL GDP USD TRILLION US CHINA EURO AREA ASEAN JAPAN UK $20.8 $34.6 IN IN
14: NOMINAL GDP USD TRILLION US EURO AREA CHINA JAPAN UK $2.9 $4.6 : THE AEC IS HERE, FINALLY $1.4 $13.4 $17.4 3: NOMINAL GDP USD TRILLION US CHINA EURO AREA JAPAN UK $6.8 $6.4 $8.5 $.8 $34.6 $33.6 $2.5
More informationSocial fairness and justice in the perspective of modernization
2nd International Conference on Economics, Management Engineering and Education Technology (ICEMEET 2016) Social fairness and justice in the perspective of modernization Guo Xian Xi'an International University,
More informationvi. rising InequalIty with high growth and falling Poverty
43 vi. rising InequalIty with high growth and falling Poverty Inequality is on the rise in several countries in East Asia, most notably in China. The good news is that poverty declined rapidly at the same
More informationMark Scheme (Results) Summer Pearson Edexcel GCE in Government & Politics (6GP03) Paper 3B: UK Political Ideologies
` Mark Scheme (Results) Summer 2017 Pearson Edexcel GCE in Government & Politics (6GP03) Paper 3B: UK Political Ideologies Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and BTEC qualifications are awarded by
More informationEconomic Systems 3/8/2017. Socialism. Ohio Wesleyan University Goran Skosples. 11. Planned Socialism
Economic Systems Ohio Wesleyan University Goran Skosples 11. Planned Socialism What is the difference between capitalism and socialism? Under capitalism man exploits man, but under socialism it is just
More informationInternational Migration and Development: Proposed Work Program. Development Economics. World Bank
International Migration and Development: Proposed Work Program Development Economics World Bank January 2004 International Migration and Development: Proposed Work Program International migration has profound
More information10/24/2017. China. Labor Shortage in China?! Outline. Population Pattern. Population from Censuses
China Population and Family Planning (chapter 6) Labor Shortage in China?! 1.4 Billion vs. 325 million (U.S.) Made in China, China as the factory of the world V.S. Chinese Labor, Cheap No More In Coastal
More informationUNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON Department of History
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON Department of History HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF Meisner CHINA, 1949 TO THE PRESENT 263-1848 Office: 5117 Humanities Office Hours: 3:30-5 TR Spring 1986 Tuesday
More informationConsequential Omission: How demography shapes development lessons from the MDGs for the SDGs 1
A. The challenge Consequential Omission: How demography shapes development lessons from the MDGs for the SDGs 1 Michael Herrmann Adviser on Population and Economics, and Manager of Innovation Fund UNFPA
More informationPHILOSOPHY OF ECONOMICS & POLITICS
PHILOSOPHY OF ECONOMICS & POLITICS LECTURE 4: MARX DATE 29 OCTOBER 2018 LECTURER JULIAN REISS Marx s vita 1818 1883 Born in Trier to a Jewish family that had converted to Christianity Studied law in Bonn
More informationPolitical Economy of. Post-Communism
Political Economy of Post-Communism A liberal perspective: Only two systems Is Kornai right? Socialism One (communist) party State dominance Bureaucratic resource allocation Distorted information Absence
More informationLabour market outlook, spring 2018 Summary
Labour market outlook, spring 2018 Summary Outlook for the labour market 2017 2019 Text Annelie Almérus Håkan Gustavsson Torbjörn Israelsson Andreas Mångs Petra Nyberg Cut-off date for calculations and
More informationWorld Population Plan of Action
19-30 August 1974 World Population Plan of Action UNITED NATIONS POPULATION INFORMATION NETWORK (POPIN) UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, with support from the UN Population
More informationDeveloping the Periphery & Theorising the Specificity of Peripheral Development
Developing the Periphery & Theorising the Specificity of Peripheral Development From modernisation theory to the different theories of the dependency school ADRIANA CERDENA CALDERON LAURA MALAJOVICH SHAHANA
More informationThe Chinese Economy. Elliott Parker, Ph.D. Professor of Economics University of Nevada, Reno
The Chinese Economy Elliott Parker, Ph.D. Professor of Economics University of Nevada, Reno The People s s Republic of China is currently the sixth (or possibly even the second) largest economy in the
More informationCHAPTER 18: ANTITRUST POLICY AND REGULATION
CHAPTER 18: ANTITRUST POLICY AND REGULATION The information in Chapter 18, while important, is only tested on the AP economics exam in the context of monopolies as discussed in Chapter 10. The important
More informationWayne Price A Maoist Attack on Anarchism
Wayne Price A Maoist Attack on Anarchism 2007 The Anarchist Library Contents An Anarchist Response to Bob Avakian, MLM vs. Anarchism 3 The Anarchist Vision......................... 4 Avakian s State............................
More informationPolitical Integration and Reconstruction of Chongqing Rural Society in Early Years of Establishment of the Nation. Xiuru Li
2nd International Conference on Education, Social Science, Management and Sports (ICESSMS 2016) Political Integration and Reconstruction of Chongqing Rural Society in Early Years of Establishment of the
More informationGlobalisation and Open Markets
Wolfgang LEHMACHER Globalisation and Open Markets July 2009 What is Globalisation? Globalisation is a process of increasing global integration, which has had a large number of positive effects for nations
More informationlong term goal for the Chinese people to achieve, which involves all round construction of social development. It includes the Five in One overall lay
SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES (Bimonthly) 2017 6 Vol. 32 November, 2017 MARXIST SOCIOLOGY Be Open to Be Scientific: Engels Thought on Socialism and Its Social Context He Rong 1 Abstract: Socialism from the very
More informationThe Approaches to Improving the Confidence for the Basic Economic System of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics
International Business and Management Vol. 8, No. 2, 2014, pp. 78-83 DOI: 10.3968/4871 ISSN 1923-841X [Print] ISSN 1923-8428 [Online] www.cscanada.net www.cscanada.org The Approaches to Improving the Confidence
More informationChapter 8 Politics and culture in the May Fourth movement
Part II Nationalism and Revolution, 1919-37 1. How did a new kind of politics emerge in the 1920s? What was new about it? 2. What social forces (groups like businessmen, students, peasants, women, and
More informationNAME DATE CLASS. Directions: Answer each of the following questions. Include in your answers the vocabulary words in parentheses.
Vocabulary Activity Content Vocabulary Directions: Answer each of the following questions. Include in your answers the vocabulary words in parentheses. 1. What does the term crude birthrate have to do
More informationFurther copies of this Mark Scheme are available from aqa.org.uk.
AS History Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917 1953 7041/2N The Russian Revolution and the Rise of Stalin, 1917 1929 Mark scheme 7041 June 2016 Version: 1.0 Final Mark schemes are prepared by the
More informationEconomic and Social Council
United Nations E/CN.6/2010/L.5 Economic and Social Council Distr.: Limited 9 March 2010 Original: English Commission on the Status of Women Fifty-fourth session 1-12 March 2010 Agenda item 3 (c) Follow-up
More informationDevelopment Economics at HECER. Channing Arndt. Dual Economy Models and Rural-Urban Migration
Development Economics at HECER Channing Arndt Dual Economy Models and Rural-Urban Migration September 2016 Readings and curriculum M.P. Todaro and S.C. Smith, 2009. Economic Development, Addison- Wesley,
More informationGoverning for Growth and the Resilience of the Chinese Communist Party
Governing for Growth and the Resilience of the Chinese Communist Party David J. Bulman China Public Policy Postdoctoral Fellow, Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, Harvard Kennedy School
More informationWestern Philosophy of Social Science
Western Philosophy of Social Science Lecture 7. Marx's Capital as a social science Professor Daniel Little University of Michigan-Dearborn delittle@umd.umich.edu www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~delittle/ Does
More informationAspects of the United Kingdom's Government Parliamentary
Name Class Period UNIT 6 MAIN IDEA PACKET: Comparative Political & Economic Systems AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTERS: 22 & 23 CHAPTER 22 COMPARATIVE POLITICAL SYSTEMS Chapter 22 Section 1: Great Britain In
More informationThe turning period in China s economic development: a conceptual framework and new empirical evidence2
The turning period in China s economic development: a conceptual framework and new empirical evidence2 Ross Garnaut China began its era of market reform and sustained strong growth in 1978 as a labour-surplus
More informationEMPLOYMENT AND POPULATION ADJUSTMENT IN RURAL AUSTRALIA. Anne Margaret Garnett
EMPLOYMENT AND POPULATION ADJUSTMENT IN RURAL AUSTRALIA Anne Margaret Garnett A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Canberra Canberra April 2007 ABSTRACT Rural regions
More informationChina s Response to the Global Slowdown: The Best Macro is Good Micro
China s Response to the Global Slowdown: The Best Macro is Good Micro By Nicholas Stern (Senior Vice President and Chief Economist of the World Bank ) At the Global Economic Slowdown and China's Countermeasures
More informationInternational Business Economics
International Business Economics Instructions: 3 points demand: Determine whether the statement is true or false and motivate your answer; 9 points demand: short essay. 1. Globalisation: Describe the globalisation
More informationImpact of Globalization on Economic Growth in India
Impact of Globalization on Economic Growth in India Dr. P.C. Jose Paul* Assistant Professor Department of Economics, N.M. Christian College, Marthadam Email: pcjosepaul@gmail.com Abstract Globalization
More informationImperialism and War. Capitalist imperialism produces 3 kinds of wars: 1. War of conquest to establish imperialist relations.
Imperialism and War Capitalist imperialism produces 3 kinds of wars: 1. War of conquest to establish imperialist relations. 2. War of national liberation to force out the imperial master. 3. War of inter-imperial
More information[1](p.50) ( ) [2](p.3) [3](p.130),
[ ] [ ] ; ; ; [ ] D64 [ ] A [ ] 1005-8273(2017)04-0093-07 ( ) : 1949 12 23 [1](p.50) : (1949 1956 ) [2](p.3) [3](p.130) : - 93 - ( ) ; [4] ( ) - 94 - ( ) : 1952 9 2 ( ) 1 ( 1 ) 1949 ( 1729 ) [5](p.28)
More informationGlobal trade in the aftermath of the global crisis
Global trade in the aftermath of the global crisis Jeffry Frieden Harvard University Re-balancing global trade will be difficult, generating substantial protectionist pressures. To manage these pressures,
More informationOverview The Dualistic System Urbanization Rural-Urban Migration Consequences of Urban-Rural Divide Conclusions
Overview The Dualistic System Urbanization Rural-Urban Migration Consequences of Urban-Rural Divide Conclusions Even for a developing economy, difference between urban/rural society very pronounced Administrative
More informationPlanning Activity. Theme 1
Planning Activity Theme 1 This document provides an example of a plan for one topic within Theme 1. This resource goes into much more detail than is required in the specification but it provides some background
More informationWorld Population Plan of Action
UNITED NATIONS POPULATION INFORMATION NETWORK (POPIN) UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, with support from the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) World Population Plan of Action
More informationEnlightenment of Hayek s Institutional Change Idea on Institutional Innovation
International Conference on Education Technology and Economic Management (ICETEM 2015) Enlightenment of Hayek s Institutional Change Idea on Institutional Innovation Juping Yang School of Public Affairs,
More informationECONOMIC SYSTEMS AND DECISION MAKING. Understanding Economics - Chapter 2
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS AND DECISION MAKING Understanding Economics - Chapter 2 ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Chapter 2, Lesson 1 ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Traditional Market Command Mixed! Economic System organized way a society
More informationwere ideologically disarmed by propaganda that class struggle was no longer necessary because antagonistic classes no longer existed
END OF AN ERA Gorbachev started a chain of events which broke the mould of Soviet politics. His rise to power marked one stage of the class struggle within the Soviet Union, the defeat of the coup marks
More informationGROWTH AND EQUITY AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
GROWTH AND EQUITY IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROCEEDINGS EIGHTEENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMISTS Held at Jakarta, Indonesia 24th AUGUST- 2nd SEPTEMBER 1982 Edited by Allen Maunder,
More informationEconomic Expansion & Nationalism
Economic Expansion & Nationalism WC Chapter 24 Industrialism Creates a Global Economy How did steam revolutionize transportation? What were its effects? How did the telegraph speed communication? What
More informationIs Economic Development Good for Gender Equality? Income Growth and Poverty
Is Economic Development Good for Gender Equality? February 25 and 27, 2003 Income Growth and Poverty Evidence from many countries shows that while economic growth has not eliminated poverty, the share
More informationCommunism. Marx and Engels. The Communism Manifesto
Communism Marx and Engels. The Communism Manifesto Karl Marx (1818-1883) German philosopher and economist Lived during aftermath of French Revolution (1789), which marks the beginning of end of monarchy
More informationMagruder s American Government
Presentation Pro Magruder s American Government C H A P T E R 23 Comparative Economic Systems 200 by Prentice Hall, Inc. C H A P T E R 23 Comparative Economic Systems SECTION Capitalism SECTION 2 Socialism
More informationGlasnost and the Intelligentsia
Glasnost and the Intelligentsia Ways in which the intelligentsia affected the course of events: 1. Control of mass media 2. Participation in elections 3. Offering economic advice. Why most of the intelligentsia
More informationSocial Science 1000: Study Questions. Part A: 50% - 50 Minutes
1 Social Science 1000: Study Questions Part A: 50% - 50 Minutes Six of the following items will appear on the exam. You will be asked to define and explain the significance for the course of five of them.
More informationFreedom Road Socialist Organization: 20 Years of Struggle
Freedom Road Socialist Organization: 20 Years of Struggle For the past 20 years, members of the Freedom Road Socialist Organization have worked to build the struggle for justice, equality, peace and liberation.
More informationThe Common Program of The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, 1949
The Common Program of The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, 1949 Adopted by the First Plenary Session of the Chinese People's PCC on September 29th, 1949 in Peking PREAMBLE The Chinese
More informationSince the Vietnam War ended in 1975, the
Commentary After the War: 25 Years of Economic Development in Vietnam by Bui Tat Thang Since the Vietnam War ended in 1975, the Vietnamese economy has entered a period of peaceful development. The current
More informationIran s Progress in Human Development during and the role of the United Nations
Iran s Progress in Human Development during 1990-2012 and the role of the United Nations Statement at the Launch of the 2013 Human Development Report in the Islamic Republic of Iran 30 April 2013, Tehran
More informationThe Human Population 8
8 The Human Population Overview of Chapter 8 The Science of Demography Demographics of Countries Demographic Stages Age Structure Population and Quality of Life Reducing the Total Fertility Rate Government
More information11/7/2011. Section 1: Answering the Three Economic Questions. Section 2: The Free Market
Essential Question Chapter 6: Economic Systems Opener How does a society decide who gets what goods and services? Chapter 6, Opener Slide 2 Guiding Questions Section 1: Answering the Three Economic Questions
More informationGlobal Changes and Fundamental Development Trends in China in the Second Decade of the 21st Century
Global Changes and Fundamental Development Trends in China in the Second Decade of the 21st Century Zheng Bijian Former Executive Vice President Party School of the Central Committee of the CPC All honored
More informationPopulation & Migration
Population & Migration Population Distribution Humans are not distributed evenly across the earth. Geographers identify regions of Earth s surface where population is clustered and regions where it is
More information4 Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-war Era
4 Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-war Era The Second World War broke out a mere two decades after the end of the First World War. It was fought between the Axis powers (mainly Nazi Germany, Japan
More informationChinese on the American Frontier, : Explorations Using Census Microdata, with Surprising Results
Chew, Liu & Patel: Chinese on the American Frontier Page 1 of 9 Chinese on the American Frontier, 1880-1900: Explorations Using Census Microdata, with Surprising Results (Extended Abstract / Prospectus
More information