Radical Welfare State Retrenchment in New Zealand
|
|
- Baldric Blake
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Radical Welfare State Retrenchment in New Zealand Comparative Political Economy Home Assignment 2013 STU count: Corresponding to number of pages: 10 Physical number of pages (excluding frontpage and bibliography): 9 Physical number of pages (including everything): 12
2 Introduction In 1984, New Zealand began implementing what may be the most rapid and comprehensive neoliberal economic and social reforms an OECD country has ever experienced. It s welfare state, which had been considered among the world s leading welfare states since the 1930 s, underwent a radical retrenchment process that led to rapidly rising levels of poverty and income inequality. This paper takes a longitudinal approach, and examines the following main research question: How has the foundation of the New Zealand welfare state changed from the period after World War 2 compared to the mid 1990 s, and how can the radical nature of its transformation be explained? It is puzzling why New Zealand went from being one of the most regulated to one of the most deregulated countries in the world over a surprisingly short time span, in what has been called one of the most notable episodes of liberalization that history has to offer. By analyzing how such radical transformation could occur, we can potentially obtain knowledge about which variables can cause such drastic change to happen. By observing and analyzing these variables, it might shed some light upon why welfare retrenchment has happened to different degrees among seemingly similar OECD countries. To answer this research question, the paper will first use Esping-Andersen s welfare regime typology supplemented with ideas by other sociologists such as by Francis G. Castles, in order to determine the characteristics of the New Zealand welfare state in the post-war period. Second, in order to understand how the foundation of the New Zealand welfare state became unsustainable, and consequently the neo-liberal economic and social reforms were implemented, the study will use Jessop s scheme regarding capital state development. Last, by taking the previously examined neoliberal economic and social reforms into account, the paper will reapply the concepts of Esping- Andersen s welfare regime typology to New Zealand s welfare state in the mid 1990 s, and then compare these findings with the initial findings on the New Zealand s welfare state during the postwar period. The paper has chosen to use Esping-Andersen s typology along with Jessop s scheme, as it predicts a high amount of complementarity between them when using a longitudinal approach. Whereas Esping-Andersen s typology can be used to compare two time periods in frozen stages as if they were two separate welfare states, Jessop s scheme can be used to show how we get from the first period to the next. However, these theoretical approaches have their limitations. By using the 1
3 approach of Varieties of Capitalism 1 on the neoliberal reforms from 1984, the paper would have been able to distinguish a wide-ranging set of institutional complementarities within and among the reforms. Moreover, the intention of establishing such complementarities could potentially explain the reasoning behind the rapidity of the neoliberal reforms, as an attempt to undergo a successful change from a central market economy to a liberal market economy. Also, this paper does not comment on where the neoliberal ideas came from. Likewise, it does not mention the political struggles between the Labour Party and the National Party, and it does not point out why the neoliberal ideology prevailed. This could have been done through a constructivist approach 2, where the paper could have examined how such deregulative neoliberal ideas gained support after a century of highly regulative policies. Similarly, by using the approach of Social Structures of Accumulation (SSA) 3, the paper could have analyzed New Zealand s deep economic crisis and following reforms as the collapse of a regulated SSA, and the potential appearance of a new liberal SSA. Esping-Andersen s Typology Esping-Andersen s highly influential theorizing and research on welfare regimes does not focus solely on the total amount of social expenditure, but instead attempts to capture how and why welfare states operate in the way that they do 4. He argues that welfare regimes will cluster around three ideal-types 5, of which two are relevant to this paper: 1) A social democratic type, characterized high levels of decommodification and universal benefits, with the purpose of ensuring equality and solidarity on the highest standards through an extensive redistribution of wealth. 2) A Liberal model with low levels of decommodification, only modest universal transfers, and relatively low means-tested assistance directed towards a low-income group. As a result of the modest transfers as well as strict entitlement rules, the redistributive effects of the model are low. From one perspective, New Zealand shared a number of attributes with the idealist liberal welfare model following the Second World War. With the exception of child allowance, and an income taxed universal superannuation benefit payable at age 65, all social security benefits were flat-rate 1 Feldman (2006) 2 Blyth (2001) 3 Diebolt (2002) 4 Arts & Gelissen, (2002), p Esping-Andersen (1990), pp
4 and means-tested by income 6. According to Esping-Andersen s typology, the lack of universal benefits, as well as supposedly stigmatizing means-tested payments, should lead towards a society with a low redistribution of income 7. From another perspective, the seemingly liberal structure and thereby expected outcome of the New Zealand welfare state does not do any justice to its true capacity and results, and New Zealand had many claims to being the most equal Western society. 8 This paper recognizes two main reasons behind this inconsistency: Firstly, as argued by Francis G. Castles, it can be argued that the liberal characterizations masks the real extent of security ensured in New Zealand. Castles describes New Zealand as a wage earners welfare state, where social protection is obtained by a range of policy instruments targeting inequality within the labor market 9. It was managed through the Court of Arbitration, which set the wages based on principles of equality and adequacy 10, thus ensuring a high wage level, and, in the period , what may have been the lowest spread of incomes amongst First World countries 11. This was combined with Keynesian demand management as well as trade protectionism (through tariffs and import licensing), thus combining the high and equal wages levels with an almost entirely frictional unemployment level 12. By ensuring employment and high wages to more or less all male workers, the state was implicitly also directing resources towards their wives and children. Consequently, although the welfare system was not based on universal benefits, the policy instruments that operated within the labor market provided universal income-earner prosperity, which is a similar outcome to what we expect from the social-democratic welfare model. Secondly, and largely as a complementarity to the above mentioned labor market policies, the means-tested and selectivist benefits targeted at those outside the wage system have been described as generous, which does not correspond with the expected modest transfers of the liberal model. In 1972, the New Zealand Royal Commission on Social Security argued that if all categorical benefits were provided on a universal basis, the benefits levels would be lower than otherwise desirable and possible. Moreover, it is suggested that a progressive tax system along with these, arguably 6 Castles (1996) online 7 Esping-Andersen (1990), p Davidson, (1989), p Starke (2008), p Castles (1996) online 11 Davidson, (1989), p Castles (1996) online 3
5 generous, selective benefits, served to further amplify the equalizing effects of the already highly redistributive wage system. 13 By taking into account the two above-stated reasons, it becomes clear why New Zealand seemingly liberal welfare state structure does not correspond with its socioeconomic reality. The aim of the welfare state was to ensure that everyone had: [ ] a protected job in both senses of limited competition and ensured employment[...] 14, which, given the high wages and the low spread of incomes, led to the system being unusually redistributive and very similar to the social democratic type of welfare regime in terms of outcome. One of the defining features of the social democratic welfare regime, high decommodification, is defined by Esping-Andersen himself as something that occurs when a service is rendered as a matter of right, and which ensures that an individual can maintain a livelihood without reliance on the market 15. This is arguably highly characteristic of the New Zealand welfare state in the post-war period. Whereas a liberal welfare regime would typically have a low safety net in terms of means-tested benefits, New Zealand operates with two nets: One constructed by full employment and high wages, and one constructed by somewhat generous means-tested benefits to the few individuals who slipped through the first safety-net. The idea of New Zealand as a wage earners welfare state helps to define why many sociologists seemingly avoided 16 classifying New Zealand s welfare regime before the 1990s: Due to the rare and highly unique nature of the wage-securing policies within the labor market, this parameter is not present in Esping-Andersen s typology. As a result, while New Zealand seems to be a close fit with the liberal model in terms of structure, the actual outcome of the welfare state is much closer to the social-democratic model. The development of an economic crisis In Bob Jessop s theory of capital state development, he argues that the form of state which developed after the Second World War in advanced capitalist economies went into a crisis from the 1970s and onwards 17. Specifically, he argues that the predominant ideal-type of postwar state, the Keynesian welfare nationalist state (KWNS) became unsustainable, and developed into the 13 Davidson, (1989), p Ibid, p Esping-Andersen (1990), p The paper does not claim that no sociologists approximated a welfare regime before the 1990s, but simply that none of the sources used in this paper suggests it. New Zealand was not mentioned by Esping-Andersen until Jessop, (2002), p. 2 4
6 Schumpeterian workfare postnational regime (SWPR) 18. In the following section, the paper will show to which degree New Zealand fits the ideal-type definition of a KWNS during the post-war period. Next, the study will consider why the form of New Zealand s state became unsustainable, and lastly, how the structure rapidly changed towards a SWPR from 1984 and onwards as a result of radical neoliberal economic and social reforms. New Zealand as KWNS Bob Jessop defines an ideal KWNS on four dimensions, which are all relatable to the New Zealand postwar state. Firstly, he argues that it is Keynesian in terms of aiming towards full employment through demands-side economics. As previously stated in this paper, this commitment towards full employment was highly regarded, and it was complemented by tariffs and import licensing. Secondly, the ideal KWNS had a universal welfare orientation, which was carried out by having male workers earn a family wage. Again, this type of male breadwinner logic was previously analyzed as one of the core aspects of the New Zealand s wage earners welfare state. Thirdly, it was national meaning that the state was responsible for developing and guiding Keynesian welfare policies on a national level. This condition is met in the sense that the state did in fact not operate on an international level, but instead focused heavily on tariffs and import licensing to protect national employees. Lastly, the KWNS was statist in the sense that state institutions were to complement market forces in dealing with market failures. As previously touched upon, the highly regulated labor market of New Zealand existed in a wider environment of regulation. The country was considered one of the most regulated within the OECD, thus further emphasizing the magnitude of the state s influence 19. In sum, the paper concludes that New Zealand carried a high resemblance to the ideal KWNS in all four dimensions during the post-war period. In relation, Jessop makes an interesting argument with regard to Esping-Andersen s typology, stating that it is mainly based on just one of these dimensions, being the state s role in decommodifying men s waged labor 20. If one accepts this argument, it becomes apparent why inconsistencies can occur between Esping-Andersen s ideal models and a case study of a KWNS. Jessop suggests paying more attention to modes of economic 18 Jessop, (1999), p Menz, (2005), p Jessop, (2002), p
7 intervention and modes of governance when creating new typologies, which seems to be what Castles does in his description of New Zealand as a highly regulated wage earners welfare state 21. Crisis in the welfare state Jessop argues that in the ideal KWNS, the Keynesian economic management eventually leads to stagflationary tendencies, due to increasing concerns with international economic competitiveness and supply-side intervention in a rapidly globalizing world. Thereby, the state s role in ensuring macroeconomic stability is suddenly undermined, and the objective of full employment can no longer be sustained. This is highly relatable to New Zealand during the late 60s and 70s, where they found themselves highly vulnerable to a variety of external shocks, which in turn raised questions towards the sustainability of their welfare state. After many years of prosperity, a wool price slump, followed by the first oil price shock in 1973, caused real GDP growth and the balance of payments to drop considerably along with a rapid increase in inflation as well as the rate of unemployment 22. The situation was worsened further when the UK, New Zealand s main export market for agricultural products, decided to join the EEC, which put an end to 40 years of specially negotiated access to the British market 23. Moreover, cash transfer expenditure as a percentage of GDP rose by exactly a third from 1980 to 1990, thus making it the highest proportional increase in any OECD country in this period 24. Logically, if a country is based on means-based welfare benefits, an increasing rate of unemployment will lead to higher social expenditure due to a larger number of people receiving unemployment benefits. However, the increase in cash transfer expenditure was largely due to institutional welfare changes (by some considered a political overshoot), which interestingly included a lone parent benefit 25, exemplifying the long run unsustainability of the male breadwinner society. In Jessop s terms, one can say that in spite of devaluations and overseas borrowing, along with a freeze on wages, prices and rents in 1982, it became increasingly evident that the state of New Zealand in its current form was not able to control the stagflationary tendencies through minor demand-side adjustments. Its role in ensuring macroeconomic stability had been undermined, which along with the foreign exchange crisis of 1984 triggered economic reforms Castles (1996) online 22 Massey, (1995), p Dalziel and Lattimore (2004), p Starke (2008), p Starke (2008), p Evans (1996), p.1 6
8 The drastic reforms Jessop argues that due to the gradually developing unsustainability of the KWNS, states will eventually develop towards an ideal type SWPR 27. This includes a shift from demand-side to supply-side management by promoting an innovative and flexible economy, thus ensuring competitiveness in a globalized world. As a consequence, there is a shift of focus from guaranteeing full employment and social benefits for national citizens, to endorsing a highly flexible and business-friendly labor force. As the following sections will suggest, this paper argues that such a development is highly applicable to New Zealand from 1984 and onwards. Over less than a decade, it went from being one of the most regulated countries in the world to becoming one of the least regulated, with a pace and intensity widely considered to be unmatched by any other OECD country. The reform programme, known as Rogernomics, included highly liberating financial and monetary reforms, corporatizations and privatizations, trade liberalizations (including removal of tariffs and import licensing), an abolishment of competition rules and subsidies, and several reforms to improve productivity in the public sector 28. Generally, the neoliberal means of deregulation are very much in line with the goals of the SWRP as described by Jessop. These reforms, along with some back-and-forth benefit adjustments, certainly had an impact on New Zealand welfare state, but in order to see the full picture, it is crucial to consider the radical welfare retrenchment from the early 1990s, as well as the Employment Contracts Act of 1991 Firstly, there was a dramatic reduction of most welfare state benefits (some up to almost 25%), as well as a tightening of eligibility for means-based benefits. Moreover, some of the few universal welfare benefits were removed, economically worsened, or changed into means-based benefits 29. While the official goal was to ensure better targeting, the effects of the substantial reductions cannot be ignored. Secondly, the Employment Contracts Act of 1991 put an end to compulsory membership of trade unions, and entirely abolished the Court of Arbitration, thus leading to deunionization and decollectivization 30. A large number of employees ceased to be covered by bargaining contracts, multi-employer bargaining collapsed, there was an increase in downward wage flexibility, and it created relative wage flexibility between industries. As a result, employment benefits were reduced for many workers, and the relative wage flexibility logically lead to a higher spread of income. 27 Jessop (1999), p Starke (2008), p Starke (2008), p Harbridge and Walsh (2002), p
9 In sum, there was both a reduction of formal welfare benefits (lower payments, abolishments, and tightening of eligibility), as well as the guarantee of full employment and high wages (removal of employer benefits, higher relative wage flexibility). On the basis of these findings, this paper will now return to Esping-Andersen s welfare typology, and compare New Zealand s welfare state in the post-war period with its welfare state in the mid 90 s. Comparing the post-war with the post-reform period In the analysis of New Zealand s welfare state in the post-war period, it was argued that although the structure seemed close to what was seen in the liberal ideal-type, there were some major inconsistencies: The highly equalizing aspects of the Court of Arbitration, the generosity of the means based transfers, and the existence of some universal benefits. These factors led to a highly redistributive society, and the paper argued that they created two separate safety nets. In the mid 90 s, on the other hand, the Arbitration Court had been completely abolished. As nicely put by Castles: If the keystone of the institutional arch of the wage earners welfare state used to be the institutions of wage control which regulated and pacified the conflict of labour and capital, then the Employment Contracts Act marks the end of the wage earners welfare state in New Zealand 31. In other words, the first safety net of the New Zealand welfare state had been completely removed. Moreover, by reducing the means-based payments, tightening their eligibility, and removing universal benefits, the second safety net had been lowered dramatically. By no longer ensuring full employment, more people would now be dependent on the second safety net, which in turn would supply much lower payments than before, thus ensuring a less equal society. In sum, this paper argues that New Zealand s welfare state developed from having a liberal structure and a social democratic outcome, to having a liberal structure and a liberal outcome. The lurking parameters which were inconsistent with the typology no longer existed, and the New Zealand s welfare state was now characterized by low levels of decommodification, as well as relatively low means-tested assistance, thus clearly establishing it as a liberal welfare regime. As one would expect, an upwards trend in absolute poverty rates along with income inequality occurred from the mid-late 1980 s and continued till the mid 90 s Castles (1996) online 32 Starke, 2008, p
10 Conclusion This paper has analyzed how the foundation New Zealand welfare state changed from the post-war period compared to the mid 1990 s, as well as why the nature of the transformation was as radical as it was. First, the paper used Esping-Andersen s welfare regime typology to determine the characteristics of the New Zealand welfare state after World War 2. It was found that while the structure of New Zealand welfare state appeared to be liberal, with regard to means-tested welfare benefits, its outcome was very close to what would be expected from a social democratic ideal type. It was concluded, that this outcome was a result of the welfare state being built upon a foundation of high and equal wages through the Court of Arbitration, as well as rather generous selectivist welfare benefits. Secondly, the paper used Jessop s scheme of capital state development, to analyze how the welfare state of New Zealand of became unstable, and how it led to the implementation of neoliberal economic and social reforms. The study concluded that there was a high resemblance between the ideal KWNS and New Zealand in the post-war period, as well as clear connections between the expected crisis of the ideal KWNS, and the troubles New Zealand faced prior to the economic reforms. Additionally, it was concluded that by implementing the neoliberal reforms, New Zealand approached the ideal type SWPR. Lastly, on the basis of the previous findings, and by again using Esping-Andersen s typology, this paper analyzed New Zealand s welfare state in the mid 1990 s, and then compared it with New Zealand s welfare state in the post-war period. It was found that while the structure was still close to what was expected from a liberal ideal type welfare model, the outcome of New Zealand s welfare state was no longer social-democratic in nature. This was a result of a complete abandonment of the Court of Arbitration, which led to the end of the wage earners welfare state, as well as dramatic cutbacks on means-tested welfare benefits. In sum, the reasons behind the radical transformation of the welfare state of New Zealand became quite apparent, as the formal cutbacks in welfare benefits, along with a complete abandonment of the foundation upon which it was based, led to rising absolute poverty rates along with income inequality. 9
11 Bibliography Arts, Wil A., and John Gelissen. "Models of the Welfare State." Oxford Handbooks Online. 21 Apr Blyth, M. (2001). The Transformation of the Swedish Model: Economic Ideas, Distributional Conflict and Institutional Change. World Politics, 54(1), Castles, F 1996, Needs-based strategies of social protection in Australia and New Zealand, in G Esping-Andersen (ed.), Welfare states in transition: National adaptations in global economies, SAGE Publications Ltd, London, pp , viewed 21 April 2013, doi: / n4. Castles, Francis G. "The English- Speaking Countries." Oxford Handbooks Online. 21 Apr Dalziel, P., Lattimore, R., The New Zealand Macroeconomy. Striving for Sustainable Growth with Equity. 5 th edition. Oxford University Press Davidson, A., Two Models of Welfare. The Origins and Development of the Welfare State in Sweden and New Zealand, Uppsala University Diebolt, C. (2002). Towards a New Social Structure of Accumulation? Historical Social Research, 27(2), Evans, L., Grimes, A., Wilkinson, B., Teeche, D., Economic Reform in New Zealand : The Pursuit of Efficiency, 21. April Gøsta Esping-Andersen (1990).,The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism Hall, P., & Soskice, D. (2001). An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism. In P. Hall & D. Soskice (Eds.), Varieties of Capitalism (pp. 1 66). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Harbridge, R., Walsh, P., Labour Market Reform in New Zealand. In: Sarfati, H., Bonoli, G., eds., Labour Market and Social Protection Reforms in International Perspective. Parallel or converging tracks?. Ashgate, pp Jessop, B. (1999). The Changing Governance of Welfare: Recent Trends in its Primary Functions, Scale, and Modes of Coordination. Social Policy and Administration, 33(4), Jessop, B., The Future of the Capitalist State, Polity Press Massey, P., New Zealand: Market Liberalization in a Developed Economy, St. Martin s Press Menz, G., Making Thatcher Look Timid: the Rise and Fall of the New Zealand Model. In: 10
12 Soederberg, S.,Menz, G., Cerny, P.G.eds., Internalizing Globalization. The Rise of Neoliberalism and the Decline of National Varieties of Capitalism. Palgrave Macmillian, pp Starke, Peter., Radical Welfare State Retrenchment. A Comparative Analysis. Palgrave Macmillian 11
The Politics of Egalitarian Capitalism; Rethinking the Trade-off between Equality and Efficiency
The Politics of Egalitarian Capitalism; Rethinking the Trade-off between Equality and Efficiency Week 3 Aidan Regan Democratic politics is about distributive conflict tempered by a common interest in economic
More informationThe Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism in Europe
The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism in Europe Introduction Liberal, Social Democratic and Corporatist Regimes Week 2 Aidan Regan State institutions are now preoccupied with the production and distribution
More informationComparative Political Economy. David Soskice Nuffield College
Comparative Political Economy David Soskice Nuffield College Comparative Political Economy (i) Focus on nation states (ii) Complementarities between 3 systems: Variety of Capitalism (Hall & Soskice) Political
More informationNEW POVERTY IN ARGENTINA
252 Laboratorium. 2010. Vol. 2, no. 3:252 256 NEW POVERTY IN ARGENTINA AND RUSSIA: SOME BRIEF COMPARATIVE CONCLUSIONS Gabriel Kessler, Mercedes Di Virgilio, Svetlana Yaroshenko Editorial note. This joint
More informationTheory and Practice of the Welfare State in Europe
Theory and Practice of the Welfare State in Europe Sessions 5 and 6 Ryszard Szarfenberg Ph.D. Hab. Institute of Social Policy Course web page www.ips.uw.edu.pl/rszarf/welfare-state/ Models, Regimes etc.
More informationMacroeconomics and Gender Inequality Yana van der Meulen Rodgers Rutgers University
Macroeconomics and Gender Inequality Yana van der Meulen Rodgers Rutgers University International Association for Feminist Economics Pre-Conference July 15, 2015 Organization of Presentation Introductory
More informationSWEDEN AND TURKEY: TWO MODELS OF WELFARE STATE IN EUROPE. Simona Moagǎr Poladian 1 Andreea-Emanuela Drǎgoi 2
SWEDEN AND TURKEY: TWO MODELS OF WELFARE STATE IN EUROPE Simona Moagǎr Poladian 1 Andreea-Emanuela Drǎgoi 2 Abstract Our paper analyzes two models of economic development: Sweden and Turkey. The main objective
More informationTHE WELFARE STATE AND EDUCATION: A COMPARISON OF SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY IN ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
THE WELFARE STATE AND EDUCATION: A COMPARISON OF SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY IN ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES Gunther M. Hega Karl G. Hokenmaier Department of Political Science Western Michigan University
More informationDECENT WORK IN TANZANIA
International Labour Office DECENT WORK IN TANZANIA What do the Decent Work Indicators tell us? INTRODUCTION Work is central to people's lives, and yet many people work in conditions that are below internationally
More informationGertrude Tumpel-Gugerell: The euro benefits and challenges
Gertrude Tumpel-Gugerell: The euro benefits and challenges Speech by Ms Gertrude Tumpel-Gugerell, Member of the Executive Board of the European Central Bank, at the Conference Poland and the EURO, Warsaw,
More informationand with support from BRIEFING NOTE 1
and with support from BRIEFING NOTE 1 Inequality and growth: the contrasting stories of Brazil and India Concern with inequality used to be confined to the political left, but today it has spread to a
More informationThe Political Economy of Health Inequalities
The Political Economy of Health Inequalities Dennis Raphael, PhD School of Health Policy and Management, York University, Toronto, Canada Presentation at the Conference Social Policy and Health Inequalities:
More informationGlobalization and the nation- state
Introduction Economic globalization is growing rapidly and the national economies are more interconnected and interdependent than ever. Today, 30 % of the world trade is based on transnational corporations
More informationPOLITICAL SCIENCE 142 POLITICAL ECONOMY OF WESTERN EUROPE. Winter 2004 Monday, Wednesday
1 Isabela Mares Department of Political Science Encina Hall West, Room 411 (650) 723 3583 E-mail: isabela@stanford.edu Office Hours: Monday 12-1 p.m. and by appointment POLITICAL SCIENCE 142 POLITICAL
More informationLessons from the U.S. Experience. Gary Burtless
Welfare Reform: The case of lone parents Lessons from the U.S. Experience Gary Burtless Washington, DC USA 5 April 2 The U.S. situation Welfare reform in the US is aimed mainly at lone-parent families
More informationWhich statement to you agree with most?
Which statement to you agree with most? Globalization is generally positive: it increases efficiency, global growth, and therefore global welfare Globalization is generally negative: it destroys indigenous
More informationPoverty profile and social protection strategy for the mountainous regions of Western Nepal
October 2014 Karnali Employment Programme Technical Assistance Poverty profile and social protection strategy for the mountainous regions of Western Nepal Policy Note Introduction This policy note presents
More informationRESEARCH NOTE The effect of public opinion on social policy generosity
Socio-Economic Review (2009) 7, 727 740 Advance Access publication June 28, 2009 doi:10.1093/ser/mwp014 RESEARCH NOTE The effect of public opinion on social policy generosity Lane Kenworthy * Department
More informationGlobal economy, competitiveness, new economy: growth in advanced
Sébastien Saint-Arnaud and Paul Bernard Convergence or Resilience? A Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of the Welfare Regimes in Advanced Countries Introduction Global economy, competitiveness, new economy:
More informationFinancial Crisis. How Firms in Eastern and Central Europe Fared through the Global Financial Crisis: Evidence from
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized World Bank Group Enterprise Note No. 2 21 Enterprise Surveys Enterprise Note Series Introduction
More informationExecutive summary. Strong records of economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region have benefited many workers.
Executive summary Strong records of economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region have benefited many workers. In many ways, these are exciting times for Asia and the Pacific as a region. Dynamic growth and
More information65. Broad access to productive jobs is essential for achieving the objective of inclusive PROMOTING EMPLOYMENT AND MANAGING MIGRATION
5. PROMOTING EMPLOYMENT AND MANAGING MIGRATION 65. Broad access to productive jobs is essential for achieving the objective of inclusive growth and help Turkey converge faster to average EU and OECD income
More informationTHE NORDIC MODEL(S) OF WELFARE
THE NORDIC MODEL(S) OF WELFARE Origins, developments, characteristics and future challenges introductory lecture Mikael Nygård, Åbo Akademi University The Nordic countries Historical roots Thule the land
More informationCompetition policy in South Korea before and after the 1997 crisis
24 April 14 Competition policy in South Korea before and after the 1997 crisis Salomon Winther Pedersen STU count (number of pages): 22742 (10) B.Sc. International Business and Politics Comparative Political
More informationStundenplan von Prof. Jochen Clasen, School of Social and Political Studies, University of Edinburgh Montag, bis Freitag
Stundenplan von Prof. Jochen Clasen, School of Social and Political Studies, University of Edinburgh Montag, 15.10.2007 bis Freitag 19.10.2007 Day Room Time Unit Title Mo 15.10. SRS 09:00-10:30 1 1. Methodological
More informationBoosting the Crisis Economy Competition as an Ally
JUNE 2009, RELEASE ONE Boosting the Crisis Economy Competition as an Ally Rainer Lindberg Finnish Competition Authority Boosting the Crisis Economy Competition as an Ally Rainer Lindberg 1 I. BACKGROUND
More informationEconomic Globalization and its link to the. BSc. International Business and Politics
Economic Globalization and its link to the EU integration process Political Science BSc. International Business and Politics Final Exam 2012 2012-12-19 STU counts: 14032 1.1 Introduction After suffering
More informationAn Essay in Bobology 1. W.MAX CORDEN University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
This paper about Bob Gregory was published in The Economic Record, Vol 82, No 257, June 2006, pp. 118-121. It was written on the occasion of the Bobfest in Canberra on 15 th June 2005. An Essay in Bobology
More informationIMF research links declining labour share to weakened worker bargaining power. ACTU Economic Briefing Note, August 2018
IMF research links declining labour share to weakened worker bargaining power ACTU Economic Briefing Note, August 2018 Authorised by S. McManus, ACTU, 365 Queen St, Melbourne 3000. ACTU D No. 172/2018
More informationLECTURE 23: A SUMMARY OF CAPITAL IN THE 21 ST CENTURY
LECTURE 23: A SUMMARY OF CAPITAL IN THE 21 ST CENTURY Dr. Aidan Regan Email: aidan.regan@ucd.ie Website: www.aidanregan.com Teaching blog: www.capitalistdemocracy.wordpress.com Twitter: @aidan_regan #CapitalUCD
More informationWhy do some societies produce more inequality than others?
Why do some societies produce more inequality than others? Author: Ksawery Lisiński Word count: 1570 Jan Pen s parade of wealth is probably the most accurate metaphor of economic inequality. 1 Although
More informationEconomic Growth and Welfare Systems. Jean Monnet Chair in European Integration Studies Prof. PASQUALE TRIDICO
Economic Growth and Welfare Systems Jean Monnet Chair in European Integration Studies Prof. PASQUALE TRIDICO The Political Economy of European Welfare Capitalism 1. European Welfare Capitalism in Good
More informationWomen and Economic Empowerment in the Arab Transitions. Beirut, May th, Elena Salgado Former Deputy Prime Minister of Spain
Women and Economic Empowerment in the Arab Transitions Beirut, May 21-22 th, 2013 Elena Salgado Former Deputy Prime Minister of Spain Women and Economic Empowerment in the Arab Transitions Beirut, May
More informationIncome Inequality in the United States Through the Lens of Other Advanced Economies
Mia DeSanzo Wealth & Power Major Writing Assignment 3/3/16 Income Inequality in the United States Through the Lens of Other Advanced Economies Income inequality in the United States has become a political
More informationExecutive summary. Part I. Major trends in wages
Executive summary Part I. Major trends in wages Lowest wage growth globally in 2017 since 2008 Global wage growth in 2017 was not only lower than in 2016, but fell to its lowest growth rate since 2008,
More informationCan Social Investment Policies Work in Post-industrial Economies? : An Analysis on the Labour Force Transitions in the Republic of Korea 1)
Can Social Investment Policies Work in Post-industrial Economies? : An Analysis on the Labour Force Transitions in the Republic of Korea 1) Baek, Seung-ho (The Catholic University of Korea) Lee, Sophia
More informationIndex. and challenges across welfareemployment
Index active labour market policy (ALMP) and Austria, 144 5 and France, 42 3, 190 1 and Greece, 228, 239 and Hungary, 166, 167, 170 1 and Sweden, 83, 85, 87 9, 102; cutback in, 99 100; integration of immigrants,
More informationRewriting the Rules of the Market Economy to Achieve Shared Prosperity. Joseph E. Stiglitz New York June 2016
Rewriting the Rules of the Market Economy to Achieve Shared Prosperity Joseph E. Stiglitz New York June 2016 Enormous growth in inequality Especially in US, and countries that have followed US model Multiple
More informationEuropean Integration Consortium. IAB, CMR, frdb, GEP, WIFO, wiiw. Labour mobility within the EU in the context of enlargement and the functioning
European Integration Consortium IAB, CMR, frdb, GEP, WIFO, wiiw Labour mobility within the EU in the context of enlargement and the functioning of the transitional arrangements VC/2007/0293 Deliverable
More informationThoughts on Globalization, 1/15/02 Pete Bohmer
Thoughts on Globalization, 1/15/02 Pete Bohmer I. Class this week, Wednesday optional to come in, Dan and I will be here at 10:00, turn in paper by 1:00 Friday-not enough time for both movies; Global Assembly
More informationCOMPETITION, INEQUALITY AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH
NOTES BRICS INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION CONFERENCE PANEL DISCUSSION Joel Netshitenzhe, MISTRA Executive Director 13 November 2013 COMPETITION, INEQUALITY AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH It s quite apposite that the
More informationA 13-PART COURSE IN POPULAR ECONOMICS SAMPLE COURSE OUTLINE
A 13-PART COURSE IN POPULAR ECONOMICS SAMPLE COURSE OUTLINE By Jim Stanford Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2008 Non-commercial use and reproduction, with appropriate citation, is authorized.
More informationRemittances and the Macroeconomic Impact of the Global Economic Crisis in the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Volume 8, No. 4 (2010), pp. 3-9 Central Asia-Caucasus
More informationFinance and the Rise of Neoliberalism. Dr Bruce Cronin University of Greenwich Business School, London
Finance and the Rise of Neoliberalism Dr Bruce Cronin University of Greenwich Business School, London Bruce Cronin 2004 The Rise of Financial Capital Creation of Reserve Banks Repeated banking crises 30s
More informationVENEZUELA: Oil, Inflation and Prospects for Long-Term Growth
VENEZUELA: Oil, Inflation and Prospects for Long-Term Growth Melody Chen and Maggie Gebhard 9 April 2007 BACKGROUND The economic history of Venezuela is unique not only among its neighbors, but also among
More information8 European Journal of Homelessness _ Volume 5, No. 1, August 2011
7 Editorial On 26-27 February 1995, FEANTSA organized a seminar in Brussels to explore aspects of homelessness in Central and Eastern Europe (Avramov, 1997). Covering a number of countries and exploring
More informationMain findings of the joint EC/OECD seminar on Naturalisation and the Socio-economic Integration of Immigrants and their Children
MAIN FINDINGS 15 Main findings of the joint EC/OECD seminar on Naturalisation and the Socio-economic Integration of Immigrants and their Children Introduction Thomas Liebig, OECD Main findings of the joint
More informationThe Russian Economic Crisis and Falling Remittances in Central Asia
Vol. 6 No. 28 ISSN 2233-9140 The Russian Economic Crisis and Falling Remittances in Central Asia YUN ChiHyun Researcher, Russia and Eurasia Team, Department of Europe, Americas and Eurasia (chyun@kiep.go.kr)
More informationHuman development in China. Dr Zhao Baige
Human development in China Dr Zhao Baige 19 Environment Twenty years ago I began my academic life as a researcher in Cambridge, and it is as an academic that I shall describe the progress China has made
More informationMegnad Desai Marx s Revenge: The Resurgence of Capitalism and the Death of Statist Socialism London, Verso Books, pages, $25.
Megnad Desai Marx s Revenge: The Resurgence of Capitalism and the Death of Statist Socialism London, Verso Books, 2002 372 pages, $25.00 Desai s argument in Marx s Revenge is that, contrary to a century-long
More informationParadigms Shifts and Major Economic Institutions
Paradigms Shifts and Major Economic Institutions NAEC Group OECD, Paris 13 September 2018 Laurie Macfarlane Laurie Laybourn-Langton Michael Jacobs Agenda 1. Introduction 2. Political-economic paradigms
More informationPolitical Resolution IndustriALL Global Union s 2 nd Congress Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 5-7 October 2016
Political Resolution IndustriALL Global Union s 2 nd Congress Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 5-7 October 2016 Introduction It is the firm conviction of IndustriALL that all working women and men have the right
More informationOxfam believes the following principles should underpin social protection policy:
Oxfam International response to the concept note on the World Bank Social Protection and Labour Strategy 2012-2022; Building Resilience and Opportunity Background Social protection is a basic right for
More informationEuropean integration, capitalist diversity, and inequality in East-Central Europe
European integration, capitalist diversity, and inequality in East-Central Europe Presentation prepared for the SNIS Biannual Conference: Political and Economic Inequality: Concepts, Causes and Consequences,
More informationSETTLER + RENTIER CAPITALISMS EB434 ENTERPRISE + GOVERNANCE
SETTLER + RENTIER CAPITALISMS 14 EB434 ENTERPRISE + GOVERNANCE settler capitalisms (revisited) 18th-20th centuries mark the increasingly intensive settlement of the New World the societies & economies
More informationLabour market of the new Central and Eastern European member states of the EU in the first decade of membership 125
Labour market of the new Central and Eastern European member states of the EU in the first decade of membership 125 Annamária Artner Introduction The Central and Eastern European countries that accessed
More informationSupport Materials. GCE Economics H061/H461: Exemplar Materials. AS/A Level Economics
Support Materials GCE Economics H061/H461: Exemplar Materials AS/A Level Economics Contents 1 Unit F581: Markets In Action 3 2 Unit F582: The National and International Economy 6 3 Unit F583: Economics
More informationTrends in inequality worldwide (Gini coefficients)
Section 2 Impact of trade on income inequality As described above, it has been theoretically and empirically proved that the progress of globalization as represented by trade brings benefits in the form
More informationIntroduction to Comparative Politics or permission of the instructor.
Isabela Mares Professor of Political Science 739 International Affairs Building Tel: (212) 854 6513 E-mail: im2195@columbia.edu Office Hours: Wednesdays 5.30 6.30 p.m. TA: Xian Huang Xh2128@columbia.edu
More informationEXCELLENC IN TEACHING. SRH University Heidelberg Germany. Prof. Dr. Jörg Winterberg STAATLICH ANERKANNTE FACHHOCHSCHUL
EXCELLENC E IN TEACHING SRH University Heidelberg Germany Prof. Dr. Jörg Winterberg STAATLICH ANERKANNTE FACHHOCHSCHUL E The Social Market Economy A Concept for African Countries? Malawi July 2011 STAATLICH
More informationThe crisis of democratic capitalism Martin Wolf, Chief Economics Commentator, Financial Times
The crisis of democratic capitalism Martin Wolf, Chief Economics Commentator, Financial Times WU-Lecture on Economics 19 th January 2017 Vienna University of Economics and Business The crisis of democratic
More information2 Theoretical background and literature review
2 Theoretical background and literature review This chapter provides the theoretical backdrop of the study, giving an overview of existing approaches and describing empirical results in the literature.
More informationPoverty in the Third World
11. World Poverty Poverty in the Third World Human Poverty Index Poverty and Economic Growth Free Market and the Growth Foreign Aid Millennium Development Goals Poverty in the Third World Subsistence definitions
More informationInclusive growth and development founded on decent work for all
Inclusive growth and development founded on decent work for all Statement by Mr Guy Ryder, Director-General International Labour Organization International Monetary and Financial Committee Washington D.C.,
More informationnomic policies. They are 1) the hard currency kina strategy, 2) the minimum wage policy,
Kagoshima Univ. Res. Center S. Pac, Occasional Papers, No. 23, 53-56, 1992 53 Survey Team 4, Report 1. The Progress Report of the 1991 Survey of the Research Project, "Man and the Environment in Papua
More informationFrequently asked questions
Frequently asked questions on globalisation, free trade, the WTO and NAMA The following questions could come up in conversations with people about trade so have a read through of the answers to get familiar
More informationCenter on Capitalism and Society Columbia University Working Paper #106
Center on Capitalism and Society Columbia University Working Paper #106 15 th Annual Conference The Age of the Individual: 500 Years Ago Today Session 5: Individualism in the Economy Expelled: Capitalism
More informationThe labor market in Switzerland,
RAFAEL LALIVE University of Lausanne, Switzerland, and IZA, Germany TOBIAS LEHMANN University of Lausanne, Switzerland The labor market in Switzerland, 2000 2016 The Swiss labor market has proven resilient
More informationWDR ON POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT 2000/01 POLICY REFORM AND INCOME INEQUALITY. Stiglitz Summer Research Workshop on Poverty, Washington DC
WDR ON POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT 2000/01 Stiglitz Summer Research Workshop on Poverty, Washington DC POLICY REFORM AND INCOME Giovanni Andrea Cornia July 6 July 8, 1999 Policy reform and income inequality
More informationEconomic Security in China
Economic Security in China Dongqing Yang Doctor of Philosophy University of York Politics, Economics and Philosophy September 2014 Abstract This research examines the form of economic insecurity generated
More informationComing to terms with Globalisation: British Labour, Economic Modernisation and Democracy.
Coming to terms with Globalisation: British Labour, Economic Modernisation and Democracy. Dr Gerry Strange, Dept of Policy Studies, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS. Email: gstrange@lincoln.ac.uk
More informationThe contrast between the United States and the
AGGREGATE UNEMPLOYMENT AND RELATIVE WAGE RIGIDITIES OLIVIER PIERRARD AND HENRI R. SNEESSENS* The contrast between the United States and the EU countries in terms of unemployment is well known. It is summarised
More informationThe Outlook for Migration to the UK
European Union: MW 384 Summary 1. This paper looks ahead for the next twenty years in the event that the UK votes to remain within the EU. It assesses that net migration would be likely to remain very
More informationThe End of the Multi-fiber Arrangement on January 1, 2005
On January 1 2005, the World Trade Organization agreement on textiles and clothing expired. All WTO members have unrestricted access to the American and European markets for their textiles exports. The
More informationDiscussion comments on Immigration: trends and macroeconomic implications
Discussion comments on Immigration: trends and macroeconomic implications William Wascher I would like to begin by thanking Bill White and his colleagues at the BIS for organising this conference in honour
More informationGlobalization: It Doesn t Just Happen
Conference Presentation November 2007 Globalization: It Doesn t Just Happen BY DEAN BAKER* Progressives will not be able to tackle the problems associated with globalization until they first understand
More informationUncertainties in Economics and Politics: What matters? And how will the real estate sector be impacted? Joseph E. Stiglitz Munich October 6, 2017
Uncertainties in Economics and Politics: What matters? And how will the real estate sector be impacted? Joseph E. Stiglitz Munich October 6, 2017 Unprecedented uncertainties Geo-political Rules based global
More informationThe Politics of Contemporary Welfare States
Political Science 4313 Winter 2001 Dr. Wolinetz Office hours: Mondays and Wednesdays, 2:00-3:30, S2043 E-mail: swolin@plato.ucs.mun.ca The Politics of Contemporary Welfare States Many liberal democracies
More informationCOUNTRY REPORT. by Andrei V. Sonin 1 st Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Regional Workshop on Capacity-Building in Governance and Public Administration for Sustainable Development Thessaloniki, 29-31 July 2002 Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear colleagues, COUNTRY REPORT B E L A R
More informationETUC Platform on the Future of Europe
ETUC Platform on the Future of Europe Resolution adopted at the Executive Committee of 26-27 October 2016 We, the European trade unions, want a European Union and a single market based on cooperation,
More informationWidening of Inequality in Japan: Its Implications
Widening of Inequality in Japan: Its Implications Jun Saito, Senior Research Fellow Japan Center for Economic Research December 11, 2017 Is inequality widening in Japan? Since the publication of Thomas
More informationProcedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 109 ( 2014 ) The East Asian Model of Economic Development and Developing Countries
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 109 ( 2014 ) 1168 1173 2 nd World Conference On Business, Economics And Management - WCBEM 2013 The East
More informationStudy Abroad Programme
MODULE SPECIFICATION UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMMES KEY FACTS Module name Module code School Department or equivalent Comparative Political Economy IP2031 School of Arts and Social Sciences Department of International
More informationThe Political Challenges of Economic Reforms in Latin America. Overview of the Political Status of Market-Oriented Reform
The Political Challenges of Economic Reforms in Latin America Overview of the Political Status of Market-Oriented Reform Political support for market-oriented economic reforms in Latin America has been,
More informationPost-Crisis Neoliberal Resilience in Europe
Post-Crisis Neoliberal Resilience in Europe MAGDALENA SENN 13 OF SEPTEMBER 2017 Introduction Motivation: after severe and ongoing economic crisis since 2007/2008 and short Keynesian intermezzo, EU seemingly
More informationA Barometer of the Economic Recovery in Our State
THE WELL-BEING OF NORTH CAROLINA S WORKERS IN 2012: A Barometer of the Economic Recovery in Our State By ALEXANDRA FORTER SIROTA Director, BUDGET & TAX CENTER. a project of the NORTH CAROLINA JUSTICE CENTER
More informationCommittee: Special Committee on the Sustainable Development Goals
Committee: Special Committee on the Sustainable Development Goals Question of: Reduced Inequalities (SDG 10) Students Officer: Marta Olaizola Introduction: Inequality is becoming one of the biggest social
More informationNeoliberalism and the future of market economy after the world financial crisis in Eastern Europe
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. III, Issue 1/ April 2015 ISSN 2286-4822 www.euacademic.org Impact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF) DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) Neoliberalism and the future of market economy after the world
More informationStrategy for Sweden s development cooperation with Zimbabwe
Strategy for Sweden s development cooperation with Zimbabwe 2017 2021 Strategy for Sweden s development cooperation with Zimbabwe 1 1. Focus The objective of Sweden s international development cooperation
More informationLessons of China s Economic Growth: Comment. These are three very fine papers. I say that not as an academic
Lessons of China s Economic Growth: Comment Martin Feldstein These are three very fine papers. I say that not as an academic specialist on the Chinese economy but as someone who first visited China in
More informationHIGHLIGHTS. There is a clear trend in the OECD area towards. which is reflected in the economic and innovative performance of certain OECD countries.
HIGHLIGHTS The ability to create, distribute and exploit knowledge is increasingly central to competitive advantage, wealth creation and better standards of living. The STI Scoreboard 2001 presents the
More informationRural and Urban Migrants in India:
Rural and Urban Migrants in India: 1983 2008 Viktoria Hnatkovska and Amartya Lahiri This paper characterizes the gross and net migration flows between rural and urban areas in India during the period 1983
More informationAddressing the situation and aspirations of youth
Global Commission on THE FUTURE OF WORK issue brief Prepared for the 2nd Meeting of the Global Commission on the Future of Work 15 17 February 2018 Cluster 1: The role of work for individuals and society
More informationSPEECH GIVEN BY DR. MAUNO KOIVISTO, PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF FINLAND, AT THE COLLEGE OF EUROPE, OCTOBER 28, 1992
28. 92. m. (at 5. SPEECH GIVEN BY DR. MAUNO KOIVISTO, PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF FINLAND, AT THE COLLEGE OF EUROPE, OCTOBER 28, 1992 Mr Rector, Ladies and gentlemen: I consider it a great honour to have
More informationThe changing political economy: the private and public lives of Canadian universities.
The changing political economy: the private and public lives of Canadian universities. Fisher, D., & Rubenson, K., In Currie, J., & Newson, J. (1998). Universities and globalization. Sage. Chapter Four:
More informationThe financial and economic crisis: impact and response in the Arab States
The financial and economic crisis: impact and response in the Arab States Tariq A. Haq Research Economist Employment Analysis and Research Unit Economic and Labour Market Analysis Department October 2010
More informationThe Crisis of the European Union. Weakening of the EU Social Model
The Crisis of the European Union Weakening of the EU Social Model Vincent Navarro and John Schmitt Many observers argue that recent votes unfavorable to the European Union are the result of specific factors
More informationSubmission to the Productivity Commission inquiry on the draft report on a possible transition to a low emissions economy
Submission to the Productivity Commission inquiry on the draft report on a possible transition to a low emissions economy Michael Reddell 7 June 2018 1. This submission is in response to the Commission
More informationThe Future Direction of Economic Restructuring
The Future Direction of Economic Restructuring By David M. Kotz Department of Economics University of Massachusetts dmkotz@econs.umass.edu June, 2009 The Future Direction of Economic Restructuring, June,
More informationLecture 1. Overview of the Ghanaian Economy. Michael Insaidoo
Lecture 1 Overview of the Ghanaian Economy Michael Insaidoo After completing this lecture, you will: Outline and explain the basic characteristics of the Ghanaian economy Compare Ghana with other developed
More information