Theory and Practice of the Welfare State in Europe

Transcription

1 Theory and Practice of the Welfare State in Europe Sessions 5 and 6 Ryszard Szarfenberg Ph.D. Hab. Institute of Social Policy Course web page

2 Models, Regimes etc. of the Welfare State

3 Three models of social policy (Titmuss) The Residual Welfare Model STATE FAMILY MARKET Natural welfare delivery system Welfare of the people Motto: learn how to do without social policy

4 Three models of social policy (Titmuss) The Industrial Achievement- Performance Model FAMILY STATE Welfare of the people MARKET ECONOMY Motto: social policy should be good to economy (and family)

5 Three models of social policy (Titmuss) The Institutional Redistributive Model FAMILY MARKET STATE Welfare of the people Motto: we can t live without social policy!

6 Titmuss approach vs more recent comaparative studies Titmuss primary focus was on the provision of services Titmuss was perhaps above all concerned with values and the 'ends' of social policy More recent comparative studies say little about values, adopt a more scientific approach to the study of social institutions and focus on means rather than ends as the operational method for classifying welfare state regimes

7 Three main components of a welfare regime The welfare mix, the articulation of the state, households, and the market, to provide protection of living standards against social risks (family-statemarket nexus) The welfare outcomes (measure the actual insulation of people s welfare from social risks, with decommodification and defamilialism providing the key measures) Stratification effects describe the distributional effects of the welfare mix and welfare outcomes Powell and Barrientos about Esping- Andersen s new ideas (1999)

8 Welfare mix International agencies Government sector State Community sector (local government) Social sector individual donors and organizations Social welfare level and distribution Market sector formal and informal Family, relatives Other sources of welfare

9 Welfare mix / mixed economy of welfare P. Donatti, I. Colozzi in: Evers, Wintersberger (eds.), Shifts in the Welfare Mix, p. 64

10 Mixed economy of welfare example of caregiving Welfare diamond A. M. Gross, in Evers, Svetlik (eds.) Balancing Pluralism, p. 235

11 Possible providers of social benefits and services W. A. Ninacs, A Review of the Theory and Practice of Social Economy, p. 7

12 Role of: Family Market State Welfare state Dominant mode of solidarity Esping-Andersen s typology Liberal Social-democratic Conservative Marginal Central Marginal Marginal Marginal Central Central Marginal Subsidiary Individual Universal Kinship Corporatism Etatism Market State Family Dominant locus of solidarity Degree of Minimal Maximum High (for breadwinner) de-commodification Dominant mode of social risks management Welfare state Residual Universal Social insurance Labour market regulation Degree of defamilialization Little Moderate Strong High (nonfamilialist) High (non-familialist) Minimal (familialist) Examples USA Sweden Germany, Italy

13 Esping-Andersen s typology R. A. van Voorhis, Different Types of Welfare States?, 2002

14 Construction of de-commodification index Measures of the degree to which social rights permit people to make their living standards independent of pure market forces C. Bambra, Weathering the Storm? Convergence, Divergence and the Robustness of the Worlds of Welfare, p. 12

15 Measurement of defamilisation Improved method, C. Bambra, Defamilisation and welfare state regimes: a cluster analysis, p. 329

16 Many critiques of the three worlds of welfare capitalism It has been criticised for being or having: too centred on Scandinavian debates; ignoring the development of feminism ; not being well-adapted to encompass the postmodern development of industrial society; being ill-adapted to understand the differences between welfare states in the politics of retrenchment; not paying sufficient attention to the political differences between consensus and majoritarian regimes; methodological defects (arbitrary cut-off points, weaknesses of multiple regression statistical method, flawed indicators); not being valid for different programs of the welfare state (e.g. housing); ignoring services (e.g. health care, social care, education); simplifying and exaggerating distinction between universal vs meanstested benefits. M. Powell, A. Barrientos

17 What would happen when we add health services? Liberal subgroup 1 Liberal subgroup 2 C. Bambra, Cash Versus Services

18 Other typologies of the welfare state / social policy models / regimes B. Cook, Conceptual framework for analysis of welfare state developments, 2006, p. 15

19 Other typologies of the welfare state / social policy models / regimes

20 Number of countries, measures, methodologies, results

21 Number of countries, measures, methodologies, results cont.

22 Evaluative comparisons of welfare regimes Panel data D. Fourage, R. Layte, Welfare Regimes and Poverty Dynamics, 2005

23 Varieties of capitalism and welfare state regimes (Esping- Andersen) M. Schroeder, Integrating Welfare and Production Typologies, p. 27

24 Theories and explanations of the welfare state

25 Impact of industrialization on social welfare (Wilensky) H. L. Wilensky, Ch. N. Lebeaux, Industrial Society and Social Welfare, 1958, 1965

26 Social order and culture H. L. Wilensky, Ch. N. Lebeaux, Industrial Society and Social Welfare, 1958, 1965

27 Social problems and social organization H. L. Wilensky, Ch. N. Lebeaux, Industrial Society and Social Welfare, 1958, 1965

28 Types and organization of welfare services H. L. Wilensky, Ch. N. Lebeaux, Industrial Society and Social Welfare, 1958, 1965

29 Neomarxist theory of the welfare state origins Workers strugge against exploatation Requirements of the industralization Owners of the capital and ruling class concessions Origins of the welfare state in capitalism

30 Impact of economic growth and its correlates (Wilensky 2) Welfare state Population ageing Needs Industrialization Economic growth Costs Bureaucratization Organization Politics, culture, social forces etc.

31 Industrial conflict and its impact on distributive policy W. Korpi, Democratic Class Struggle, p. 169

32 Power resources theory economic growth, the composition of the population and historical factors politics W. Korpi, Democratic Class Struggle, p. 169

33 Power resources theory cont. Working class M O B I L I Z A T I O N Trade unions Labour parties I M P A C T Corporatism, tripartism Left governments Welfare State Conditions and factors facilitating or hindering of mobilization and impact of the working class

34 Stein Rokkan and T. H. Marshall State formation Modernization process Nation building Political participation Income redistribution Economic Inequality reduction Welfare state Civil rights Political rights Citizenship development Social rights Political inequality reduction XVIII century and earlier XIX and XX century time

35 Institutionalism Rules of the game in the state institutions, civil and political rights Electoral system Political system Juidical system Level of federalism Politics and its process Path dependency Results of politics social policy, social rights Development path Welfare state institutions

36 Neomarxist theory of the fiscal crisis of the late capitalism Economic and social policy Capitalist state F U N C T I O N S Accumulation: profit for owners of capital Legitimacy: mass support for capitalism G O A L S Increase productivity Reproduce labour power Maintain order among unemployed Globalization of firms taxes Strenght of the unions

37 Conservative theory of the welfare Welfare state moderate redistribution form the rich to the poor Public and social expenditures in GDP P O L I T I C S E L E C T I O N S state crisis New groups in the system of the redistribution e.g. farmers, miners P O L I T I C S E L E C T I O N S Churning state redistribution to powerful interest groups Fiscal crisis and overloaded state

38 Keynesian National Welfare State Keynesian Welfare National State

39 Schumpeterian Postnational Workfare Regime Schumpeterian Workfare Postnational Regime

40 Labour Market Transformations P. Sunley et al. Putting Workfare in Place, p. 27

41 Employment rates of men and women in UK P. Sunley et al. Putting Workfare in Place, p. 32

42 Fordism and Postfordism FORDISM POST FORDISM Mass production of standarized products Flexible production of individualized products National economy and full employment Global economy, international competitiveness Keynesian economics and corporatism Welfare state Monetarism and supply side economics Reforms of the welfare state Male breadwinner family with uninterruptible career Rise in women employment, careers more frequently interrupted

43 Four Shocks National economy Women in home Traditional family with many children Young population Welfare state development Global economy Women participation in labour market Unstable family with fewer children Population ageing Welfare state crisis

44 Impact of globalization Economic globalization: international competitiveness National welfare state THREE REFORMS TO CHOOSE OR COMBINE Taxes and contributions down => labour costs should be lowered Restructuring of expenditures => more on education and training, R&D Investment and business friendly policies

45 Theory of the welfare state impact on GDP P. Lindert, Growing Public, vol. 2

46 Theory with emphasis on cultural factors B. Pfau-Effinger, Culture and Welfare State Policies, p. 5

47 An institutional type of social policy, where universal programmes tend to dominate, benefits most households in one way or another. Thus an institutional type of policy leaves a much smaller constituency for a potential welfare backlash W. Korpi, Democratic Class Struggle, p. 194