Public Relations Review
|
|
- Melvin Cross
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Public Relations Review 36 (2010) Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Public Relations Review Communicating for the good of the state: A post-symmetrical polemic on persuasion in ethical public relations Lance Porter Manship School of Mass Communication, Louisiana State University, Journalism Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States article info abstract Article history: Received 2 June 2009 Received in revised form 21 August 2009 Accepted 29 August 2009 Keywords: Persuasion Rhetoric Aristotle Burke Symmetrical communications As inarguably one of the most influential theories in public relations scholarship, the symmetrical theory devalues the most common public relations objective, persuasion. This article deconstructs Grunig s work and re-constructs classic rhetoric to provide a postsymmetrical direction for public relations scholarship devoted to influencing behavior. By viewing the practice of persuasion from the perspectives of Aristotle, Plato, Isocrates, Burke, Nietzsche and others, this paper provides ethical and procedural guidelines on how today s public relations scholars can refocus the public relations agenda to focus more on real-world issues Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction By declaring the ethical end game of public relations to be mutually beneficial relationships, Grunig and his colleagues (Grunig & Hunt, 1984; Grunig, 1992) have squarely focused public relations scholarship on an output rather than an ultimate outcome of public relations practice. Grunig s work focuses solely on the process of conflict management, while at the same time vilifying one of the most important end goals of real-world public relations strategy, which is to persuade and ultimately influence behavior. Certainly, managing relationships is part of the process of achieving shared meaning between publics and organizations. However, the symmetrical theory, in merely examining the flow of information in public relations, neglects meaning and ethics, the province of rhetoric. By re-examining ethical persuasion, this paper advocates for a clear role of the rhetorical tradition in adding an ethical perspective to the process of public relations. To establish a post-symmetrical theory of public relations, researchers need to regain a focus on the effects of public relations, which requires a reorientation toward audiences rather than organizations. This article will refocus the rhetorical perspective in public relations to acknowledge persuasion as an ethically acceptable practice and as a legitimate and even critical part of public relations. First, I will trace the development of the symmetrical theory, illustrating how Grunig s arguments parallel the original Platonic arguments against rhetoric. Then I will reexamine the perspectives of Aristotle, Plato, Isocrates, Burke and Nietzsche to critique the current arguments against persuasion. Throughout this article, I will use those same perspectives to provide ethical and procedural guidelines on how today s public relations practitioners serve society by acknowledging the audience. address: lporter@lsu.edu /$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi: /j.pubrev
2 128 L. Porter / Public Relations Review 36 (2010) The dominance of symmetry as a normative ideal While there is a rich tradition of rhetorical scholarship in public relations (Crable & Vibbert, 1983; Heath, 1992, 1993, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008; Hoover, 1997; L Etang & Pieczka, 1996) scholars writing in that tradition have often acknowledged symmetrical perspectives as a normative ideal (Leeper, 1996; Marsh, 2001, 2003). Heath (2000), in particular, has called on public relations practitioners to provide a dialogic modern rhetoric by striving to rise above deep pockets incentives and to add value to society by fostering mutually beneficial relationships (p. 70) in line with Grunig and Hunt s (1984) symmetrical communications model. Roper (2005) has identified the hegemony of the symmetrical model and described how Grunig s model has now become the common sense of public relations and is not questioned as often as it should be. While not technically dominant, Grunig s symmetrical model has constructed what Sallot, Lyon, Alzuru and Jones (2003) called arguably the closest thing public relations comes to having a paradigm (p. 51) with the 1984 conception of the symmetrical model as the most cited source and Grunig as the field s most published researcher. In more recent work, Grunig, Grunig and Dozier (2002) have acknowledged somewhat the place of persuasion in public relations by including the mixed motive model in the latest incarnation of the symmetrical theory. While some scholars (Culbertson & Chen, 2001) have incorporated the addition of the mixed motive model, most of the current research in public relations continues to use Grunig and Hunt s previous conceptualization of the symmetrical model of public relations, which condemns persuasion. Nevertheless, some rhetorical scholars have recognized the value in challenging the assumptions of the symmetrical model (Brown, 2003; Curtin & Gaither, 2005; Edwards, 2006; Elwood, 1995, 1999; Heath, 2007, 2008; Pfau & Wan, 2006; Weaver, Motion & Reaper, 1996). In proposing a move away from the dominant normative theoretical paradigm of public relations (p. 91) and toward a broader circuit of culture approach, Curtin and Gaither (2005) called on researchers to again examine persuasion. The dominant normative paradigm has removed propaganda and persuasion from the ranks of legitimate public relations practices, but the circuit demonstrates the need to recognize them as part of the repertoire of legitimate practices, albeit while carefully examining the particular circumstances of their functioning within each articulation. (p. 109) 3. Rebutting the original arguments against persuasion To recognize persuasion as a legitimate practice in public relations, we must first examine the history of rhetoric. One can trace the suspicion of all-things-persuasive back to the days of Plato. In Gorgias (380BCE/2008), Plato, speaking through the character of Socrates, uses the analogy of rhetoric as cookery to illustrate how rhetoric, like cookery, is a false art. In comparing rhetoric to gymnastic, legislation, medicine and justice, Socrates/Plato makes the argument that cookery is to medicine as cosmetics are to gymnastic: Cookery is flattery disguised as medicine; and in just the same manner self-adornment personates gymnastic: with its rascally, deceitful, ignoble, and illiberal nature it deceives men by forms and colors, polish and dress, so as to make them, in the effort of assuming an extraneous beauty, neglect the naive sort that comes through gymnastic. (p. 32) In other words, rhetoric is dangerous because it can be used to express a point of view that is not the truth. According to Plato, rhetoric is not concerned with the truth, but merely the appearance of truth. This cookery analogy was a powerful indictment in ancient Greece because cookery brought to mind nothing but negative connotations. Intellectuals of the day considered cookery feminine and thus private. However, as Nietzsche, Ansell-Pearson, and Large (2006) stated before and Foucault and Derrida reiterated later, words are words. Words are not the things they represent. Nietzsche argues that truth is a movable host of metaphors, metonymies, and athromorphisms: in short, a sum of human relations which have been poetically and rhetorically intensified, transferred and embellished, and which, after long usage, seem to a people to be fixed, canonical and binding (p. 117). Therefore, Nietzsche rejects the notion of Platonic philosophical and scientific search for the truth, and instead argues that truth is a rhetorical construction arising from the effective use of metaphors in a social arrangement. Nietzsche (Clark, 1990) said truths are illusions which we have forgotten are illusions (p. 65). 4. Public relations: providing the modern rhetoric Today s pursuit of truth often consists of this same kind of social arrangement formulated by competing interests advocated by public relations practitioners. By advocating a client s position, public relations practitioners participate in this rhetorical construction. Even if one s goal was conflict resolution and a resulting mutually beneficial relationship between an organization and its publics, persuasion is inevitable and necessary. Practitioners must embrace this challenge and use the available means of persuasion to ethically advocate their organization s perspective. Only then can practitioners find shared meaning with today s audiences. Rhetoric provides a framework for ethical public relations. According to Heath, rhetoric is the essence of public relations (1993, p. 142). Elwood (1995) adds that rhetoric constitutes the core components to public relations (p. 12). However,
3 L. Porter / Public Relations Review 36 (2010) I will go even further in this article and say that rhetoric is public relations. Heath said that rhetoric is a dialogue of opinions, counter opinions, meanings, and counter meanings the process by which interests are asserted, negotiated, and constrained (1993, p. 143). Modern public relations practitioners manage relationships and ultimately persuade by maintaining this same public dialogue with numerous stakeholders. Despite these parallels, rhetorical perspectives have often taken a back seat to conflict management in modern public relations literature. Critics often portray public relations in popular culture as a one-way type of persuasion or an attempt by an individual or organization to dominate an issue with a particular point of view. Seeking to elevate the status of the public relations function within corporate management, Grunig and Hunt (1984) (see also Grunig, 1989; Grunig & Grunig, 1989, 1992; Grunig & White, 1992; Grunig et al., 2002) countered charges of public relations being cosmetic or manipulative by developing the two-way model of public relations. In particular, Grunig and Hunt placed two-way symmetrical public relations on the highest ethical plane. Below the two-way symmetrical model on this ethical plane, Grunig and Hunt placed the two-way asymmetrical model and still lower the one-way model of public relations. In two-way symmetrical models of public relations, the public relations practitioner acts as an impartial mediator between two parties. The practitioner relays equal communication between an organization and its publics to the mutual benefit of both parties. In two-way asymmetrical communication, the practitioner works as an advocate for his or her own organization while still maintaining a dialogue with the organization s publics. In one-way communication, the practitioner either works as a press agent or as a public information officer, merely transmitting or releasing information. Grunig s two-way models of public relations closely parallel the idea of rhetoric as dialogic (Heath, 1993; Kent & Taylor, 2002). However, Grunig and Hunt s still-widely-cited original conception (1984) downplayed persuasion, If persuasion occurs, the public should be just as likely to persuade the organization s management to change attitudes or behavior as the organization is likely to change the public s behavior (p. 23). More recently, Grunig and his colleagues have softened their stance on persuasion. Grunig (1997) revised the excellence theory to acknowledge that the four models coexist and overlap. Responding to criticism of the symmetrical model as unrealistic and the condemnation of persuasion in particular (see Ihlen, 2002; Skerlap, 2001), Grunig et al. (2002) shifted their pure two-way symmetrical focus slightly to Murphy s (1991) mixed motive model, whereby practitioners pursue win-win situations to persuade their own organizations as well as their external publics. However, Grunig et al. (2002) maintained that persuasion involved communication without concern for publics: Many scholars have reacted negatively to our suggestion that the symmetrical model is normatively superior to the others because they believe that one or more of the other models represent acceptable public relations practice or because they believe that public relations always is asymmetrical. Most of them have been trained in the humanistic tradition of rhetoric, or in the applied social science of marketing communication. These theorists see no problem with a public relations practitioner who represents only the interests of his or her employer or client without concern for the interests of publics. (p. 311) However, advocacy or persuasion from the rhetorical tradition involves ultimate concern for publics as dialogue cannot occur without them. No ethical applied social scientist or rhetorician would suggest ignoring your audience or scientifically manipulating them. Aristotle (353BCE/1996) actually addressed this issue, Neither rhetoric or dialectic is the scientific study of any one separate subject; both are faculties for providing arguments. (p. 115) Public relations practitioners define their respective organizations through dialogue. Public relations practitioners, through this constant dialogue, must concern themselves with the interests of the organization s publics to facilitate effective dialogue. By maintaining this effective dialogue with an organization s publics, the public relations function serves as the social conscience of that organization (Heath, 1993). However, developing a social conscience does not mean accommodating the concerns of all stakeholders. On the contrary, ethical organizations use public relations to attempt to persuade their stakeholders that the organizations position is for the good of the state. While Grunig and other researchers working in the symmetrical perspective certainly had the highest ethical intentions in attempting to establish symmetry as a normative model for public relations, the systems-based symmetrical model lacks any true ethics. According to Heath (2004, 2008), the symmetrical model focuses solely on the process of public relations. Grunig relied on systems theory to examine the direction and flow not the ethics of communication. When Grunig criticizes persuasion, therefore, he is criticizing the process of persuasion. Heath (2008) pointed out that rhetoric provides a true ethical perspective for public relations: Systems theory is aethical. For instance, if some cataclysmic event, such as a massive asteroid or huge volcanic eruption, caused the end of some massive lineage of animal species, so be it. The fact that meat-eating predators kill and consume small bunnies and deer fawns, so be it. That s the nature of the system. Enter rhetoric and its companion, ethics: Rhetorical theory invests the human character and judgment explicitly into the meaning of communication. (p. 208) Even so, Heath (2007) has still attempted in recent writings to reconcile advocacy with the symmetrical tradition: The sort of advocacy that would be comfortable with symmetry presumes that participants engage in dialogue in which they can learn by recognizing the merits of others statements as well as understanding where and how challenges may refine ideas at play in the public sphere. This paradigm assumes that ideas grow in quality through dialogue as a win-win outcome. As such, advocacy is a virtuous management and communication strategy and philosophy. (p. 43)
4 130 L. Porter / Public Relations Review 36 (2010) Classical ideas of public relations for the good of the state Rather than attempt to reconcile persuasion with the symmetrical model, I will instead turn to Aristotle and Isocrates for ethical guidelines in persuading publics. If an organization is to have a social conscience as conceptualized by Aristotle, the organization must participate in the affairs of state. In Rhetoric (353BCE/1996), Aristotle stated that a good life requires a well-ordered state, which requires deliberation or rhetoric. In the text of Rhetoric, he defines rhetoric as the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion (p. 5). Consequently, modern public relations scholars have condemned Aristotle. Attempting to show the two-way symmetrical model as the historically correct foundation for public relations ethics, Marsh (2001) compared and contrasted the works of Plato, Aristotle and Isocrates. Marsh also eschewed persuasion, instead seeking win win relationships and incorporating the willingness of an organization to change to nurture an important relationship (p. 80). Working under the assumptions that the two-way symmetrical model is an existing, normative model for public relations (p. 354), Marsh (2003) later held up Isocrates as morally superior and symmetrical because Isocrates sought unification and consent. In contrast, he declared Aristotle a supporter of the asymmetrical, adversarial, selective truth discourse (p. 87) and argued that Plato s intolerance of dissent (p. 86) was dangerously asymmetrical (p. 87). However, Aristotle s means of persuasion are not too different from the goals of modern public relations (or Isocrates, for that matter) in understanding human character, goodness and emotions through research and/or dialogue. In fact, when Aristotle (353BCE/1996) conceptualizes rhetoric as fundamentally a communal art, he could easily be describing the common methods of modern public relations in advocating particular points of view: It is absurd to hold that a man ought to be ashamed of being unable to defend himself with his limbs, but not of being unable to defend himself with speech and reason, when the use of rational speech is more distinctive of a human being than the use of his limbs. (p. 5) Marsh instead points to Isocrates as more symmetrical in that Isocrates discusses the actual behavior of speakers rather than just their speech. For example, according to Marsh (2003), Aristotle discusses ethos only as it resides in the character projected by the speaker during the speech. In Isocratean rhetoric, however, Marsh maintained that ethos is inseparable from the entire life of the speaker (p. 358). I interpret both Aristotle and Isocrates quite differently than Marsh and find that these two philosophers actually judge the ethics of speakers in quite similar ways. Both men believed that one must participate in rhetoric to be a good citizen. Consider Aristotle s opinion (353BCE/1996) on how speakers should be evaluated on their character rather than what they project, What a man wants to be is better than what a man wants to seem, for in aiming at that he is aiming more at reality. (p. 21) In fact, Aristotle (350BCE/2004) believed that through argument, speakers character would be revealed, The power of speech is intended to set forth the expedient and the inexpedient, and therefore, likewise the just and the unjust. (p. 7) Similarly, Isocrates believed that a person was literally the embodiment of their public statements. Private behavior was not judged in Greek and Roman society. If you argued about good things in public, you were virtuous. Isocrates (353BCE/2000) encouraged his students to speak on honorable and good things, and imitate the great ones: The power to speak well and think right will reward the man who approaches the art of discourse with love of wisdom and love of honor. (p. 255) Isocrates philosophy has more to do with ethical persuasion and advocacy with honor. 6. Acknowledging the audience Much of Grunig s and his colleagues criticism of advocacy and persuasion as an ethical practice stems from fears that speakers will attempt to dominate audiences with one-sided arguments or through scientific manipulation. L Etang (2006) warned against using the rhetorical perspective to focus solely on the speaker because of the lack of acknowledgement of power differentials between speaker and audience and of the role of the media in amplifying the conversation (p. 370). Ironically, the symmetrical perspective fails to acknowledge the audience in focusing on the flow of information rather than the process of persuasion (Edwards, 2006). In contrast, a close examination of Aristotelian rhetoric reveals a true focus on the audience. In fact, Aristotle specifically calls for focusing on character, audience and content (353BCE/1996). Using an Aristotelian perspective and taking cues from previous work by Miller (1989), Edwards (2006) made the case for using the audience as partners in the public relations dialogue who help shape rhetorical discourse (p. 857). She points out that the two-way model neglects publics and ultimately dialogue by focusing too much on organizations. By employing theory that embraces all the participants in the communication process, researchers and practitioners can better understand the complexities of these relationships. Practitioners may more fully appreciate the implications of their communication strategies and tactics and thus be better able to meet the needs of participating audiences. And audiences who better understand their roles may be able to more meaningfully engage in the dialogue. (p. 857) In an answer to criticisms of his two-way symmetrical model, Grunig (2000) called on the professional and academic community to move beyond pure advocacy and recognize collaboration as the core value of public relations,
5 L. Porter / Public Relations Review 36 (2010) Public relations must rise above pure advocacy to value a symmetrical form of public relations in which collaboration becomes the major public relations idea and skill that we offer organizations to help them rise above the wrangle in the marketplace. (p. 45) However, this strategy is not always possible or even desirable. Can practitioners accommodate every active public of an organization? Would cattle ranchers rise above advocacy to collaborate with members of the Sierra Club that wanted to abolish their livelihood (Cameron, 1997)? Would organizations alter their strategies to accommodate morally reprehensible groups? Nevertheless, many groups use acceptable and ethical public relations strategies to attempt to influence each other and their common publics. When an organization takes a stand, that organization is still in a dialogue with opponents in that the debate is structured by the opponent s position. According to Burke (1951), the ensuing debate results in a higher level of truth: A rhetorician, I take it, is like one voice in a dialogue. Put several such voices together, with each voicing its own special assertion, let them act upon one another in cooperative competition, and you get a dialectic that, properly developed, can lead to views transcending the limitations of each. (p. 203) In fact, Burke (1966) provided explicit instruction on how to ethically direct persuasion and determine the very vocabularies used in debate. By using terministic screens, practitioners can even attempt to determine normative behavior. The terms humans use to define their observations affect the nature of our observations (p. 46). As those terms differ, our observations differ. Burke refers to those defining terms as terministic screens. These screens direct attention in keeping with (their) nature (p. 46). Shared meaning is then created through an open contest in society, in what Burke referred to as the marketplace of ideas. Public relations practitioners inevitably use terministic screens to structure the debate on issues important to the organizations they are representing. According to Heath (1993), public relations practitioners as well as activist organizations are ethically using terministic screens to challenge publics and organizations alike: Changes that affect businesses and non-profits result from calls, voiced in interpretive vocabularies, to constrain their prerogatives by displacing old meanings with new ones. Idioms of environmentalism, feminism, racism, ageism, consumerism, and globalism have altered the salience and meaning of values such as fairness, equality, aesthetics, safety, and security. (p. 142) However, before audiences are subject to terministic screens, they must first identify with the speaker. According to Burke (1951), the key term for the old rhetoric was persuasion...the key term for the new rhetoric is identification (p. 63). Speakers, Burke said, use God/Devil terms to develop terministic screens. God/Devil terms are inarguable descriptions of what is good and what is bad. Identification looks to replace formal argument with these associative clusters. Scholars, too, use terministic screens to persuade. Perhaps one of the closest examples in public relations scholarship of using terministic screens is Grunig s and his colleagues categorizing of symmetrical vs. asymmetrical public relations models. Despite Grunig et al. s acknowledgement of the normative strategy of symmetrical persuasion (2002), scholars working from Grunig s perspective continue to place persuasion in the asymmetrical model question area in their analysis. A close examination of the latest questions used to categorize public relations practice in the Grunig mixed motive models reveals a bias. Persuade a public that your organization is right on an issue is included in the pejorative asymmetrical battery of questions along with the Devil terms Manipulate publics scientifically, Use attitude theory in a campaign, and Get publics to behave as our organization wants (p. 337). In contrast, the symmetrical battery of questions includes the God terms Negotiate with an activist group, Determine how publics react to the organization Use theories of conflict resolution in dealing with publics, and Help management to understand the opinion of particular publics (p. 337). The very term asymmetrical implies an innate imbalance in the persuasion process. To illustrate how these God and Devil terms are still perpetuating themselves as terministic screens in the public relations literature, we will examine a more recent article that uses the symmetrical models. Yun (2006), in his study of U.S. diplomats in Washington, DC, found by examining correlations between Grunig s conception of ethical communication and Grunig s conception of symmetrical and asymmetrical communication that symmetrical communication was inherently more ethical than its asymmetrical counterpart (p. 307). However, Yun s questions posed to measure asymmetrical communication include Devil terms such as not volunteering unfavorable information, make journalists favorable to our government, disagreement between our government and journalists results in a zero-sum game, and attempting to get favorable publicity into the media and to keep unfavorable publicity out (p. 302). In contrast, Yun s measures for symmetrical communication include such God items as helping to resolve misunderstanding, develop mutual understanding, making unconditional commitment to quality relationships with journalists (p. 302). His items measuring ethical communication include God terms such as always getting involved in a dialogue with journalists, disclosing our purpose, humanitarian, developmental, human rights, and environmental issues that concern the well-being of people on the globe being official pillars of our foreign policy, and finally being concerned about the well-being of people on the globe (p. 302). None of the items used as God terms by Grunig and his collaborators or Yun would conflict with principals of ethical persuasion. However, Marsh s work (2001) continues to view persuasion as a Devil term, Public relations need not be adversarial. It need not adopt an ethics of asymmetrical advocacy. (p. 95) Furthermore, Marsh felt compelled to defend Isocrates use of persuasion as a sign of the times he lived in, describing the very term of persuasion in grim terms:
6 132 L. Porter / Public Relations Review 36 (2010) If it still seems that Isocratean morality (and consequently this article) strays too far from the grim realities of persuasion in a volatile, adversarial environment, we must remember that during Isocrates life Athens constantly battled external enemies and that, internally, bitter litigation was virtually a way of life. (p. 95) 7. Persuasion, identification and presence in public relations Today s communication environment is certainly more complex, contentious and litigious than the time of Isocrates, with exponentially larger, more diverse and empowered audiences taking advantage of myriad forms of media. Digitization has fragmented, mobilized and socially networked most forms of mass media, empowering a privileged portion of today s audiences to fully control their media choices. Many publics can now consume media when they want, how they want, and even where they want. At the same time, digitization enables authors to create revolutionary immersive and interactive media environments that require new levels of technical skill from both authors and audiences. Twitter, Facebook and other social media allow organizations to talk directly to their publics and active publics to speak to each other more than ever before. Therefore, now more than ever, the scholarship of public relations needs to revise its terministic screens to examine the entire public relations process, which includes persuasion as one of the most common objectives of real practice. Conflict resolution, managing relationships and symmetrical communication are all legitimate and desirable outputs of ethical public relations efforts. However, the ultimate outcome of public relations efforts will always remain influencing attitudes and ultimately, behavior. Public relations professionals are paid to advocate ideas and to influence behavior. Elwood (1995) placed communication as prior to all fields of inquiry, and always persuasive, forcing us consciously or subconsciously to interpret, evaluate, and to act. Communication is the vehicle for human action (p. ix). 8. The increase of dialogue in public relations scholarship While some public relations scholars have chosen to de-emphasize persuasion, persuasive rhetoric through public relations serves an important purpose in society today. As the number of media sources increases, individual arguments are becoming increasingly hard to hear in today s multitude of powerful voices. Consequently, scholars have charged public relations professionals with crafting the modern rhetoric or the rhetoric of organizations. Perhaps by taking a less defensive stance about advocacy, public relations and rhetoric can remove the stigma from their names. Aristotle believed that rhetoric, ethics and politics were not easily separated. Public relations scholarship would do well to follow his lead and examine rhetoric as a strategic direction and as an ethical rationale for the practice. Certainly, unethical practitioners have used deep pockets to dominate discussion on issues. However, the solution to this problem is not in abandoning or marginalizing persuasion. Persuasion and rhetoric are central to today s practice of public relations. Public relations researchers should examine the most effective and ethical means to persuade. By embracing persuasion, public relations theory will move closer to the real reasons practitioners are hired. When scholars focus more on the real practice of ethical persuasive public relations, only then can the public relations literature begin to challenge today s practitioners to practice ethically. The dialogue continues... References Aristotle. (353BCE/1996). Rhetoric. Stilwell, KS: Digireads.com Publishing. Aristotle. (350BCE/2004). Politics. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing. (B. Jowett, Trans.). Brown, R. E. (2003). St. Paul as a public relations practitioner: A metatheoretical speculation on messianic communication and symmetry. Public Relations Review, 29(1), Burke, K. (1951). Rhetoric old and new. Journal of General Education, 5, Burke, K. (1966). Language as symbolic action. Berkeley: University of California Press. Cameron, G. T. (1997). The contingency theory of conflict management in public relations. In Paper presented to Toveiskommunikasjon ideal eller virkelighet? Konferanse 20. oktober 1997, Vika Atrium, Oslo, Norway. Clark, M. (1990). Nietzsche on truth and philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crable, R. E., & Vibbert, S. L. (1983). Mobil s epideictic advocacy: Observations of prometheus-bound. Communication Monographs, 50(4), Culbertson, H. M., & Chen, N. (2001). Communitarianism: A foundation for communication symmetry. Public Relations Quarterly, 42(2), Curtin, P. A., & Gaither, T. K. (2005). Privileging identity, difference, and power: The circuit of culture as a basis for public relations theory. Journal of Public Relations Research, 17(2), Edwards, H. H. (2006). A rhetorical typolocy for studying the audience role in public relations communication: The Avon 3-day disruption as exemplar. Journal of Communication, 56, Elwood, W. N. (Ed.). (1995). Public relations inquiry as rhetorical criticism: Case studies of corporate discourse and social influence. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. Elwood, W. N. (Ed.). (1999). Power in the blood. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates, Inc. Grunig, J. E. (1989). Symmetrical presuppositions as a framework for public relations theory. In C. Botan, & V. T. Hazelton (Eds.), Public relations theory (pp ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Grunig, J. E. (Ed.). (1992). Excellence in public relations and communication management. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Grunig, J. E. (1997). A situational theory of publics: Conceptual history, recent challenges, and new research. In D. Moss, T. MacManus, & D. Vercic (Eds.), Public relations research: An international perspective (pp. 3 48). London: International Thomson Business. Grunig, J. E. (2000). Collectivism, collaboration, and societal corporatism as core professional values in public relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 12(1), Grunig, J. E., & Grunig, L. A. (1989). Toward a theory of the public relations behavior of organizations: Review of a program of research. In J. E. Grunig, &L. A. Grunig (Eds.), Public relations research annual (pp ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
7 L. Porter / Public Relations Review 36 (2010) Grunig, J. E., & Grunig, L. A. (1992). Models of public relations and communication. In J. E. Grunig (Ed.), Excellence in public relations and communications management (pp ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Grunig, J. E., & Hunt, T. (1984). Managing public relations. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. Grunig, J. E., & White, J. (1992). The effect of worldviews on public relations theory and practice. In J. E. Grunig (Ed.), Excellence in public relations and communications management (pp ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Grunig, L. A., Grunig, J. E., & Dozier, D. M. (2002). Excellent public relations and effective organizations, A study of communication management in three countries. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Heath, R. L. (1992). The wrangle in the marketplace: A rhetorical perspective of public relations. In E. L. Toth, & R. L. Heath (Eds.), Rhetorical and critical approaches to public relations (pp ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Heath, R. L. (1993). A rhetorical approach to zones of meaning and organizational prerogatives. Public Relations Review, 19(2), Heath, R. L. (2000). A rhetorical perspective on the values of public relations: Crossroads and pathways toward concurrence. Journal of Public Relations Research, 12(1), Heath, R. L. (2001). A rhetorical enactment rationale for public relations. In R. L. Heath (Ed.), Handbook of public relations (pp ). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Heath, R. L. (2004). Rhetorical theory. In R. L. Heath (Ed.), Encyclopedia of public relations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Heath, R. L. (2006). A rhetorical theory approach to issues management. In C. H. Botan, & V. Hazelton Jr. (Eds.), Public relations theory II (pp ). New York: Routledge. Heath, R. L. (2007). Management through advocacy: Reflection rather than domination. In J. E. Grunig, L. A. Grunig, & E. L. Toth (Eds.), The future of excellence in public relations and communication management. New York: Routledge. Heath, R. L. (2008). Rhetorical theory, public relations and meaning. In T. L. Hansen-Horn, & B. D. Neff (Eds.), Public relations: From theory to practice. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Hoover, J. D. (1997). Corporate advocacy: A powerful persuasive strategy. In J. D. Hoover (Ed.), Corporate advocacy: Rhetoric in the information age (pp. 3 17). Westport, CT: Quorum. Ihlen, O. (2002). Rhetoric and resources: Notes for a new approach to public relations and issues management. Journal of Public Affairs, 2(4), Isocrates. (353BCE/2000). Antidosis. In Isocrates I. Austin: University of Texas Press., pp Kent, M. L., & Taylor, M. (2002). Toward a dialogic theory of public relations. Public Relations Review, 28(1), L Etang, J. (2006). Public relations and rhetoric. L Etang, J., & Pieczka, M. (1996). Critical perspectives in public relations. Boston: International Thompson Business Press., pp Leeper, R. V. (1996). Morel objectivity, Jurgen Habermas s discourse ethics, and public relations. Public Relations Review, 22(2), Marsh, C. W. (2001). Public relations ethics: Contrasting models from the rhetorics of Plato, Aristotle, and Isocrates. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 16(2&3), Marsh, C. W. (2003). Antecedents of two-way symmetry in classical Greek rhetoric the rhetoric of Isocrates. Public Relations Review, 29(3), Miller, G. R. (1989). Persuasion and public relations: Two p s in a pod. In C. H. Botan, & V. Hazelton Jr. (Eds.), Public relations theory (pp ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Murphy, P. (1991). The limits of symmetry: A game theory approach to symmetric and asymmetric public relations. Public Relations Research Annual, 3, Nietzsche, F., Ansell-Pearson, K., & Large, D. (2006). The Nietzsche reader. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Pfau, M., & Wan, H. (2006). Persuasion: An intrinsic function of public relations. In C. H. Botan, & V. Hazelton Jr. (Eds.), Public relations theory II (pp ). New York: Routledge. Plato. (380BCE/2008). Gorgias. Forgotten Books.org Publishing. Roper, J. (2005). Symmetrical communication: Excellent public relations or a strategy for hegemony? Journal of Public Relations Research, 17(1), Sallot, LAME., Lyon, ILL., Acosta-Alzuru, C., & Jones, KOP. (2003). From aardvark to zebra: A new millennium analysis of theory development in public relations academic journals. Journal of Public Relations Research, 15(1), Skerlap, A. (2001). Re-evaluating the role of rhetoric in public relations theory and in strategies of public discourse. Journal of Communication Management, 6(2), Weaver, O. K., Motion, J., & Reaper, J. (1996). From propaganda to discourse (and back again): Truth, power and the public interest and public relations. In J. L Etang, & M. Pieczka (Eds.), Critical perspectives in public relations (pp. 7 22). Boston: International Thompson Business Press. Yun, SHE. (2006). Toward public relations theory-based study of public diplomacy: Testing the applicability of the excellence study. Journal of Public Relations Research, 18(4),
Getting to the heart of public relations: the concept of strategic intent
Getting to the heart of public relations Getting to the heart of public relations: the concept of strategic intent Melanie James University of Newcastle Abstract This paper suggests that public relations
More informationComparison of Plato s Political Philosophy with Aristotle s. Political Philosophy
Original Paper Urban Studies and Public Administration Vol. 1, No. 1, 2018 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/uspa ISSN 2576-1986 (Print) ISSN 2576-1994 (Online) Comparison of Plato s Political Philosophy
More informationCommentary: Publics, Dialogism, and Advocacy: Notes towards a reconceptualisation of public relations in the United States
Commentary: Publics, Dialogism, and Advocacy: Notes towards a reconceptualisation of public relations in the United States Annette Holba Plymouth State University Abstract: In the United States, history
More informationThis Handbook seeks to create and extend
CHAPTER 1 Public Relations in the Enactment of Civil Society Maureen Taylor This Handbook seeks to create and extend our knowledge about public relations theory and practice. Creating knowledge is a dynamic
More informationjustice, nobility, and other ideas. He was a citizen of Athens, a Greek city-state, and a student of
Plato One of the first political philosophers, Plato (427 347 B.C.E.) examined human life in respect to justice, nobility, and other ideas. He was a citizen of Athens, a Greek city-state, and a student
More informationFORMULA STASIS AS ANALYTICAL TOOL IN RHETORICAL APPROACH TO MEDIA RELATIONS. Andrej Skerlep, Ph. D., University of Ljubljana
FORMULA STASIS AS ANALYTICAL TOOL IN RHETORICAL APPROACH TO MEDIA RELATIONS Andrej Skerlep, Ph. D., University of Ljubljana IMPARTIAL OBJECTIVITY OF PR AND FRAMING There is a good reason that textbooks
More informationRHETORICAL SITUATION AS BEDROCK OF CRISIS COMMUNICATION STRATEGY
PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION AND TRANSLATION STUDIES, 6 (1-2) / 2013 43 RHETORICAL SITUATION AS BEDROCK OF CRISIS COMMUNICATION STRATEGY Daniel CIUREL Tibiscus University of Timioara, Romania Abstract: Kairos
More informationChoose one question from each section to answer in the time allotted.
Theory Comp May 2014 Choose one question from each section to answer in the time allotted. Ancient: 1. Compare and contrast the accounts Plato and Aristotle give of political change, respectively, in Book
More informationPublic Relations Through a New Lens Critical Praxis via the Excellence Theory
International Journal of Communication 2 (2008), 193-205 1932-8036/20080193 Public Relations Through a New Lens Critical Praxis via the Excellence Theory ADAM W. TYMA North Dakota State University The
More informationArgumentation in public communication I Course syllabus
Argumentation in public communication I Course syllabus Prof. Sara Greco Teaching assistant: Rebecca Schär Università della Svizzera italiana Master in Public Management and Policy SA 2015 Rationale and
More informationWhat Is Contemporary Critique Of Biopolitics?
What Is Contemporary Critique Of Biopolitics? To begin with, a political-philosophical analysis of biopolitics in the twentyfirst century as its departure point, suggests the difference between Foucault
More informationRESPONSE TO JAMES GORDLEY'S "GOOD FAITH IN CONTRACT LAW: The Problem of Profit Maximization"
RESPONSE TO JAMES GORDLEY'S "GOOD FAITH IN CONTRACT LAW: The Problem of Profit Maximization" By MICHAEL AMBROSIO We have been given a wonderful example by Professor Gordley of a cogent, yet straightforward
More informationJulie Doyle: Mediating Climate Change. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited Kirsten Mogensen
MedieKultur Journal of media and communication research ISSN 1901-9726 Book Review Julie Doyle: Mediating Climate Change. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited. 2011. Kirsten Mogensen MedieKultur
More informationAn Introduction. Carolyn M. Shields
Transformative Leadership An Introduction Carolyn M. Shields What s in a name? that which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (II, ii, 1 2) Would
More informationWho will speak, and who will listen? Comments on Burawoy and public sociology 1
The British Journal of Sociology 2005 Volume 56 Issue 3 Who will speak, and who will listen? Comments on Burawoy and public sociology 1 John Scott Michael Burawoy s (2005) call for a renewal of commitment
More informationSchool of Law, Governance & Citizenship. Ambedkar University Delhi. Course Outline
School of Law, Governance & Citizenship Ambedkar University Delhi Course Outline Time Slot- Course Code: Title: Western Political Philosophy Type of Course: Major (Politics) Cohort for which it is compulsory:
More informationThe Cursed Sisters: Public Relations and Rhetoric* Øyvind Ihlen. BI Norwegian School of Management
Public Relations and Rhetoric 1 Running head: PUBLIC RELATIONS AND RHETORIC The Cursed Sisters: Public Relations and Rhetoric* Øyvind Ihlen BI Norwegian School of Management * Reference: Ihlen, Ø. (in
More informationAristotle ( BCE): First theorist of democracy. PHIL 2011 Semester II
Aristotle (384-322 BCE): First theorist of democracy PHIL 2011 Semester II 2009-10 Contributions Major political, and social thinker First theorist to argue for democracy vs. Plato s critique of democracy,
More informationParticipatory Democracy as Philosophy of Science Orientation for Action Research. Erik Lindhult, Mälardalen University, Sweden
Participatory Democracy as Philosophy of Science Orientation for Action Research Erik Lindhult, Mälardalen University, Sweden erik.lindhult@mdh.se Background Experience from working with Scandinavian dialogue
More informationThe evolution of public relations research an overview
Special issue C&S 30 anniversary The evolution of public relations research an overview Johanna Fawkes https://orcid.org/0000-0002- 9257-695X j.fawkes@hud.ac.uk University of Huddersfield Submitted July
More informationWHEN TO WELCOME GREEKS BEARING GIFTS 1 ARISTOTLE AND THE RULES OF EVIDENCE 2
WHEN TO WELCOME GREEKS BEARING GIFTS 1 ARISTOTLE AND THE RULES OF EVIDENCE 2 By Fred A. Simpson and Deborah J. Selden Be not deceived by Philistines who credit the wisdom of Wigmore or his English predecessors
More informationIdeology COLIN J. BECK
Ideology COLIN J. BECK Ideology is an important aspect of social and political movements. The most basic and commonly held view of ideology is that it is a system of multiple beliefs, ideas, values, principles,
More informationAn Introduction to Stakeholder Dialogue
An Introduction to Stakeholder Dialogue The reciprocity of moral rights, stakeholder theory and dialogue Ernst von Kimakowitz The Three Stepped Approach of Humanistic Management Stakeholder dialogue in
More informationChoose one question from each section to answer in the time allotted.
Choose one question from each section to answer in the time allotted. Ancient: 1. How did Thucydides, Plato, and Aristotle describe and evaluate the regimes of the two most powerful Greek cities at their
More informationThe above definition may be amplified at national and/or regional levels.
International definition of the social work profession The social work profession facilitates social change and development, social cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of people. Principles of
More informationAPPENDIX A Citizenship Continuum of Study from K gr. 3 Page 47
APPENDIX A Citizenship Continuum of Study from K gr. 3 Page 47 Citizenship Continuum of Study from K gr. 3 Engaged Citizens: work to understand issues and associated actions. Life Long Learning Citizens:
More informationRhetorical Analysis of Trump's Immigration Speech. push for what they believe is a better way. On September first of 2016, Donald Trump gave a
Juwairyah Gunter Rhetorical Analysis 09/20/17 Rhetorical Analysis of Trump's Immigration Speech Immigration has been a difficult topic for a long time. It is a subject matter that leaves American citizens
More informationCitizenship-Rights and Duties
- 1- Citizenship-Rights and Duties Excerpts from CITIZENSHIP-RIGHTS AND DUTIES by JUSTICE E.S.VENKATARAMIAH, JUDGE, SUPREME COURT OF INDIA, (Justice R.K.Tankha Memorial Lecture, 1988 delivered under the
More informationAristotle (Odette) Aristotle s Nichomachean Ethics
Aristotle (Odette) Aristotle s Nichomachean Ethics -An inquiry into the nature of the good life/human happiness (eudaemonia) for human beings. Happiness is fulfilling the natural function toward which
More informationIs symmetrical communication in politics possible?
Is symmetrical communication in politics possible? A comparative study of communication practices among leading New Zealand and Norwegian political public relations practitioners A thesis submitted in
More information21W.747 Class September Figures removed due to copyright restrictions (from several slides).
21W.747 Class 2 14 September 2009 Figures removed due to copyright restrictions (from several slides). Agenda Historical Background of Classical Rhetoric Examples of Different Rhetorical Stances in Modern
More informationReviews. Inclusion and Democracy, Iris Marion Young (New York: Oxford UP, pages). Reviewed by Christy Friend, University of South Carolina
Reviews Inclusion and Democracy, Iris Marion Young (New York: Oxford UP, 2001.304 pages). Reviewed by Christy Friend, University of South Carolina In the introduction to Inclusion and Democracy, feminist
More informationThe Justification of Justice as Fairness: A Two Stage Process
The Justification of Justice as Fairness: A Two Stage Process TED VAGGALIS University of Kansas The tragic truth about philosophy is that misunderstanding occurs more frequently than understanding. Nowhere
More informationPHLB16H3S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY: ANCIENT GREECE AND MIDDLE AGES STUDY QUESTIONS (II): ARISTOTLE S POLITICS. A. Short Answer Questions
Study Questions 2: Aristotle s Politics/ 1 PHLB16H3S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY: ANCIENT GREECE AND MIDDLE AGES STUDY QUESTIONS (II): ARISTOTLE S POLITICS A. Short Answer Questions Instructions Choose four of
More informationVERBATIM PROCEEDINGS YALE LAW SCHOOL CONFERENCE FIRST AMENDMENT -- IN THE SHADOW OF PUBLIC HEALTH
VERBATIM PROCEEDINGS YALE LAW SCHOOL CONFERENCE YALE UNIVERSITY WALL STREET NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT 0 HAMDEN, CT (00) - ...Verbatim proceedings of a conference re: First Amendment -- In the Shadow of Public
More informationUsing Rhetorical Analysis to Understand Agency and Strategy in Discursive Policy Analysis
P04- Agency and Strategy in Discursive Policy Analysis Using Rhetorical Analysis to Understand Agency and Strategy in Discursive Policy Analysis DRAFT DO NOT CITE Sue Winton (swinton@edu.yorku.ca), York
More informationHHr Health and Human Rights Journal
HHr Health and Human Rights Journal book review Advancing Global Health and Human Rights in the Neoliberal Era gillian macnaughton Global Health, Human Rights and the Challenge of Neoliberal Policies Audrey
More informationFrom the veil of ignorance to the overlapping consensus: John Rawls as a theorist of communication
From the veil of ignorance to the overlapping consensus: John Rawls as a theorist of communication Klaus Bruhn Jensen Professor, dr.phil. Department of Media, Cognition, and Communication University of
More informationIntroduction 478 U.S. 186 (1986) U.S. 558 (2003). 3
Introduction In 2003 the Supreme Court of the United States overturned its decision in Bowers v. Hardwick and struck down a Texas law that prohibited homosexual sodomy. 1 Writing for the Court in Lawrence
More informationStrategic Insights: Getting Comfortable with Conflicting Ideas
Page 1 of 5 Strategic Insights: Getting Comfortable with Conflicting Ideas April 4, 2017 Prof. William G. Braun, III Dealing with other states, whom the United States has a hard time categorizing as a
More informationConceptualizing and Measuring Justice: Links between Academic Research and Practical Applications
Conceptualizing and Measuring Justice: Links between Academic Research and Practical Applications Center for Justice, Law & Society at George Mason University Project Narrative The Center for Justice,
More informationDisagreement, Error and Two Senses of Incompatibility The Relational Function of Discursive Updating
Disagreement, Error and Two Senses of Incompatibility The Relational Function of Discursive Updating Tanja Pritzlaff email: t.pritzlaff@zes.uni-bremen.de webpage: http://www.zes.uni-bremen.de/homepages/pritzlaff/index.php
More informationNetworking across borders: from ancient Greece to today
Networking across borders: from ancient Greece to today blogs.lse.ac.uk /polis/2015/04/21/networking-across-borders-from-ancient-greece-to-today/ 2015-4-21 Imagine a network of people living in different
More informationPublic relations, activism and social movements: Critical perspectives
675665PRI0010.1177/2046147X16675665Public Relations InquiryEditorial editorial2016 Editorial Public relations, activism and social movements: Critical perspectives Public Relations Inquiry 2016, Vol. 5(3)
More informationDemocracy at Risk. Schooling for Ruling. Deborah Meier. School's most pressing job is to teach the democratic life.
May 2009 Volume 66 Number 8 Teaching Social Responsibility Pages 45-49 Democracy at Risk School's most pressing job is to teach the democratic life. Deborah Meier Just because ancient Greece was a democracy
More informationPart 1. Understanding Human Rights
Part 1 Understanding Human Rights 2 Researching and studying human rights: interdisciplinary insight Damien Short Since 1948, the study of human rights has been dominated by legal scholarship that has
More informationWalter Lippmann and John Dewey
Walter Lippmann and John Dewey (Notes from Carl R. Bybee, 1997, Media, Public Opinion and Governance: Burning Down the Barn to Roast the Pig, Module 10, Unit 56 of the MA in Mass Communications, University
More information(Review) Globalizing Roman Culture: Unity, Diversity and Empire
Connecticut College Digital Commons @ Connecticut College Classics Faculty Publications Classics Department 2-26-2006 (Review) Globalizing Roman Culture: Unity, Diversity and Empire Eric Adler Connecticut
More informationNEO-CONSERVATISM IN THE USA FROM LEO STRAUSS TO IRVING KRISTOL
UDC: 329.11:316.334.3(73) NEO-CONSERVATISM IN THE USA FROM LEO STRAUSS TO IRVING KRISTOL Giorgi Khuroshvili, MA student Grigol Robakidze University, Tbilisi, Georgia Abstract : The article deals with the
More informationRhetoric and Resources: Notes for a New Approach to Public Relations and Issues Management. By: Øyvind Ihlen
Rhetoric and Resources 1 Preprinted version of article later published in Journal of Public affairs: Ihlen, Ø. (2002). Rhetoric and resources: Notes for a new approach to public relations and issues management.
More informationTheory Comprehensive January 2015
Theory Comprehensive January 2015 This is a closed book exam. You have six hours to complete the exam. Please send your answers to Sue Collins and Geoff Layman within six hours of beginning the exam. Choose
More informationPolitics between Philosophy and Democracy
Leopold Hess Politics between Philosophy and Democracy In the present paper I would like to make some comments on a classic essay of Michael Walzer Philosophy and Democracy. The main purpose of Walzer
More informationRhetoric, Climate Change, and Justice: An Interview with Dr. Danielle Endres
Rhetoric, Climate Change, and Justice: An Interview with Dr. Danielle Endres Interview conducted by Michael DuPont The Journal of Critical Thought and Praxis had the opportunity to interview Danielle Endres
More informationPH 3022 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY UK LEVEL 5 UK CREDITS: 15 US CREDITS: 3/0/3
DEREE COLLEGE SYLLABUS FOR: PH 3022 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY UK LEVEL 5 UK CREDITS: 15 US CREDITS: 3/0/3 (SPRING 2018) PREREQUISITES: CATALOG DESCRIPTION: RATIONALE: LEARNING OUTCOMES: METHOD OF
More informationPhilosophy and Real Politics, by Raymond Geuss. Princeton: Princeton University Press, ix pp. $19.95 (cloth).
NOTE: this is the final MS, before copy-editing, of Patchen Markell, review of Raymond Geuss, Philosophy and Real Politics, published in Political Theory 38, no. 1 (February 2010): 172 77. 2010 SAGE Publications.
More informationAntonio Gramsci s Concept of Hegemony: A Study of the Psyche of the Intellectuals of the State
Antonio Gramsci s Concept of Hegemony: A Study of the Psyche of the Intellectuals of the State Dr. Ved Parkash, Assistant Professor, Dept. Of English, NIILM University, Kaithal (Haryana) ABSTRACT This
More informationSocrates Critique of Democracy by Eva Melinkova
- - 13 13 by Eva Melinkova Democracy is a political system that grants its citizens certain personal and political rights. Personal rights are represented by institutionalized freedoms, such as freedom
More informationIn this work Liu seeks, ostensibly, to address the question of the importance of sports and
LIU DILIN, Metaphor, culture and worldview. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2002. Pp. xiii, 150. In this work Liu seeks, ostensibly, to address the question of the importance of sports and business
More informationCultural Diversity and Social Media III: Theories of Multiculturalism Eugenia Siapera
Cultural Diversity and Social Media III: Theories of Multiculturalism Eugenia Siapera esiapera@jour.auth.gr Outline Introduction: What form should acceptance of difference take? Essentialism or fluidity?
More informationSITUATING A NEW VOICE IN PUBLIC RELATIONS: THE APPLICATION OF POSITIONING THEORY TO RESEARCH AND PRACTICE
Melanie James SITUATING A NEW VOICE IN PUBLIC RELATIONS: THE APPLICATION OF POSITIONING THEORY TO RESEARCH AND PRACTICE Media International Australia 34 Abstract The role of speech acts in public relations
More informationLearning Through Conflict at Oxford
School of Urban & Regional Planning Publications 3-1-1999 Learning Through Conflict at Oxford James A. Throgmorton University of Iowa DOI: https://doi.org/10.17077/lg51-lfct Copyright James Throgmorton,
More informationTackling Wicked Problems through Deliberative Engagement
Feature By Martín Carcasson, Colorado State University Center for Public Deliberation Tackling Wicked Problems through Deliberative Engagement A revolution is beginning to occur in public engagement, fueled
More informationENG 259A: Rhetoric and Democracy / TR 2:00-3:15
ENG 259A: Rhetoric and Democracy / TR 2:00-3:15 Dr. Ira Allen (Fisk 227; Weds 1:00-4:00 and most days by appointment) This is an upper-division course about rhetoric and democracy, a pair of terms that
More informationCHANTAL MOUFFE GLOSSARY
CHANTAL MOUFFE GLOSSARY This is intended to introduce some key concepts and definitions belonging to Mouffe s work starting with her categories of the political and politics, antagonism and agonism, and
More informationThe Forgotten Principles of American Government by Daniel Bonevac
The Forgotten Principles of American Government by Daniel Bonevac The United States is the only country founded, not on the basis of ethnic identity, territory, or monarchy, but on the basis of a philosophy
More informationDeveloping an Equity Lens within and across Sectors to Improve Population Health
Developing an Equity Lens within and across Sectors to Improve Population Health Natalie S. Burke, President & CEO CommonHealth ACTION February 4, 2016 Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Population Health
More informationPLATO ( BC) Mr. Thomas G.M., Associate Professor, Pompei College Aikala DK.
PLATO (427-347 BC) Mr. Thomas G.M., Associate Professor, Pompei College Aikala DK. Introduction: Student of Socrates & Teacher of Aristotle, Plato was one of the greatest philosopher in ancient Greece.
More informationDarfur: Assessing the Assessments
Darfur: Assessing the Assessments Humanitarian & Conflict Response Institute University of Manchester ESRC Seminar May 27-28, 2010 1 This two-day event explored themes and research questions raised in
More informationProblems in Contemporary Democratic Theory
Kevin Elliott KJE2106@Columbia.edu Office Hours: Wednesday 4-6, IAB 734 POLS S3310 Summer 2014 (Session D) Problems in Contemporary Democratic Theory This course considers central questions in contemporary
More informationThe politics of promoting freedom of information and expression in international librarianship : the IFLA / FAIFE Project. Alex Byrne.
Loughborough University Institutional Repository The politics of promoting freedom of information and expression in international librarianship : the IFLA / FAIFE Project. Alex Byrne. This item was submitted
More informationHistory of Public Speaking
7 History of Public Speaking About 2,500 years ago in ancient Athens, young men were required to give effective speeches as part of their duties as citizens. During the time that Socrates (c.469-399 8
More informationPolitical Science (BA, Minor) Course Descriptions
Political Science (BA, Minor) Course Descriptions Note: This program includes course requirements from more than one discipline. For complete course descriptions for this major, refer to each discipline
More informationThe Social Choice Theory: Can it be considered a Complete Political Theory?
From the SelectedWorks of Bojan Todosijević 2013 The Social Choice Theory: Can it be considered a Complete Political Theory? Bojan Todosijević, Institute of social sciences, Belgrade Available at: https://works.bepress.com/bojan_todosijevic/3/
More informationME 830 Seminar in Evangelization: Applied Rhetorical Theory
Asbury Theological Seminary eplace: preserving, learning, and creative exchange Syllabi ecommons 1-1-2006 ME 830 Seminar in Evangelization: Applied Rhetorical Theory George G. Hunter Follow this and additional
More informationPOLITICAL SCIENCE (POLI)
POLITICAL SCIENCE (POLI) This is a list of the Political Science (POLI) courses available at KPU. For information about transfer of credit amongst institutions in B.C. and to see how individual courses
More informationAppendix D: Standards
Appendix D: Standards This unit was developed to meet the following standards. National Council for the Social Studies National Curriculum Standards for Social Studies Literacy Skills 13. Locate, analyze,
More informationPart I: Animal Rights, Moral Theory and Political Strategy
Part I: Animal Rights, Moral Theory and Political Strategy In the last two decades or so, the discipline of applied ethics has become a significant growth area in academic circles (see Singer, 1993). Within
More informationCourse Description. Course objectives. Achieving the Course Objectives:
POSC 160 Political Philosophy Fall 2012 Class Hours: MW 9:50AM- 11:00AM, F 9:40AM-10:40AM Classroom: Willis 203 Professor: Mihaela Czobor-Lupp Office: Willis 418 Office Hours: MW: 3:00 PM-5:00 PM or by
More informationGovernance and Good Governance: A New Framework for Political Analysis
Fudan J. Hum. Soc. Sci. (2018) 11:1 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-017-0197-4 ORIGINAL PAPER Governance and Good Governance: A New Framework for Political Analysis Yu Keping 1 Received: 11 June 2017
More informationAmnesty International: To Expand or Not to Expand?
The Bernard P. McDonough Center for Leadership and Business at Marietta College Amnesty International: To Expand or Not to Expand? Anna Bjerstedt, Jamie Gougarty, and Grace O Dell Learning Objectives The
More informationPolitics By Aristotle (Written 350 B.C.E) By Benjamin Jowett, Aristotle
Politics By Aristotle (Written 350 B.C.E) By Benjamin Jowett, Aristotle Political Theory in Antiquity: Plato and Aristotle on Sparta - Plato discusses Sparta in Laws; Aristotle in Politics. Plato wrote
More informationOn the New Characteristics and New Trend of Political Education Development in the New Period Chengcheng Ma 1
2017 2nd International Conference on Education, E-learning and Management Technology (EEMT 2017) ISBN: 978-1-60595-473-8 On the New Characteristics and New Trend of Political Education Development in the
More informationBOOK REVIEW: WHY LA W MA TTERS BY ALON HAREL
BOOK REVIEW: WHY LA W MA TTERS BY ALON HAREL MARK COOMBES* In Why Law Matters, Alon Harel asks us to reconsider instrumentalist approaches to theorizing about the law. These approaches, generally speaking,
More informationImages of the Modern Immigrant: Persuasive Metaphors Presented in U.S. Newspapers
Images of the Modern Immigrant: Persuasive Metaphors Presented in U.S. Newspapers L I B B Y W I L C O X I N T E R C U L T U R A L C O M M U N I C A T I O N Rationale 37.9 million immigrants in the U.S.
More informationThe discovery of what is true and the practice of that which is good, are the two most important aims of philosophy.
CHAPTER 40 The Nature of Good in Public Relations What Should Be Its Normative Ethic? Shannon A. Bowen The discovery of what is true and the practice of that which is good, are the two most important aims
More informationANARCHISM: What it is, and what it ain t...
ANARCHISM: What it is, and what it ain t... INTRODUCTION. This pamphlet is a reprinting of an essay by Lawrence Jarach titled Instead Of A Meeting: By Someone Too Irritated To Sit Through Another One.
More informationSILENCING AND MARGINALIZING OF THE VULNERABLE THROUGH DISCURSIVE PRACTICES IN THE POST 9/11 ERA
SILENCING AND MARGINALIZING OF THE VULNERABLE THROUGH DISCURSIVE PRACTICES IN THE POST 9/11 ERA Ebru Öztürk As it has been stated that traditionally, when we use the term security we assume three basic
More informationChantal Mouffe On the Political
Chantal Mouffe On the Political Chantal Mouffe French political philosopher 1989-1995 Programme Director the College International de Philosophie in Paris Professorship at the Department of Politics and
More informationRawls versus the Anarchist: Justice and Legitimacy
Rawls versus the Anarchist: Justice and Legitimacy Walter E. Schaller Texas Tech University APA Central Division April 2005 Section 1: The Anarchist s Argument In a recent article, Justification and Legitimacy,
More informationCorporate Ethics and Governance in the Health Care Marketplace: An Introduction. Annette E. Clark 1
205 Corporate Ethics and Governance in the Health Care Marketplace: An Introduction Annette E. Clark 1 On February 27 and 28, 2004, a distinguished group of scholars, practitioners, health care providers,
More informationPolitical Communication [hearts] Public Relations* Øyvind Ihlen. U of Oslo. Abstract
Preprint of Ihlen, Ø. (2018). Political communication [hearts] public relations [translated from Chinese]. In C. Xianhong (Ed.), Public relations theories for contemporary China (pp. 358-370). Beijing,
More informationThe Veil of Ignorance in Rawlsian Theory
University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Philosophy Faculty Publications Philosophy 2017 The Jeppe von Platz University of Richmond, jplatz@richmond.edu Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.richmond.edu/philosophy-facultypublications
More informationDemocracy, and the Evolution of International. to Eyal Benvenisti and George Downs. Tom Ginsburg* ... National Courts, Domestic
The European Journal of International Law Vol. 20 no. 4 EJIL 2010; all rights reserved... National Courts, Domestic Democracy, and the Evolution of International Law: A Reply to Eyal Benvenisti and George
More informationFAIR REPUTATIONS: A GAME-THEORETIC MECHANISM FOR E-COMMERCE DISPUTES*
FAIR REPUTATIONS: A GAME-THEORETIC MECHANISM FOR E-COMMERCE DISPUTES* James F. Ring** February 7, 2008 Abstract This paper provides an overview of an online, game-theoretic bargaining mechanism that can
More informationMichael C. Hawley CV January 2018
Michael C. Hawley CV January 2018 Department of Political Science 781-258-4624 2060 Jenkins Nanovic Halls mhawley1@nd.edu University of Notre Dame https://sites.duke.edu/hawley EDUCATION 2017 Ph.D., Political
More informationThe Democracy Project by David Graeber
The Democracy Project by David Graeber THOMASSEN, LA Copyright 2014 Informa UK Limited For additional information about this publication click this link. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/jspui/handle/123456789/7810
More informationRunning Head: GENDER EVALUATION METHODOLOGY FOR UN Weaving the Threads of Peace:
Gender Evaluation Methodology for UN 1325 1 Running Head: GENDER EVALUATION METHODOLOGY FOR UN 1325 Weaving the Threads of Peace: Creating a Gender Evaluation Methodology for Women s Participation in Peacemaking*
More informationJus in Bello through the Lens of Individual Moral Responsibility: McMahan on Killing in War
(2010) 1 Transnational Legal Theory 121 126 Jus in Bello through the Lens of Individual Moral Responsibility: McMahan on Killing in War David Lefkowitz * A review of Jeff McMahan, Killing in War (Oxford
More informationCourse Description. Course objectives
POSC 160 Political Philosophy Winter 2015 Class Hours: MW: 1:50-3:00 and F: 2:20-3:20 Classroom: Willis 203 Professor: Mihaela Czobor-Lupp Office: Willis 418 Office Hours: MW: 3:15-5:15 or by appointment
More informationABSTRACT. Electronic copy available at:
ABSTRACT By tracing the development and evolvement of certain legal theories over the centuries, as well as consequences emanating from such developments, this paper highlights how and why a shift from
More information