Exploring Javanese cultural values: A case study in urban and rural areas in East Java, Indonesia

Transcription

1 Exploring Javanese cultural values: A case study in urban and rural areas in East Java, Indonesia Firmanto Adi Nurcahyo University of Pelita Harapan Surabaya Indonesia

2 Study of Value Human tend to behave according to his value The importance of value (Guiren, 1996) Core of socialization Organizational identity Human practice

3 Regional Setting Different regional setting may lead to different value socialized within the member lead to behave Rural & urban area

4 Rural & Urban Population in East Java: 40.88% urban area 59.12% rural area

5 Hawkins (1996) Some findings a weakening of Indonesian traditional values (community, commonalty, & social harmony) Istenix (2008) the growth of big city disrupted the strength of traditional norms & stimulated individualism

6 Objective Examine value differences between university students who are originally from rural and urban areas

7 Value Schwartz (in Spini, 2003) desirable transsituational goals, varying in importance, serve as guiding principles in the life of a person or social entity Fincher (1994) networks or systems of interrelated ideas, interests, and preferences, which influences our perceptions of societal preferences, the public interest, & the common welfare of the nation

8 Culture Kruglanski & Higgins (2007) a network of knowledge shared among a collection of interconnected individuals consists of a set of learned routines of thinking, feeling, & interacting with other people Haviland (1999) a set of rules or norms shared by members of a community which then can produce behavior that are called acceptable according to them

9 Guiren (2006) Culture & Value the establishment of the concept of value must be based on culture Different culture, different value differences in the value systems of managers from different cultures (Nyam & Ng in Kumar & Thibodeaux, 1998)

10 Individualism vs. Collectivism Oishi (2005) Americans scored higher than Japanese on individualism Japanese scored higher than Americans on collectivism Matsumoto (2004) Asian cultures in particular value conformity to a greater degree than Americans

11 Findings in Indonesia Hadiyono & Hahn (in Matsumoto, 1997) Indonesians endorsed conformity more than Americans Hawkins (1996) Many Indonesians employ a distinction between traditions & modernity Modernity refers to the western & urban Tradition refers to the non-western & rural

12 Albert (2005) Javanese Culture respect for higher-ranking persons harmony in social relations Negative emotions & desires have to be suppressed Rukun: the appearance of harmony & helpfulness involve the sacrifice of individual goals and aspirations to care and concern for the other acknowledgement of mutual obligations

13 Rural & Urban Istenix (2008) Urban Highly populated, densely build-up areas heavily loaded with traffic Union of rationale wills Rural Quiet, plentiful space outside homes Unity of wills Daryanto (2003) urban area based on industry rural area based on agriculture

14 Indonesian statistics urban or rural Rural & Urban score calculated from population density percentage of households who work in agriculture the availability of urban facilities (schools, markets, hospitals, road asphalt, & electricity)

15 Research Method 171 first-year students of a university 142 urban, 29 rural Urban area: Surabaya Rural area: other areas in East Java (Madiun, Jombang, Kediri, Mojokerto)

16 East Java

17 East Java Located between Central Java & Bali Total area 147, km2 Consists of forest area (26.02%), paddy field (26.07%), dry land agriculture (24.29%), residential/village area (12.12%), plantation area (3.36%), land barren (2.75%), pond/pool (1.57%), lake (1.29%), grassland and other area (2.55%) Total working population agricultural sector (46.18%), industries sector (22.32%), commerce (18.80%) & services sector (12.70%)

18 Surabaya: Urban area The largest population in East Java 7.09% of total population Has access to ports, rail, & an international airport that supports the industry (Landiyanto, 2005)

19 Madiun s residents Rural area Mostly live in rural areas with the potential area of agricultural livelihoods The majority are working in agriculture area farm laborers or sharecroppers Jombang s residents the largest income: agriculture sector

20 Research Method Schwartz Personal Values Questionnaire Spini (2003) confirmed the legitimacy of using Schwartz Personal Value Questionnaire as an instrument for cross cultural research 56 items 7-point scale 1 = Not important at all to 7 = extremely important The administration was done during the first week of lectures in the first semester

21 Schwartz s 10 types of value Power social power, authority Achievement success, wealth, ambition Hedonism pleasure, enjoying life Stimulation daring, a varied life, an exciting life Self-Direction creativity, freedom, independence, ability, wisdom, world of beauty

22 Schwartz s 10 types of value Universalism honesty, broad-mindedness, protecting the environment, meaning in life Benevolence helpfulness, forgivingness, social justice Tradition devoutness, respect for tradition, humility Conformity self-discipline, politeness, honoring parents & elders, obedience Security family security, national security, social order

23 Result Reliability based on Cronbach's alpha: No difference in the total rating value between students from both areas (z = , p> 0.05) No difference between rural and urban area in all of the ten types of value (all p> 0.05)

24 Urban area Result there is difference in ratings of 10 types of values (Chi-Square (9, 142) = , p <0.01) the highest mean rank: conformity Rural area there is difference in ratings of 10 types of values (Chi-Square (9, 29) = , p<0.01) the highest mean rank: conformity

25 Discussion Subjects from urban area in Java, especially in East Java, still hold the traditional values: conformity Brown (2006) Conformity: a condition where people change their behaviors so that they adopt that of the majority normative social influence Conformity lead to harmony avoid any fights manifested in the life of Javanese s culture: rukun

26 Conformity: Discussion politeness, self discipline, honoring parents & elders, obedience Javanese parents expecting obedience, politeness, & respect from the child (Hawkins, 1996) Javanese parents rarely using physical punishment Disciplinary strategies: making promises, scaring the child by telling him about supernatural punishments, shaming or embarrassing the child in front of others Control behavior and foster conformity (Hawkins, 1996)

27 Discussion Parents have to be honored and respected (Mulder in Albert, 2005) Children depend on the blessing of their parents (restu) Children are obliged to go to their parents graves & to honor their forefathers