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2 LFS LITERARY FINDINGS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH ISSN: UGC RECOGNISED JOURNAL UGC NO: VOL: 6 DECEMBER ISSUE: 12 PUBLISHING EDITOR Nall Natarajan Kongunadu Publications (India) Private Limited, Erode. kongunadupublications@gamil.com EDITOR Dr. B.Sankareswari Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai. sankaritamil@gamil.com EDITORIAL AND ADVISORY BOARD Dr.A.Govindarajan Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli. govindarajan.bdu@gmail.com Dr.C.Karthikeyan Tamil Nadu Open University, Chennai. karthikeyan251973@gmail.com A.Mariya Sebasthiyan VIT University, Velur. maryasepastin.a@vit.ac.in Dr.R.Chandrasekaran Government Arts & Science College, Kangeyam. tamilchandru@gmail.com Dr. K.Paulin Preetha Jebaselvi Bishop Heber College, Trichy. kpauline@bhu.edu.in பத ப ப ச rய நல நடர சன க ங க ந ட பப ள கஷன ஸ (இந த ய ) ப.ல ட, ஈ ர ட. kongunadupublications@gamil.com ஆச rய ம னவ ப. சங க ரஸ வr மத ர க மர ச பல க லக கழகம, மத ர. sankaritamil@gamil.com ஆச rய க ழ ம னவ அ. க வ ந தர ஜன ப ரத த சன பல க லக கழகம, த ர ச ச ர ப பள ள. govindarajan.bdu@gmail.com ம னவ ச க த த கயன தம ழ ந ட த றந த ந லப பல க லக கழகம, சன ன. karthikeyan251973@gmail.com அ.மrய சபஸ த ய ன வ.ஐ.ட பல க லக கழகம, வல. maryasepastin.a@vit.ac.in ம னவ R.சந த ர சகரன அரச க லக கல ல r, க ங கயம. tamilchandru@gmail.com ம னவ க.ப ல ன ப rத ஜப சல வ ப ஷப ஹ ப கல ல r, த ர ச ச. kpauline@bhu.edu.in

3 Dr.T.K Anuradha Trinity College For Women, Namakkal. Dr.Paramasivam Muthuswamy Malasyia University, Malasyia. R.F.Arooz Raapa International Campus, Sri Lanka University, Sri Lanka. Dr.K.Gayathiri Government Arts College, C.Mutlur, Chidambaram. ம னவ த.க.அன ர த ட rன ட மகள கல ல r, ந மக கல. ம னவ பரமச வம ம த த ச ம ம லச ய பல க லக கழகம, ம லச ய. R.F.அர ஸ ர ப பன ன ட ட வள கம, இலங க. ம னவ க.க யத r அரச க லக கல ல r, ச.ம ட ல, ச தம பரம. Kongunadu Publications India Private Limited 118, Mettur Road, Kalyan Silks Oppsite, Erode Ph: , , , kongunadupublications@gmail.com Web: ÿôv zâv πºô [ Õ] Õ]BV ( ) o 118, º\ Ï ƒváè, Ô_BVı E_ ]ˆ_, ~º V á ÁȺ E : , , , t[ fiƒ_: kongunadupublications@gmail.com Á B> D: hjmh<hitigtqe<guek<kqx<g//// -Kujvoutqbie?njek<KLITERARY FINDINGS -kp<gjtbl<wr<gtk www. kongunadupublications.com -j{bktk<kqz<?lpjlbighkquqxg<gl<(download) osb<k ogit<tzil</ nz<zk literaryfindings.in we<x-j{bktk<kqz<hkquqxg<gl<(download) osb<kogit<tzil</ nu<uioxkr<gtknb<ug<gm<mjvgjt-f<k-j{bktk<kqe<upqbigneh<hzil</

4 LFS (LITERARY FINDINGS) a new bilingual INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH (English & Tamil) isbeing published from the house of KONGUNADU PUBLICATIONS (INDIA) PRIVATE LIMITED, Erode, Tamil Nadu, with ISSN (index in Google Scholar & DOAJ) This journal is mainly devoted to research and scholarly views on broad issues in the field of Arts, Science and Commerce. The journal provides specialized opinion in the field of Arts & Science and will also bring out meaningful notes and research papers. And the Articles are welcomed at the most. LFS (LITERARY FINDINGS) accepts only electronic submissions via as attached documents (Microsoft word only) which must include Name, affiliation and country in the body of your submission. (Submission must be in single attachment) Authors are requested to follow the MLA style strictly while preparing the articles. Authors are also requested to include the following in the format of their articles. Type area on a page should of standard size A4 Uniform font (Times Roman) may be used Paragraph setting may be set as 1.5 lines Where ever necessary chapter should begin with a brief Abstract and keywords. Paper Title, Author Names/Affiliations, Abstract and Keywords should be specified accordingly. 1. ORDER OF THE CONTENT The order of the content must be as per following sequence; 1. Title Page with Authors details (Including s and affiliations) 2. Abstract & Keywords 3. Introduction 4. Methods, if applicable / any 5. Results, if applicable / any 6. Conclusions 7. Acknowledgements, if applicable / any 8. References 9. Appendices (if applicable / any) 2. FIGURES (Line Art Drawings) AND TABLES Figures and tables may appear printed directly in the text and should be black and white or grayscale. Figure should appear soon after the citation in the text or if it is too large at the end of the manuscript. Legends/Captions for figures A caption should be provided for each figure. TABLES Indent tables slightly from the left margin, if it is necessary to use the full width of the page. Tables should be kept to a minimum and be designed to be as simple as possible. Tables are to be typed double - spaced throughout, including headings and footnotes. Each table should be on a

5 separate page, numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals and supplied with a heading and a legend. The same data should not be presented in both table and graph forms or repeated in the text. 3. REFERENCES References text type should be 10 point (Times Roman). In the text, a reference identified by means of an author s name should be followed by the date of the reference in parentheses. When there are more than two authors, only the first author s name should be mentioned. 4. SUBSCRIPTION FEE Annual Subscription Fee for Individuals Rs. 3000/-, Institution Rs. 3600/- in India. 5. MODE OF PAYMENT Payment can be made by DD infavour of KONGUNADU PUBLICATIONS INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED payable at ERODE and address to KONGUNADU PUBLICATIONS (INDIA) PRIVATE LIMITED REGD OFF: 118, METTUR ROAD, KALYAN SILKS (OPP), ERODE Payments can also be made via net banking. A/c Name: KONGUNADU PUBLICATIONS INDIA PVT.LTD. A/C Type: CA, A/C No: , Bank: KVB, V.Chatram, ERODE IFSC: KVBL and the same may be intimated. 6. SELECTION OF ARTICLES Our eminent Editorial team will scrutinize the articles and select for LFS without any bias. On selection the authors will be intimated individually. For further clarification contact us: kongunadupublications@gmail.com

6 << << << ohivtmg<gl<. CONTENTS 2/ kqvg<gxtqz<gz<uqs<sqf<kjegt< *k/ k/ngqziokuq ngqziokuq. 2 3/ guqjk-zg<gqbk<kqz<klqpiqe<d{ulx<xl<h{<himgxqk<ksqf<kje *n/vi{qhib n/vi{qhib< <. 7 4/ SuilquqHzief<kncgtiiqe<bip< *Ljeui<s/ Ljeui<s/osf<kqz<Glii osf<kqz<glii< <. 22 5/ TEMPLES AS COURTS OF JUSTICE IN MEDIEVAL TAMIL NADU * Dr.R.UDAIACHANDRAN. 26 6/ okiz<gih<hqbll<dpuqbzl< *Ljeui<nvr<g/ne<hqz<fike Ljeui<nvr<g/ne<hqz<fike< <. 31 7/ THE MISSING LINK OF MODERN AGE * Dr.K.I.N.DEIVA AKANDAN PARAMAN. 34 8/ sr<g-zg<gqbk<kqz<fx<xib< *L/-f<Klkq L/-f<Klkq*ofxqbitv<; ofxqbitv<;ljeuv<s/-tuvsq Ljeuv<S/-tuvsq. 39 9/ sr<g-zg<gqbk<kqz<liobie< *Ljeui<s/ogicbvS Ljeui<s/ogicbvS. 43 :/ guqri<hiziuqe<hiijubqz<hivkqbl<.gqm<sl< *Ljeui<os/guqki Ljeui<os/guqki / gl<htk<kfibg<gvqe<okuvim<ml< *g/sr<gvogilkq g/sr<gvogilkq. 4: 22/ kzqk<hjmh<hqzg<gqbl<yv<hkqbhiv<ju *k/ k/l{qhize< l{qhize< / DAIRY INDUSTRY IN INDIA A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK *Dr.S.A.SHAMSUDEEN IBRAHIM / MOBILE PHONE NETWORK AN OVERVIEW *A.S.ALAGU KANNA *Dr.J.VIJAYADURAI / lqe<givk<okv fiuz<sqk<kqvqg<gl<uqtql<hfqjzlg<gtqe< uip<uqbz<hkqugt< *S/lgivi\e S/lgivi\e< << <*ofxqbiti<;k/gvh<jhbi ofxqbiti<;k/gvh<jhbi / INNOVATIVE METHODS IN TEACHING (Music) *Dr.V.L.V.SUDHARSAN. 71

7 ;; 27/ fypj;njhifapy; ghj;jpuq;fs; vjphnfhs;sk; cstpay; rpf;fy;fsk; jphtfsk; *g.nuq;fuh[; / sl{l<gm<mjlg<gl<oh{<gt<fqjz *Ljeui<oh/Slkq Ljeui<oh/Slkq / PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AS PERCEIVED BY THE SCHOOL TEACHERS IN MADURAI DISTRICT *Dr.B.KANNAN. 83 2:/ RESILIENCE BEHAVIOUR AMONG HIGHER SECONDARY GIRL STUDENTS IN MADURAI DISTRICT *Dr.R.MEENAKSHI / jpah& ftpijfspy;,aw;if *jpukjp.nkhp Rfph;jh ghz;bad; ; / kguz<okimi<hqbzqz<gim<sqdmgr<gt< *Ljeui<oh/juv&i<k<kq Ljeui<oh/juv&i<k<kq / slb-zg<gqbr<gtqz<-bx<jg *vi/ssqzi vi/ssqzi. 9: 34/ MAJOR INDUSTRIAL LOCATION IN TAMILNADU- A HISTORICAL SURVEY *R.PANDIAN *Dr.S.SWAMINATHAN. :5 35/ hkqoe{<gqp<g<g{g<gqz<fizqv{<cz<h{<him<mg<%xgt< *ov/lgiozm<slq ov/lgiozm<slq. :: 36/ kieuv<{r<gt< *Ljeui< Ljeui<R.K.Glii< Glii< / VANISHING MEMORIES: A RARE IMAGE OF BRAHMĀ FROM TITTAKUTI *K.THENMOZHI *DR.R.UDAIACHANDRAN. 219

8 kqvg<gxtqz<gz<uqs<sqf<kjegt< *k/ k/ngqzi Okuq? LjeuIhm<m Nb<uiti<? hkqu w{</ 22559? ok/kq/-f<kg<gz<z~iq? figi<ogiuqz<?loeie<l{qbl<sf<kveiihz<gjzg<gpgl<?nhqosgh<hm<c?kqvofz<ouzq/ Le<Ejv leqkeqe<-zg<ggjt njmukx<giqb upqljxgot gz<uqbqe< Ofig<gliGl</ yv slkibk<kqejmb lx<xl< keqleqkejmb okipqz<? fz<ozipg<gl<? h{<him? nxqujmjl Ohie<xux<xqe< yvr<gqj{f<k ke<jlbig gz<uq njlkz< Ou{<Ml</ leqk -ek<jk lig<gtqzqvf<k OuXhMk<kqg< gim<mukl<? dzgqz< uipl< lg<gt< biuvl< uip<uir<g uip nch<hjmbig uqtr<gukl<? yvuejmb dmz<? nxqu? lel<?d{iungqbjuutis<sqbjmbosb<ukl<gz<uqngl</ Ägz<uq} we<hk gx<xz< nch<hjmbqz< njlf<k osiz</ gz<uqjbg< Ägz<+uq} weh<hqiqg<gzil</ Ägz<} we<xiz< Oki{<M weh< ohivt<hml</ Ägz<uq} we<xiz< dt<otbqvf<k outqob ogi{<m uvukigl</ weou? gz<uq we<hke< ohivt< Oki{<Mkz< we<hkigl</ gz< we<el< ncs<osiz<zqzqvf<k gzh<jh we<x gvuqh<ohbvl<? gz<uq we<el< h{<hh<ohbvl< Okie<xqe/ gz<uqbqe< sqxh<jh klqp< -zg<gqbr<gt<hz%xgqe<xe/ (dx<xpqdkuqbl<dxohivt<ogimk<kl< qdkuqbl<dxohivt<ogimk<kl< hqx<jxfqjzleqbikgx<xz<fe<ox# )Hxl</94* (GR<sqbpGl<ogiMk<kijeg<Ogim<mpGl< lr<st<npgl<npgz<z-ofr<sk<k ofr<sk<k fz<zl<bil<we<el<fmufqjzjlbiz< gz<uqnpognpg# )fizc/242* we<xfizcbl<wmk<kjvg<gqe<xe/ gz<uqbqe<sqxh<h sqxh<h gz<uq nxquqz< sqxf<k dbif<kuvjmb Hgp< dzgl< LPuKl< hvuq fqx<gl</ li{ig<gi F~z<gtqe< kgkq nxqf<k hbe<kvl< F~z<gjtg< gx<xz< Ou{<Ml</ nh<ohikkie<gz<uqbqe<hbjenjmblcbl</-kje? (Nx<xqe<ntUnxqf<Kgx<gnjubR<si lix<xl<ogimk<kx<ohivm<m# )Gxt</836* we<xgxtqz<%xqbt<tii/ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 1 //

9 gx<xz< gx<hkx<g kgkqbjmb F~z<gjtOb Gx<xl< -z<zilz<? oktquigg< gx<gou{<ml</ (gx<ggsmxg<gx<hjugx<xhqe< gx<ggsmxg<gx<hjugx<xhqe< fqx<gnkx<gk<kg# )Gxt</4:2* gx<xhqe< F~z<gt<%Xgqe<x hc fmg<g Ou{<Ml</ hizqzqvf<k fqjv uqzg<gq hijz lm<ml< Gcg<Gl< ne<eh<hxjuh< Ohiz uip<g<jgg<gk< Okjubie fz<z gvk<kg<gjt lm<ml<jgg<ogi{<muipou{<ml</ gx<gl<ljxgt< 2/ LPjlbigg<gx<xz< gz<uqjbg< gx<gl< ohipk NpligUl< oktquigul< LPjlbigUl< gx<g Ou{<Ml</ 3/ Jbh<hice<xqgx<xz< gx<gqe<xgz<uqbqz<wf<ksf<okgll<wx<hmilz<oktquiggx<gou{<ml</ 4/ nehug<gx<xz< uip<g<jgbqz< Wm<Mg<gz<uqjb lm<ml< ohxilz< nehug<gz<uqjbbl< ohx Ou{<Ml</ (kilqe<hxukdzgqe<hxg<g{<m kilqe<hxukdzgqe<hxg<g{<m gilxuigx<xxqf<kii# )Gxt</4::* we<xkqvg<gxt<%xgqe<xk/ 5/ h{qf<kgx<xz gz<uqjbg<gx<gl<ohipknsqiqbi<le<h{quib<gx<gou{<ml</ 6/ okimif<kgx<xz< gz<uqgjvbqzgx<huifit<sqzwe<hjkw{<{qokimif<kgx<gou{<ml</ (bikiel<fimilz<dvilz<we<oeivue< bikiel<fimilz<dvilz<we<oeivue< sif<kj{bl<gz<zikuix# )Gxt</4:8* F{<{xqU gz<uqbxquqz< F{<{xqU lqgul<-e<xqbjlbikk F{<{xqU hjmk<kuigot uip<g<jgbqz<oux<xqbjmblcbl</ (w{<ohivtuigs<oszs<osiz<zqk<kie<hqxi<uib< F{<ohiVt<gi{<hKnxqU# )Gxt</535* (wh<ohivt<bii<bii<uib<g<ogm<hqel<nh<ohivt< olb<h<ohivt<gi{<hknxqu# )Gxt</534* Ohie<x Gxm<hig<gtqz< F{<{xqU djmbuvig uip<kzqe< nusqbk<jkg< %xqbqvg<gqxii</ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 2 //

10 g{qkuqbz<sqf<kje gz<uq gx<xzqz< w{<[l<? wpk<kl< -e<xqbjlbikk/ w{< we<hk g{qkk<jkbl<?wpk<kwe<hk-zg<gqbr<gjtbl<gxqg<gqxk/-ju-v{<ml<leqk uip<uqjedbik<kukignjlgqxk/ (w{<o{e<hwjewpk<oke<h-u<uqv{<ml< -u<uqv{<ml< g{<o{e<huipl<dbqig<g# )Gxt</4:3* we<x Gxtqz< dzgqz< leqk -el< fqjzk<k uipou{<mlieiz< g{qk nxqul<? -zg<gqbnxqul<-e<xqbjlbikkwe<gqxiiut<tui/ okipqz<fm<hs<sqf<kje li{ig<gi< gizs< $p<fqjzg<ogx<h nxquqe< Okjujb d{if<k gx<xz< nusqbligqxk/ -e<jxb gizgm<mk<kqz< okipqz<fm<h utis<sqbqe< giv{ligg< gx<xzqzl<? gx<hqk<kzqzl<? g{qeq lx<xl< -j{bktr<gt< Lg<gqb -mk<jkh< ohxgqe<xe/ -f<k okipqz<fm<h utis<sqg<g Wx<h ke<ejmb nxqjuh< ohvg<gqg<ogi{<om-vg<gou{<ml<wenxquxk<kgqxii/ (okim<mjek<kdxl<l{x<og{qlif<kig<g <Og{qlif<kIg<G gx<xjek<kdxl<nxqu# )Gxt</4:7* l{x<hir<gie-mk<kqz< dt<t gq{x<xfqi? Oki{<Ml< ntug<g Wx<hs< Svg<Gl</ nkohiz lg<gtg<g nuigt< gx<x gz<uqqbe< ntug<g Wx<h nxqu utvl</ -g<gxm<hiuqz<okipqz<fm<hl<hx<xq%xqbt<tii</ gz<uqbqe<-e<xqbjlbijl gz<uqbqe< -e<xqbjlbijl -f<fitqz< fl<fim<cx<gl<? dzgqx<gl< Ou{<cbqVg<gqxK/-e<El<F~x<xqz<nXhKg<GOlx<hm<mfl<fim<ceIgz<uqnxqux<x gsmigtib< lg<gt< fqjzbqz<zilz< lig<gt< fqjzbiozob? ypg<gh< h{<himgtx<x uqzr<g fqjzbqozob? nxqbijl -VtqZl<? h{<himgtx<x uqzr<g fqjzbqozob nxqbijl -VtqZl< npg<g Osx<xqZl< gqmf<k dpe<xg< ogi{<cvg<gqe<xei/ gz<zikie< dbigzk<kqz< hqxf<kizl< nue< Gzh<ohVjlbiz< hbeqz<jz/ Neiz< gx<xxqf<okie< kip<ux<x Gzk<kqz< hqxf<kqvf<kizl< gz<uqbiz< nueg<gh< ohvjl gqjmg<gl</-g<gvk<kqjeobut<tui<gz<zijlwe<xnkqgivk<kqz<? (Olx<hqxf<kivibqEl<gz<zkiIgQp<h<hqxf<kKl< gx<xiinjek<kqzihim# )Gxt</51:* we<xgxt<upquqtg<gqbt<tii/ gz<uqobnpqbikosz<ul< gx<xxqf<okii bivig -Vf<kiZl< wu<ujgbqzl< OgM uqjtuqg<g Lcbik osz<ul<gz<uqs<osz<ul<ngl</-kje? (Ogcz<uqPs<osz<ul<gz<uqyVux<G limz<zlx<jxbju# )Gxt</511* yvueg<g npquqz<zik sqxf<k osz<ul< gz<uqobbigl</ Wjeb l{q? ohie< Lkzqb osz<ur<gt< npqbg<%cbe/ Nkziz< nju osz<ur<gt< NgiK we kqvut<tui%xgqxii/ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 3 //

11 gz<uqbqe<ole<jl gz<uqg<g dzgol-e<hxukiz< ns<sqxh<hqje d{if<k gx<xxqf<okii lq{<ml< gz<uqgx<gouuqvl<hui/ (djmbiile<-z<ziiohiz<wg<gx<xl<gx<xii gjmbovgz<zikui# )Gxt</4:6* osz<uf<ki Le<eiz< Wjpgt<%eqg<GXgq fqx<hjkh< Ohizg< gz<uq djmbui Le<H u{g<gk<okim h{qf<k fqx<gl< gx<xuigot? dbif<kuviui/ nu<uix gz<zikui kip<f<kuov NuI/ -kqzqvf<k gz<ziile< gx<xuigt< dbilkqh<jh njmgqe<xeiwe<hjknxqblcgqxk/gz<uqbqe<sqxh<jhhpolipqfie~xhqe<uvl< himzqz<%xgqe<xk/ (Nx<xUl<gx<xiInxqUjmbiI;n0KjmbiI n0kjmbii fix<xqjsbl<osz<zikficz<jz.nf<fim nf<fim Nx<X{vOu{<Mukqz<# )hi/51* gz<uqjbuzqbxk<kkz< gz<uqgx<x sqxh<hjmbujeob GMl<hl<? nvs? slkibl< lkqg<gl</ weoukie< -zg<gqbr<gtqz<gz<uquzqbxk<kh<hmgqe<xe/ gx<xuiqe<nmg<gl< gx<g Ou{<cb F~z<gjtg< gx<x nxqujmbuigtqe< nmg<gol d{<jlbie nmg<gligl</ gz<zik yvue< ke<jebl< gx<xui Ohiz lkqk<kg< ogi{<m osiz<ziceiz<nueg<g-bz<higdt<tlkqh<hl<ogm<mh<ohib<uqml<we<xgvk<jkg< %Xl</ (gz<ziyvue<kjgjlkjzh<ohb<k osiz<zimz<osiiuhml<# )Gxt</517* we<xgxt<-r<gfqjeu%xk<kg<gk/ sqxf<kosz<ul< gz<uq we<hk fqjzbie ye<x/ njk nu<utu Szhlig ohx<xg<ogit<t LcbiK/-f<k npquqz<zikg< gz<uqjb fil< duf<k hqxvg<gg< gx<xg<ogimg<gl< OhiK gz<uqbqe< li{<h dzgl< uqbg<gl< ntuqz< Yr<gq utigqxk/ weou yvue< OsIg<g Ou{<cb d{<jlbie osz<ul< gz<uqob/ -jkk<kie< kqvut<tuvl< %XgqxiI/ (osz<uk<kt<osz<ul<osuqs<osz<ul<ns<osz<ul< osz<uk<kt<wz<zil<kjz# )Gxt</522* -e<jxbgz<uqbqe<fqjz ne<jxb gizgm<mk<kqz< gz<uqbiek GVGz gz<uqbig njlf<kqvf<kk/ wpk<kxquqk<kue<-jxueg<gs<sll<we<x%x<xne<jxbgizgm<mk<kqx<glpukl< Wx<xkig -Vf<kK/ ne<jxb gz<uq Nsqiqbi< jlb gz<uqbig njlf<kqvf<kk/ Neiz<-e<jxbgz<uqbieKne<jxbgz<uqfqjzbqzqVf<KliXhm<M?wz<OziVg<Gl< wtqkig gqjmg<gqe<xe/ nvs gz<uq gx<huigjt Dg<gh<hMk<Kl< ujgbqz<-zus LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 4 //

12 gz<uqjb ntqk<k uvgqxk/ OlZl< njek<k sqxuigtl< hbe<ohxl< ujgbqz< sk<k{u?sqvjm?himh<hk<kgl<ohie<xux<jxupr<gqli{uigjtdg<gh<hmk<kgqxk/ OlZl< hm<mh<hch<h hch<huigtg<g ur<gq gme<gt< upr<gq gx<xuigjt Dg<gh<hMk<KgqxK/-ke<&zl< ohivtikivk<kqz< hqe< kr<gqb li{uigt< gz<uq ohxlcgqxk/ -e<jxb gz<uqbiek ne<jxb gz<uq fqjzbqzqvf<k lixhm<m hz<oux utis<sq fqjzgjtg< g{<mt<tk/ -e<jxb gz<uqbiek uietiuqb utis<sqg{<muqml</fiml<le<oexhzsikjegjth<hiqf<kuvgqxk/ LcUjv (-{'p<k<kl<fixilzi<njebigx<xk d{vuqiqk<kjvkii# )Gxt</761* gx<x F~z<gjtBl< fz<z osb<kqgjtbl< hqxvg<g d{vl< hc uqiqk<kjvg<g -bzikuigjt l{l< -z<zik H,Ug<G dujlbig<ggqe<xii ut<tui/ leqke< leqkeig dbv? dzgh< Hgp< ohx uip<g<jgjbs< sqxh<hig uip<f<k gim<m gz<uq ye<oxsqxf<kkwe<hjkut<tuinpgigoktquhmk<kqbt<tii/ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 5 //

13 guqjk-zg<gqbk<kqz<klqpiqe<d{ulx<xl< h{<himgxqk<ksqf<kje *n/vi{qhib< n/vi{qhib<? Ljeui<hm<m Nvib<s<sq li{uq? hkqu w{</:528? ok/kq/-f<kgz<z~iq? figi<ogiuqz<?loeie<l{qbl<sf<kveiihz<gjzg<gpgl<?nhqosgh<hm<c?kqvofz<ouzq/ Le<Ejv fqzk<kqe< gcek<ke<jljb -tg<gqofgqps< osb<khbe<himohivt<gtqe< uqjtug<gk< kgkqbig<guk dpu/ dpuwu<uixfqzk<jkh< hbe<hmk<kgqxoki nu<uioxlg<gtqe<lek<jkh<h{<hmk<kukh{<himigl</klqpgl<we<hkgizr<gmf<k osix<oximvib<k< kqgpqel<? hqx<gizk< klqpgh< h{<him<cx<g kibglib< uqtr<gqbk sr<ggizh< h{<himigl</ h{<him we<hk Nr<gqzk<kqz< (Culture) we<x Gxqh<hqmh<hMgqxK/ h{<oheh<hmuk himxqf<k ypgkz< we<x gzqk<okijg %Xl</ h{<hm we<x osiz<zqzqvf<k h{<him we<x osiz< Okie<xqbK we<hi< sie<oxii<? leqkeqe< nch<hjmk< Okju d{u? djm? djxuqml<? gz<uq? lvk<kul< Ohie<xjubiGl</ nux<xt< d{ou Lkzqml< ohxgqxk/ nkeiz< kie< d{<cogimk<kue< dbqi< ogimk<kueigqxie</ hivkqbl< -jkolb<h<hqg<gl< uqklig keqobivueg<g d{u -z<jzobeqz< -s<sgk<kqje npqk<kqmouil< we<gqxii</ -u<uix leqk uip<g<jgobim -j{f<k d{u lx<xl< h{<him guqjk -zg<gqbk<kqz< wu<uix outqh<hmgqxk we<hjk wmk<kjvh<hok -g<gm<mjvbqe< Ofig<gliGl</ klqpglgtqiqe<uqvf<okil<hz< lgtqiqe<uqvf<okil<hz< g{<j{g<guvl< u{<{h< hzjgbizl<? &g<jgbqi<k<k fig<%xs< osb<bl< fxl{k<kizl< gijkk<kjtg<gl< gieh<him<mizl<? Di<g<g{< Fjpuijv uioue<xjpg<gl< d{<mjv d{uuqmkqgt<-z<zig<gizk<okui{qhl< hx<xqobi OuX uqjehx<xqobi uqmokcuvl< uqvf<kqei<g<g ubqxiv d{utqk<k dmzix djxuqml< ogimk<k? dt<tr<gtqvh< He<LXuz< H,k<k -e<lgr<gim<c -eqbju %xquqvf<okil<huk uqmokixl< -z<zxk<kiiqe< -e<xqbjlbig< gmjlbib< -Vf<kK/ uxjlbqz<uicbuvr<%mh<gh<jhg<gqjvogib<kdh<hqz<zilz<nm<omel<uqvf<okil<hqei< weh< hpl< himz< %Xl</uqVf<Okil<hziz< uqvf<kqei<g<ogbe<xq? uqm<mivigqbkjzue<? kjzuqbi<g<gl< keqh<hm<mokii< nvl<hbe{<m? nk nui<gtg<gqjmob Okie<Xl< Dmz< fqr<gqg< %Mukx<G kg<guib<h<htqh<hkigl</ Njgbiz< kie< yz<gih< Hgp< okiz<gih<hqbeivl<uqvf<okil<hjzdmz<kqi<g<gl<uibqz<gtt<ye<xigg<gxqk<kii</ ogi{<mui<g<ogkhqcg<gl< ogi{<mui<g<ogkhqcg<gl< Gpf<jkgt<wjkuqVl<Hl< pf<jkgt<wjkuqvl<hl< LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 6 //

14 k{<me<xqfmg<gl<lile< lilqg<gk<kg<goke<e / /)-zg<gqb-zg<g{r<gtqz<klqpi<h{<him* we<x Nvib<f<K Nvib<f<Kgxqgt< uir<ggqxit< kjzuq? wz<ozivg<gl< wk? wkhqcg<gl< we<x w{<{quir<gl< nut?< keg<g wkhqcg<gl< we<x osiz<zuqz<jz nutjmbk~b<jlbiene<hqjeg<%xuf<khiouf<ki</ ohivjtbl<ohiqoke<ox{<{ii</ ohivjtbl<ohiqoke<ox{<{ii</ H,{<Ou{<mit<?kjel{f<Okie< nvjtobdbqove<ox{<[l< ne<hqeit< we<xgxqh<hqmgqe<xii</ OlZl< uqvf<kqml< LjxbqjeBl< hjmg<gl< d{uohivt<gjtbl< npgigg< Gxqh<hqMgqxii</ uijpbqjzbqe<ncb{<hii< uijpbqjzbqe<ncb{<hii<uzh<hxk<kqz< uzh<hxk<kqz< uqpuqiqk<kg<gxqujggt<$pjuk<kk< k{<{qi<ouf<fqjvk<keqk<keqobosl<hqzqm<m wg<gxqbqz<fim<ml<-ui<g<oge<xfqd{i<f<ok ng<gxqjbole<olzl<nt<tqjuk<k Ogm<Ml<Gxqh<hxqf<Kl<ogR<sqBl<lqR<Sl<ne<hiz< Dm<Mkz<Ou{<Ml<kib<Ohiz< )-zg<gqb-zg<g{r<gtqz<klqpi<h{<him* we<xuqvf<okil<hzqe<keqk<ke<jlgjtsm<mgqxii<hivkqkise</ nkqgijzwpf<k wpf<kgmjl gmjlnx<xl<klqpi< Nx<Xl<klqpi< nkqgijz wpf<k gmjl osb<kz< klqpi<gtqe< h{<himigl<? Nmui<gt< nkqgijzbqz< wpf<k gpeqg<gs< ose<x gmjlbix<xz< ne<x Lkz<-e<X ujv osb<k uvl< yv h{qbigl</ oh{<gt< nkqgijz Ofvk<kqz< wpf<k ke< gmjlgjt Nx<xk<okimr<Ggqxii<gt<?we<hkje -tr<gkqi<gqpg<gqz<-e<el<wpuqz<jz -tr<gkqi<gqpg<gqz<-e<el<wpuqz<jz -vuohii<k<k-vt<fqr<guqz<jz NbqEl<Ogt<uqbiz<ngZl<lmjlOhiz< ft<tqvuolkuib<fmf<kogi{<cvf<kk okim<cfqzk<kqz<s{<{il<hgzf<k S{<{il<Hgzf<k gzh<ohe-vt<ke<gm<mg<gjzf<k Hzi<f<kqmh<OhiGl<ohiPK?gm<czqz< lzi<f<kenf<klr<jgbqe<uqpqgt</ K~g<gk<OkiMK~r<gqbqVf<k Dg<gLl<SXSXh<Ht<tLl<?lr<jg wpf<kkl<wpf<ke-vjguqsq )-zg<gqb-zg<g{r<gtqz<klqpi<h{<him* we<x %xq? dme< Lgk<jkk< Kzg<gquqm<M? uisjzg< %m<c? fqi<oktqk<k Ogizlqm<mgim<sqjbnpgiguqtg<Ggqxii<hivkqkise<? LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 7 //

15 << Osf<KfQi<osr<jgWf<kqk<okVg<gkU Osf<KfQi<osr<jgWf<kqk<okVg<gkU sii<f<kkip<kqxf<kkgmohix<gxm %m<c?olvgkqm<cg<gpuq? niqslig<ogizl<njlk<ket<?nutg<gh< hiqsqz<fqm<ceie<hgzue<ohie<oeitq? we<xuiszqz< npgieogizlqm<mnk<kjzuqg<gg< gkqvue< we<xuiszqz< ohie<oeitqjbhiqsigupr<gqbkigg<gxqh<hqmgqxii<hivkqkise</ klqpiqe<h{<himlx<xl<d{u klqpg lgtqi< dbqove uqtr<gqb kl< g{ujvh< Oh{qBl<? oh{<{qe< ohvjlbib<k<kl<kq{<{qbgx<hqjeg<gik<kl<?lek<jklbg<gxl<lg<gjtli{<hx uti<k<kl<? uvf<kq uvl< uqvf<kqejv Yl<hqBl<? -Ml<jhobeg< gvkik GMl<hs< Sx<xk<jkk< kpuqbl<? gmujt u{r<gqbl<? guqe< gjzuti<k<kl<? Ke<hf<Kjmk<K -e<hl< ohvg<gqbl< uip<f<kei</ nzk<k uf<k NVbqi<g< g{ueg<g nxsju d{utqk<klgqp<ukljeuqbqe<lkx<gmjlbigl</kie<sjlk<kjk-eqk"-eqk" weg< g{ue< Sjuk< Ke<hk<jkg< g{<m nl<lgt< lm<czi lgqp<s<sq njmgqxit< we<hkje kie<xpf<km<mkql<htqh<higi< kie<xpf<km<mkql<htqh<higi< -eqokeg<g{ue{<mzqe< F{<{qkqe<lgqpf<ke<oxi{<[kz<LgOe we<el<gxf<okijghiucgt<)278*wmk<kg<gim<ml</ guql{q lvlg<gt< upq lie<lqbk<kqz< d{ugxqk<k nkqgl< Gxqh<hqMl< kqgp<uqje gi{lcbl< nux<xt< sqzgiv{uiqe< kijb nxqlgh<hmk<kgqxii</ -utg<g -Vh<hK yvg{< hii<jukie<" Neiz< Nbqvr<g{<[jmb -f<kqvel< -utg<g =miglim<mie</ uqm<cz< bijvbl< fl<hlim<mit< nut< nvsqboz fmh<hkiz<? yu<ouiv njxbqzl< H,m<jmOhim<M H,m<cuqMuit< we<x %XukqZl< klqpiqe< d{uqjeg<ogi{<muvgqxii<guql{q nvr<gh,m<mil< nvr<gh,m<mil<;njxh<hjvh,m<mil< njxh<hjvh,m<mil<; km<mh<h,m<mil<;sib<h<hh<h,m<mil< sib<h<hh<h,m<mil<; niqsqjbfqkll<ntf<kjuh<hit<; fz<zlqtjgfxg<gqjuh<hit<; ogiz<zlqtjgg<gxg<gqjuh<hit<; dh<hqz<htqjbdvm<cjuh<hit< HtqjbdVm<cjuh<hit<; gxqg<gk<okr<gib<gvg<gjuh<hit<; gmjgbl<w{<{qg<g{g<gqm<mjuh<hit<< <; )lvlg<gt<upqlie<lqbl<* OlZl< nk<jk lgt< uqvozm<slqbqe< GMl<hk<kiVg<G uqvf<k juk<okkir<gt< Wjpgtigq uqmouil< we<x silq %XukqZl< klqpi< d{<[l< d{uqjes< Sm<Mgqe<xii<guql{q LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 8 //

16 kqe<huoez<zil<kqe<hie<ohiuie<? kqe<huoez<zil<kqe<hie<ohiuie<? kqvr<g{r<gcbie<ok{<mlqxh<hie<? nuqbz<ohiiqbz<kjubz<kqbz< hs<scokiuve<gqs<scsm<ceq sil<hii<%m<mk<kbqi<h<htqosiq OsjeWk<ke<Osi<k<okiqOsiq hvh<hhh<hml<hibsl<hqvkle< hplqjzobimhjmh<hh<ohim nvsel<%mn{<cbiuioe" )lvlg<gt<upqlie<lqbl<* OlZl< kl<lqml< g{g<g Ogm<guf<k lvlgeqml< giv{ui< d{i<s<sq ogi{<m OhSukqZl<klqpi<d{<[l<d{uqjes<Sm<Mgqe<xii<guql{q/ Njlujmg<gib<njvRi{<h{bl<? Njlujmg<gib<njvRi{<h{bl<? Ohitqg<gigh<Hk<kgl<h{bl<? sqjmg<gigs<sqozm<mh<h{bl<? gigs<sqozm<mh<h{bl<? LXg<Gg<gigOlikqvl<h{bl<? gih<hqg<giggmg<g{<h{bl<? gizvg<gigg<gijxh{bl<? %k<kg<gigg<gjmbl<h{bl<? -h<hcbigwz<zil<h{bl< juk<kk<kqe<el<ubqx<xg<gt<ui< )lvlg<gt<upqlie<lqbl<* fizil<ljeuqobimgiv{ui< %cg< gtqg<gl< sz<zihk<jk uqvhk<kqvhqt<jt Sm<MukqZl<klqpi<d{<[l<d{uqjeg<%xk<kuxuqz<jzguql{q/ N{<MOkiXl<nXh<Hg<gizl<de< N{<MOkiXl<nXh<Hg<gizl<de< fizil<ljeuqfimgg<giiq? uqk<kk<k{<ml<uijtlqel< LVr<jgg<giBl<olis<jsg<ogim<jmBl< um<cum<cbib<uir<gquir<gqg< gxqgt<juk<kg<gr<sqbl<juk<k?gr<sqjb Nx<xqNx<xqnjvbjxngh<jhbib< uqm<mg<ogi{<m?uqsqxqwmk<k? uqbi<julixuqsqg<ogi{<m? hx<hzohs<sqzl<hg<gulig LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 9 //

17 LcUjv d{<jlbl<ohib<bl<ypr<ggzf<k gizl<ohig<gl<giv{l<-e<eoke<x ogim<mg<gmjzh<hm<mkqe<x?olz< Hm<Mkqe<X?Olz< uqm<mg<giiqbl<uqsiiqk<knxqb )lvlg<gt<upqlie<lqbl<* d{ou d{oulvf<k lvf<klvf<ok lvf<okd{u d{u we<xuip<f<k gizl< nf<kgizl</-e<x Wjpbqe< uqm<cz< hsqkie< Ofib<g<Gg< giv{l<h{g<give<uqm<cz<d{ukie<ofib<g<gg<giv{l< we<hkjelxf<k uqmgqoxil</ -xf<kuvg<gsqjzjuh<hkx<gh< hkqzig hsqobim-vh<huvg<g d{u kvuok sqxf<kk/ hsqobim -Vh<hui<gTg<G d{u ogimk<kh<hii< fq -xf<khqe< gi[l<osii<g<gk<jkyvofich<ohipkqz<gi{lcbl< nk<kjgbosii<g<gk<jkfill< gi{lbx<sqosb<ouil</ hii<juf~x<gt< nxoeeh<hmukbiokeg<ogm<hqe< nxoeeh<hmukbiokeg<ogm<hqe< lxuikqkogt<le<ebqi<g<ogz<zil< d{<cbljmbljxbt LjxBTlz<zK lz<zk g{<mk-z< )slgizwpk<kg<gtl<uqtql<hfqjzuip<g<jgbl<* 2/ -zg<gqb-zg<g{r<gtqz<klqpi<h{<him/ 3/ slg<gizwpk<kg<gtl<uqtql<hfqjzuip<g<jgbl< 4/ guql{qoksqguqfibgl<hqt<jtbqe<lvlg<gt<upqlie<lqbl< 5/ Olz<fqjzohiKk<klqp<himF~z< LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 10 //

18 SuilquqHzief<kncgtiiqe<bip<F~z< F~z< *Ljeui< s/osf<kqz<glii< osf<kqz<glii<? dkuqh<ohvisqiqbi<? klqpqbz< Kjx? n{<{iljzh< hz<gjzg<gpgl<?n{<{iljzfgi</ Le<Ejv klqp< olipqbqe< lqgh<hjpb-zg<g{ F~zie okiz<gih<hqbk<kqx<g Le<eOv Okie<xqb ngk<kqbk<kqozob -jsk<klqp< hx<xqb Gxqh<Hgt< -Vf<kkig uvzix<x Nb<uiti<gt<%Xgqxii<gt</ kx<ohik flg<gg< gqjmk<kt<t klqp< F~z<gtqz< h{<jmb -jsk<klqp< lvhqjebl<? Gpz<? bip< Lkzqb -jsg<gvuqgjtbl<? -jshiml< LjxjbBl<fil<nxqbLcgqxK/ nu<uqjs uti<s<sqbqz< uqhzief<k ncgtivg<gl< hr<g d{<m/ -zr<jg fim<cz< gijvk<kqu we<x -mk<kqzt<t giovx &K~iqz< silqk<kl<hqbii<. g{<{l<jlbii< kl<hkqgtg<g 29:3.Nl< N{<M lii<s< kqr<gt< 3:.Nl< fit< uqhzif<k ncgt< hqxf<kii</-uiqe<-bx<ohbi< lbqz<uigee</ klqpqe< lqkl<? klqpqjsbqe< lqkl< lqgf<k hx<x djmbuvig uqtr<gqeii</ -ui< hjmk<ktqk<k bip<f~z< -uiqe< -jsh<h{qg<gyvdkiv{ligk<kqgp<gqe<xk/-uiqe<-jsh<h{qgxqk<k-g<gm<mjv Nb<gqe<xK/ bip<f~z<dvuig<gl< hpf<klqp<-zg<gqbr<gtqz< hi{el< ohivfel<-jsg<gl< h{<gt< hx<xqbl<? nkx<g dkul< bip<gjth< hx<xqbl<? nux<xqz< -js %m<mukx<giqb Ljxgjth< hx<xqbl<? sqzh<hkqgivl<? ncbii<g<g fz<zii< djv Ngqbux<xqx<G uqtg<gl<%xuk OhizUl<-f<F~z<dVuig<gh<hm<Mt<tK/ uqhzief<kvl<bip<f~zl< uqhzief<k ncgt< 2:35.z< lkjvk< klqp<s< sr<gk<kqz< sqzh<hkqgiv fimgg< %Xgjtg<ogi{<Mfimgk<klqp<hx<xqdjvbix<xqeii</hqe<Hnjk lkr<g$til{q weh< ohbiqm<m F~zig outqbqm<mii</ nh<ohiok nuvg<g bip<f~z< hx<xqb sqf<kje Okie<xquqm<mKwezil</ bip<f~z<nvr<ogx<xl< hkqeie<g N{<Mgt< -jmuqmik Lbe<X? niqb hz osb<kqgt< kqvm<c? Nvib<s<sqgt< hz osb<k -bx<xqb -jsk<klqp< F~zigqb bip<f~z< gvf<jk klqp<s<sr<gk<k Nkvuqz< kqvogit<tl< HK~i< kqvg<ogibqzqz< Ntjmh< hqt<jtbii< Le<xqzqz< 2:58.Nl< N{<M\ e< likl< 31? 32.Nl< fim<gtqz<-eqok nvr<ogx<xh< ohx<xk/ klqpgk<kqe< hz<oux -mr<gtqzqvf<k Gpz<Oljk? -jsh<ohvisqiqbi<? LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 11 //

19 kqvh<hil<hvl< we</ Suilqfik hqt<jt? OsilSf<kv hivkqbii<? Suilq sqk<huief<ki<? Ohvisqiqbi< hq/ sil<h&i<k<kq? uqk<uie< out<jtuiv{i<? ytju Kjvsilq hqt<jt? Ohvisqiqbi< ok/ohi/lq/ uqj{ uqk<kgi< g/ohi/ squief<kl< hqt<jt Lkzqb -jsbxqri<gtl<-jsh<hzui<gtl<-u<uqpiuqz<gzf<kogi{<mei</ hpf<klqp<-js sr<g-zg<gqbr<gtl< sqzh<hkqgivll< Gvz< Kk<kl< Ohie<x-jss< Svr<gjth< hx<xqg<%xgqe<xe/ nux<jx-e<jxb-jsobim yh<hqm<m ncgtii< bip< F~zqz< hpf<klqp<-jslvhqjeuqtg<ggqe<xii</ -jsfvl<hgt< -jsfvl<hgtqe<ohbi<gjtlkz<lkzqz<sqzh<hkqgivl<%xgqe<xk/ djplkx<jgg<gqjt-xuib<g<gm<c djplkx<jgg<gqjt-xuib<g<gm<c )HxR<Osiq?uiq/3136* djp Lkx< jgg<gqjt -Xkqbig njlf<kt<t fvl<hgtg<g fqgvie -e<jxb Svr<gjt fqg{<m F~z<gt< %Xl< yzqgotim yh<hqm<m uqhzief<k ncgt< oktquhmk<kgqxii</ -jsbqbzqz<yu<ouivfvl<hqx<gl<gqjtfvl<h?hjgfvl<h?fm<hfvl<h?-j{ fvl<h we<x fie<g ujgk< okimi<hgt< dt<te/ nkiuk? yv fvl<h nke< hjg fvl<ohim-j{f<k-jsg<gik/ Neiz< fm<h -j{obim Osi<f<kqjsg<Gl< we<hkie ohivjtg<ogi{<mju-f<kfm<h?gqjt?hjgngqbosix<gt</ hi{i<uve<ljx hi{e<hjxbe<kcbe<gml<he<we<x hi{e<hjxbe<kcbe<gml<he<we<x -f<fie<gz<zkgcblqz<jz we<el< hpr<osb<btqz< fie<g ohbi<got?&e<x-jsg<gvuqbiz< ohx<x ohbi<gt<? hjxbqjelpr<gouii<hjxbe<akcbqjelpr<gouie<kcbe<we<xjpg<gh<hm<mei</ Lz<jzg<G WXOgim<hjx? GxqR<sqg<Gk< oki{<mgh<hjx? ofb<kzg<g lqe<ogim<hjx we<x yu<ouiv fqzk<kqx<gl< yv hjxjb hi{i< Wx<x fqjzjb okiz<gih<hqbk<kqz<gi{zil</ sr<gs< s&gk<kqz< yv GPuqevie hi{i< nuiqe< jgbt<t bipqjeg< ogi{<om -V hqiquqevigh< hqiqg<ggh<hm<mt<tei</ ohiqb bijp juk<kqvh<ohii< ohvl<hi{i<we<xl<?sqxqbbijpjuk<kqvh<ohii<sqxhi{i<we<xl<ohbi<ohx<xei</ bip<ujggt< sr<g gizk<kqz< Ohiqbip<? sqxqbip< Ngqb -ux<oxim uqz<bip<? lgvbip<? sogimbip<? osr<ogim<m bip<? Ltiqbip< we<x OuX sqz ujg bipqe< ohbi<gtl< Gxqh<hqmh<hm<Mt<te/ uqz<bip< Lx<Gxqh<hqm<m bip<gtt< uqz<biop gizk<kiz< Lx<hm<mK we<x nxqri< g{qg<gqe<xei</ NM limgjt Olb<g<gs< ose<x Nbe< kioe osb<k ogi{<m bipigl</ Glqp< lvg< ogil<hgjt uqz<zig ujtk<k lv fiiqeiz< kqiqk<k gbqx<xqje fi{igg< gm<c yov ntuqzie WP uqx<gjt njlk<k fi{<gjt lm<ml< dbi<k<kqbl<?kip<k<kqbl<gm<cbipig<gq-jsg<gh<hm<mt<tkuqz<bip</ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 12 //

20 Ohiqbip< hk<kh<him<m<t<ljzhmgmilqz<ye<hkfvl<hgjtdjmbohiqbip< oki{<mhm kquuqe< we<xgxqh<hqmh<hm<mgqe<xk/ogir<goutqi<ohvr<gjkbt<2111fvl<hgjtg< ogi{<mohiqbip< ohvr<gzl< we<xgxqh<hqmh<hmgqe<xk/ lgvbip< squgsqf<kil{q? l{qolgjz? ohvr<gjk Ngqb -zg<gqbr<gt< -u<bijph< hx<xqg< Gxqh<hqMgqe<xe/ lqe< ucuk<kqz< lqg npgig njlg<gh<hm<cvg<gl<-u<bijp nvsi< Gc-jtRi< Lkzqbosz<ui<uQm<cOzuqVl<hq-jsk<kei<we<Xgih<hqbr<gt< %Xgqe<xe/hk<okie<hKfvl<Hgjtg<ogi{<Mnjlf<kK-u<bip</ sqxqbip< Ohiqbipqe< dvuk<jk Ofig<g-K sqxqbk we<x ohivtqz< sqxbip<? sqxqbip< we<x njpg<gh<hm<mk/-kul< Ohiqbijph< Ohie<Ox hk<ki<? kquu? OgiM? Ohii<ju? fvl<hngqbdxh<hg<gjtg<ogi{<mk/-kjes<osr<ogim<mbip<we<xsqzh<hkqgivl< HxR<OsiqbqXk<K gijk%xgqe<xk/ osf<fqbl< Hiqf<k osr<ogim<m bipqz< )uiq/ 217*/ sqxqbipg<gl< osr<ogim<mbipg<gl< -jmob OuXhiMgt< sqz d{<m/ sqxqbip< 6 dxh<hgjtbl<? osr<ogim<m bip< NX dxh<hgjtbl< ogi{<mju/ sqxqbipqz< gi{h<hml< Ohii<juk< Okiz<? osr<ogim<m bipqz<-z<jz/ osr<gim<m bip< ye<hk fvl<hgjtg<ogi{<mk/ sogimbip< sqzh<hkqgivk<kqz<nvr<ogx<xg<gijkbt<tl<?oueqx<gijkbt<tl<? we<xgxqh<hqmh<hmgqe<xk/ =Ovp<okiMk<kosl =Ovp<okiMk<kosl<Ljxg<Ogt<uq <Ljxg<Ogt<uq )uiq/91* kqvfqzg{<m bip<h<hi{i< -u<bijpob jgbqz< -jsk<kii< we<x kqvriesl<hf<ki<gxqh<hqmgqe<xii</ Okuivh<h{< bipqjsbqe< lvhgt< hx<xqbl<? h{<? nkx<gie gqvlr<gt< hx<xqbl<? bip<gjth< hx<xqbl< kl< F~zqz< uqiquig uqtg<gqb ncgtii<? &ui< Okuivh< himz<gtg<gl< bih<hjlkqbqje Nvib<f<K siqbie h{<gjtbl< nux<xqe< dvur<gjtbl< nm<muj{h<hmk<kqg<%xgqe<xii</ uqhzief<kiqe<niqblbx<sq sqzh<hkqgivl< bipsqiqbejlkq%xl< hgkqg<g uqtg<gl<%xlglig wpkk< okimr<gqb-f<f~z< ncgtibqe< niqb Lbx<sqbiz<? Nb<U Ofig<gq hz F~z<gjt Nvib<f<kkiz<-f<F~z<-k<kjgb sqxh<hh< ohx<xk< kqgp<gqxk/ nui< kl< Nb<uqx<G Olx<ogi{<mF~z<gt<hz/ umolipq F~z<gTl<? sqzh<hkqgiv ncbii<g<g fz<zii< djv? squg sqf<kil{q fs<sqeii<g<gqeqbi< djv Ngqb djvgtqz< gi{h<hml< -jsh<hx<xqb osb<kqgjt ye<oxim ye<x dpxf<kk yh<hofig<gqh< hpf<klqp<-js lvhgjt ncgtii< bip< F~zqz<uqtg<gqBt<tii</ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 13 //

21 hqxkjxyh<hqm uqhzief<k ncgtii< kl< nxquqbz< Hzjlbiz<-bx<hqbzqz< gi{h<hml< yzq njzob{< fqtl< hx<xqb Nb<U Ljxbqjeg< ogi{<m hpf<klqp<-js lvhqjebl< -jsfvl<hqbjzbl<nvib<f<kuqtg<ggqxii</ gjzs<osiz<zig<gl< uqhzief<k ncgtiz< ose<jebqz< hqvohik jske<bvig -Vf<kOhiK Olx<ogi{<m gjzs<osiz<zig<gh< h{qbqe< fqjxu bip< F~Zt< Gxqh<hig -js fvl<hqbzt< outqh<hmgqe<xk/ yzqbqe<-jsjb ntg<g dkul< Osiei lqm<mi< we<x gvuqbqe<ohbjvncgtii<gm<mjtbip<we<xkf<kt<tii</ -e<xsvli{qwe<xjpg<gh<hml<turning Fork-J-ui<-jsg<Ogiz<we<gqxii</ ohivt<gtqe< ke<jlg<gl<? w{<gtg<glie gjzs<osix<gjtk< kiol dvuig<gqbt<tii</nju? Solids. kq{<lr<gt< Gases. ofib<lr<gt< Airpump. utquvr<ggvuq ksl<w{<gt<. gqp<uiob{<gt< Fractions. hqe<ew{<gt< Exporentiation (10 2 ). hcw{< Base. nclje Logarithm. nzgw{< LcUjv uqhzief<k ncgt<-f<f~zqje hibqvuqbz<? bip< dxh<hqbz<?-js fvl<hqbz<? hijzk< kqiqhqbz<? h{<{qbz<? Okuivuqbz<? ypqhqbz< we<x wpujgh< hqiqugtig<gq -jsh< hx<xqbg< Gxqh<Hgjt oktquig uqtg<gqbt<tii</ -ui< fix<hk ngjug<gh< hqe<oe-js F[g<gr<gjtg< gx<xxqf<k bip<f~z< wpkk< okimr<gqeii</-f<f~zqe< &zl<ncbiiqe<klqpqjsh<hx<xl<?nb<uleh<hie<jlbl<?nxquqbzxqul<?yh<hofig<gl< ke<jlbl< outqh<hmk<kgqe<exe/ hpf<klqp< -js lvhgjt nxquqbz< Ljxbqz< oktquh<hmk<kq -jsk<klqpqe< li{<hqje dzgxqbs< osb<k ohvjl uqhzief<k ncgjtobs<sivl</ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 14 //

22 TEMPLES AS COURTS OF JUSTICE IN MEDIEVAL TAMIL NADU *Dr.R.Udaiachandran, Assistant Professor, Department of History, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar The Tamil country, traditionally known as Tamilaham was not free from crime and punishment as elsewhere. The rulers of Medieval Tamilnad, though known for administrative skill and ability, their empire witnessed rapine and violence in some parts or the other. Therefore, the kings as guardians of social life and laws paid adequate attention and maintained law and order strictly. They even served as supreme magistrates and protected the subjects from injustice and anarchy based on dharmic principles. A king who rules justly and guards his realm shall be thought of as a God to men 1. Any move to sabotage the social order was viewed by them as a fundamental crime. Elaborate arrangements were made to trap the culprits to restore peace and tranquility of the kingdom. Tamil literatures inform us that the highways and trunk roads were infested by robbers 2. Villages and towns were guarded by the specially appointed guards or police namely the urkavalar and pardikdppar, At road junctions, the urkavalar stood with bows and arrows to ward off robbers. So also in every village in the Medieval Tamil country had a complement of well paid pardikdppar. Moreover, in certain places, the villagers themselves made agreements to check robbery or dacoity within the specified limits of the villages. Besides, the rulers too made frequent tours to different parts of the empire, sometimes ihcognito and camped at different places. During such tours they camped in the temples where there were no places, conducted enquiries about the law and order situation if any and solved them then and there itself. Thus, all possible efforts were undertaken to restore peace by punishing the guilty and leaving the innocence. Administration of justice in Medieval Tamilnad was different from the early days. To carry out justice impartially to all without fear or favour, there were law courts in the rural and urban areas 5. In the Sangam age, petty cases of the villages were heard in a common place, generally under the shade of a tree in the centre of the village called podiyil or manram 6. Capital towns had aval or avaiyam where simple justice was meted out. Apart from them, the courtyard of the palace (durbar hail) also served as the law court. The Pallava judicial court established at the city of Kanchi was known as adhikara 7. In the medieval times, temples served as the venue of the court of justice. The. importance attached to manram in the early days had slowly shifted to temples, for life had become temple centred. The temple was considered as the sanctified preserve and the conscious keeper of the people. They had never dared enough to speak untruth or do an evil deed in the temple precincts for fear of heavenly wrath. Further, the hearing of various cases in the presence of the deity invested the proceedings with an atmosphere of solemnity. Hence, people gathered there to settle many of their problems. As a result, meetings were held in the spacious mandapas of the temples to discuss various issues 8. Investigations and trials conducted in the tirumandapas are referred to in many of the Tamil epigraphs 9. Moreover, in those days, when law and order were in their infancy, the aid of divine agency was sought for ascertaining the truth 10. The people living around Alagarkoil near Madurai even now, believe that a man, who utters a falsehood in this temple and passes through the gate of eighteen steps, will come to have a miserable end 11. By such easy means, various civil cases were LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 15 //

23 settled. In those days, due to lack of easy and quick means of transport and communication, it was a difficult task to seek justice from the regular courts which were not only few but situated at a far off and distant places. These factors motivated the people to prefer temples as law courts. As almost all villages had at least one major or minor temple of some importance, people had close access to the local temple, an institution of the state. Therefore, temples were more suited and preferred to law courts. As seat of justice, such courts were probably known as dharmasana, which literally means a judgement seat. The courts so established were presided over by the judges to carry out justice. The judges were commonly known as nydyattdrs. The presiding judge in each court wore a peculiar headgear (a kind of wig) to distinguish themselves from others 12. But inscriptions are silent about this. Generally, age and experience were considered as the necessary qualifications prescribed for judges in the earlier ages 13. However, in temples, the learned Brahmanas who were experts in dharmatidstras 14 heard the cases. They were known as dharmasdnabhattas 14. It is gleaned from several records that the bhattas were repositories of high learning, proficient in vedas and sdstras. Other than this, a bhatta should be sdmavedin by birth, a native of the village and be able to teach vedas, sdstras and vydkarana (grammar) I5. It is believed that a Brahmin who omits the study of vedas and devotes himself to the study of other pursuits becomes a sudra along with his family members 16. Hence, the Brahmins were to study the veda and its subsidiary lores as a duty 17. In addition, to the appointment of priestly profession, much importance was attached to the gotras, to which the bhattas belonged, and the sutras in which they were masters 18. No doubt, such qualifications besides good character were strictly adhered to, to. become a priest in temple. In feet, the priesfs who carried out justice in thfe temple courts too possessed these qualifications. In some temples, the religious heads namely the samaydchdryas and priests were empowered to conduct the trial of certain cases. For instance, a record of AD of the time of Maravarman Kulasekhara found in the Nanganatasvami temple at Peraiyur informs us of the settlement of a case by the temple priests 19. So also, in Tirumayam, the Saiva and Vaishnava priests adjudicated some disputes 20. From this, it is believed that the services of Saiva and Vaishnava priests were utilised to try the offences committed by the people of the respective faiths and afflictions. In some areas, the trustees of the temples served as judges. In many temples, the Sthdnattdr (temple executive) participated in the investigations and deliberations of many a case 21. During the period of Vikramapandya, a Dispute that arose between the Brahmanas over the ownership of the temple land was settled by the Sthdnattdi 22. Other than him, the temple executives like the devakanmis, mdhesvaras, srlkdriyamseyvars and similar others were empowered the privilege of dispensing justice. These executive officials employed in the Pasupathlsvara temple at Pandanallur in Tanjore district were empowered to punish thievery, defaulting tenants and others 23. In discharging the judicial functions, the temple authorities received assistance from the village assemblies like the ur, the sdbhd, the nadu and the nagaram. For instance, a theft in the Tirunalakkunramudaiya Nayajur remple was investigated by the nddu, nagara and grama of Konadu 24. A Tamil epigraph from Srlrangam speaks of a public enquiry conducted by members of the sdbhd of that place with some temple senants about the misappropriation of temple fund 25. From this record, we also infer that joint sitting of the village heads, temple authorities and priests were held to discuss matters affecting temple affairs. In such discussions, jn some temples, the pilgrims too were allowed to participate 26. However, ai a time, when neither the royal authority nor the village assemblies could enforce Jaw and order. =11 classes of people were imbued with a spirit of conciliation and had recourse to extra judicial methods to wipe out differences to avoid misery 27. Cases decided in temples were considered final for the temples enjoyed autonomy and the kings seldom interfered in temple affairs. Only on appeal, the kings exercised their rights to hear and dispense justice. Unlike Medieval Europe, the jury system was not in vogue in Medieval Tamilnad. Detection of Crimes Inspite of the fact that strict enforcement of law and order was made by maintaining strong police force at strategic places, inscriptions refer to instances of various kinds of crime and offences committed in Tamilnad. Hence the need for locating the real culprits and the kind of wrong had done to award proper punishment. The rulers and the ruled never allowed the guilty to go scot-free or they tolerated the innocent to be punished. The government therefore adopted various methods to locate the criminals and detect the actual crime. In earlier days, people believed in the intercession of divine LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 16 //

24 powers in detecting crimes, to ascertain the truth and to settle the disputes 28. But, in course of time, different types of trial by ordeal were introduced to detect crimes, punish the criminals and settle the civil cases. One peculiar method of trial by ordeal in those days UBS 10 ask the plaintiff to put his hand into a pot containing a living cobra. If the cobra had bitten him. he was guilty and so sentenced; if he escaped its bite, he was found innocent and was acquitted 29. However, it is to be noted that this practice was not in vogue in temples. On the other hand, temple authorities adopted other rigorous means. An inscription from Melattaniyam in the Pudukkottai area informs that a dispute between the Pallars and Parayars over the privilege in the share of crops was settled by the trial of dipping their hands into the hot ghee 30. This method of trial was practiced until recently in the Suchlndrum temple in the name of Suchlndrum Pratyayam or Kaimukku 31. In this process, the accused was asked to dip his hand in the boiling ghee at the temple. If his hand was left unhurt, his innocence was established. A record from 923 AD of the time of Parantaka I from Brahmadesam mentions another type of ordeal 32. It was a practice that in presenting accounts for audit, the accountant was to undergo the ordeal of holding red-hot iron rod (malu) in his hand to prove his innocence. Similarly, according to a record from Kudimiyanmalai, theft in a temple was investigated by asking the lying sivabrahmanas to handle a red-hot plough share 33. If they were not guilty, it is believed that the red-hot iron will not burn-their hands. Had they been guilty, it is held that it will scald their hands. These testify the fact of the practice of certain very tortuous methods adopted to bring out crime and to award punishment. This had minor variations perhaps due to the places, people and the monarch. Arbitration was another method of justice in the temples of some places. For instance, a quarrel that arose during the time of Maravarman Sundarapandya between the inhabitants of Kulattur and the temple trustees on the one side and certain Vikrimachoja Nadalvan on the other side regarding the ownership of a river was settled by arbitration 34. But. during arbitration, proofs produced by the disputed parties 35 were verified and checked. A dispute over the right to perform puja among the bhattas (priests) of a temple was arbitrated by a careful hearing and verification of documents and proofs produced by either parties. On such occasions, the witnesses and the parties were called upon to take up an oath as in the present day courts before examining them. By adopting such principles, certain cases were settled by means of enquiries. A record of Rajaraja I dated 989 AD from the Manikartes'vara temple, Tirumalpuram, informs us an enquiry conducted by an officer and a committee of five members regarding the misappropriation of the produce of the temple land and the subsequent neglect of endowment and reduction of offering in the Agnis'vara temple of the same place 36. But in judicial enquiries, public opinion was sought for providing impartial judgement. With this object in view, invitation was extended to the pilgrims and people of various places to participate in the deliberations 37. In civil cases, especially in land disputes, there existed the practice of verifying the original documents. According to a record of Rajendrachdja III dated AD, it is learnt that the illegal occupation of land was set right after due enquiry with the witnesses and verifying the original documents 38. Similarly, land dispute of the temple of Rajendra-Vinnagar at Mannarkoil was settled after verifying a copy of the original title deed 39. Removing of boundary stones and occupying the land illegally were set right after verifying the document for providing the ownership right 40. However, if settlement made on these lines proved futile, the matter was referred to the king for the final settlement 41. These illustrate how disputes were settled by recourse to peaceful means in those days. Punishment and Settlement of Disputes The criminals thus detected and the offenders thus traced were punished according to the nature and magnitude of their guilt. A study of inscriptions reveals the kinds of punishments awarded to various types of offences. Of these crimes, the greatest ones were against the temple and the Brahmanas. Misappropriation and stealing of money from the temple treasury were punished by confiscating their property 42. The sivabrahmanas who robbed off the cash and jewels of the temple were treated as sivadrohas (traitors of Siva). But, the method adopted to detect their crime was very severe. The lying sivabrahmanas were directed to handle the red-hot ploughshare to prove their innocence 43. This measure adopted to detect crime acted indeed as a punishment. A record 44 of Rajaraja III dated 1239 AD from Sivapuram in Kumbakonam gives us details about the misbehaviour of a sivabrahmana namely Tiruchirrambala Bhattan and other accomplice. It states that they gave a jewel worn by the Goddess to a concubine. Moreover, when a servant claimed his due share of food from the temple, these two people with the LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 17 //

25 help of the accountant and others caught hold of him and put him in a cellar of the temple. False accounts were maintained by them. Besides, they became delinquent in their services to the temple, floated the orders of the king and ill-treated the messengers by beating them and ducking in water and snatched away the order from them. When demanded the payment of land dues, they not only uttered hostile menacing but also purloined a gong and paddy stored in the temple. Thus they committed many sins indiscriminately. Therefore, the trustees, srimahesvaras and the residents met together and decreed that these two persons who had sinned against Siva (sivadroha) and the king (rdjadroha) should not be kept in the temple. They were ostracised and their movable and immovable properties including servants were confiscated. In another instance, for the crime of sivadroha, the offender's lands were confiscated to the temple, his house was demolished and on its site a temple was constructed. In addition, he was exiled 45. The priests, the devakanmis. the mahesvarakankani and the srikariyamseyvar of the Pasupatlsvara temple at Pandanallur near Kumbakoriam punished the sivabrahmanas who had misappropriated some gold deposited in the temple treasury. They were deprived of their right to the temple service and such persons and their descendants were banned entry into the temple 46. The temple accountants who embezzled money from the temple treasury were punished by selling their lands and rights and they were thus dismissed from service 47. But, the offenders were permitted to appeal to the king for pardon. On such occasions, the king directed the temple authorities to recover the misappropriated amount 48. Imprisonment was also made when theft was detected. For a theft of jewels in the Kames'vara temple at Aragalur, the culprit was put in the prison by die temple authorities 49. But for the same case of theft in a temple, the culprit was imprisoned, but his lands were confiscated, one of his hands was chopped off and finally he was driven out of the village 50. Killing a Brahmana (brahmahatya) was considered the greatest sin and therefore the punishment was also severe. An epigraph 51 records a case of brahmahatya and the subsequent punishment given to the murderer. The accused was tied to the leg of a buffalo and dragged on till his death. But, for a similar case of a fatal assault made by a brahmana on another brahmana, penalty was imposed on the assailant to burn a lamp in the temple as revealed from a record of Rajendrachchola engraved on the Vishnu temple at Singavanam 52. In another case two persons had beaten a man to death for he allowed his buffalo to enter the fields of the former and spoiled the crop. In this case the culprit was directed to endow a lamp which they did it by endowing forty-eight sheep to the temple 53. From this one may infer that influence and affluence played a vital role in deciding judgements. This is because of the dharmic exceptions given to the brahmanas for their spiritual avocation and Vellalas for their noble position to the state as landlords. Justice was not evenly awarded. Caste, birth and socio-economic positions determined the nature of punishment. Royal orders were issued to confiscate the lands of those mischievous people who were a source of trouble to the brahmanas, Vellalas and the temple 54. However, for the death caused by mere mistake or accident, the culprits were required to endow lamps to the temple. A record of Rajaraja from Velur registers a gift of a lamp to the temple by one Siriyan for the accidental death of an individual while hunting 55. From this simple punishment, one may think that the offenders were let off cheaply and that the punishment meted out was" also inadequate to the enormity of the crime committed. But the clemency has only to be explained by the fact that the offences were purely unintentional or the result of sheer accidents. Imposition of fine known as dandam was another method of punishment. Persons who misappropriated temple grants were fined. The members of the sabhd of Puduppakkam were not only fined for misappropriating temple grant but strictly warned them to conduct the trust honestly in future 56. For the obstruction of charity an individual was asked to pay a fine of fifty pon (gold coin) where as the sabhd was required to pay five hundred pon for the same offence 57, ten times higher than that of an individual fine. This shows that the authorities were also not left out from punishment for their lapses. The cultivators of the devadana land (temple land) were not permitted to alienate their holdings either by mortgage or sale 58. Those who violated this rule were fined and treated as traitors 59. The temple authorities fined the sattars of the salais (students of the Vedic college) for their lapses. For instance, the sattars speaking abusingly on another sattar and quarrelling with one another were not allowed to eat from the salai unless and until they pay a fine of five kanam (measure) of gold and one kasu (coin) respectively 60. Apart from these privileges, the temple authorities were permitted to punish and bring back to service those persons who had been presented or purchased to the temple, if they absconded from their work. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 18 //

26 Reconciliation's and negotiations were other methods of settling disputes. The temple authorities averted communal clashes and land and irrigation disputes by these means. A Pandya record 61 from Aragalur registers a dispute between the Chettis and Vaniyanagarattdrs over the conduct of a festival in a local temple. The Chettis were enjoying the right. But the Vaniyanagarattdrs were not pleased with this arrangement and quarelled with the Chenis To settle this dispute, the temple authorities sold the rights in public auction. Another occasion, the barbers of Kulandaraya, Kottaiyur and Talvanadu and those of Andakujam indulged in a free fight in which one of them was stabbed to death. The sthanattdr with the help of nattars (members of nadu) effected a reconciliation 62. Besides, the temple authorities settled land irrigation disputes. Rift over the unauthorised occupation of some land by the sabha for a period of thirty-five years was ratified 63. Similarly, the inhabitants of Kulattur together with the temple authorities disputed with one Vikramachola Nadalvan of Kiranur over the ownership of a river. Therefore, it was agreed apparently as a result of arbitration that water might be bailed out from the river within the specified limits; one half of the taxes on fishing should be paid to the temple and the other half to the Nadalvan 64. Both the parties accepted the terms and wiped out their enmity. The disputed parties were instructed to adhere to the norms forever. The temple officials namely srlrudras and srlmdhesvaras effected reconciliation when the devaddsis of the Tiruvorriyur temple struck work for re-allocating their work. 65 The foregone study reveals that the temples of Medieval Tamilnad served as law courts with civil, criminal and ecclesiastical jurisdiction. Based mainly on local traditions and customs and the dharmasdstras, the temple authorities dispensed justice free of charges. Severe measures were resorted to detect crimes and to locate the real culprits. The criminals and culprits were punished according to the gravity and nature of crimes commined. But, in certain cases, strict adherence to rules and regulations were not followed in awarding punishments. Concessions were given to the culprits according to the hierarchy of caste, status and the position the person held. Even the gravity of the crime was so severe; exemptions from punishments were given to the high caste people,' for 'they were considered above law of the state according to dhdrmic conception. It appears, therefore that the temple authorities were biased in their discharge of justice. But, except this leniency, all other offenders particularly of low castes were strictly punished. Those who underwent punishments were never allowed to contest in the election to the village assemblies. Inscriptions reveal that many culprits were branded as traitors for their rajadroha, sivadroha and grdmadroha acts. They were looked down upon in the society. Records were maintained for registering the nature of crime, the methods of detection of crimes and the types of punishments a^-arded to each culprit. Sculptural depiction of the punished was also resorted to only to make others aware of the severity of punishments. Representations are there in the Suchmdram Temple. These methods created in the public a kind of fear in committing crimes of any kind against any individual, institution or the state. Exceptions and partialities in giving punishments on the basis of caste could not maintain uniformity in the administration of justice. Even today, despite severe punishments, theft in temples continued unabated. Even then, in discharging the function, temples of Medieval Tamilnad played a vital role by upholding justice, temples tried to maintain peace and harmony in the state. NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. Timkkural, Kuruntogai, 12; Annual Report on Epigraphy (AREp), 207 of Maduraikanchi, Subrahmanian, N, Sangam Polity, Madurai, p Purananuru, 39; Minakshi, C, Administration and Social Life Under the Pallavas, Madras, 1977, p South Indian Inscriptions (5/7), Vol. XXIII, Nos. 95 and ARE, 349 of Pillai, K.K, The Suchlndram Temple, Madras, 1953, p. 300 LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 19 //

27 okiz<gih<hqbll<dpuqbzl< *Ljeui< nvr<g/ne<hqz<fike<? dkuqh<ohvisqiqbi<? klqpqbz< Kjx? n{<{iljzh< hz<gjzg<gpgl<?n{<{iljzfgi</ -f<kqbiuqe< okie<jl dpuqbzigl</ dpk uqusibl< osb<k d{uh< ohivm<gjt uqjtuqk<kk< kiel< d{<m? hqxvg<g nux<jxh< h{<mlix<x Ljxbqz< s&gk<kqz<ogimk<kwz<zik<okipqz<gtl<utis<sqbjmbuqusibk<kjxobolziek leqkeqe<dbqviek/-kgxqk<kl<okiz<gih<hqbk<kqz<hz-mr<gtqz<ohsh<hm<mt<te/ nux<jxyvuix-j{k<kg<gi[uok-f<kg<gm<mjvbqe<ofig<gligl</ dpu Gxqk<k yh<hqbe< olipqf~zqe< OkuOfbh<hiu{I kvl< uqtg<gl< w{<{k<kg<gk/ dpu h{<jmk<klqpig<gk< okiqf<kjljb yvuvl< JBxiI/ NbqEl< njkh<hx<xqbsqzgxqh<hgt<nxqbk<kg<ge/ WOviI gtupq we<hk okiz<gih<hqbl<)hxk<.27* Aggriculture we<el< Nr<gqzh< ohbi klqp< &zk<kkigou okiqgqe<xk/ ngvl< lvk fqzk<k~i? lvk fqzl< ubx<hir<g? hiih<hei lvk fqzk<kqz< kr<gqeiozob? nui GcbqVh<H ng<gqvigvl< weh<hm<mk/ gz<uq we<el< ohbi LkziuK Oki{<Mkz< we<el< ohivtqz< dpjug< Gxqk<kK/ okit<>-z< = okitqz<>okipqz< we uf<kk/ h{<jmk< klqpgl< LPuKl< ohvr<osijzbib< nz<zk gimibqvf<kk/ gimoum<c fimig<gh<hm<mk/ ngk<kqbi gim ogmk<k fimig<gqh< ohikqbqe<g{qvf<kjl fs<sqeiig<gqeqbi %Xukiz< nxqbzil< we<xl< Gxqh<hqm<Mt<tiI/ Ri/OkuOfbh<hiui{I? yh<hqbe< olipqf~z<? hg</257?258* -s<osb<kqgt< dpuk< okipqzqe< Ole<jljbBl< okie<jljbbl< osix<ohivt< uqtg<gr<gi[l<ofxqbqzl<njlf<kt<te/ hiui{i? klqpgl< LPuKl< yv ohvr<osijzbibqvf<kkqeiozob ohipqz< we<el< ohbi dzgl< nz<zk fim we<x ohivt<hmukibqx<x fiuzf<k{<ohipqz< u{<hgp<&uv<k{<ohipqz< Wp<ohipqz<we<El<upg<GgjtOfig<Gg we<hkl< nxqbk<kg<gk/ lif<ke< LkziuK osb<k ohvf<okipqz< dpou/ dpuqe< ohbvieokipqz<we<hkhqx<gizk<kqz<wz<zik<okipqz<gm<gl<ohikh<ohbvibqx<x/ osb<.>ubz< osb<uk osb<? fe<osb<? hqe<osb< we<el< ohbi<gjt Ofig<Gg/ osb<jg = ubz<oujz/ h{< + osb< = h{<[uk h{<j{ = ubz< we<hkl< gvk<kh<hx<xqobdpujvg<jgosb<k~{<lijzbuiwe<xiikqvut<tui/ LkziuK Okie<xqb yv ohivtqe< nz<zk okipqzqe< ohbi? hqx<gizk<kqz< nke< -ek<kqx<gh< ohikh<ohbvib< upr<gkz< -bz<oh/ hpfiiuq\qbl< Nr<gqOzi sig<^e< we<x olipqgtqz< LjxOb we<x osix<gt< LkziuK dpjug< Gxqk<Kh< hqe<h djph<jhg< Gxqk<keoue<Xl< zk<kqeqz< we<x osix<gt< LkziuK dpjug< LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 20 //

28 Gxqk<Kh< hqe<h gjzh<ohikh< ohbvibqx<oxe<xl<? ns<osix<gm<g&zl< we<hk we<xl< LkziuK gx<hqg<gh<hm<m gjz dpouobe<xl< lig<^< Lz<zI %xqbqvk<kjz Olx<Ogit<gim<c dpug<giqb ofxqjljb osiz<zib<u osb<kt<tjlbl< nxqbk<kg<gk/ )yh<hqbe<olipqf~z<?hg</258?259*/ dpuqbz< Gxqk<K ut<tueqe< gvk<k w{<{k<kg<gk/ Spe<Xl< WIh<hqe<eK dzgl< we<x wf<kk<okipqz< utif<kizl< dpuk<okipqoz OlzieK we<x Gxqh<hqm<Mt<tiI/dpuIgOtwz<ziVg<Gl<ns<si{qbiuI/dpUk<okipqz<fqe<Xuqm<miz< KxuqbI %m uip LcbiK we<x njeuvg<glie ohikofxqjb ut<tue< ugk<kg<ogimk<kie</ dpuk< okipqz< Fm<hk<jkBl< dme< juk<k outqh<hmk<kqb ut<tue<? WvqEl<fe<xil<wVuqMkz<gm<mhqe< WvqEl<fe<xil<wVuqMkz<gm<mhqe< fqvqel<fe<xnke<gih<h )Gxt<.2149* we<x Gxqh<hqm<Mt<tiI/ -u<uixie dpu ofxqgt< okiz<gih<hqbk<kqz< LPuKlig -ml<ohxuqz<jz we<xizl< osix<gtqe< hbe<him<cz<? kqj{jb outqh<hmk<kq djvg<gqe<x fqgp<uig<gr<gtqz< Kjxbjls< osb<kqgtqz< dpuqe< Ole<jljb wmk<kg<gim<cbt<tii/ wpk<kqbz< dbqi lbr<gqbzqz< ngv =x<xs< osix<gtqe< H{Is<sqbqz< wv? osv we<er< osix<gt< nl<ls<siiqjbobim ohivf<kquvlqmk<k dpuqx<gk< Okjubie wv junjmbith<hmk<kqbt<tii/ wvul<osvul<nl<olimsqu{q )okiz</wpk<k. 69*we<hKnf<F~x<hiuqe<okimg<gliGl</ osiz<zkqgivk<kqz< njlf<k ohbiqbzqz< fqzh<ohbi )okiz</osiz</f~x</22* we<x -ml< ohx<xt<tjlbl< gvkk<kg<gk/ ne<hqe< Jf<kqj{gtqZl< dpuk<okipqz< uqjtuqg<gh<hm<mizl< lvkk<kqj{ob dpug<giqb gizk<jk ujvbjx osb<gqe<xe/ jugjxuqcbz<lvkl <)okiz</ohivt</ngk</:*we<hknf<f~x<hi/ yu<ouiv kqj{g<%iqb d{ul< outqh<hmk<kh<hm<mt<tjlbl< ohvl<hizl< nju dpuigtiz< dx<hk<kqs< osb<bh<hmukl< bivl< lxktqg<guqbzik/ nf<k ujgbqz< Lz<jz fqzk<kqz< uvg? Lkqjv uqjtuqg<gqe<xei/ GxqR<sqbqz< kqjegt< Jue ofz< we<he uqjtuqg<gh<hmgqe<xe/ lvkfqzk<kqz< ofz< Lg<gqblie hbqvig uqjtuqg<gh<hmgqxk we<hkl< gvkk<kg<gkigl</ lvkfqzk<k lg<gjt dpui? dpk<kqbiwe<xnjpg<gl<fqjzbqzl<dpuigt<-er<gim<mh<ohx<xt<tei/ dpug<gh<hbe<hml<nfqjvgjtg<guikz<ohiiqe<okimg<gligg<ogi{<mei/ nkx<goum<sqwe<xl<ohbiqm<mei/nfqjvgt<ntqg<gl<wvg<gt<dvligh<hbe<him<m dpuigtg<gk<kj{big-vf<kjlbl<nxqbk<kg<gs<osb<kqbigl</ ujgh<him djvk<k okiz<gih<hqbi okipqz< nch<hjmbqzie lg<gt< hqiqju olipqf<kt<tii/ nf<k{i? nvsi? OutitI? u{qgi{ we<x fiz<ujv -eh<hmk<kqbt<tux<xt< OutitI dpouim LPuKlie okimihjmbuvig outqh<hmk<kqbt<tii/ -uigt< dpkz< uqvf<kqejvh< Oh[kz< Ohie<xux<jxs< osb<kei/u{qgvl<dpouimokimihjmbuvigqe<xii</ weul<? jusqgt<ohxolui{qguip<g<jg jusqgt<ohxolui{qguip<g<jg )okiz</ohivt</lvl</89* LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 21 //

29 weul< olb<kqvqujgbqe<w{<ujgd{uqe< olb<kqvqujgbqe<w{<ujgd{uqe< osb<kqujvbiinh<hizie nh<hizie )okiz</ohivt</lvh.8:* g{<{qbl<kivl<w{<{qev<n{<om g{<{qbl<kivl<w{<{qev<n{<om )okiz</lvh/91* weul< -ml<ohx<xt<t F~x<hig<gt< u{qg uip<uqei -bz<higg< %xh<hm<mju/ u{qgigt<ohivt<okiqf<kujgbiz<w{<ujgg<%zl<osb<kuqjtk<kzl<uqx<hje osb<kzl< -uigtqe< h{qbigl</ nu<uix nuigt< uqjtk<k uqx<hje osb<k ohivt<gt<ofz<?gi{l<?uvg?sqxr<g?kqje?sijl?hz<?ogikjlwe<heuigl</ Outi{<lif<kIg<GdPK~{<nz<zK Outi{<lif<kIg<GdPK~{<nz<zK -z<ozeolipqhhqxujgfqgp<s<sq )okiz</ohivt</lvh/92* we<x Outi{< lg<gtg<giqb dbqih<hk< okipqzie dpuk<okipqz< lm<mol dt<tk we<xl< nuigtg<gh< hqxujgbie okipqz<gt< wkul< -z<jz we<xl< Gxqh<hqm<mt<tiI/ -u<uix dpu Gxqk<k hz<oux uqtg<gr<gt< ntqg<gh<hm<mt<te/ okiz<gih<hqbk<kqz< kqj{ siif<k outqh<hmk<kqbt<t okipqzqz< sqxh<hg<gl< Lke<jlg<Gl<diqbokipqzigdpuqbz<njlf<Kt<tK/ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 22 //

30 THE MISSING LINK OF MODERN AGE *Dr.K.I.N.DEIVA AKANDAN PARAMAN, Ph.D. Research Scholar, Reg. No , Centre of Excellence for Periyar Thought, PeriyarManiammai Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Vallam, Thanjavur. Research Supervisors *Dr. D.Jayakumar, Asst. Professor, Co-Research Supervisor (Internal). *Prof.Dr.P.Arangasamy, Research Supervisor (External). Introduction Human history has been always passing from one stage to other stage, from pre-historic to ancient history, from ancient history to medieval history and from medieval history to modern history. Every age has its own unique character. The modern age has, for its part, the finest features of Renaissance, Religious Reform Movements, Geographical discoveries, Agrarian Revolutions, Industrial Revolution, American Revolution, French Revolution, Bloodless British Revolution, Russian Revolution, Humanism, Feminism, Nationalism, Democracy, Imperialism, World wars, liberation of Asian and African countries from Imperialistic western countries, establishment of world bodies like League of Nations, U.N.O. and the Development of Asian and African Countries. Though all these features, are at least known and accepted as correct and moral in some form or other to some degree.but the philosophy of Nationalism and Nation States is still considered an evil, criminal and aborable, in India. It is the missing link of Modern age in the Indian Sub continent. Glory of Nation States England was the first country to become a National State, followed by French. Later, they were followed by Italy and Germany. History bears plenty of evidences to prove that the National unity of these countries made them great Imperialistic Nations in the world. Even U.S.A. became a global power, only after it got independence. Even the Asian and African countries which shook off the yoke of western imperialism alone are able to develop faster than ever before in the known human history.without independence, without National Unity, National feeling, Nationalism and Nation States, the progress the countries achieved could not have been achieved. Nation states were able to inspire people to become National leaders to take care of their National and people. Nationalism produced patriotic leaders and patriotic people who kept the interest of the whole nation in heart and readied them to sacrifice anything for the sake of their Nation. On the other hand, countries which have been occupied, exploited, enslaved always remained backward, poor, ignorant, weak, loosing all their vitality and self confidence. Though, there are so many features of modern age which can be listed, among them all,it is this spirit of Nationalism inspired the people to fight for independence, equality, liberty, fraternity human rights, socialism, industrialization, modernizing the agriculture, to establish institution of knowledge, education and Research, to reform their people, to reform their society, culture, religion, language, literature and arts, to liberate their own common folk from ignorance, and ignominy to discover the world and the universe, to find solution to all the problems, to establish democracy, etc. etc.., LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 23 //

31 Nationalism and National States Nation state is a place where a homogeneous group of people live together, having the same history, culture, sociology, religion, language, literature, arts, food, clothing etc.., This fastened unity, identity and helped to develop human bondage. Nationalism is devotion to one s own Nation, a patriotic feeling which creates a movement,favouring political independence in a country that is controlled by another or is part of another political sovereign republic is the sole of aim of any Nationalism. Nationalism liberates its people from foreign rule and oppression and eternally vigilant to protect its sovereignty against any enemies. Nationalism in the Indian Context Though all Indians are freely talk or allowed to talk about education, modernization, mechanization, socialism, fraternity, liberty, humanism, human rights, feminism, world peace, value of independence etc. etc.., only one thing is a forbidden fruit, that is Nationalism and Nation states. The country like India which boasts of big religions and moral values has forbidden its own people even from speaking about Nation States, leave alone demanding for the same. Even thinking about Nation States is considered an evil, sin and crime punishable by law. When hundreds and hundreds of countries are sitting in the assembly of U.N.O. as sovereign equal nations, Indian people are suppressed oppressed and denied this political right even in the 21 st century. Indian sub-continent alone is the only place where sovereignty has been refused for decades. This has been done by the people who talk high about morality and values. India never had been as one country at any given time of history. It can neither be. It might have been occupied and ruled by different people. But the people of this sub-continent have always been kept their independent identity as people and Nation. The world also has been so brainwashed to believe that India is one Nation. The world also with its world body U.N.O. and its agencies turns blind eye to the people of India who are still under bondage. Stateless people became the rulers of Indian states. Stateless people claim every other s statesas their own states. One group of people may be having only one state. Have anybody heard of one group of people having thirty and more states under their grip unjustly and inhumanely, calling hem their own. Political and sovereignty is lost in political mendicancy. The so called leaders in India have been begging from beggars. They are begging for some concessions, reservations, graciousness, forgetting their political right to get more than they are asking for now. The leaders with states, the leaders with power, the leaders with political sovereignty are at present forgot their power, are begging from the people who once were begging for their mere basic needs. The present generation of leaders have the aspiration, dream of having sovereign state, but they expect somebody to give it freely without fight. Some educated scholars might be thinking that political nationhood be possible by reading, speaking and writing a lot. Scholars don t make leaders, leaders are not scholars. Some specially made strong statesmen are the urgent need for the Indian States. Unless and until such leader comes, all other features of modern age would remain in books and not in their lives. Tamil Nadu, the Forerunner Though Indian sub-continent has more than thirty Nation States in it, Tamil Nadu has been on the forefront in asserting its identity and independence even before the Independence from British. Dravidian leaders, more especially, Periyar EVR had shown the signs of their understanding of Indian Independence from British. Periyar believed that Brahmin Imperialism is replacing British Imperialism and the Indian democracy would become Brahminocracy. So many noblemen had this vision of bad prospects, but they, like their people, were not ready to fight for it to get it. They dreamt of political sovereignty. Some others are needed in the future to make it a reality. Tamils were the forerunners to clamour for separate statehood even before Muslim league during the most sterner period of British imperialism in India. Again Tamil Nadu was the first state which turned the tide of the Indian Politics by the triumph of DMK, the regional party in the 1967 election to the State Assembly. It was triumph of original, natural true, identity over the artificial cultivated, fraudulent cunning identity. Now, it is time once again for Tamil Nadu really become a Tamil Nadu which is its natural right. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 24 //

32 Nationalistic NationFeelings were suppressed India was the first non-white Nation to become free independent country from British imperialism; It assured fundamental rights, its preamble declared that it was determined to be democratic, socialistic, secular republic. But the vices of right to self determinationof the ethnic masses of India went unheard in India, the Nation of Nationalities 1 The Indian bourgeous had cultivated a new identity, known as National Identity, popularly known as Indian nationalism, which is anartificially cultivated identity. This artificially cultivated identity was sum total of ethnic identity which is natural true original regional identity. Indian nationalism is a fraud played upon innocent ignorant masses of Indian sub-continent. Hence Indian Nationalism is the success of fraud of cultivated artificial identity our true, natural, original natural true ethnic identity began to surface once the common enemy got away and therefore it has been common score that India all along witnesses the clashes of the cultivated artificial, false. National identity and regional, natural true, ethnic identity in the post independence era 2 Tamil Nadu and Nationalism The manifold manifestation of Tamil Nationalism could be evidenced by the emergence of sociopolitical organizations and movements such as the Justice Party,self respect movement, Dravidarkazhagam, Tamil ArasuKazhagam and DravidaMunnetraKazhagam from the early decades of 20 th century. But all their organizations including every political organization that sprang up from the Tamil soil after India became republic, lacked unanimity in goal as well as approach 3 For some Leaders Tamil Nationalism means purifying the Tamil language from Sanskrit. For some leaders, it was the restoration of Tamil Culture to its rightful place, realization of the cherished memory of Tamils of their glorious past and revival of ethnic culture of the Tamils. The movement for Tamil Nationalism was learning towards ethnic rhetoric than political reality(4). For some others it was communal welfare of Dravidians or Non-Brahmin castes. Though Periyar EVR asked for the communal reservation at first, he was the first leader in the whole of Tamil Nadu and India who demand separate Tamil Nadu. But, he was not consistently concentrated on this issue as Mr. Jinnah did. So he could not achieve separate Tamil Nadu. He was more concentrated on social problems than getting politically independent Tamil Nadu state. Had he concentrated and achieved it, he could have his cherished social, religious, economical reforms easily, just by the word of his order. He missed the most effective Nation State. Tamil leaders did not understand the importance of Tamil Nation State or they might not be ready to pay the price of the hardest fight. They might have expected either British or Brahmins to grant the legitimate political birth right so easily. It needed fight. But it was missing. History of Tamil Nationalism The idea of separatism sprang up with the imposition of Hindi in 1937 which created fear in the minds of a section of leaders of Tamil nadu that they would be reduced to a second class citizenship. In December 1938, as the newly elected president of the Justice Party, while in prison, E.V. Ramaswami put forward his demand for Tamil Nadu for Tamils. The slogans of Tamil Nadu for the Tamils took shape in When the Tamil Teachers Conference was held at Vellore in North Arcot District. Tamil Nadu separation day was celebrated on 10 th September 1939, the slogan of Tamil Nadu for Tamils were echoed with great enthusiasm. This slogan did not enthuse the major linguistic groups like Andhras, Kannadigas and Malayalis who were living in the composite state of Madras. So the leaders felt the need for a more broad based demand in order to accommodate and embrace all the linguistic groups. Accordingly, the idea of Dravida Nadu as a separate homeland for the Dravidian people of South India came into being. Provincial autonomy which the Justice Party vociferously demanded was given a twist after 1938 and a new slogan for Dravidian Independence was raised. However, the sovereign independent Dravidasthan took the final shape at the Justice Party Conference at Conjeevaram; EVR unveiled the map of Dravida Nadu comprising the areas where Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam were spoken 5. The leaders of Justice Party argued for the division of Indian into three main parts namely Pakistan, Aryasthan and Dravidasthan 6. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 25 //

33 Limitation of the Rallying Symbol The scheme of DravidaNadu had little ratification and poor response among the Andhras,Malayalis, Kannadigas of composite Madras Presidency. It was well known to the Justice Leaders Party also. EVR was so quite conscious of the limitations of the scheme, and speaking at Coimbatore, he said that even if Andhras, Malayalis and Kannadigas did not want to be in Dravidasthan Tamil could afford to be independent as they numbered two crores then. Dravidasthan as a rallying symbol had confined to Tamils 7. DravidarKazhagam founded by EVR in 1944 vigourously propagated the idea of separation. In Coimbatore a corps of Black shirt volunteers was also started. EVR appealed to black shirt volunteers to fight for the Dravidisthan in order to safeguard the interests of Tamils 8 The British ignored the demand for Dravidasthan while conceding the demand for Pakistan. The over zealousdravidarkazhagam even after this disappointment, observed what was called Dravida Nadu Separation Day on July In 1956, DK issued a statement in view of the creation of Andhra Pradesh and again in view of the fact that the people of Kerala and Mysure were indifferent to Dravidasthan, those in Tamil Nadu would have to content with Tamil Nadu as Dravidanaadu. EVR indicated that the door would be left open for Dravidians to join in a united Dravidasthan at some future day, if it was desired. However, Dravidasthan continued to be the main plank of the DMK till the passing of the Anti-Secessionist Act in 1963 by the ruling Congress Government at the Centre. The Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru with the connivance of K. Kamaraj, a congress leader in Tamil Nadu took stern measures that affected the hopes of Tamil Nationalists 10. Tamil nationalism could be defined as the earnest political aspiration of the Tamil elites who wanted to carve out a state for the protection and promotion of their cultural ethos as well as their material interests. But Tamil Nationalism had experienced ups and downs in its journey. Tamil nationalism with the projection of the demand for separate Dravidsthan by DK during the second world war ( ) strayed away from its original demand Tamil nadu for Tamils and got stranded 11. It is the cause, It is the cause When all the countries enjoyed freedom in the world, the Brahmins, the stateless race, wants to rule all the states in the Indian Sub-continent. This stateless race refuses to give freedom to more than thirty natural national States. It is an open manifestation and declaration of their crime, cunningness and cleverness. The seed of their power was sown long long ago, thousands and thousands of years ago, in the ancient age. This crafty race created Varnashrama Dharma in which they kept the philosophy and religion as their exclusive property and asked others to do all manual labourers. They wanted to be the head of Indian society and others to do their bidding. They called themselves Brahmins, Aryans, Iyers and Iyengars to notify that there are the chiefs. They made the Indians to forget the Almighty God, projected their own leaders as God, created fear in them to obey and serve. Slowly, they spread out throught the length and the breath of the Indian Subcontinent, every nook and corner of this vast sub-continent, building temples and Mutts for their leaders and made them to be celebrated lavishly. Slowly they entered into their houses languages and literature, arts and Architecture, Culture and History. They tightly hold the minds of the Indians under their grip. They are able to sway the minds of Indians as to serve their interest. Indians lost their own mind, own respect, own culture, and now their own country too. They used to instigate the Indians against all their enemies, like Budhists, Jains, Sikhs, Muslims and Christians and even British using Indians they achieved independence, not for all Indians but for them only. Brahmins talk about Hindutva, Hindi, Sanskrit, one artificial Nation which all their Indian slaves accept, in toto. It is in this context all the leaders of Indian sub-continent have to struggle to get Nations states of their own where their own people for whom they are working are staying with the Brahmins and fighting for the Brahmins cause against their own cause. In no country such people hold such a sway. So the Brahmins and their religion Hinduism are the cause for this sort of slavery even in the 21 st century. At the most, Brahmins can be called intellectual class, interested in thinking, reading, writing and speaking. Theyare not fit to be the leaders for the whole mass of 130 crores of India. They are good LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 26 //

34 people for the people of their own community. Nobody can doubt it or deny it but their thoughts, words and actions have always been against other communities. At present, in the modern age their refusal to grant the Nationhood for more then 30 ethnic groups bears proof for this. But efforts have to be made to achieve this Nation State, the Missing link of Modern Age. Conclusion If the people of Indian Sub-continent want to enjoy the fruits of modern age fully, they must wage full scale struggle to establish their own nation states which is the missing link of the modern age. Establishing the nation states is possible only if they manage to liberate themselves at first from the cruel clutches of Hinduism who will help against Brahmins and Hinduism except the Almighty. Notes and References Notes 1. Dr. M. Rangasami, Tamil Nationalism : The political Identity of Tamil ArasuKazhagam, Hema Publishers, Chennai 50; first edition 2006 PP 10,11 2. Ibid : P Ibid : P 5 4. Loccit : P 5 5. Ibid : P Ibid : P Loccit : P Ibid : PP 32 & Ibid : P Ibid : PP 37 & Ibid : P 11 References 1. Rangaswami M. Dr., Tamil nationalism: Political Identity of Tamil ArasuKazhagam, Hema Publishers, Chennai 50, First Edition ; Alfred Cobben, The Nation State and National Self-determination; London: Oxford University Press, Barnett Marguerite Ross, The politics of cultural Nationalism in South India, Princeton University Press, Desai A.R., Recent trends in Indian nationalism, Bombay: Popular Prakasam, Socialism, Democracy and nationalism in India, Bomay: Allied Publishers, Hardgrave Robert L. Jr. The Dravidian Movement, Bombay, Popular Prakasam, Indu, Rajagopal, The Tyranny of case, the Non-Brahmin Movement and political development in South India, Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., NambiArooran K. Tamil Renaissance and Dravidian Nationalism, , Madura : Koodal Publishers, Seal, Anil : the Emergence of Indian Nationalism, London : Cambridge University Press, Sundaralingam R., Indian Nationalism : A Historical Analysis, Vikas Publishing House, 1983 LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 27 //

35 sr<g-zg<gqbk<kqz<fx<xib< *L/-f<Klkq? L/-f<Klkq?Ljeuv<sm<mNb<uitv<LPOfvl<?>sivkifqOgke<lgtqv<nxquqbz< gz<z~vq?g'v<.6/ ofxqbitv<;ljeuv< Ljeuv<S/-tuvsq? S/-tuvsq?>sivkifqOgke<lgtqv<nxquqbz<gz<Z~vq?g'v<.6/ Le<Ejv sr<g gizk<kqz< Okie<xqb wm<mk<okijgbl< hk<kh<him<ml< sr<g -zg<gqbl< we njpg<gh<hmgqe<xe/sr<g-zg<gqbf~z<gjthjpbou{<hif~x<hiuqz<gxqh<hqm<mt<tk/ sr<g-zg<gqbk<kqz< gi{h<hml< fx<xib< kjzuqbqe< kib< Nuit</ kjzuqbqe< utv<h<hk< kibieosuqzqg<gokipqbiuit</fx<xib<hx<xqbosb<kqgt<okiz<gih<hqbk<kqzl<?fl<hqbgh< ohivtqzqzl< gi{h<hmgqxk/ sr<g -zg<gqbk<kqz< fx<xibqe< osbz<gt< hx<xq -g<gm<mjvbqz<uqvquigg<gi{zil</ okiz<gih<hqbs<sie<xgt< <hqbs<sie<xgt< okie<jlbie -zg<g{ F~zie okiz<gih<hqbk<kqz< fx<xib< hx<xqb osb<kqgt< gi{h<hmgqe<xe/ fx<xib<g<g %x<x fqgpl< -mr<gjt gqp<g<gi[l< F~x<hi wmk<kjvg<gqe<xk/ kib<g<gl<ujvbiv<d{v<udme<hcoe kib<g<gl<ujvbiv<d{v<udme<hcoe )okiz<;hi;2173* osuqzqbme< d{v<u ye<xhmlqmr<gtqz< ohx<x kib<g<gl<? OlZl< osuqzqg<g fqgpl<%x<xgt<fx<xib<g<gl<fqgpl</ fl<hqbgh<ohivt<sie<x fl<hqbgh< ohivt< we<el< -zg<g{ F~z<? fx<xib< %x<x fqgpl< -mr<gjtg< %XgqxK/ sqf<jkofibxqouiv<osuqzqhir<gqobim sqf<jkofibxqouiv<osuqzqhir<gqobim g{<omiig<gjvg<gl<h{<hjmfx<xib< )fl<hq;hi;23:* kjzuq dme<ohig<g fqgp<k<kqbjl g{<m{if<k ujgbqz<? nf<k{i? okb<ul<? nbozii nxqri ohvlg<gt<? ke<ejmb uvk<kl< d{if<k fe< lif<ki? osuqzq? hir<gq? wkqiuvg<g{<omiingqbuihiz<%x<xfqgpl</ sr<g-zg<gqbk<kqz<fx<xib<osbz<gt< -zg<gqbk<kqz<fx<xib<osbz<gt< sr<g-zg<gqbk<kqz< fx<xib<%x<xgt< nkqg ntuqz< gi{h<hmuqz<jz/ fx<xib< %x<xgt< ohiqkl< kjzuqjb w{<{q uvf<kukigul<? osuqzqbqml< le d{iju wmk<kjvh<hkigul<?g{<omiiqml<uqeut<?okb<uk<kqml<ou{<mt<ngqbujgbqz<fqgpl</ kjzuqjbw{<{quvf<kkz< dme<ohig<gib< ose<x kjzuqjb w{<{q uvf<kuit</ kjzuq ose<x upqbqe< fqjzw{<{qwu<uixkjzuqkir<guit<wehzl<huit</ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 28 //

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37 << l{f<kl< ogi{<mit</ nujt gik<kvt Ou{<Ml< wek< okb<uk<kqml< Ou{<Mgqxit</ fx<xib< okb<uk<kqml< Ou{<Mkz< hx<xq gqp<g<gi[l< fl<hqbgh< ohivt< F~x<hi wmk<kjvg<gqxk/ okb<ul<uip<k<kzl<-u<ouiv&e<xl< okb<ul<uip<k<kzl<-u<ouiv&e<xl< -zr<gqjps<osuqzqhzl<hkx<gvqb Gvqb <)fl<hq;hi;295* <)fl<hq;hi;295* uvf<kiok we<ohiig<g lel< ofif<k olipqkz< kie< nxqf<k ogit<ti kqvf<k nxquqe<jl Gxqk<K uvf<kkz</ okb<ul< uip<k<kkz< < < we&e<xl< we<x okb<uk<kqml< kjzuqg<giguip<k<kqou{<ml<fqgp<uwmk<kjvg<gh<hmgqxk/ ukjul{l<hvqbw{<[kz< dme< Ohig<gib< ose<x kjzue<? kjzuq? kqvl<hq uf<k-z<zk<kqz< fe<l{l< osb<uokukjll{l<ngl</dme<ohig<gfqgp<f<k-mk<kfx<xib<ukjul{l<hvqb w{<[uit</-g<gvk<jkgqp<g<gi[l<jr<gxf~xhimzcgt<wmk<kjvg<gqe<xe/ jlbxuqtr<gqgpzch< jlbxuqtr<gqgpzch< <)Jr<G;hi;4::* <)Jr<G;hi;4::* oux<xqkvl<gujzbl<?gx<xlxuqtr<gl<gpz<n{qf<kgijzbl<djmobiel<?ohib<l< olipqgt< hz osiz<zq we< lgt< dt<tk<jkk< ke< ubh<hmk<kqbkqoz uz<zuel< Ngqb kjzue<? kjzuqjbg< ogimk<kx<g dvqobivie wl< ljebqmk<jkob ukjubigqb fe< l{k<jks< osb<g we<x osie<eit< we<x w{<{q djvbimgqxit</ -f<k ukjll{l<hx<xqbgvk<kg<gt<okiz<gih<hqbf~x<hiuqz<%xh<hm<mt<te/ outqh<hmujvkz<?hmijlujvkz<we<x outqh<hmujvkz<?hmijlujvkz<we<x nbqvi{<ome<hujvkz<nox <)okiz<;hi;2197* <)okiz<;hi;2197* gtuoutqhm<mhqe<?ohx<oxiv<-jsf<kl{l<osb<bl<ukjul{ll<d{<m/gtu outqh<hml< Le<Oh kqvl{l< fmf<k uqmuk{<m/ -ju -v{<ml< kqvl{l< fqgpl< LjxgtiGl<weokiz<gih<hqbv<Gxqh<hqm<Mt<tii</ gig<jgbqml<ou{<mz< kjzuq kjzue< -VuVl< dme<ohig<gib< ose<x hqe<h kib< uvf<kgqxit</ gig<jgbqml<-vuvl< lq{<ml< uvlix gjvblix Ou{<Muit</-g<gVk<K gqp<g<gi[l< Jr<GXF~Xhimzqz<gi{h<hMgqxK/ our<sqeuqxz<ouz<uqmjzobim our<sqeuqxz<ouz<uqmjzobim nr<sqz<ykqjbuvg<gjvf<kqob <)Jr<G;hi;4:2* <)Jr<G;hi;4:2* gig<jgob" ouu<uqb sqell< oux<xqob kvl<ouzl< djmbieigqb gijtobim? wl< lgtl< -r<og wl< -z<zk<kqx<g uvlix fqbl< gjvf<k dkuuibig/ nui<gt< uf<kevibqe<?fqe<hiz<ne<hjmblvhqjeg<ogi{<mfie<?de<sx<xk<okimfqbl<osi<f<k d{<[lix? hsqb De<gzf<k d{ju ohie< gqjmk<k gq{<{k<kqz< -m<m fqeg<g ntqh<ohe< wek< kjzue< kjzuqjb njpk<k uvlix Ou{<Mgqxit</ -g<gvk<k gqp<g<gi[l<fx<xqj{himzcgt<wmk<kjvg<gqe<xe/ nl<ljzgqpouix<gdjvlkq-l<ljzg< nl<ljzgqpouix<gdjvlkq-l<ljzg< gieg<gxuv<lmlgt< <)fx<xq;hi;213* <)fx<xq;hi;213* gqtqob" deg<g Ou{<cb d{ju d{<m fqjxujmf<k hqe< we<ejmb Gjxh<him<jmBl<osiz<zz<Ou{<Ml</-ke<ohiVm<Mfie<de<jeg<jg%h<hqk<okiPK ogr<sqg< Ogm<gqOxe</ fqjxf<k gib<gjtg< gib<g<gl< hzilvr<gt< lqgf<kt<t ljzs<sivz< nk/ nf<fim<czt<t de< Sx<xk<kijv gi{s< osz<zuib<? nh<ohik nl<ljzg<gvqb we< gikzjvg< gi{</ -l<ljz $p<f<k gim<cz< dt<t -tlgt< Le<OhizOu LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 30 //

38 kqj{g<ogiz<jzjbg< giuz< gig<gqxit< we<x nuvqml< osiz<zq we< Gjxjbk< kqv<k<k juh<hibigweou{<ck~kneh<hou{<mgqxit</ osuqzqjbslikiel<osb<kz< kjzlgt< kjzuoeim OsIf<kutig uqm<jm uqm<m outqobxqh< Ohib<uqm<mit</ nujth< Oh{q uti<k<k osuqzqk< kibqe< ofr<sl< nf<kh< hqiqjuk< kir<giok uvf<k? nujtk< Okx<x fx<xib< Lbz<gqxit</-g<gVk<jk gqp<g<gi[l< Jr<GXF~X himzcgt< wmk<kjvg<gqe<xe/ ficjmuqzr<gqbjuh<hqe< ficjmuqzr<gqbjuh<hqe< gipxf<ket<?fr<gikoziot< <)Jr<G;hi;424* <)Jr<G;hi;424* hip<hmgqe<x we< ofr<sliek? fqjebl< OkiXl< hmi<gqe<x uvk<kk<kioz gzg<gl< wb<k? -Vui< fimgtqe< -jmob GXg<gqm<Mg< gqmg<gl< fqzh<hgkqbie gim<cje fl< ne<hqx<giqbutie nut< gmf<k ose<xet</ fl< lgtqe< gikzigqb nu<uqvh<hliek? flg<ogz<zil< lqgul< Ke<hl< osb<uk gi{<? fqbl< nkjeh< ohixk<kg< ogi{<m kie< Nkz<Ou{<Ml<uVf<kqfzqbiOkwe<XosuqzqjbOkx<xLbz<gqxit</ LcUjv fx<xib<g<g lqgg< Gjxf<k himz<gt< gi{h<hm<mizl< kjzuq osuqzq-vui lqkl< lqgf<k ne<hjmbutigul<? ng<gjxujmbutigul< gi{h<hmgqxit</ kjzuq dme<ohig<gib< ose<x hqe<hl< fqjek<k uvf<kq? nut< Ke<hl< njmbik -Vg<g okb<uk<jk Ou{<Mgqxit</ kjzuqjb uti<k<k osuqzq kjzuqhqiquit< uvf<kl<-mk<k nutg<g nxqujvg<%xq Okx<Xgqxit</ hqiqf<k ose<x kjzue< kjzuq kqvl<hq-z<zl< uv gig<jgbqml< Ou{<Mgqxit</ -ux<xqz< -Vf<K sr<ggiz fx<xibqe< osbz<gjt G{r<gjtfl<liz<uqiquigniqbLcgqxK/ Kj{jlF~z<gt< 2/ Ljeui</gkqi<LVG ; ff<kqg<gzl<hgl< 3/ mig<mi</g/klqp<s<osz<ue< ; fl<hqbgh<ohivt< 4/ klqp{<{z< ; okiz<gih<hqbl<)ohivtkqgivl<* 5/ nv/sqr<givucouze< ; ngfie~x 6/ klqp{<{z< ; GXf<okijg 7/ nv/sqr<givucouze< ; Jr<GXF~X 8/ Hzqb,Ig<Ogsqge< ; Jf<kqj{utl< LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 31 //

39 sr<g-zg<gqbk<kqz<liobie< *Ljeui< s/ogicbvs? dkuqh< Ohvisqvqbi<? klqpib<uk<kjx? n{<{iljzh< hz<gjzg<gpglqjgh<ohvisqvqbi<?nvsgjzg<gz<z~vq)ke<eim<sq*?g'i<74:116/ leqk lek<kqx<g nh<hix<hm<m gx<hjeob Hvi{ -kqgisg< gvk<kgt< Okie<Xukx<G upqogizqe/ kqj{ -zg<gqbg< ogit<jg ospqk<k uti<f<k flk sr<ggizk<kqz< dzgk<kh< ohivm<gjt Lkz<? gv? dvq we ugk<kl< ohvuip<u uip<f<kei</-br<jg upqhim<czqvf<k fm gz< upqhim? dvu upqhim we upqhim uti<f<kk/leqkeqe<upqhimhx<xqbogit<jgg<gwx<hslbr<gt<okie<xqe/slbk<jk fqjzfqxk<kukx<gh<hvi{-kqgisg<gjkgt<hzokie<xqe/ ljzbl< ljz siif<k GxqR<sq fqzk<kqx<g okb<ulig LVgEl<? giml< gim siif<k Lz<jz fqzk<kqx<g okb<uligk< kqvlizl<? ubzl< ubi< siif<k Lz<jz fqzk<kqx<g-f<kqvel< gmzl<gmz<siif<kofb<kz<fqzk<kqx<guv{el<? GxqR<sqBl< Lz<jzBl< kqvqf<k hijz fqzk<kqx<gg< ogix<xjubigqb gitqbl< okb<ur<gtigk< klqpi<ofr<sqz<ne<lqgd{i<jubl<slbfl<hqg<jggjtbl<uti<k<ke/ Lz<jz fqzk< okb<uligh< Ohix<xh<hMl< kqvliz< okimi<hie Hvi{ gjkgt< sr<g -zg<gqbk<kqz< okijg F~z<gtie gzqk<okijgbqzl<? hvqhimzqzl< w{<{qg<jgbqz< nkqgligg< gi{h<hmgqe<xe/ gzqk<okijgbqz< dt<t Lz<jzg< gzqh<himjzfz<zvk<kqve<hicbt<tii/ nvr<osipe< fz<zvk<kqveqe< Lz<jz we<x hpl< himziz< nxqb LcgqxK/ hvqhimjz 33 Hzui<gt<-jss< sqxh<hme< hicbt<tei</-kqz<-jsg<gh< ohx<xt<t himz<gtqz< kqvliz< himzg<g Lkz< himzg<g Nsqvqbi< ohbi< okvqbuqz<jz/ -v{<mil< himz< gqvif<jkbii?&e<xil< lx<xl< fie<gil< himz< gmue<-toubqeii? Jf<kil< himz< fz<ozpk<kqbii? Nxil< himz< -tl<ohvupkqbii NgqObiI -bx<xqbt<tei</ weou gzqk<okijgbqz< Lz<jzg<gzqh< himjzbl<? hvqhimzqz< kqvliz<himz<gtqzl<dt<thvi{gjkgjt-g<gm<mjvbqz<gi{zil</ Lz<jzk<kqj{ kqvliz< okimi<hie osb<kqgt< Lz<jzk< kqj{bqozob uqvuqg< gi{h<hmgqe<xe/ sr<g -zg<gqbk<kqe< him ohivm<gtig ngll< HxLl< -V %Xgtigh< hqvqf<k gikz< okimi<hieju ngl< we<xl< Wjeb Hxl< we<xl< %xh<hm<mk/ jgg<gqjt Lkzib<h< ohvf<kqj{ -Xuib< dt<t WP kqj{gt< ngk<kqj{gt<)ngl</561* weh< Ohix<xh<hm<mK/ nu<ngk<kqj{gtg<g Lkz<ohiVt<? gvh<ohivt< lx<xl< dvqh<ohivt< we<x&e<xl< ujvbxg<gh<hm<mk/ nux<xt< fqzll<? ohipkl<lkx<ohivtig<ogi{<mkqz<fieqzh<highim<jmokiz<gih<hqbi<%xgqxii/ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 32 //

40 liobie< Olb gimjv dzgll< )ngl</:62* we kqvlijz LPLkx< gmutigg<ogi{<mgiml<gimsiif<khgkqoblz<jzfqzole%xh<hmgqxk/givl< lijzbl< Lz<jz)Ngl</:63* we Lz<jz fqzk<kqx<g giigizligqb ohvl<ohipkl< -vuh< ohipkqe< Lx<%xigqb lijzh< ohipkl< sqxohipkgtigg<%xh<hmgqe<xk/ -Vk<kZl<-Vk<kz< fqlqk<kll< Lz<jzg<G dvqh<ohivtig okiz<gih<hqbi<%xgqxii )ngl</25*-vk<kziukkjzlge<uvf<kj{bl<nx<xqbqvk<kz<ngl<we<hi</ -tl<h,v{i< Lz<jz fqzk<kqx<g gvh<ohivtig d{u? uvg? Lkqjv? li lie<?lbz<?lvl<.ogix<jx?gvf<k?hkz<?ht<.gieg<ogipq?osuz<?hjx WX? Ogim<hjx?osb<kq fqjvolb<k<kz<?bip<.lz<jzbip<?fqi<.gie<bix?di<.hic? Osvq? ht<tq? h,. Lz<jz? hqmu? ktu? Okie<xq NgqbjuBl< fqjvolb<g<gl< Nbi<? Oum<jmk<okipqz<osb<Bl<wbqevigqbOum<Mui<-VuVl<-f<fqzk<kqx<Gvqblg<gtigUl< -ui<gotim dpui<gtl< Osi<k<K &uvl< Lz<jz fqzk<kqx<gvqb lg<gtigul< okiz<gih<hqbi<uqtg<ggqxii)ngl</:78*weoulz<jzk<kqj{h<himzqz<kqj{siif<k osb<kqgjtbl<ju{ui<okb<uliekqvliz<upqhim<jmbl<gi{lcgqxk/ WP kpukzqz< sqxf<k uqtr<gqb Lz<jzk< kqj{bqz< hz<oux fqxr<gjt djmbgijtgjtuv{qg<gl<ohikl<?wxkpul<gim<sqbqzl<kqvlizqe<osbz<gt< Ohix<xqg<%xh<hMgqe<xe/ g{<o{kqov gijtjb nmg<gl< Nbe< osbjzg< gim<c -h<hck<kie< liobie< ne<x Okie<xqbqVh<hiOei)gzq/214* we<x dujl uibqzig liobie<osbz<%xh<hmgqxk/ kqvlx liihe< Ohiz< kqxl< sie<x giiqbl< )gzq/ * we<x giiq fqxg< gijtjbg< gvqb kqvlizg<g dujlbigg< %xh<hmgqxk/ ut<tvt< Oflqbie< uib<juk<k ujtohiz we<x kqvliz< sr<gl< sg<gvll< juk<kt<t gim<sqjbg< %XgqxiI/ sf<kqvje uqpr<guvl< hil<hqjek< kqvliz< ogie<x osb<kqjb hiz<lkq Osi<f<k nvuqjeg< Ogit< uqmg<gl< fqzfqx u{<{el< Ohie<l< )gzq/ * we<x %xh<hm<mt<tk/ ou{<{qxg< gijtjbg< %Xl<OhiKl< gqv]<{eg<g &k<kueigqb hzvile<hx<xqbosb<kqgtl<gi{h<hmgqxk/ hiz<fqx u{<{e< Ohiz< upq kqi<k<k oue<jebl< )gzq/215.9* yv-jxbue< liihqz< ye<xii Ohiz ytqlqgh< ohivuxh< ohivf<kqb osl<ll oue<jebl<)gzq/ * we<x uv{qg<gh<hmgqxie</ Lz<jzk< kqj{bqz< kqvliz< lm<mlz<zik sque<? )gzq/212?214?215?216* LVge< )gzq/215?216* -f<kqve< )gzq/216* le<lke< )gzq/219* liig<g{<ombe< uvzix )gzq/ * NgqObijvh< hx<xqb Gxqh<HgTl< gi{h<hmgqe<xe/ hvqhimzqz<.liobie< liobie< gizk<kiz< sr<gh< himz<gtqz< hqx<hm<mkigg< gvkh<hml< hvqhimzqz< kqvliz< upqhiml< fl< sqf<jkjbk< K~{<Mukig njlf<kt<te/ gbil< h,uqje yk<k kqvoleq )hvq/kqv/29* kqvlizqe< kqvoleq gbil< h,uqjeh< Ohiz< fqzfqxk<kme< gi{h<hml< we ui<{qg<gh<hmgqe<xk/ kqvlizqe< jgbqz< sr<gl< sg<gvll< gi{h<hml< we<hjk? ohizl<hvqbijmuzl<hvqu{<{ hvkquzuohivkqxe<lz<z kqvuqe<g{uohvuqxz<lt<t)hvq/gzq/4?98?:1* Oflqe<ujtBl<Wf<kqbjgbqz<)hvq/kqV/26?:* LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 33 //

41 Ngqb himz< uvqgtiz< nxqb LcgqxK/ Nbqvl< kjzjb djmb NkqOssje ke< uibqx<gu<uqbgvmjeuigeligkqvliz<juk<kt<tie<wenxqblcgqxk/ kqv orlqi<f<k nli<f<k liihqje liihqz<)hvq/kqv/22?4* we<x himz< uvqgtiz< nxqb LcgqxK/ nf<ks< sf<kqveg<gvqb lxjuh< Ohiz< kqvlgt< uqx<xqvg<gqxit< we kqvlge<kqvliz<okimi<hieosb<kqgtl<gi{h<hmgqe<xe/ kqvlizg<g &k<kueie hzokue< sr<gh< himz<gt< hzux<xqzl< Gxqg<gh<hMgqxie</ nokohiz hvqhimzqzl< hzvile< kqvlizg<g Lk<kueigg< %xh<hmgqxie</ fqobiujtobimjvbl<uzqobix<gnue< -jtbue<we<ohiig<g-jtjbbikzl< )hvq/kqv/2?68?69* lvilzi<k<kiiqe<li{<uvk<okie<xq nzr<gl<nvuqni<k<kqlqp<hpqbs< hpqbs< )hvq/kqv/7?31?3* we<el< himz< ncgtqz< gi{zil</ kqvlizqe< hz<oux nukivr<gtl< hvqhimzqz< %xh<hmgqe<xe/-v{qbejmbliijhugqi<f<kfgk<jkdjmbib<we<hkje? kckchzhmugqi<uib<k<kdgqvqje )hvq/kqv/5?32* we<x himzqe< uvqbqz< nxqb LcgqxK/ OlZl<&Oup< dzgqjebl< kqvlioz Nm<sq osb<gqxii/ &ujg N ovbqz< Yvpz< nl<hqe< Leqb-u<Uzgqz< dt<t dbqvqer<gjtk< kqvliozdb<uqg<gqxiiwe<hjknxqblcgqxk/olzl<kqvlizqe<uvignukivll< hvqhimzqz<%xh<hmgqxk/ Lz<jz fqzk< okb<uligou kqvliz< Ohix<xh<hm<miZl< hvqhimzqz< kqvlizqe< sqxh<jhlqgwpqzme<-jsucuqz<ui<{qg<gh<hm<mt<tk/lz<jzg<gzqbqz<gi{h<hml< kqvlizqe<dvuui<{jegjtuqmhvqhimzqz<lqgnkqgligg<gi{h<hmgqe<xe/ Lz<jzg<gzqjbh< OhizOu sr<gl<? sg<gvll< gvmg< ogicbl< hvqhimzqz< sqxh<hqg<gh<hmgqxk/ hzokue< okimi<hie osb<kqbl< -v{<czl< gi{h<hmgqxk/ kqvlizqe< hz<oux nukir<gt< hvqhimzqz< %xh<hmgqe<xe/ -f<fqjz gizk<kiz< Lx<hm<mkigg<gVkh<hMl<Lz<jzbqz<sqznukivr<gOtOhix<xh<hMgqe<xe/ kqvliz< okimi<hie Lz<jzh< himz<gtqz< sque<? LVge<?-f<kqve<? le<lke<? liig<g{<ombe< Ohie<OxiI Ohix<xh<hMgqe<xei</ nokohiz< hvqhimzqz< sque<? gile<? hqvl<le< Ohie<OxiI Ohix<xh<hMukiz<? kqvliz< upqhim<mme< lx<x okb<ur<gjt upqhmkz<kuxigfqjeh<hmukqz<jzwe<hkhzeigqxk/ LcUjv gzqk<okijgbqz< dt<t Lz<jzg<gzqbqz< kqvliz< upqhim<jmh< Ohix<Xgqe<xei</ njkuqmh< he<lmr<g dbi<uigh< hvqhimzqz< kqvliz< upqhim Ohix<xh<hMgqxK HzeigqxK/ -K kqvliz< upqhim gizf<okixl< Wx<hm<m he<lg uti<s<sqbqjeh< Hzh<hMk<KgqxK/ hiijuf~z<gt< 2/ klqp<-zg<gqbuvzix 3/ hvqhimz< 4/ gzqk<okijg LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 34 //

42 guqri<hiziuqe<hiijubqz<hivkqbl<.gqm<sl< gqm<sl< *Ljeui< os/guqki? dkuqh< Ohvisqvqbi<? klqpib<uk<kjx? n{<{iljzh< hz<gjzg<gpglqjgh<ohvisqvqbi<?nvsgjzg<gz<z~vq)ke<eim<sq*?g'i<74:116/ Ni</hizs<sf<kqve<2:57.Nl<N{<Mseuvq24Nl<fit<squgr<jgbqz<li{qg<gl< -vilki^<.rieil<hit<kl<hkqbqevqe<-v{<liuklgeigh<hqxf<kii/-tjlbqozob ht<tqg< gz<uqbqz< sqxf<k uqtr<gqeii/ gijvg<gc npgh<hi gz<z~vqbqz<-tr<gjz Oukqbqbz< hbqe<xii/ > our<gom^<uvi hz<gjzg<gpgk<kqz< LKgjz Nr<gqzl< hbqe<xii/ Ljeui< hm<mk<jkh< hivkqkise< hz<gjzg<gpgk<kqz< ohx<xii/ OukqbZl< Nr<gqzLl< gx<xohikl< klqpqe< lqkl< lqgf<k =MhiM ogi{<cvf<kii/ Nr<gqzh< OhvisqvqbvigUl<? loeie<l{qbl< Sf<kveiI hz<gjzg<gpgk<kqe< Nr<gqzk< Kjxk<kjzuvigUl< h{q osb<k Yb<U ohx<xui</ njeuvizl< guqri< hizi we njpg<gh<ohx<xii/ wpk<kiti<?gz<uqbiti<?guqri<?kqxeib<uiti<?uqli<sgi<?yh<hqzg<gqbnb<uiti<? olipqh<ohbi<h<hiti< we hz<kjxh< Hzjlh< ohx<xui</ hivkqbl<. gqm<sl< kr<gt< gvk<kg<gtqz< yxxjlbjmbui<gtigk< kqgp<f<kqvg<gqxiigt< we<hjkg< gi{ uqjpgqe<xk-g<gm<mjv/ guqjkwpkhue<guqbe<x guqjkobuip<g<jgbigdjmobie< uip<g<jgobguqjkbigs<osb<okie<nuoeguq we<xie< hivkq/ hivkq 4: N{<MgOt uip<f<kie</ guqjkbqe< -zm<s{ll< oh{<jljbh< Ohiz< Npr<gi{i nvjlbiek we<x gvkqk<kioei we<eoui uivib< guqjkbil< l{qh<ohbi<g< gikzq we<xl< uip<g ljeuqbil< guqjkk<kjzuq we<xl< hivkq njpk<kie</ uip<g<jgs< Osigk<kqZl<? Wlix<xr<gtqZl< lel< jff<k OsiIf<K gqmf<kue<kie<hivkq/gikz<ubh<hm<mnjslgl<lxf<kohib<nz<zz<dx<xue<kie</ Lkzqz<uqli<sgti<gtiz<Hxg<g{qh<Hg<GNtieue<kie<hivkq/ JbL{<Mhblqz<jzleOl-f<k \e<lk<kqz<uqmkjzb{<m we<xhivkqosif<ks<osigr<gtg<gfl<hqg<jgyk<kmr<gt<ogimk<kg<ogi{<mue<kie</ gqm<s d{i<s<sq lblie guqre</ wtqkqz< gx<hje ubh<hmhue</ geug<give</ uip<g<jgbqz< Wlix<xr<gtiz< Kvk<kh<hm<mue</ hqvh ul<sk<kqz< hqxg<gik hiuk<kqx<gigul< nvsqbz< lis<svqbl< giv{ligul< guqjk dzgqz< nue< gizcobmk<k juk<kohik uqli<sgi<gtqe< Oheig<gt< nue<-kbk<jkg< gqpqk<ke/ gikz< Ofib<h<hm<M wkqi<giz uip<g<jgg< gx<hjegtqz< &p<gqbqvf<k nf<k -tl< LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 35 //

43 hqvibk<kqozob gisofib< nue< ofr<jsg< %XOhimk< okimr<gqbk/ -e<hll<? Ke<hLl< nujek< kquqvligk< kq{<cbkiz<? d{i<s<sqk< kquqvl< we<x osiz<gqoxiol nknue<guqjkgtqz<ktl<hujkh<hiig<gzil</ nue<npliguip<g<jgjbd{i<f<kue</kie<d{i<f<kjkke<guqjkgtqz< Nplig d{i<k<kqbue</ weoukie< nue< lgiguqgtqe< uvqjsbqz< -ml<hqck<kg< ogi{<mie</ gqm<s guqjkgtqz< yvuqk nh,i<u npgl< gui<s<sqbl< ytquqmgqe<xe/ nue<uqtqh<himz<gtqe<npll<ofi<k<kqbl<hch<ohiig<g uqbh<hl<lgqp<ul<kvuz<zk/ 35 ubkqz< lv{k<kqe< lcbqz< uqp<f<kue< gqm<s/ -tjlbqozob nuje lv{l< oue<xk/ wtqkqz< d{i<s<sq ush<hml< ke<jlbl< d{i<s<sqk< kquqvk<jk sqxh<hig outqh<hmk<kl<ke<jlbl<hivkqg<gl<gqm<sg<gl<ohikuienl<sr<gt<we<gqxiihizi/ hivkqbqe<=mhim -vilibi{l<? lgihivkl< Ohie<x okiz<gjkgtqe< osz<uig<g hivkqbqmll< okvqgqxk/ Oukr<gt<? dhfqmkr<gt<? gqjk Ohie<xux<xqe< Ne<lQgs< osz<uig<jgbl< hivkqbqml< gi{lcgqxk/ ke< slgiz d{i<ugm<g Wx<h nue< hivkg< gjkg<gh< Hk<KVkf<kie</slgizuip<g<jgg<Ogx<hhpl<Oukr<gTg<GHKdjvBl<osie<eie</ hivkq Ofx<jxb sqf<kjegtqe< Nkqg<gk<kqz< ke< fqgp<giz d{i<ugjt -pf<k uqmul<-z<jz/ HKjl uqvh<hk<kqz< lvjh Lx<xig fqvigvqg<gul<-z<jz/ nue< likiuqe<jggtqz<ni<s<seeqe<gi{<chk<jkg<ogimk<kuqmgqxie</ gqm<sqe<=mhim JOvih<hqb fimgtqz< 27.Nl< F~x<xi{<cz< fqgp<f<k lxlzi<s<sq gqovg<gg< gjz -zg<gqbr<gjtg< gx<gl< hpg<gk<jk JOvih<hqbi<gTg<G Wx<hMk<kqbK/ gqovg<gs< sqf<kjebqz< nkqg Ni<uLl< =MhiMl< gqm<sqx<g Wx<hm<mK/ yv gqovg<ge< we<x osiz<zl< ntuqx<g gqovg<g d{i<ugm<g Nm<hm<mue</ gqovg<g olipqjb nxqbiuqm<mizl< olipqohbi<h<hgtqe< upqbigg< gqovg<g -zg<gqbr<gjt nue< hck<kxqf<kie</oame<we<gqxyuqbe<gqm<jshqvqm<c]<gim<sqbgk<kqz<dt<tgqovg<gs< sqx<hr<gjt njpk<ks< ose<x gim<ceie</ nk nuje ouguig =i<k<kk/ gqovg<gs< sqx<hr<gtqe< wtqjlbl< ypr<gl<? nzr<givs< sqg<gell< LPjlg<Gt< nmr<gqb keqk<ke<jlgtqe< Ofi<k<kqBl< nujeg< gui<f<kk lm<mlqe<xq nueg<gg< jg uvul< osb<kk/ gqovg<gi<gt< npgh< hqvqbi<gt</ npg outqh<hiom nui<gt< gjz Ofig<gig -Vf<kK/ lektuqz<? ohivt< ntuqz< nz<zk Ne<lqg ntuqz< npg{i<s<sq fqe<x uqmilz< leqkjeh< h,v{h<hmk<kl< Ofig<gl< ogi{<mk nui<gtqe< npgg< g{<o{im<ml</gqm<s-k<kjgbleh<hie<jlogi{<mueig-vf<kkiz<kie<gqm<jsyv gqovg<ge<we<xo]z<zqnjpk<kie</ hivkq gqm<syx<xjl gqm<syx<xjl uip<g<jg? d{i<u? dk<kq vqkqbie -f<k yx<xjlgt< wz<zil< sikiv{liejukie</ yv ujgbqz< woks<jsbiejubl< %m/ Neiz< uip<g<jg hx<xqb g{<o{imk<kqzl< kk<kuk<kqzl< hivkq? gqm<s Ngqb -V guqgtl< yvuvg<ogivui< uqvqul< uqtg<glib<-vh<hkkie< uqbh<hk< kvgqxk/ fil< giz<hiuq fqx<gl< -f<k uip<g<jgjb wz<ozivizl< Hvqf<K ogit<t Lcukqz<jz0 Woeeqz< uip<g<jgwtqjlbiekig-z<jz/uqtg<gg<gncbqz<okr<gl<-vm<mohizflg<gk< oktqukvik Hkqi<gt< uip<g<jgbqz< fqjxb d{<m/ g{<[g<g Le<Oe uqvqf<k gqmf<kizl< gmzqe< Npl< flg<gh< Hzh<hMukqz<jz/ nkohiz uip<g<jgbqe< ni<k<k Npr<gjt fil< d{v Lcukqz<jz/ weqel< hjmh<h? lel<? d{i<u ogi{<m uip<g<jgbqe<ni<k<kk<jkk<okmz<d{i<ju-vguqgtqmll<gi{lcgqxk/ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 36 //

44 hivkq gqm<sqe<okmz<d{i<u gqm<sqe<okmz<d{i<u ke<okmz<d{i<uqe<uqjtuiggqm<she<lgliedt<leh<ohivim<mr<gtg<g Ntigqxie</-f<k uip<g<jgbqz< Ke<hLl< Gph<hLl< nfqkqbl< Sx<xq fqx<gl<-f<k uip<g<jgbqz<guqreqe<hr<gwe<ewe<xgqm<sogt<uqwph<hgqxie</ uipg<jg lgqp<s<sqgtqzl<-bx<jg npggtqzl< kqjtk<k lbr<gqg< Sgr<gtqz< nz<zk leqk ofr<sr<gjt uvk<kl< kqjlgjt we<gqxie</ dxg<gll< guqjkbl< we<x hjmh<hqz< gqm<s-khx<xqb ke< leh<ohivim<mk<jk outqh<hmk<kgqe<xie< uip<g<jgyvfim<ohipkkie< lvk<kqe<ds<sqbqzqvf<knhik<kg<gtqjmob uqpl<hzlx<xheqk<ktqohie<xk heqk<ktqohiz< ljxbl< g{ofv uip<g<jgjb nehuqg<gou guqlel< uqvl<hgqxk/ Neiz< nmk<k fqlqmol-z<jz/-s<sgr<gjt uqm<muqm<m leqk ofr<jsh< hqtg<gl< -kbuijkjbh< OhsOu{<Ml</-s<Sgr<gjtg< gmf<k nf<k dbqi< uip<u Ofig<gqs< osz<ukigg< Gxqh<hqMgqe<xiI/ gqm<sqe< Ogt<uqg<G uqjm osiz<uk Ohiz< hivkqbqe< uvqgt<dt<te/ flg<gk<okipqz<guqjkfim<cx<gjpk<kz< -jlh<ohipkr<osivikqvk<kz<djlg<gqeqb jlf<ke<g{fike<fr<gcjbuip<uqh<hie< sqf<jkobbql<&e<xr<osb< <osb< kqm<mum<mlig ke< h{q-k we<x hivkq nxquqk<k kqm<m nxqg<jg/ Neiz< nok Ofvl<-KYi<nui?Yi<-zm<sqbl<we<hjkBl<fil<lxg<gzigiKwe<gqxiIhizi/ hivkq gqm<sqe<gx<hje gqm<sqe<gx<hje dzogzil<yi<ohvr<geun0kot d{<mdxr<gq-mi<osb<kosk<kqml< gzgliemh<h,s<sqgt<uip<g<jgobii <uip<g<jgobii geuqzr<geuigl< -keqjmsqzkqer<gt<dbqi<g<glkigqob osh<hkx<gvqbkiglbg<gliz< kqzgui[kziz<jlbzif< okb<uqgg<geue<ekuip<gou lbg<gl< kvukigul< dbqi<g<glkligul<-vg<gqxk gikx<geu/ geuqzl< geuie uip<g<jgbqz< uvoux<x uip<k<kk<kg<gk -g<geu we<gqxie< hivkq/ dxg<gk<kqzqvg<gl<ohik %m Obigq uqpqk<kqvg<gqxie< we<x gqjkbqe< sivk<jkg< ogi{<muvqgt<-ju/hivkqbqe<guqjkbl<uqpqk<kqvf<kg{<mgei/ npg? zbqh<h giv{lig gqm<s ke<eqjz lxf<k guqbig lixgqxie</ gx<hje dzgqz< sr<svqg<gqxie</ hpr<gmuti<gtqe< dzgqx<gh< hb{l< Ohigqxie</ -e<h lbg<gk<kqz<geulbg<gk<kqz<d{i<upqgqxie</nbqel<nef<kl<npqukqz<jz/ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 37 //

45 -e<hl< kvl< g{<kbqzik geugjt hivkqbl<. gqm<sl< Ohix<xqBt<tK uqbh<hqx<gvqbkigou dt<tk we<x hizi gm<mjvk<kt<tii/ Oksl< siif<k hivkqbqe< geugtg<gigfil<-e<el<nujvh<hivim<cg<ogi{<cvg<gqoxil</ guqri<gtqe<fiml<fl<hqg<jgbl< Oksk<kqx<Gjpk<k hivkq okb<uk<jk fl<hq fqx<guqz<jz/ okb<u uqkq leqk djph<hqz<kie<outqh<hmgqxkwe<hkhivkqbqe<gvk<kigl</ ohib<g<gl<gzqjbfie<ogie<x olb<g<gr<gqvkbgk<jkg<ogi{i<oue< g<ogi{i<oue< okb<uuqkqbq0ok we<xhimgqxie</-okgvk<jkliemdjph<hqozobokb<ul<outqh<hmukignue< fl<hqeie< we<xl< osiz<zzil</ okb<u sg<kqob ke<je -bg<ggqxk we<x hivkq fl<hgqxie</ hivkqbqe< sg<kqg< ogit<jg gqm<sqe< npg d{<jlg< ogit<jg Ohiz Yi< df<ksg<kqbigguqrje-bg<ggqxk/ hivkqguqjkgtqe<uculigul<?ni<k<kligul<njlukhvisg<kq/weoukie< fim<cx<gjpk<kz< we<x nue< Oki<gqxOhiK nkul< hvisg<kq OsjubigOu LcgqxK/ nue< hvisg<kqob hivk sg<kqbigul<-vg<gqxit</ fim<mh<hx<x we<el< fuqe liig<gl< we<x hivkq Gxqh<hqMgqxie</ hivkq yv Oukif<kqkie</ Neiz< nue< kie< uipl< fim<jmbl< olipqjbbl< lg<gjtbl< lxf<kuqmuqz<jz/ nue< okb<u hg<kqbt<tue<kie</neiz<hvisg<kqnujeyvhg<kqlieiglm<ml<lix<xquqmuqz<jz/ sg<kq upqhim we<hk nueg<g okb<ul< okipk wpuk lm<mlz<z/ Oks OsjuBl< sg<kq upqhiml< kie</ oh{<{cjlg<ogkqvigg< Gvz< ogimh<hkl< sg<kq upqhimkie</ hvisg<kq nue<-zm<sqbr<gtg<g ytqobx<xl< df<k sg<kqbigul< hivk lg<gtg<gg<gjmk<okx<xl<upr<gl<nvm<sg<kqbigul<uqtr<ggqxit</ gqm<s2:86.-z<hqxf<kue</hivkqg<gwxk<kip98n{<mgm<gle<hokie<xque</ hivkqg<g yv F~x<xi{<M Le<hig ljxf<k Ohieue</ hivkqbqe<-zg<gqbk< kigl< gqm<js nueg<g nxqlgh<hmk<kqbqvg<gqxk/ hivkq gqm<sqe< kig<gk<kiz< dvuieue< nz<ze</ hivkq sqf<kjegtqz< gqm<sqe< gvk<kgt< wkqovizqgt<-vg<gqxoke<xiz< nk hivkqbqe<-zg<gqbk< kigl< giv{lig Wx<hm<mK we<hjk fil< Gxqh<hqm Ou{<Ml</ Oljz fim<m-zg<gqbui{i<gtqe< Lbx<sqgjth< hx<xq nxqf<k ogi{<mke<&zlig hivkqke<jes<ospjlh<hmk<kqg<ogi{<cvg<gqxie</ hivkqbqe< hjmh<hgt<-f<k l{<{qe< l{k<okim wpf<k uf<kju/ nuejmb sqf<kjegtl<-f<kqb lvhs< sqf<kjegtqe< uqjkjb Wx<xju NGl</ nuejmb Ne<lqgs<sqf<kjeBl<nvsqbz<sqf<kjeBl<fl<fim<Ms<$p<fqjzg<Ogx<huqjtf<kju/ -r<gfjmohxl<lix<xr<gt<-f<kh<h,lqbqe<keqk<ke<jlgjtnr<gqgvqk<kg<ogi{<om dvuigou{<ml<we<gqxiihizi/ hiijuf~z<gt< 2/ hivkqbii hivkqbiiguqjkgt< 3/ guqri<hizi hivkqbl<gqm<sl< LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 38 //

46 gl<htk<kfibg<gvqe<okuvim<ml< *g/sr<gvogilkq g/sr<gvogilkq? Ljeuv< hm<m Nb<uitv<? fimgk<kjx? klqp<h< hz<gjzg<gpgl<? kr<siu,v<.21/ Okuvim<ml< sque< hiv<ukq kqvl{k<kqz< Okuv<gt< Ncb Nm<ml< Okuvim<ml< weh<hm<mk/ Okuv<gTg<gigNMl<Nm<ml<we<Xl<?Okuv<gOt-u<uim<mk<jkNcbkiz<Okuvim<ml< we<x ohbv< ohx<xkigul<%xuv</ Okuvim<ml<-vi\gl<htk<K fibg<gv< lg<gtiz< Nmh<hm<M uvgqe<xe/ -u<uim<ml< fibg<gv< lg<gtqe< uip<ouim ye<xqj{f<k yv gjzbig-e<xl<uqtr<gquvgqxk/ gl<htk<kfibg<gv<uip<uqmr<gt< gl<htk<k fibg<gv< s&g lg<gt< kqvofz<ouzq? lkjv? K~k<Kg<Gc? Okeq? kq{<mg<gz<? kqvs<sq? Ogibl<hk<K~v<? Oszl<? kvlhvq Ohie<x lium<mr<gtqz< usqk<k uvgqe<xev</ K~k<Kg<Gcbqz< GVuiv<hm<c? Ogimir<gqhm<c? wm<mbhvl< hg<gk<kqz< okx<g Ogimir<gqhm<c? sqz<fibg<ge<hm<c? lr<si fibg<ge<hm<c? Htquime< hm<c)lvr<ghm<c*? wk<kz<fibg<ge<hm<c?ohil<lz<fibg<ge<hm<c?nvg<gib<ohm<c?fg<gziogim<jmwe<x hgkqgtqz< -g<gl<htk<k fibg<gv< lg<gt< usqk<k uvgqe<xev</ lkjv lium<ml<? kq{<mg<gz< lx<xl< Okeq lium<mk<kqz< gl<hl<? Okuivl<? Ohic nvgqzl< usqk<k uvgqe<xev</ fibg<gv<uvzix uq\bfgvh< OhvvSg<Gh< hqe<eiz< uf<kuv<gt< fibg<gv<gt< Nuv</ -f<fibg<gv<gtqe< gizl< 27?28 Nl< F~x<xi{<miGl</ jls,v<? klqp<fim we<x -V -mr<gtqz< fibg<gv<gt< usqk<k uf<kt<tev</ jls,vqz< -Vf<k fibg<gvqz< jls,v< fibg<gv<?-g<ogvq fibg<gv< we<x-v hqvquig-vf<kt<tev</ klqp<fim<cz< lkjv? krsiu,v<? OuZ~v<? osr<sq we<x fibg<gv<gtqe< -Vh<hqml< -Vf<Kt<tK/ 83hijtbk<kqz<-f<fibg<gv<gTl<nmr<Guv</ gl<htk<kfibg<gv<nf<kqvh<hgkqbqzqvf<khkqeixil<f~x<xi{<mtuqz<klqpgl< uf<k GcObxqbkig kv<^<me< Gxqh<hqMgqxiv</ okzr<jgk< kib< olipqbigg< ogi{<m nvsv<gtl<?hz<oux-ek<kuv<gtl<klqpgk<kqz<uip<uikivl<okcklqpgk<kqzuf<k GcObxqBt<tev</ gl<htk<kfibg<gv<dm<hqvqu gl<htk<kiv< we<hkx<g hz<oux ohbv<g<giv{l< %xh<hmgqe<xk/ 83 hijtbr<gtqz< sqzv< ge<emv<? sqzv< okzr<gv< lx<xl< hi{<cbv< hvl<hjv upquf<k LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 39 //

47 lxuv<gtl<? hqx sqx<xvsv<gtl<-kqz<-ml< ohx<xqvf<kev</ wm<gv< kv<^<me< okigk<k oke<eqf<kqbg< Gzr<gTl< GcgTl< we<el< F~zqz< gl<htl< we<hk okim<cbe<? neh<he<?gih<hqzqbe<?sg<gqzqbe<lkzieye<hksikqg<givv<gjts<sm<ml<gph<ohbv< we<xl< gl<htk<kie< we<hk okim<cbeg<g dvqb lxohbv< we<xl< Gxqh<hqmh<hm<Mt<tK/)oki/4;234* gl<htk<k fibg<gvqe< dm<hqvqu Gxqk<K nvf<kkqbv< uipl< uvzix we<x F~z< gqp<g<g{<muixgxqh<hqmgqxk/ 2/ Okig<gzuiv< 3/ Olgzuiv< 4/ hizuiv< 5/ Ohz<zuiv< 6/ sqz<zuiv< 7/ ogiz<zuiv< 8/ GVsqz<uiv< 9/ wvsqz<uiv< :/ lz<zuiv< -h<ohipk \lqe<ogimir<gqhm<cbqz< sqz<zuiv<? Okig<gzuiv< we<x hqvquqev< usqk<k uvgqe<xev</-kqzl< sqz<zuivqz< Hk<kolil<L? filgiv<? hizugiv<? wvlisq ohil<l we<x-e<el<hzhqvqugt<-vh<hkigkguzitv<osf<kqz<%xgqxiv</ofv<gi{z< -zg<gqbr<gtqz<okuvim<ml< sr<g-zg<gqbk<kqz< Okuvim<ml< Gxqk<K ohvl<hi{<jlbie Gxqh<Hgt<-z<jz/ nkqzl< Okuvim<ml< we<x Ofvcbig -z<zilz< sizqeq Nmz< we<x ohbvqz< uf<kt<tk/ sqzh<hkqgivl< lx<xl< lkjvg< gir<sqbqz< Okuvim<ml< sizqeq Nmz< we<x ohbvqz< uf<kt<tk/ kjzs<s,z< lgtqv< Gpf<jkh<OhX fe<xig njlbl< ohivm<m sizqeq NMukiGl</ sizqeq we<hut< Okuvim<c? Okuvim<c NcbK okuvim<ml</ Okuvim<mk<kqe<Ouv<sizqeqNmz<we<hiv<]i\gie<geq/ou/L gmr<s,z<lgtqv<oh{qjgokipk ohvf<okim<sizqeqlmh<hl/gir<sq71: hpr<gmex<xlpr<guib<s<sizqeq okb<ulx<xolb<l<lbqv<fqxk<kg< jgobmk<okis<sq sqsqzh</ou/uvq8.: OkuKf<Klq NGtq? sqxljx we<hk-kbl< nkqv<ukie Gl<?%ddl< we-vm<ch<h yzq kvl< dxlqoltl< NGl</ gl<htk<k fibg<gv< lg<gjtbl< Okuvim<mk<jkBl< OuX Ouxigh< hiv<g<g -bzik/ nok Ohie<Xkie< Okuvim<mLl<? OkuKf<KlqBl</ OkuKf<Klqbqe<-jsh<H Ljxg<G Wx<h Okuvim<ml< Nmh<hMgqe<xe/ OkuKf<Klqjb lg<gt< upg<gqz< dxlq we<x njph<hv</ dxlq lm<mlqe<xq dxl? dxjl? dxlq ogim<z? Ogilitq ogim<z? H,l<H,l<liM uik<kqbl<? ohvlit<lim uik<kqbl< we<x hz<ouxohbv<gtqz<okukf<klqnjpg<gh<hmgqxk/ Kf<Klq we<hk ohikfqjzbqz< kitg<gvuqjb Gxqg<Gl< osiz<zigl</ Ohvqjg OkuOzigh< hjx we<xl<%xh<hmgqxk/ squeqe< uigelie ff<kq-jsg<gl< LpU LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 40 //

48 lk<ktl< we<xl< Kf<Klq%xh<hMgqxK/ Ntuf<kiv< Kf<Klq we<hk%l<h ucuqzie Okix<xg< gvuq lilvk<kiz< osb<bh<hm<mk/ Ogiei we<x gvuqbiz< kig<gq ytqg<gh<hmuk/ dvk<k yzqjbg< ogimg<gl< -f<kk< Kf<Klqjb -bg<gouiv< k{<mhjungkqwe<xnjpg<gh<hgqe<xev</h,lqkf<klq?nxr<gkf<klq?lgikf<klq Ngqb ohbv<gtqz< nk Gxqh<hqmh<hMgqe<xK/ H,lq Kf<KlqOb-jsg<gVuqgtqz< lqgh< hpjlbiekigg<gvkh<hmgqxk/y/lk<jkbihg</38.39 OkuKf<Klqjb -jsh<hkx<oge<x yv hqvquqev< gl<htk<k fibg<gvqz< -Vf<Kt<tev</nuv<gjth<h{<mivl<we<Xnjpk<Kt<tev</Neiz<kx<OhiKh{<mivl< hqvquqev<kie< uisqg<g Ou{<Ml< we<hkx<gqz<jz/ \lqe<ogimir<gq hm<cbqz< -Vg<Gl< sqz<zuiv< hqvquqev<gtqz< hzv< OkuKf<Klqjb -jsk<k uvgqe<xev</ dxlqjb -jsg<gg<%cb hqvquqev<gt< kqvuqpi? kqvl{ fqgp<ugt<? hbqx<sq hm<mjx lx<xl< smr<ggtqz<-e<xl<uisqk<kuvgqe<xev</ Gzokb<ul< gl<htk<kfibg<gv<gtqe<gzokb<ul<\g<gl<lingl</\g<gl<lijukqh<hib<f<k nl<le<we<xl<%xuv</-kx<ggl<htk<klg<gt<kr<gtkgzokb<ul<gxqk<kgjk ye<jxg<%xgqe<xev</ 8 n{<{e<liv<gtl<? 8 kr<jgliv<gtl<-vg<gl< yv uqm<cz< kr<jggtqz<yvk<kqkqjsokvqbilz<oux Dvqz<kr<gquqm<MlQ{<Ml<gijzbqz<ke< n{<{e<gjtk< Okc uvgqxit</ nh<ohipk n{<{e<gt< kr<jgjb Wx<guqz<jz/ nh<oh{< kie< gx<ohimkie< -Vg<gqOxe< we<x kqbqz< -vr<gq uqm<mizil</ -f<k nl<lje kie< kir<gt<\g<gl<lit< we<xl< kqh<hib<f<k nl<le< we<xl< upqhmgqoxil</ kguzitqgqv]<{ouz<nh<h{silq/ fibg<gv< dm<hqvquqev<gtqz< sqz<zuiv< hqvquqev<\g<gl<li we<xl<? Gs<S ohil<l ohil<jlsilq)n{<{e<liv<gt<*we<xl<upqhm<muvgqe<xev</ Nm<mnmUgt< Okuvim<mk<kqz< olik<kl< hkqoem<m nmugt< dt<te/-h<hkqoem<ml< fie<g fie<gig uqvqujmf<k 83 nmugtig dt<te/ dxlq u{g<gl<? sjh u{g<gl<? H,liOkuq u{g<gl<? lr<sh<ohic-ck<kz<? lr<sh<ohic szqk<kz< we<x nmugtg<g osbz<gtiz< ohbv< Sm<mh<hMgqe<xe/ sie<xig Nm<mg< gjzrv<gt< Lkzqz< Oljmbqz< Nm uvl< ohipk dxlqjb u{r<gq nkiuk-vjggtizl< okim<m u{r<gq uvuv</ yvoujt dxlqjb Lkzqz< u{r<g Lcbuqz<jz we<xiz< sjhbqz< NcuVl<ohiPKu{r<gqg<ogit<uv</ mm<mh<h,cmh<mm<mh<h,cmh< mm<mh<h,cmh<mm<mh<h,cmh< we<xnmuqz<u{g<gk<kme<oljmbqz<uzl<uvuv</nke<hqxg Cm<mgQm<mmGmgQm<m Cm<mgQm<mmGmgQm<m -u<umu H,liOkuq nmuigl</-u<umuqz< H,liOkuqbie fqzk<jkk< okim<m u{r<gq NMuv</ ccccccmg<cm<mgmgcmg< ccccccmg<cm<mgmgcmg LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 41 //

49 mm<mgmgmm<mgmgmm<mgmgcmg< mm<mgmgmm<mgmgmm<mgmgcmg< Cmg< mggmmgcggmmgmm<cmm<mg<gcmg< mggmmgcggmmgmm<cmm<mg<gcmg< mm<mh<h,mm<mh<h,mm<mh<h,mm<mh<h, mm<mh<h,mm<mh<h,mm<mh<h,mm<mh<h, CCmm<mh<H,CCmm<mh<H, CCmm<mh<H,CCmm<mh<H, we<xnmugt<fq{<mosz<gqe<xe/ Nm<mg<gjzRv<gt< \lqe< Ogimir<gqhm<cbqz< Okuvim<ml< NMukqz< N{<? oh{< we<x highim -Vh<hkqz<jz/nu<U,vqz<dt<toh{<gt<N{<gTg<GfqgvigNMgqe<xev</kqVuqpi Ofvk<kqz<nu<U,v<ohiKjlkiek<kqz<N{<gt<?oh{<gt<?sqXuv<gt<we<XnjeuVl< NMgqe<xev</ -u<u,vqz< hqxf<k Jf<K ubkqzqvf<ok Okuvim<ml< Nmg< gx<xg< ogit<gqe<xev</ sg<gokuq gjzg<gp &zlig Nmx< gjzrv<gt< yvr<gqjef<k hz<ouxdv<gtqz<lm<mlqe<xqhqxlifqzr<gtqzl<okuvim<mk<jkfqgp<k<kquvgqe<xev</ GPuqe< &zlig Okuvim<mk<jk Lke<Lkzig )klqp<h< hz<gjzg< gpgl<* outqbqmk<kg<g wmk<ks< ose<xuv< ljxf<k gjzrv< gjzlil{q Glivvile< Nuv</ kr<jsg<g wmk<ks< osz<zukx<g Le<H Dv<h< ohvqbuv<gtqe< Le<eqjzbqZl<? Gzokb<uk<kqe< Le<eqjzbqZl< sl<lkl< uir<gqb hqe<oh Okuvim<mk<jk klqp<h< hz<gjzg<gpgk<kqz<lke<ljxbigfqgp<k<kqbt<tev</ Okuvim<myh<hj{gt< Okuvim<ml<NMl<-VhizVl<ohVl<hi{<jlbieyh<hjegjts<osb<ukqz<jz/ N{<gt< njxbqz< yv Oum<cBl<?\qh<hiUl<?-Mh<hqz< yv K{qjbBl< gm<cbqvh<hv</ Okuvim<mk<jk outqbqmr<gtg<gg< ogi{<m osz<ukx<g -u<ujm fibg<gv< lg<gtqjmob hbe<him<cx<g uvukx<g Le<H N{<gt<-Mh<hqz< Oum<c lm<mol gm<c NcbqVg<gqe<xev</</ofx<xqbqz<osf<K~kvl<lx<Xl<kqVfQviz<fill<-m<Mgizqz<szr<jg gm<cbqvh<hv</ oh{<gt< Nml<hvlqz<zik Osjzjb hqe<ogisul< juk<k gm<cbqvh<hv</ kjzh<hqe<ejzh< ohixk<k ujv wh<ohipkl< Ohie<X sikiv{ligou hqe<eqg< ogit<gqe<xev</-uv<gtl<gizqz<szr<jggm<cbqvh<hv</-vhizvl<jggtqz<k{qjb juk<kqvh<hv</ szr<jgbqz<-k<kje szr<jgkie<-vg<gou{<ml< we<x g{g<gqz<jz/ jgbqz< juk<kqvg<gl< K{q fqxk<kqzl< ypr<g-vh<hkqz<jz/ lx<xhc njek<jkbl< LjxbigOuosb<gqe<xev</ Nmh<hMl<S,pz<gt< Okuvim<ml< fibg<gv< s&gk<kqz< hqxh<h Lkz< -xh<h ujv Nmh<hMl< yv gjzbigl</ Fibg<gv< s&gk<kqz< fjmohxg<%cb kqvl{l<? smr<ggt<?\g<gl<lit< upqhimohie<xux<xqz<okuvim<ml<lx<xl<dxlq-e<xqfjmohxukqz<jz/h,h<ohb<kqb oh{<j{ DVg<G outqob yv Gcjs njlk<k nkqz< kr<g jug<gqe<xev</ kqm<m gpqf<k hkqeixil< fit< nut< OkuKf<Klq-js lx<xl< Okuvim<mk<Kme< DVg<Gt< njpk<k uvh<hmgqxit</ nokohie<x kqvl{k<kqz< -V Gcjsgt< njlk<k l{lg<gt< keqk<keqbig Gcjsbqz< -Vg<Gl<ohiPK lf<kqvl< %xq smr<ggt< LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 42 //

50 fqjxouxqb hqe<h OkuKf<Klq-js Lpr<g l{lge< l{lgt< gpk<kqz< lr<gz fi{<h,m<muv</nke<hqxgnke<hqxgl{lg<gtg<gvqbsmr<ggt<fjmohxgqe<xe/ kqvl{k<kqe< ohipk yzqg<gh<hml< OkuKf<Klqbqe<-jsg<G N{<gTl< oh{<gtl< -j{f<kokuvim<ml<nmgqe<xev</ -xh<hqe<ohipkohvl<hizl<okuvim<ml<nmh<hmukqz<jz/hiz<oktqk<kz<?gz< fm<mz<)fmgz<*? fqgp<s<sqbqz< Okuvim<ml<-js Lpr<g Nmh<hMgqe<xe/ gjzlil{q Glivvile<-xf<k ohipk sqxuv<gt< Lkz< ohvqbuv<gt< ujv Okuvim<ml<? ybqz<? sqzl<hl< Ohie<x gjzgjt fqgp<k<kqev</ ohvl<hizl<-xh<hqe< ohipk Okuvim<ml< Nmh<hMukqz<jz/ gjzlil{q Glivvile< wr<gtjmb GV Nuv</ GVUg<G gi{qg<jg oszk<kl< uqkligul<? nujv sqxh<hhmk<kl< ujgbiguol fir<gt< NcOeil<we<XOgimir<gqhm<clg<gt<%Xgqe<xev</ LcUjv Okuvim<ml< -el< siv<f<k Nm<mg<gjzbig -e<xl< gl<htk<k fibg<gv< lg<gtqjmob Nmh<hm<M uvgqe<xe/ gl<htk<k fibg<gv<gtqe< slkib Nm<mlig Nmh<hm<M uf<k-g<gjz-e<x klqp<fim<m gqvilqbg< gjzgtqz< ye<xig uqtr<gq uvgqe<xe/ sr<g-g<gqbr<gtqz< uvg<%cb Le<Okv<g< Gvju? hqe< Okvg< Gvjubqe< okimv<s<sqobfim<mh<hxnm<mg<gjzbig-vg<gg<%ml</ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 43 //

51 LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 44 // kzqk<hjmh<hqzg<gqbl<yihkqb hjmh<hqzg<gqbl<yihkqbhiiju hiiju *k/l{qhize< k/l{qhize<? LjeuIhm<mNb<uitI? ose<je gqxqk<kug< gz<z~vq? kil<hvl<? ose<je.6:/ Le<Ejv kx<gizfuqeklqp<k<oksqbs<$pzqzl<?-f<kqbg<%m<mjlh<hs<$pzqzl< ymg<gh<hm<mlg<gt< )kzqk<*gtqe< Hkqbnvsqbz< h{<him<ms< $pz< Ohie<xux<jxlQm<omMh<hkx<gie -zg<gqbh< hjmh<hlix<xk<jkbl<?hjmh<hgtqe< lqkienxquqbz< h,iulieuqliseofig<gk<jkbl< wkqig<ogi{<m nkx<giegib< fgik<kjzle<juk<kkzqk<wpk<kitigt<wel<kzqk<-zg<gqbh<hjmh<hitqgt< kr<gjt Le<juk<Kg< ogit<gqe<xei/ -uigt< kr<gtqe< hjmh<hgtqz< wu<uioxz<zil< kzqk< lg<gtqe< upg<gixgt<? h{<himgt<? fl<hqg<jggt<? Ohie<xux<jx lqm<ommh<hk we<hjk uqtg<gq nr<ogie<xl< -r<ogie<xl< uf<kt<tjk-e<jxb-zg<gqb$pzqz<gi{lcgqe<xk/ yv wpk<kite< ke<je kzqk< -zg<gqbh< hjmh<hitq we<x ke<je Le<eqjzh<hMk<kqg< ogi{<mke< hjmh<hqe< DmiggjkgtqZl< gjkg<gtr<gtqz< uvl< ohbigtl<? s&gl< siif<kgxqbqmgjt -uigtigoukip<k<kqg< Gxqh<hqMujkBl< nh<hjmh<hgt< yv Hzl<hz<gtigUl<? yov yh<hivqbigul< wpkh<hm<mt<tjknkqgliggi{lcgqxk/ fir<gtl< -f<fim<ce< jlf<kigt< we<xhjxs< six<xujkle<juk<k? -f<kl{<{qz< kr<gjt dbigcgt< we<xl< N{<m hvl<hjvgt< we<xl< %xqg<ogi{<m kl<hm<ml< nck<kg< ogit<huigt< wpkqk< kt<tgqe<x Gh<jhgTg<G fmuqz< fir<gtl< -f<fim<ce< jlf<kigt< kie< we<xl<a wr<gtg<gl< -zg<gqbl<? gjz? h{<him? fl<hqg<jggt<?upg<gixgtl< d{<mwe<hjkfqjzfqxk<kqfqxuukqz<sx<xokib<ukie<?-z<jzhqe<ejmukie</ h{<him<m dvuig<gk<jk Le<juk<Kl< nuigtqe< fl<hqg<jggjt Le<juk<Kl< gjz? kzqk< lg<gtqe< upg<gixgt< Ohie<xjukzqk<-zg<gqbh< hjmh<hqzg<gqbr<gtqe< gtr<gtigul< gjkgtqz< nkqgntuqz< hjmh<hqzg<gqbl< njlbou{<ml<weuzqbxk<kuok-g<gm<mjvbqe<ofig<glignjlgqe<xk/ kzqk< we<x lvik<kqbs< osiz<jz Lke<Lkzqz< ÄOsikqviu< h,oz} hbe<hmk<kqei/ -s<osiz<zg<g ymg<gh<hm<mui we<x klqp<s<osiz<? ohivt< ohikqf<k osiz<zig-vg<gl< we<xizl<? Äkzqk<} we<x osiz<oz hbe<him<cz<?

52 fqjzk<kuqm<mk/ 2::1.g<Gh< hqxg -f<kqbi LPuKl< kzqk<kqbl< yv Lg<gqbuquikh< ohivtig uqtr<gqbk/ 2:61.Nl< N{<cz< Äkzqk<} we<hk Hk<kslbk<kqx<G lixqb kip<k<kh<hm<mujvg< Gxqk<kK/ 2:81.Nl< N{<cz< lvik<kqbqzl< 2:91.Nl< N{<ce< okimg<gk<kqzqvf<k-f<kqbiuqe< hqxhgkqbqzl< kzqk<we<xosiz<nvsqbz<ktk<kqzl<-zg<gqbk<ktk<kqzl<hbe<hmk<kh<hm<mk/ kzqk< lg<gtqe< uqmkjzg<gie nvsqbz< kzqk< nvsqbz< we ujvbxg<gzil</ sikquig<gl< Ngqb -v{<m hvqli{r<gtqz< kzqk<kgt< kl< ncjl fqjzgtqzqvf<k lqt<ujkkzqk< uqmkjz we<xl< nkx<gie nvsqbozkzqk< nvsqbz<} we<xl< Gxqh<hqMukig Ogi/Ogsue< nuigt< Le<jug<gqxiI)kzqk<nvsqbz<?h/23*/ kx<gizkzqk< nvsqbz< nf<kvr<gol nvsqbz< (Personal is political)we<hk oh{<{qb nvsqbzigul< gvh<hkie< npg(black is beautiful) we<hk gvh<hqe uqmkjz nvsqbzigul< nxquqg<gh< hm<mjkh<ohiz< -f<kqbs< $pzqz< kzqk< nvsqbz< we<hk sikq ypqh<oh we Le<juh<hKme</ leqkofbnch<hjmgjtg< ogi{<m sikqgtx<x yv fuqe slkibk<jk dvuig<gl< nvsqbz< dk<kqob sikq ypqh<h we vi\<ogitkl< gvk<kqje ujvbxh<hjk bipqeqlesilq Le<jug<gqxiI/ -u<uixigk<kzqk<nvsqbz<le<juk<kuqlisqg<gh<hm<mizl<kzqk<kgtqz< ymg<gh<hm<muigtqe< fl<hqg<jggt<? flk-zg<gqbh< hjmh<hgt< Ohie<xux<jx Le<juk<K kr<gt< uqmkjzjbk< kir<got njmb Ou{<cb gm<mibk<kqz< fqxk<kh<hm<cvh<hjkg< gi{lcbl</-kx<gig fl< gm<cbjlg<gqe<x d{<jlbie ncjlgt< nx<x Oksqb -bg<gliek -V hvqli{r<gtqz< ogi{<cvg<gg< gi{zil</ Lkziukig kzqk< h{<him fl<hqg<jg? Oksqb -el<? olipq Ngqbux<jx DmXk<Kg< ogi{<m? kr<gjth<ohiz< ymg<gh<hm<m ncjluip<ju Wx<Xg< ogi{<m? hizqbz< OuXhim<miZl< fl<jl fil< -el< g{<mgjtb Ou{<cbKLg<gqblignjlgqe<xK/ nokim%mou?-f<kqb Oksqbk<kqz< kr<gjth< OhizOu Oksqb-el< we<x gvk Lcbik nkx<gl< gqp<h<hm<m Oksqbr<gtie ljzuip< lx<xl< -eg<gph< h{<him<mgtme< -j{f<k kzqk< lg<gt< upg<gixgt<? fl<hqg<jggt<? h{<him<jm yv Oksqb -ek<kg<gl< Gjxf<k(Sub - national) h{<himig? hqxujgh<hm<m Oksqb -er<gtqzqvf<k ye<xigg< gm<c wph<h Ou{<cbKLg<gqbligdt<tK/ -h<hc wph<hhml< kzqk< h{<him<m (Delitsebnational culture)-eg<gp? ymg<gh<hm<mh< oh{<gt< -bg<ggvk<kgotim ohvltuqx<g -jbhgt< ogi{<mkig -Vh<hK kuqig<g Lcbik ye<xigq uqmgqe<xk/ -u<uix wpgqe<xkzqk< upg<gixgt<? fl<hqg<jggt<? Gxqh<hqm<Ms< osiz<zl< ntuqx<g Nvqbh< h{<him<jm K~g<gq wxqgqe<x gzgh< h{<himigou(protest culture) njmblcbl</ nk<klqxl< h{<him wps<sqbqe< Dmig kzqk<kg<gt< kr<gtqml< YIjlb<bx<x uqkr<gtqz< Guqg<gh<hm<Mt<t Nbqvg<g{g<gie N{<Mg< gizk<kqb LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 45 //

53 hiih<heqb-f<kqbs< sikqh< h{<him<ce< Gh<jhgjtg< gqt<tq wxqf<k?djph<hs< sikqgtg<guvzix<xqz<lxg<gh<hm<mlg<gqbk<kuk<jkfqjzfqxk<klcbl</ Nkqg<gh< h{<him<mitigt< kr<gtjmbfzjewe<eoux<xl< okimif<k Oh[ukig kzqk< lg<gtqml< gvk<kujgh< h{<him<mg< %Xgjt Wx<xqjuk<kqVg<gqe<xiIgt</ Lkzqz< nux<jxk< kzqk<kg<gt< kr<gtjmb jubz<z# we<x vi\< ogtkle< Gxqh<hqMgqe<xiI/ -u<uixie Nvqblblie hiih<heqbh{<him<m utis<sqg<gie&zr<gjt K~g<gq wxqukx<gie Npliej kvqbk<jkwx<hmk<kukx<gänk<klqxl<}h{<him<jmgm<cwph<hou{<ml</ -f<k Lg<gqbk<Kuk<jk d{if<k -K OhSuK Ohiz wpuk Ohiz nk<kje Szhlz<z? Gx<xd{IU? ns<sl<? gkq -z<zik nuzl<? F~x<xi{<Mg<giz nxqbijl? lix<xk<jkg< g{<m lvgkz<? Lkzie les<sqg<gz<gt<gtqz< Dxqh<Ohie kzqk< lg<gt< wtqkqz<-ux<xqzqvf<k uqmhm Lcbilz< hjkg<gk<kie< osb<uiigt</ Nkqg<gh< h{<him<jm GxqbQMgjts< se<er< se<elig dkisqeh<hmk<kuk Wx<glXh<hK? kig<guk? nulkqh<hk? fg<gz<osb<ukwe<xvqkqbqz<kie<olx<osie<eles<sqg<gz<gt<?nclekqzqvf<k ljmlix<xr<osb<bh<hml</ -ux<jxobz<zil< dt<tmg<gqb ye<x kie< nk<k lqxl< h{<him<m dvuig<gligl</ kie< we<x%xgqe<xei/-u<uixie h{<him<m dvuig<gk<jk Le<juk<Kwk<kjekzqk<-zg<gqbh<hjmh<Hgt<outquf<Kt<te/ Skf<kqvk<Kg<G Le<hignObikqkish<h{<ckInuIgt< 2:18 Lkz< 2:25 ujvbqziegizgm<mk<kqz<nuifmk<kqbäklqpe<}hk<kqvqg<jgbqz<kzqk<lg<gtqe< h{<him<cz< hiih<hieqbkig<gl< DMVuqbK we<hjkh< Ohie<xhzkjzh<Hgtqz< nk<klqxl<h{<himgxqk<kuqpqh<h{is<sqjbwx<hmk<kqbt<tii/ -u<uixie hjmh<hgt< We< kx<gizr<gtqz< Np<f<K uquikqk<k wpkuqz<jz we<hok yv Gjxbig dt<tk/ OlZl< sikqohkk<jk ^<kihel< osb<k -f<klkl< sqzvjmb Sbfzk<kqx<gig? nuigtk hqjph<hg<gig Wx<hMk<kh<hm<m yv lkol ypqb leqk -ek<kqe< ym<molik<klie Oll<him<Mg<gig Wx<hMk<kh<hm<mkz<z we<hk kisvqe< gvk<k/-kjeg< gvk<kqz< ogi{<mkie<? gt<tg<gjmnxqjulbg<gl<hikgl< gt<tg<gjmnxqjulbg<gl<hikgl< gmut<gjmohib<osiz<zh<ohivt<hxg<gl<hivkl<# gjmohib<osiz<zh<ohivt<hxg<gl<hivkl<# we<xklkklqpe<hk<kqvqg<jgbqe<gvk<kg<gjtuqzg<gqeii/ ohvqbii klk Sblvqbijk -bg<gk<kqe< osix<gjt uqtg<gl<ohik? slkibk<kqzt<t GVm<Mh< hpg<gupg<gr<gjtbl<? &mfl<hqg<jggjtbl<? uqtg<glig nxqbis< smr<ggjtbl< nux<xg<gigs< osb<bh<hml< oszugjtbl< ypqk<kz<ou{<ml<we<xux<hxk<kgqe<xii/ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 46 //

54 Lcuig kzqk< -zg<gqbh< hjmh<hitqgt< kr<gtqe< hjmh<hgtqz< w{<{g Lvz<gjtBl< yh<hivqgjtbl< kr<gjtk< kir<gotgjkg<gtk<kqe< DmigUl< gjk lif<kigtqe< DmigUl<? nhqlieq wpkqbhje Leq we<el< sqxgjk okigh<hqe< Ädjmh<H} we<el< sqxgjkbqz< kr<gjtk< kir<got kqvmigtig gi{<hqk<kg< ogit<gqe<xei/ wmk<kg<gim<mig? Nm<Muqbhivl< hiig<gqe<xue< ogil<hb<bi gm<mh<hm<cbqz< Gjxf<kuqjzg<G lixqgjt uir<gqg< ogi{<muf<k ogir<sgizl< nux<xqx<g-jzkjpgjth< Ohim<MutIk<K ohvqsig<gq ut<tqb,vq sf<jkg<g ogi{<mohib< geqslieuqjzg<g uqx<gqxue<#? fqbiblig uir<gqutig<gl< NMgjtg< gim<czl< kqckqh<hqegimgtqz< Ohim<cVg<Gl< gqjmgtg<gt< HGf<KkqVcg< ogi{<muf<kuqx<xnmgt< nkqgl< we<x nue< Olz< yv Gx<xs<sim<M -Vf<kjk slobisqklib< gitqbh<he< fqbibh<hmk<kqh< hiik<kgogi{<mie< we<x ng<gjkbqz< kr<gjtobkqvmigtiggjkgtk<kqz< gi{<hqg<gl< Ohig<Ggi{h<hMgqxK)h/27*/ nh<hiuqe< Hjgh<hml< we<xsqxgjkk< okigh<hqjewpkqbuqpq/hi/-kbouf<ke<-ux<xqe<lkz<sqxgjkbieäuzq} we<hkqz<?hvhk<kqnvhk<kqeosiz<zixr<gotsvqbik<kie<-vg<g?sq Lcbzei K~g<gqbvi Ou{<cbKkiOe? de<e wuc jgb<bum<mgqpqg<gs< osie<ek#)h/22*/ -u<uix uqlisqh<hjk uqm<m flk upg<gixgt<? fl<hqg<jggt<? h{<him<ms< ws<sr<gjt lqm<mvuig<gl< osb<bl< osbzqz<-xr<gqklkhjmh<hqe< hqe<hzk<kqe< uvzix<jx lqm<mvuig<gl< osb<bou{<ml< we uzqbxk<kh<hmgqe<xk/-u<uix uvzix<x lqm<mvuig<gk<kqe< hbeig flk upg<gixgt<? fl<hqg<jggjt Le<oeMk<Kgjz-zg<gqbhkqUgt< oktquh< hmk<kh<hm<miz< kie< flk nmk<k kjzljx -ue< okim<miz< kqm<m}? ÄhiIk<kiz< kqm<m} We< -ueqe< fqpz< hm<mizl<kqm<mwe<gqe<xhiiheqb-f<kk<kuiogit<jggjtouinxk<khkqb slkibl< hjmg<glcbl<? -ke<&zl< klqp< Oksqbk<kqZl<? -f<kqbg< %m<mjlh<hqzl< Wx<xk<kip<gt< nx<xdzjgh< hjmg<glcbl< we<x fl<hqg<jg hqxg<gl</ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 47 //

55 DAIRY INDUSTRY IN INDIA A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK *Dr.S.A.Shamsudeen Ibrahim, Assistant Professor, PG and Research Department of Commerce, Dr. Zakir Husain College, Ilayangudi, Sivaganga District. Introduction India has been the leading producer and consumer of dairy products worldwide since 1998 with a sustained growth in the availability of milk and milk products. Dairy activities form an essential part of the rural Indian economy, serving as an important source of employment and income. India also has the largest bovine population in the world. However, the milk production per animal is significantly low as compared to the other major dairy producers. Moreover, nearly all of the dairy produce in India is consumed domestically, with the majority of it being sold as fluid milk. On account of this, the Indian dairy industry holds tremendous potential for value-addition and overall development. According to the latest report by IMARC Group, titled Dairy Industry in India 2018 Edition: Market Size, Growth, Prices, Segments, Cooperatives, Private Dairies, Procurement and Distribution, the dairy market in India reached a value of INR 7,916 Billion in Along with offering profitable business opportunities, the dairy industry in India serves as a tool of socio-economic development. Keeping this in view, the Government of India has introduced various schemes and initiatives aimed at the development of the dairy sector in the country. For instance, the National Dairy Programme (Phase-I) aims to improve cattle productivity and increase the production of milk expanding and strengthening and expanding the rural milk procurement infrastructure and provide greater market access to the farmers. On the other hand, the private participation in the Indian dairy sector has also increased over the past few years. Both national and international players are entering the dairy industry, attracted by the size and potential of the Indian market. The focus is being given to value-added products such as cheese, yogurt, probiotic drinks, etc. They are also introducing innovative products keeping in mind the specific requirements of the Indian consumers. These players are also improving their milk procurement network which is further facilitating the development of the dairy industry in India. Looking forward, the market is expected to reach a value of INR 18,599 Billion by 2023, exhibiting a CAGR of around 15% during LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 48 //

56 The report by IMARC Group is the fifth edition of their highly acclaimed publication on the Indian dairy industry. The study is the result of an extensive research of the Indian dairy industry that draws upon a comprehensive analysis of every major dairy segment in India. The report is based both on secondary research and multiple waves of qualitative primary research and has delved deeply into the following aspects of the Indian dairy market: All-inclusive situation analysis of the Indian dairy industry and its dynamics: Segments covered: Milk, Flavoured Milk, UHT Milk, Curd, Probiotic Products, Flavoured & Frozen Yoghurts, Buttermilk, Lassi, Ghee, Butter, Cheese, Paneer, Cream, Khoya, Dairy Whiteners, Skimmed Milk Powder, Ice Cream, Sweet Condensed Milk, Dairy Sweets and Whey. Focus of the analysis in each segment: Drivers and challenges in each market Historical, current and future sales trends Historical, current and future volume trends Historical, current and future price trends Size and analysis of the organized and unorganized markets Structure of the market Key players and products available in these markets Understanding India s Foreign Trade in the Dairy Industry Segments covered: All major dairy segments Focus of the analysis in each segment: Import volumes Import values Export volumes Export values Understanding Milk Procurement and Distribution in India Milk procurement models of private dairies and cooperatives Milk procurement prices in India Milk distribution models of private dairies and cooperatives Challenges of milk procurement and distribution in India LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 49 //

57 Understanding the Technical and Financial Requirements for Setting up a Dairy Plant Cost of setting up a dairy plant in India Loans and financing Techno economic parameters Expected income and expenditures Understanding the Government Policies in the Dairy Sector Regulatory framework Government initiatives Duty structure Evaluation of all Major Cooperatives and Private Dairies in India Organization Overview Financials and Processing Capacity Product Portfolio Conclusion India is the world's largest producer and consumer of dairy. The dairy industry in India was worth INR 5,000 billion in India is also globally the largest milk producing country since In India, the co-operatives and private dairies have access to only 20% of the milk produced. Approximately, 34% of the milk is sold in the unorganized market while 46% is consumed locally. This is in comparison to most of the developed nations where almost 90% of the surplus milk is passes through the organized sector. References 1. Aillery, M., et al., Managing Manure to Improve Air and Water Quality. 2005, USDA Economic Research Report No. (ERR9) 65 pp. 2. Farm Foundation. The Future of Animal Agriculture in North America [cited 2007 April 12]; Available from: 3. Sharpley, A.N., et al., Agricultural Phosphorous and Eutrophication, 2nd Edition. 2003, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, ARS-149, 44 pp. 4. Steinfeld, H., et al., Livestock's Long Shadow: environmental issues and options. 2006, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 50 //

58 MOBILE PHONE NETWORK AN OVERVIEW *A.S.ALAGU KANNA, Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, Periyar University, Salem. *Dr.J.VIJAYADURAI, Professor, Department of Management Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamilnadu. Introduction Wireless and mobile networks are quickly becoming the main type of network access for telecommunication services. The progress trend of the wireless network and next generation mobile networks has now been directed into two distinct paths. One is following the path of the cellular mobile systems and their long-standing and much deployed infrastructure all over the world. So Cellular telecommunication is one of the most developed and demandable transmittal usages. Development of wireless access technologies is about to the reach its fourth generation. In the past, a wireless access technology has followed different evolutionary Paths designed at combined target: performance and efficiency in high mobile environment. The first generation has satisfied with the mobile voice, while the Second generation has introduced capability and coverage of mobile. This is followed by the third generation, which the mission of it was higher speeds in data to open the mobile broadband know-how. Broadband refers to an Internet connection that allows support for data, voice, and video information with high speeds connectivity such as DSL or cable services. On the one hand, it is considered broad because multiple types of services can travel across the wide band, and mobile broadband, on the other hand, pushes these services to mobile devices. Four Generation of Mobile The first generation of wireless technologies used analog broadcast, which operates in the 800-MHz band and uses 30-KHz channels using frequency division multiple access (FDMA). It was introduced in North America in 1985 as developed mobile phone service. As digital signals can be compressed, it enables more effective use of the frequency spectrum. The second-generation systems digitize the control link and also the voice signal, which appeared in the early 1990s.this generation supported voice, data, paging, and fax services. Moreover, they provide better quality and higher capacity by lower cost for customers. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 51 //

59 The third generation of mobile phone technology enables the transmission of highquality video images in the 2-GHz frequency band and realizes new mobile multimedia communications services. The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) is a third generation mobile communications technology that provides wideband code division multiple access (CDMA) radio technology. With data rates up to 2 Mbps, UMTS provides increased capacity, increased data capability, and a far greater range of services. The CDMA technology offers higher-throughput, real-time services, and end-to-end quality of service (QoS), and is capable of delivering pictures, graphics, streaming video, video messaging to location services, and other multimedia information as well as voice and data to mobile wireless subscribers. The fourth generation of mobile services is the advanced version of the third generation mobile communication services. The forth generation mobile communication services provide broadband, large-capacity, high-speed data transmission, providing users with high-quality interactive multimedia services, including teleconferencing, color video images, 3D graphic animation games, and audio services. In addition, 4G networks are expected to offer global mobility, service portability, and scalability at lower cost. They are based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), which is capable of having hundreds of parallel channels. The data-transmission rates are planned to be 20 to 100 Mbps in mobile mode. This technology allows seamless merging between different wireless standards, allowing one mobile device to move from indoor networks such as wireless LANs and Bluetooth, to cellular, to radio and TV broadcasting or to satellite communications. Land line, Wireless and mobile networks Land line In the land line the identity of user is apparent because the telecommunication organization connect two copper wires to the place that user asks for the number.so the first level in communication web is identity of the users. Location is the second item which is apparent in landline, too. It means that everyone can call the number which is registered in switch. Next step is charging which is registered in user switch and by that switch the cost that user have to pay will be accounted. The extra services like monitoring the other numbers or conversation transfer or etc, are written and registered in the same switch. So generally landline network has the following characteristics that cell phones do not have: Exact identity Exact location One switch for charging Extra services from the same switch Wireless and mobile networks Wireless and mobile networks, since their infrastructure domains, particularly the core domain, are not significantly different from one another, are generally classified according to the air interface into the following steps: LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 52 //

60 Cellular network: a cellular network, in comparison with its predecessor with a single large zone, consists of many cells with small coverage.each frequency channel is used repeatedly by multiple cells, sufficiently far apart to be interference tolerance from each other. This frequency reuse is a key enabler to support a huge number of subscribers. The hand-off instrument is another important characteristic, by which the frequency assigned for a cells seamlessly changed as the MT crosses cell boundaries. This requires the MT to frequently change frequencies as needed. Cordless telephony: Cordless telephony is basically not much different from the cellular system, but more characterized by low mobility (small range and low user speed) and small power. starting from a simple application at private residence. it has evolved to a telephone access system supporting the unidirectional calling capability only. Customer needs transformed the system to have two-way calling capability and a wide service area was partitioned into a number of small cells, rendering the systems to have similar characteristics with the cellular network above. Wireless LANs: Wireless LANs (WLANs) prefers to their wired counterparts for situations in which wiring is difficult or impractical, or some degree of mobility is needed. many of WLAN standards use the ISM band, and some architectures even support short-term implementation, whereby terminals communicate directly with each other (peer to peer) without the mediation of fixed base station. a group of WLANs under the common architecture can form a large logical network with a wide service area, in which case mobility management becomes a key issue. Mobile network Wireless mobile networks have ever-changing topologies, mostly composed of bandwidth-constrained wireless link. It equipped with wireless transmitters and receivers, sometimes with a platform like a router. Mobile devices such as smart phones and personal digital assistants have reached new levels of usability, performance, and computing power. Increasingly, these devices are equipped with wireless-communications capabilities and location technologies In mobile network there is a device like wireless phone and the account is registered in a module by the name of (SIM) card (Subscriber Identity Module card). So after entering the card in the mobile phone, network starts to check the validity of the (SIM) card by verification procedure which connects to an authentication center. Mobile phones are portable and their Size, weight and battery life are the other performance parameters of mobile phones and recent technologies that makes these phones to be smaller Mobile Performance Under conditions ranging from moderate to good, the speech quality in GSM system is comparable by analog systems, but under bad conditions which relates to weak signals or Interference, GSM systems show better quality. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 53 //

61 Conclusion Hence the present study reviewed the most common example of a cellular network which is a mobile phone (cell phone) network. A mobile phone is a portable telephone which receives or makes calls through a cell site (base station), or transmitting tower. Radio waves are used to transfer signals to or from the cell phone. Great geographic areas may be split into smaller cells to avoid line-of-sight signal loss and the large number of active phones in an area. As the phone user moves from one cell area to another cell, the switch automatically commands the handset and a cell site with a stronger signal (reported by each handset) to switch to a new radio channel (frequency). When the handset responds through the new cell site, the exchange switches the connection to the new cell site. References 1. Hand Book of Computer Networks, Hossein Bidgoli, (Editor In Chief), 2007, Wiley (USA), Volume II, Part 3, Aarne Mämmelä, Cellular and Wireless Networks, Chapter Mobile and wireless network by Dong-Wan Tcha, Encyclopedia of information systems, volume 3,copyright 2003,Elsevier science (USA) 5. (Persian book) Mobile network by Sohrab Niazi (2009). 6. Wireless internet by Abbas Jamilpour, handbook of technology management, Wiley 2009,Hossein Bidgoli (editor in chief) LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 54 //

62 ம க ர த ந வ ச த வ ள ந ல ம கள வ வ ய பத க *S/lgivi\e<? Ljeui< hm<m Nb<uiti<? hkqu w{< ;22481? l/kq/ki/-f<kg< gz<z~iq? loeie<l{qbl<sf<kveii<hz<gjzg<gpgl<?kqvofz<ouzq/ *ofxqbiti<;k/gvh<jhbi? l/kq/ki/-f<kg< gz<z~iq? loeie<l{qbl< Sf<kveii< hz<gjzg<gpgl?< kqvofz<ouzq/ தம ழ 19ஆ ற ப ற ஆ க லய வ கய ட க பற ப ட இல க ய வ வ கள ஒ ற க ந வ வ ள க ற. ச வ வ எ த ப ட இல க ய க அ த க ட நக வ ப றன. உ ரந டய ம கள வ வ ய பத க ள ம க ள ச ற த ஒ ற க இ ந வ உ ள. இ ந வ ப வ மன த கள வ வ ய ல உ ளட க எ த ப இல க ய வ வம. அ வ கய தம ம ழ ய இ ல ம ய ம கள வ வ ய த மக, ப ப, பழ க வழ க ப றவ ற ன த எ த ப ந வ க ள இ ல ம ய தம ந வ க எ ற ப க றன. இ ல ம ய தம ந வ வரல ற ம க ற ப ட த க ஆ மய க வ ள க ர ஜ க ர ஜ வ ம க ர த ந வ க ண ப இ ல ம ய வ ள ந ல ம கள வ வ ய பத க ள எ ர பத க இ க ர அ மக ற. க ர ஜ க ர ஜ எ ஆ ம தம ழ ச ப த க ழ 1995க ப ற அற கம ன இல க ய ஆ மகள ஒ வர க க ர ஜ க ர ஜ வ ள க ற. இவ ந வ க மய ந லய வ ல க ப ட வ ள ந ல ம கள வ கய ன ன க றன. ம க ர த (2006) ந வ இ ல ம ய ச க த க ண ப வ ள ந ல ம கள ன ள, டகள ம ப த கள வ க ய நட ம க ர ச க தவ ர ப ற ய பத வ க உ ள. இவ அ த ந வல ன க த ல ப (2007) இ ல ம ய ச க த ப ள த ர த ய க இர த, ம ர க ய ச க த வ ட ப த க ய ழ இ ல ப ச க தவ ர ப ற ய பத வ க க ண ப க ற. இ வ ற இவ ம ற ந வ கள ன க த ப (2008), வட க ற அ ம (2009), ம கவ ச க (2010) ந வ க அ ம ளன. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 55 //

63 ம க ர த ந வ க ர ஜ க ர ஜ வ எ த ப 2006 ஆ ஆ வள வ த ந வ ம க ர த. இ ந வ இ ல ம ய ச க த க ண ப த ழ அ ப டய அ த ம கள ன ள, டகள ம ப வ வ நட ம க ர ச க தவ ர ப ற ய பத வ க உ ள. ம க ர ச க தவ க ச க, ப ள த ர, த ழ, அரச ய என அ ன தள கள ஒ த க ள ச த ப த ந வ பத ச ள. இ ல ம ய ச க தவ ம ம ற ப ற ச க ம கள வ ள ற ப ம க ர, ம க எ ற ச வ ம த ந வ வ ச கய உணர க ற. இ ந வ க ண ப வ ள ந ல ம கள வ வ ய ல ம இ க ர பத ச க ற. வ ள ந ல ம க ப வ க வ ள ந ல ம க எ பவ க மய த ஓர க ட ப டவ கள க இ ப த க ண க ற. வ ள எ ப த ச த, ப, அரச ய, ப ள த ர என ப வ வ ககள ஓர க ட ப ட ம க ள ற ஒ ச ல டல க உ ள த அவத ன க க ற. இ ம க ப வ வ கய ன ஒ றக, ர ட ஆள க வ வ த க ணல. இ ல ம ய ச க த க ண ப க ற வ ள ந ல ம க த ழ, ப ள த ர, ச க,ப, ந ற, ந அ ப டய ம ற ச க ம கள டம ஓர க ட ப த ல ம க ர த ந வ வழ ய க க ண க ற. இ ந வ வ ள ந ல ச கம க ள டகள ம ப வ வ ன ம க ம க ர ச க, ப க ப ற வ ள ந ல ச கம க உ ளன. ம க ர ச க த ழ அ ப டய ப ள த ர அ ப டய ச க அ ப டய வ ள ந லய உ ள ம க ம க ர ச க தவ க ல ப ச க தவ கள, இர த ச க தவ கள ஒ க ப க றன. இ ச க த உ ள ப க ஆத க ச க கள ம ம ற த க ப த ச த ஆ கள ப வ ஒ றக ள ச த வ ள ந ல த ள ப வ த க ண க ற.ஆத க ச க தவ க வ ள ந ல ச க தவ கள ட உ ழ ர ட ந க வ த ம க ர த ந வ ச த ள. இ ந வ ப யவ எ.எ. க. வ ல ச க எ ற ப ண ட உ ழ ர ட ந க வ த, ஒ ந ள இ அ ல இ ற ப ட ந ம ஊ றவ ல தக ஆ ர க ய ப றவள ய த. அவ மத ய உண எ வக வ த அ ர க ல LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 56 //

64 ம இ ற ச ட கல ச ச ந ல ந ட வ கல ட ள இர வ ல ச ய வழ க ப ட. (ம. த. ப 80) எ ற பத வ ல உணவ ன ம க வ ப கள உ ழ ப ன ஆத க ச க தவ க ர த ம ய க ள க ற. இட அ ப டய ஒ க ப த இட த ஒ நப ர அவ த ம ய ப த ப ப ப வ க உ ள ஒ ற. இ வ ற ஒ ஊ உ ள த கள ம த ச கம ன ச ல த கள வ ள ந லய உ ள ம க ச ல த கள வச ழ ல க ண க ற. ம க ர த ந வ வ ள ந ல ச கம க உ ள ம க ர ச க தவ க வச த வ ம க ர த, ம த எ பய ப க றன. ஆத க ச க தவ க வ ள ந ல ச க ம கள ம இ வ ம த, ரஹ ம ள வள ற ல சண த ப. ம த ல, ம க ர த ல ய த இ த த வ. ந ல சன ட அ ப ய ட க ம. (ம. த.) எ ற ற வ ய ல க ஆத க ச க தவ க வ ள ந ல ச க ம கள ய ப ன ப ற ய க த ன அற க ள க ற. ப ள த ர த மய ஓர க ட ப த ப ள த ர எ ப மன த வ க ம க இ ற ய மய த க உ ள. ஒ மன த க க ப ம ய தய ப ள த ர ம க க ய ப வக க ற. ப ள த ரம மய ப வ அவல க வ ள ந ல ம க ஆள வ த க ணல. இ த ம ய ம க ர த ந வ பத ச ள.ம க ர த ந வ ரம ஜ எ ற க தம த, ப ய ம தல ள ல இ த ஒ மக த த ள க ம த ஜ ஆய வ. அ க த க க ட க ற த ன எ ன உ க க ட க ற ச எ ன, ந ந கன ல ட நன ப க ய ல. (ம. த.ப 53) எ ற ற ல ம க ர த க ர கள ப ள த ர ஏ ற த வ க ழ ல க ண க ற. த ழ அ ப டய வ ள ந ல த ள ப த : ஒ மன த ச த ழ அ ப டய அவ ன ஒ க ப சய ச க த ந ல க ற. இ வ க க ம ப ற அ வலக கள வ ல ச பவ க ய மத, அ த வ ல ம ப ற வ லக ச பவ ய மத வ வற க வ உ ளன. இ த ப னண ய த ர ர க இர த ச க த, மர கல த ட ப ன வ லகள ம ர க ய ச க த த ட ப த ப க றன. இ வ ற மத LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 57 //

65 த ட ப ன வ லகள ஈ ப பவ க ல ப ச க த இ ண ற ப க றன. அவ க க ழ ஒ க ப ட ச கம க ந வ த ச க, நசவ ள ச க, ம க ர ச க ப ற ச க க உ ளன. இத ன ம க ர த ந வ, ப ள ட ப ன பற த ப ன எ ல எட ல ந மள ம க த ற க. (ம. த.ப -44) எ ற ஆம ன வ ற ல வ ள ந ல ச க ம கள வ ய உண க ள க ற. ந ற அ ப டய வ ப ஒ ற ம ற ற வ ப த மய ந ற த ம க க ய இட. ப வ க வ ள, ச க ந ற க உய வ க, க த வ னத க க ம ன ந ல ந ல க ற. க ந ற ப வ க வ ள ந ல ம க ட த ட ப த ப க ற.ம க ர த ந வ வ ள ந ல ம கள ப ரத ந த ய ன ஆம ன த ந ல ப ற ற ப கய, அவ ன ட வ ள த ல எ ன ட க நற ஒ ட வ ஒ ட. (ம. த.ப -43) எ ற ற ப ல ந ற ப ப ட அற ய க ற.த க ந ல ய வ ள ந ல ம க ள ந க ழ ல க ண க ற. ஊ ட த (ஜம ஜம ) ப ப ச த இ ல ம ய ச க த ன ப ர ச னக ந ம த மக ஒ வ வ த இடம க ஜம அ எ அ ம உ ள. த ப ஜம க ப ப ஆத க ச க தவ க ஆதரவ க, ஆத க ச க தவ க ள வ ந ற த இடம க க ண ப க ற.ஆத க ச க தவ ர எத ப ஜம த எத பத க க த ப க ற.இத ன ம க ர த ந வ ம க வ வ ன பத க உண க றன. இவ ம ற ந வல ன ம கவ ச க ந வ இத ன பத வ ன பத க உண க றன. இவ ம ற ந வல ன ம கவ ச க ந வ இத ன பத ச ள. ப ப ப வ ள ந ல ம க த க உட அ ப ன ப க க ள ச ல ப ப க ள ம க க றன. அவ ற ஒ ற க ப ப ப உ ள. த க வ லய ஏ ப க ள ப ன ப க க ள அ ம க த க வ ய ப ய ன இ க க றன. இத ன ம க ர த ந வ, த வ வக ர, ப கள த கள கட த வ த ச ம க ள ற த ரகச ய க, பழன ய ப த ச ன ம, ஷ ப கய நட க ட வ த, த ஹஜர ச த க த ட.எ ல பச ஒ வழ ய க ள த ப ற இ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 58 //

66 க டவ, ஜ தன ந ச ப ப க ச அ மத ய ன க. (ம. த.ப -23) எ ற பத வ ல அ ம க ள ஆ வ ச க ஒ ப ள க ப உ ள த ம ய உணர க ற. இ த ய க இ ல ம ய ந வ இல க ய த இ வ ர பத ச த வள ய ன ம ற வ ள ந ல ம கள வ வ ய ல பத ச தத ம க க ய ஆ மய க வ ள க ற ஜ க ர ஜ. இ ல ம ய ச த வ ள ந ல ய வக ச கம ன ம க ர ச க தவ கள வ க ய ச த தத ஜ க ர ஜ வ த மய க வ ள க ற.ம க ர ச க தவ கள இய ப ன வ க, ம ழ, கல ரய ட ந வ ட இர டற கல ள த ம ப ட ப ள ய ஆ ம த ற ன வள ப த ந க ற. வ ள ந ல ம க க ன வ ரய ற ற அத இ ல ம ய வ ள ந ல ம கள ம க ர ச க தவ இட ற அற ய க ற. ம க ர ச க தவ க த க வ க ழ எ வ ந லகள ஆத க ச க தவ கள ஒ த ஆள க றன எ ப த க ள க ற. வ ள ந ல ம கள வ வ ய ப ப ப ஆ வ ச ப வத க ன ஒ ற க இ ப த உண க ள. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 59 //

67 INNOVATIVE METHODS IN TEACHING (Music) *Dr.V.L.V.Sudharsan, Assistant professor of Music (Violin), Faculty of Fine Arts, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar Department of Music, Abstract In broad sense teaching is known as imparting ones acquired knowledge to another person. There are many methods followed by each and every person in his or her own method. These may be termed or understood as traditional method, Innovative method, Trial and error method, Instructional method, Self learning method, Guidance, Coaching and so on. In this paper we are going to discuss about various innovative methods used currently in the intuitions and elsewhere, predominantly on teaching Music and musical instruments and a short comparison of traditional and modern innovative methods involved in teaching. While considering the e-learning and teaching it can be categorised under self /recorded learning without a teacher s presence physically. Of late Music is being taught through SKYPE, You Tube and Mobile phones etc. Still there is latency in this kind of teaching learning process; this latency is affecting more in instruments than vocal teaching. Let us discuss this in detail. Introduction Innovative Teaching Methods, The methodology applied in teaching and learning process starts right from cradle to grave. Let us see. For instance a baby is born and communicates through crying for everything such as hunger, angry, fear, happiness by smiling etc. For each and every sound and action there is a relevant action from the elders. Thus In turn the baby starts to teach the mother and the relatives to attract them and obtain whatever the baby wants. Basically Teaching can be categorised in two methods i.e... Traditional and Innovative methods. The traditional method is a conventional one which is fixed one, where as innovative methods are variable according to the need and the requirements of the students. Traditional methods In learning Carnatic Music the first and foremost is residential coaching/training for the students LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 60 //

68 Methodology of selection procedure 1. The students are selected directly by the Guru (Teacher) himself and rarely with some strong recommendations from the co-musicians. 2. Eligibility: The students were tested through various qualities like obedience endurance, determination, Hard work, integrity, helping nature etc Boarding and Lodging: Both are in guru s residence only, in olden days even they are not sent to their parents home to spend some days and celebrate festivals etc...until the training is completed to the satisfaction of the Guru. Till then the sishya(student) will be given utmost parental care on par with their own children of the master(teacher). In turn the student also would be very loyal. 4. Qualification and Age: Since it is a long process practical training, normally the teachers (Guru) are not very particular and don t insist on the basic educational qualification unlike in the institutional method of teaching Music. But usually teen aged students are not accepted by the gurus. Only children of ages between 7 to 10 years are preferred that too male children are mostly chosen. Apart from these, children the own kith and kin of the Musician (Guru) are trained irrespective of the gender. 5. Duration: Minimum of 17 years which includes training/coaching of 15 years and an internship like two years along with the masters performance on stage. Normally there won t be any Arangetram like the debut performances as done in present days. 6. Syllabus and Examinations: There will be more of practical sessions than theory and the master will decide what and when to teach, no one can dictate the teacher to proceed or impose their choices. Teachers can terminate any student during the training period and send them back if the guru is not satisfied on the improvement of any student. The examinations will be conducted like the Viva voce of present day PH.D. Programme in front of a large audience by the public only. They will be adjudged by the practical performance/ Concert including the Ragam Tanam Pallavi (RTP) which and is considered to be the highest and advanced qualification of an accomplished musician. 7. Certification: Certification will be only by the public through appreciation, Laurels, Awards etc... no separate sheet of paper mentioning that so and so is to certify that etc.. Proficient/ qualified. The bhani (Style) of the guru will resemble in the performing nature of the student. 8. Innovative methods in Gurukula(Traditional) method: since there were no modern electronic gadgets to record or play back video or Audio, the guru decides on the suitable method to impart the musical knowledge to each of his student. Such methods include Rote method, trial and error method, observation method etc... And ensures the subject is intact. After emergence of the institutional system for educating the traditional art of Music some alteration have been done and regulations have been brought like Minimum qualification, Age, Examinations at regular intervals, Marks, Certificates etc.. Which slowly the traditional Gurukula system gone astray. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 61 //

69 Present day Institute System The pride and credits of starting the institution method to teach Music and Tamil language goes to the prestigious Annamalai University, in a remote place and creating an opportunity for all walks of life to learn Music from great stalwarts (Traditional) Vidwans, doyens of Carnatic Music, during the year 1929.It has been about 90 years from now. In the 21 st century all the education system has been Updated into DIGITAL as everyone is accessible to the Internet and special services like SKYPE, What s app, Facebook etc.. As the advancement of the technology to keep pace with the improvement education system is rapidly adopting the innovative methods and trying to learn things according to the pace of the student. Despite the growth of science and innovations there should be someone to guide the learners properly through modern gadgets. Here apart from practical training in the subjects one third of the education part concentrates on the theoretical aspects also. Examination and certification Since the system is institutionalised and governed by UGC there are some norms had to be followed. Like constituting a Board of Members to stream line the syllabi and amalgamate with other institutions. Formation of panels to conduct practical examinations, Via-voce for Ph.D candidates and panel to set question papers for conducting theory examinations. Here in this system examinations will be conducted by set of panel members who are well versed in their concerned subject and students were placed according to their individual expertise in various grades like Distinction, First class, second class and so on. Certificates will be issued to the outstanding and all rounder students by the Governor of the state by specially convening a graduation day or convocation in University s Auditorium. Conclusion The Annamalai University s tremendous improvement is that gradually including the Dance (Bharathanatiyam) Art form in the department of Music and periodically introduced various degree programmes like Bachelor of Fine Arts, Master of Fine Arts, Title programmes, Teacher s training courses, Master of Philosophy and even Ph.D etc..on par with other academic qualifications and raising the very old traditional teaching system up to the University level of teaching which is governed by University Grants Commission and also very graciously appointed professors both from traditional musicians and from those who are qualified from the conceived pattern M.Phill+Ph.d+ NET and SLECT. Refferences 1. Prof P. Sambamoorthy The Teaching of Music the Indian music publishing house, Royapettai, Chennai. (Third edition revised 1985) You tube channel 2. A) UGC net exam preparation paper 1- Teaching aptitude 3. B) UGC net exam preparation paper1 Higher education LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 62 //

70 fypj;njhifapy; ghj;jpuq;fs; vjphnfhs;sk; cstpay; rpf;fy;fsk; jphtfsk; *g.nuq;fuh[; g.nuq;fuh[;> KidtHgl;l Ma;thsH> epfo;fiyj;jiw> GJitg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> GJr;Nrhp Kd;Diu ehlff; fiy top>,irf; fiy top cseyk; Ngzy; vd;dk; kuj;jt topkiw,d;wstk; Nkiy ehlfspy; gad;glj;jg;gl;l tufpwj. kdeyk; NgZjy;>,uz;lhk; cyfg;nghhpy; kdeyk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltuf;f r%f MHtsHfs; %ykk;> cstpahsh %ykk; ehlf fiy topapy; eltbf;if vlf;fg;gl;lj.,d;w Ml;b]k; vd;dk; kd,wf;fj;jpw;fk; cstpahshfs; ehlf topapy; mthfs; jj;jk;,ay;g tho;tpay; Njitfisg; G+Hj;jp nra;j nfhs;skhw cjtfpd;wdh. rq;f fhy r%fj;jpy; NjH gazk;> NghH epkpj;jk;> nghus; epkpj;jk;>,d;dk; NtW epkpj;jq;fs;,ue;jd vdr; rq;f E}y;fs; $Wfpd;wd.,j;jifa tho;f;ifj; juj;jld; tho;e;j kf;fspilna fhjy; tho;tk;,ue;js;sj.,thfs; fhjy; tho;tpy; gphpt kw;wk; Cly; Nghd;wit,ay;G.,e;j Kuz;fs; Vd; Vw;gl;ld? vd;wk; vt;tpjk; kdepiy ghjpg;gf;fs;shfpas;sj vd;wk; fz;l me;neha; Kuz;fis epf;fpl Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nrayk; cj;jpak; csey Nfhl;ghl;LfSld;,f;fl;Liu mikfpwj. rq;f mf,yf;fpa E}y;fSs; xd;whd fypj;njhifia kl;lk; vlj;jf; nfhz;l,f;fl;liu Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. jiytd;> jiytpf;f,ilnaahd nray;ghlfs; kw;wk; cwtf;fhl;rpfs; ehlfk; Nghy; tpsq;ftjhy; 'fypj;njhifapy; ghj;jpuq;fs; vjph nfhs;sk; cstpay; rpf;fy;fsk; jphtfsk;" vd;dk; jiyg;gpy;,f;fl;liu mikfpwj. cstpashhfs; cseyd; Fwpj;J $Wk; rpf;fy;fs; fs; cstpashhfs; cseyd; Fwpj;J $Wk; rpf;fy;fisf; fpo;fz;lthw $wpas;sdh. mit> m. cs;s KwpT M. cs;s Nghul;lk;,tw;iwr; rq;f,yf;fpa mfg;ghlyhd fypj;njhifapy; jiytd; jiytpf;fkpilnaahd rpf;fy;fisj; jphg;gij Fwpj;J mike;js;s ghly;fis,q;f fhzyhk;. cs;s KwpT cs;s KwpT vd;gj tpuk;gpa,yf;fpid miltjpy; NeUk; jilfnsh> FWf;fPLfNsh> Nehpjhd Fwpf;Nfhs; xd;w,d;ikahnyh tpistj vd cstpahsh $Wfpd;wdH. xu moj;jkhd NjitAk; mj epiwtngwhj czhtpd; mdgtkk; cs;s KwpT vd;w gphpj;jhdpaf; fiy fsq;rpak; $WfpwJ. rq;f,yf;fpaf; fhjy; tho;f;ifg; nghuj;jkl;by; gphpt vd;gj nghus;> NghH fhuzkhf epfo;e;js;sj.,jdbg;gilapy; epfok; rpf;fy;fsk; mthfspd; kdj;jd;gq;fs; mjpfkhf cs;sd. jiytd; cs;s KwpT (mfr;rhhg) jiytd;> kpfe;j mof nfhz;l xuj;jpiaf; fz;l fhjy; tag;gl;l> mtid mila Gfo;e;Jk; Gyk;gTk; nra;fpwhd;. jpk; fjph tpl;lj Nghy Kfd; mkhe;j <q;nf tuths;,ts; ahh nfhs;? LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 63 //

71 ... NghJs;sha; Nghy gpwh vt;tk; ep mwptaha; epak; jthpy;iyé epd;id Gwe;jd; Nghjh tpl;l EkUk; jtw,th> epiw mop nfhy;ahid ephf;ftpl;lhhf;f giw miwe;jy;yj nrhy;yw;fé vd;id,iwna jtw cilahd. -(fypj;. 56) epiwe;j epytpidg; Nghy Kfk; jpfo;e;jj. mtis fz;l> ahh,ts;? vq;fpue;j tufpwhs;? nfhy;ypkiy fiy ty;ytd; gilj;jhndh my;yj vy;yh mofpay; kfsphpd; cwg;gfisf; nfhz;l giljhndh vd jiytd; kaq;fk; tifapy; ghly; thpfs; mike;js;sj. fz;ltld; mjd; mofpy; xd;wpnghfk; mst cutk; nfhz;l khd;> md;dk;> kapy;> GwT Nghd;wtshf,Uf;fpd;whs;. cd; mq;fq;fs; ghhg;nghiu tuj;jk; vd njhpahjh? Mdhy;,J cd; Fw;wk; md;w> cd; je;ijapd; Fw;wkd;W. kjk; nfhz;l ahid jz;zph mue;j tuk; nghoj giw mbj;j $WtJ kd;ddpd; nghwg;g. vdnt,j kd;ddpd; Fw;wk; vd jiytd; Gyk;Gfpwhd;. mtspd; mofpidf; fz;l jiytd;> mtspd; kpj fhjy; nfhs;s tpiofpwhd;.,t;ntl;if kpfjpahy; mtspd; mofpid thzpj;j> fhjypid ntspg;glj;jpak; VJk; $whj jiytp nrd;wtpl;ljdhy; kdkile;j Nghfpwhd;.,f;fhuzj;jpdhy; jitdf;f cs;s KwpT vw;glfpwj. cstpayhnuh xutuj cly; fthr;rp kl;lk; (physical Attraction) MSikia epr;rag;gjpy;iy vd;wk;> MdhYk;,jd; tbtq;fs; rpy ghyzhtpidj; J}z;Lgit vd;wk; nguikiaak; jd;dk;gpf;ifak; czhj;jgit vd;wk; fujfpd;wdh. jiytpd; cs;s KwpT (mfr;rhhg) 'muk; nghus; Ntl;ifapd; cs;sk; J}g;g> xd;wd; $W Mil clg;gtnu MapDk; xd;wpdhh tho;f;ifna tho;f;if" -(fypj;. 18),sikiaAk; fhkj;ijak; tpl nghus; nghpj,y;iy vd Gyk;Gfpwhs;. xu Mil kl;lk; clg;gtuhapdk; mjidg; gw;wp ftiy nfhs;shj xd;wp fye;j gphpahj,ug;gthfsila tho;f;ifna tho;f;if vd $Wfpd;whs;.,q;F jiytd; gphpnt jiytpapd; cs;s KwpTf;F fhuzkhf mikfpwj. cs;sg;nghul;lk; cs;sg; Nghuhl;lk; cs;s KwpT Vw;gLtjw;fhdf; fhuzq;fspyk; xd;nw. Mdhy; cs;s Kwpit fhl;byk; cs;sg; Nghuhl;lk; flikahdj. cs;s Kwptpd; tpisnt cs;s Nghuhl;lkhFk;. cs;s Kwptpid mfw;wk; Nghuhl;lk; cs;sg;nghuhl;lk; MFk;. 'xnu Neuj;jpy; epiwtwhj xd;ww;nfhd;w jdpj;jdpahdjkhd nray; Nehf;fKk; Cf;fKk; cs;sj;jpy;,ug;gjdhy; tpistj cs;s Nghuhl;lk;" ',uz;l rktypikaila Cf;fpfs; (Motives) G+Hj;jp ngw,ayhj xd;w kw;wtw;wpw;f jilahf,ug;gj Vw;gLk; csepiyna cs;s Nghuhl;lk;" vd;w /g;uha;l $WfpwhH 1. 'xu cs;sj;jpy; vjph Nehf;Fk; Kbtpy; xj;jpirt Vw;glhj epiyapy; kdkwpt Vw;gLk;. csg;nghul;lk; epfok; cs;sj;jpy; xnu Neuj;jpy;,UNtW Nehf;fKk; Cf;fKk; NkhJfpd;wd.,jd; tpist csg;nghuhl;lk; epfo;fpd;wj 2. fypj;njhifapy; fpo;f;fhzk; csg;nghul;lq;fs; fhzg;glfpd;wd: 1. nghus; tapw; gphpjy; 2. fhjiy ngw KaYjy; 3.,UFwp mwptpj;j tu nra;jy; 4. tiutpw;f fhj;jpuj;jy; 5. guj;ijah gphpt 6. tiutpil itj;j thuhjjhy; Vw;gLk; Vkhw;wk; 7. fst GzHr;rpf;Fg; gpd; jiytpapd; flk; JaHepiy 8. fstpy; jdpikahy; Vw;gLk; Nghuhl;lk; LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 64 //

72 Nkw;$wpa tiffss; VNjDk; xd;wid kl;lk; rhd;whf fhz;nghk;. 'mwd;,d;wp may; J}w;Wk; mk;giy ehzpak; tpwy; eyd;,og;gtk;> tpid Ntl;lha; Nfhs;,dp milnahl thba mzpkyh jifg;gd Gy;Ytpl;L,isQ;rpa G+q;nfhb jifg;gd mzpnry thba mk;jsph jifg;gd vd Mq;F Nky; epd;w nka; $W NfspH Nghy; nry;yk; fhdk; - jifg;g nryt." -(fypj;. 3: 1-22) cd; gphpthy; caph tplthd;> ep nry;yk; topapy; cs;s eph,y;yhtwpar; Ridfspy; kyuk;> kuq;fsk;> G+q;nfhbfSk; thbf; fplf;fpd;wd. NkYk; mofpa jsph cd; Nghf;if jlf;fk; jiytp,wg;ghy; vd;w $wpak; mtd; gphpit kwf;fhj jiytd; jd; Kbtpy; khwhj,ue;jhd;. nghus; fhuzkhf gphpe;j nrd;w jiytd;> jhd; nry;fpd;w topapy; thb,ue;j kuq;fisak; kyhfisak; fz;l jiytpak; jd; epidthy;,t;thw tue;jpa epiy,ug;ghs; vd epidf;fpwhd;. nghuspd;,d;wpaikahit MapDk; nghusf;fhfg; gphpe;j nry;tjk; jtphf;f,ayhjj MFk;.,Ug;gpDk; gy Fog;gj;jpw;Fg; gpd; gphpe;j typ tuj;jj;jpid jhq;fp nghus; Njlr; nrd;w kdk;> kidtpah? nghush? vd;w jiytpapd; epidt jiytidg; Nghftplhky; jlj;j epwj;jfpwj. vdnt jiytd;,q;f,uz;l fhuzq;fspdhy; kd Nghul;lj;jpw;F Ml;nfhs;fpwhd;.,jidf; fhh yptpf; (Kart Liavick) vd;dk; cstpay; mwpqh mzfjy; - mzfjy; Nghuhl;lk; (Approach Approach conflict) vd;fpwhh. tpuk;g jfe;j,uz;l mjw;f Nkw;gl;l khw;wfspilna epfok; Nghl;bfshFk;. rpf;fy; jphf;fk; Kiwfs; rpf;fy; jphf;fk; Kiwfs;,uz;L tiffspy; mikfpd;wd. mit>cs epthj;jp Kiw>elj;ij Ngzy; Kiw vd;gdthfk;. cs epthj;jp Kiw kdpjd; re;jpf;fpd;w gpur;ridf;fj; jpht fhzk; nghul;l cstpay; gy Jiwfspy; gad;glj;jg;gl;l tufpwj. mjpy; xd;w cs epthj;jp Kiw MFk;. kd Nghul;lq;fisAk; vz;zq;fisak; epidj;j nfhz;l kd moj;jj;jpw;f MshtH. jw;fhy epfo;tfis vz;zp kd moj;jk; $bf; nfhz;l NghFNk jtpu> Fiwtjpy;iy. elj;ij Ngzy; Kiw 1930-fspy; gphpl;ldpy; ele;j khwjyf;fhd njhopy; El;gj;ij Ma;tpd; tpisthf ntspg;glj;jpaj.,j cstpay; xof;f jd;ikf; nfhz;l mwptpayhf tshg;gjpy; ftdkk; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; ngw;wjhfk;.,it midj;jk; jd;ds; NrHj;J nfhs;sk; vd; %yj;jpypue;j ngwg;gl;l Kuzw;w Muha;r;rpapy; ntspte;j mbg;gil cstpay; cz;ik gpd;thq;fhj njspthd fw;wy; vd;fpwhhfs; cstpahshfs;,q;f kw;wk;,g;nghoj vd;gj mzfkiw vz;zp ghhf;f $baj. elj;ij Ngzy; vd;gj kdpjdf;fhpa JaH jzpj;jypy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. kdpjj;jtkk; elj;ij NgzYk; m. nra;tjk; nra;af; $lhjjk; M. Vw;Wf; nfhs;sjf;f topkiwfs;,. mwptwj;jp xg;gjy; ngwjy; <. mikjp fhj;jy; c. rphngw rpukk; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; C. r%fk; nfhz;ls;s fz;zpak; NgZjy; jiytd;> jiytpapd; rpf;fiyj; jphf;f Njhop nghpjk; nray;gl;ls;shs;.,r;rpwg;gpidf; nfhz;l Njhopapid njhy;fhg;gpah>'njhopjhnd nrtpyp kfns" (njhy;. nghus;. fstpay; 35) vd;w $WfpwhH. thioab thioahf,thfsf;fpilapy; Vw;gLk; csr;rpf;fiyj; jphf;fk; Kiwfisf; ifahsk; tpjkhf nrtpypj; jhak; Njhop ew;wha;> ghq;fs; Nghd;wtHfspd; gq;fspg;gs;sj. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 65 //

73 r%fk; kw;wk; FO> rlq;ffs;> gz;ghl> gof;ftof;fq;fspd; Nghd;wit mwpe;jpl r%ftpay; gad;glfpwj. rphnflfisf; fiye;j rpwe;j r%fkhf khw;wpl cstpay; newpfs; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. m. nra;tjk; nra;af; $lhjjk; 'nrk;ghy; tdg;g vyhk; Ee;ijia xg;gpdk; Ee;ij epidg;ghys; xj;jfwp vd; tho;nfl;l xj;jp fd;wp njt;thf; fle;j fsk; nfhs;sk; ntd;wp khl;l xj;jp nguk kw;w xt;thjp xd;wpndhk; ahk; vd;w czhe;jhiu Ee;ij Nghy; nkd;njhs; nefpo tply;" -(fypj; ) mofpdpy; cd; je;ijiag; NghypUg;gpDk; cd; je;ijapd; Fzq;fs; Nghy,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w $Wfpd;whs;. M. Vw;Wf; nfhs;sjf;f topkiwfs; jdp xutdf;f vt;tpjk; khw;w mstfspy; nfhlf;f KbANkh me;j mstpy; nfhlg;gnj Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjhFk;.,e;j cstpay; tpsf;fg;gb Vw;f $ba Kaw;rpahf ehd;f tifahf gphpf;fyhk;. 1. tuq;fhy Jd;gepiy $Wjy; (fdtpy;) 2.,uTf;Fwp kwj;jyk; gfw;fwp kwj;jyk; 3.,aw;gopj;Jk;,aw;glTk; $Wjy; 4. Jd; Jaiuj;jhNd $Wjy; (fw;gpy;),. mwptwj;jp xg;gjy; ngwjy; Jauj;jpy; my;yj cstpay; gpur;ridfspy; rk;ge;jg;gl;lthpd; kdq;fth fhl;rpapid tpthpj;j gpur;ridfisak; njspt glj;j Ntz;Lk; mjd; gyd; vd;d vd;gij tpsf;ftk; Ntz;Lk; xg;gjy; gphpt vd;gj,utuf;fk; elf;fk; kfpo;r;rp> gphpt> Cly;> fhjy; Mfpagw;wpid xt;nthutuk; mwptpj;j xg;gjy; nguk; vd;dk; topkiw glj;jg;glfpwj. 'nghuj;jp ahd; jhd; Ntl;l nghus; tapd; epide;j nrhy; jpue;jpa ahf;ifas; kuj;jtd; Cl;ba kue;j Nghy;> kue;j Mfp> kd;d ctg;g nguk; ngah kpsp ngahe;jdd; nrynt" -(fypj; ) nghul;gphptpid Nkw;nfhz;l jiytid vt;tifapyhtj mg;gphpitj; jlj;jply; Ntz;Lk; vd;w mtdpd; gphpthy; cs;skk; clyk; ngwk; Jd;gepiyfis mwptpj;j mtidj; jlj;j kdkte;j Nfl;lhd;> gphpit epwj;jpdhd;. <. rphngw rpukk; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; mfg;ghly;fspy; tuk; khe;jhfs; jq;fsf;f Vw;gLk;,d;dy;fisAk; gpwhf;f Vw;gLk;,d;dy;fisAk; jphj;jf; nfhs;tj rphglj;jp nfhs;tj MFk;. Mk;Kaw;rpapd; rpukq;fsk; gad; vd;d vd;gij cstpay; fuj;jfspilna nghuj;jtj rphngw rpukk; Nkw;nfhs;sy; vd;gjidj; jdpg;gl;lthpd; typ> kdtzht Mfpatw;wpidj; jdpf;f cjtfpd;wj. jpq;ffis kd tpist> vjphkiw vz;zq;fs; epthj;jp Ntz;b epiyf;nfhshu cs;sthplj;jpy; nray;gltj MFk;. fstpyk; fw;gpyk; jiytd; jiytp,thfsf;fpilnaahd rpf;fy;fisj; jphg;gjw;fhf r%fk; $Wfpd;w tiukiwfis kpwpas;sdh. kujf;fypg;ghly;fspy; guj;ij xof;fk; fhuzkhf te;j rpf;fy;fisj; jphf;f NghuhbaijAk; Cly; jpuhjtw;wpidak; r%f mwk;,y;yhj ngha;f; $wiyak; nrhy;yp jphj;js;sdh. c. r%fk; nfhz;ls;s fz;zpak; NgZjy; r%fk; nfhz;ls;s fz;zpak; NgZjy; vd;gij cstpay; E}y; gpd;tukhw tpsf;ffpwj. rkkhd jfe;j msts;s khpahijak; fz;zpakk; fhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Cstpay; epthj;jpapy; fz;zpak; fhg;gj mtrpak;. elj;ij Ngzypy; jd;,yf;fpid mila ntwg;g nfhs;snth kwf;f $lhj Nehf;fj;jpid Ghpe;J nfhs;s flikahd kdkhhe;j Kaw;rp Ntz;Lk;. r%fk; nfhz;ls;s fz;zpak; NkYk; kughpikf; fl;lg;ghl ed;ndwp rhhe;j flikazht njhlhe;j kf;fs; NkYk; jfjp Mw;wy; Fiwthf;fg;gl;ltHfSk; epthj;jp Kiwfisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 66 //

74 jiytnd> \Mw;Wjy;,y;yw tho;tpy; twik cw;wtw;f xd;iw cjtjy; \Nghw;Wjy; el;ghf $batiu gphpahjpuj;jy; \gz;g cyf xof;fk; mwpe;j xofjy; \md;g jd; Rw;wj;jhiur; rpdthjpuj;jy; \mwpt mwpahjhs; nrhy;yk; nrhy;iy nghuj;jf; nfhs;sjy; \nrwpt $wpa xd;iw jhd; vd;wk; kwthjpuj;jy; \epiwt kiwthd xd;iw gpwh mwpahj fhj;jy; \Kiw jpq;f nra;jth ek;ktuhdk; fz;nzhlj mth Fw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g capiu nfhs;sjy; \nghiw jd;idg; Nghw;wtjhplk; gif nfhs;shj,uj;jy; Rit kpfe;j ghiy cz;gth gpd; mf;fyj;ij ftpo;j;j tpljy; Nghd;wjhFk;. Mifahy; epd;dhy; tue;jpats; Jauj;ijj; jpukzk; nra;j nfhs;tjd; %yk; fistha; vd;w mdg;gpdhs;. KbTiu,irAk; $j;jk; tputpa rq;f,yf;fpa ghly; gjptngwfpd;wdh.,jpy; ghzd;> tpwypah Nghd;NwhH gq;f,d;wpaikahjj. mthjk; ghly; cseyk; Fwpj;J NgRgitahf cs;sd. ts;isg; ghl;l> Ntyd; ntwpahl;l> Fuitahly;> Jzq;ifahly; Nghd;wd cseyj;jld; njhlhg nfhz;lj. fiyfskhfk; rq;f,yf;fpa fiyfshfpa gjpndhuhly; epoo;j;j fiy tbtj;ijf; nfhz;lj MFk;. Nkw;fz;l fiyfspd; topahf khe;jhfspd; jk; khz;gfisak; mjd; top cseyd;fis,q;f mwpayhk;. Kd;G Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghy fypj;njhifapy; fhzg;glk; ts;isghl;l> ntwpahl;l> Fuitf; $j;j> Jzq;if $j;j Mfpad rpf;fy;fs; jphg;gj Nghd;W cs;sj. xutnuh my;yj mtiur; rhhe;js;sthfnsh gy Kiw csr;rpf;fy; cs;stuf;f MWjy; nrhy;yp mtiu newpg;glj;jtj mtrpakhfpwj. m.,ay;ghd gzpapypue;j khw;w top nray;gl nra;jy; M. jdpj;j epiyg; gzpiaf; FOk epiyg;gzpf;f mikar; nra;jy;,. gpur;rid jpu,ize;j epiyapy; jpl;lkpljy; <. mikjpia Nehf;fp gad; tpisar; nra;jy; Nkw;fz;l gpur;ridfisf; fypj;njhifapy; $wg;gl;ls;s fiyapay; $Wfisg; gad;glj;jp jiytpahpd; rpf;fy;fisj; jphj;js;shs;. rq;f,yf;fpak; kdpj tho;tpd;,ay;ghd,d;g Jd;gq;fisf; $wp mjw;fhd #oy;fs; fypj;njhifapy;,lk;ngwk; khe;jhfspd; csr;rpf;fy;fsk;> jphg;gjw;fhd jphtfsk; cstpay; nfhs;iffsk; cs;s KwpT cs;s Nghuhl;lk; cs;s,wf;fk; Mfpad Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.,f;fl;Liu jiytd;> jiytp cs rpf;fy; jphg;gjpd; nghuj;jg;ghl MFk;. Cstpay; vd;dk; mwptpay; Kiw kw;wk; nfhs;iffisr; rq;f fhy kf;fs; jq;fs; tho;tpy; xt;nthu gbepiy kw;wk; Kiwahd cstpay; nfhs;iffshfg; gad;glj;jpas;sdh. Jiz epd;w E}y;fs; 01. MrphpaHf;FO> fypj;njhif> epa+ nrq;rhp Gf; `T];> nrd;id> ,uhrkhzpf;fdhH.kh.> fypj;njhif> ts;sth gz;iz> nrd;id> ,utpr;re;jpud;> rpf;kz;l; /g;uha;l; - csg;gfg;gha;t mwptpay;> miyfs; ntspapl;lfk;> nrd;id> jkpoz;zy;> fypj;njhif-rq;f,yf;fpak;> kf;fs; gjpg;g> NfhtpY}H> kfhnjtd;.r.> fypj;njhifapy; cstpay; $Wfs;> rjf;fj;jy;yh`; mg;gh fy;y}hp> jpuney;ntyp> Ramanujam.A.K, The Indian Odipus, Folklore Case Studies, Garland Punllishing, INC, New York, LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 67 //

75 sl{l<gm<mjlg<gl<oh{<gt<fqjz LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 68 // *Ljeui<oh/Slkq? Ljeui<oh/Slkq?dkuqh<Ohvisqiqbi<?yh<hqzg<gqbk<Kjx?klqpqbx<hzl<? lkjv gilvisi<hz<gjzg<gpgl<?lkjv.32/ Le<Ejv klqp< olipq dzgl< Ohix<Xl< okiz< olipqbil</ -ux<xqz< wpf<k -zg<gqbr<gtl< -zg<g{r<gtl< -e<x osl<olipq nf<k^<k ohx<x hz<oux olipqgtiz< olipqohbi<h<h osb<kl<? osb<bh<hm<m ogi{<cvg<gqe<x fqjzbqz< dt<tk/ -r<g hz<oux lkr<gt< dt<t fqjzbqz< sl{l< lkll< hz<oux le<ei<gtizl< hqe<okimvh<hm<m jguqmh<hm<m lkr<gtqz< ye<xigl</ oke<eqf<kqbiuqz< sl{ lkl< Ou'e<xq -Vf<k slbk<kqz< klqp< -zg<gqbr<gtqz< nxf~z<gtl< -zg<g{r<gtl< Okie<xqkl<olipqg<Gsqxh<hqjeh<ohx<Xk<kf<ke/slbg<gip<H{i<uiz<sl{l<lkl< ym<molik<klieuqp<s<sqg<gdm<hm<mkwe<hkfz<z-zg<gqbf~z<gtg<g-ph<ohbil</ -f<kqb lkr<gtqz< fqxue okb<u upqhim<m gmuti< Ljxbqz< oh{< gmuti<gtl< Lg<gqbl< uib<f<ok -Vf<kiZl< oh{<gtg<g -jpg<gh<hml< ogimjlgtl<? Hxf<kt<th<hMkZl< gizl< gizligou -Vf<K ogi{<m kie< -Vg<gqe<xK/ nk lkk<kizl<-vf<kqvg<gqe<xk/ nkx<gs< sl{ll< uqkquqzg<gz<z we<hjk Nvib<ujk -g<gm<mjvofig<gligg<ogi{<mt<tk/ sl{l<.ohivt< ohivt< sr<gl< lvuqb gizl< nx-zg<gqb gizligg< gvkh<hmgqe<xk/ nx-zg<gqb gizl< we<x njpg<gh<hmukx<gg< giv{l< sl{i<gtqe< klqp< -zg<gqbk<kqx<gg< Nx<xqbhr<gtqh<Hwe<hKGxqh<hqmk<kg<gK/ sl{i)^<il{i*we<xiz<kxuqgt<we<hkohivt</kxjuux<hxk<kqg<%xq? KxU H,{<OmiOv uqmohxui we<x-f<k lkl< six<xgqxk/ weou? KxU weh< ohivt<hml< sl{l< we<el< ohbi -f<k lkk<kqx<gs< sqxh<hh< ohbvig upr<gh<hmgqxk/ Hze<gjtBl< gilr<gjtbl<\bqk<kui)oue<xui* Ngzqe< kqik<kr<gvig<g\qei we<el< ohbi d{<m/\qejvg< gmutig djmb lkl< j\e lkl< weh<hm<mk/ sl{ slbg< gmutg<g nvge< we<el< ohbvl< d{<m/ 1 sqx dbqi<gtg<gl< kqr<g uqjtuqg<gg<%mik we<x fqjeg<gqe<x sl{i<gt< gmjlbiekxuuip<g<jgolx<ogi{<mui<gt</sl{iwe<xiz<kxuqgt<we<xl<jbl< Hze<gjtBl<? dzgh< hx<jxbl< ouxk<kuigt< we<xl<%xukqzqvf<k sl{k<kqe< ohivjtnxqf<kogit<tlcgqe<xk/

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77 d{<cbkuikit<-z<uip<ohb<.-l<&ui< -l<&ui< ogi{<mijeg<ogiz<zl<hjm/ 5 g{ue< osiz<jz Ogm<gilz< wkqi<k<k OhSgqe<xut< wle< Ohie<xut<? gijzbqz< wpf<kume< sjlbz< njxg<g osz<zikut< Ohig<g Lcbik niqb Ofib<? sjlk<k d{ju ke< g{ueg<gh< hjmg<gikut< uqm<cozob-vg<gl< hqsis-f<k&uvl< ogi{<m g{ujeg< ogit<tl< gvuqgt< Nuii< we<x oh{<gt< h{<jhg< gm<mjlg<gqe<xei</ g{u[g<g gm<mh<hm<m uipik oh{<gt< g{ujeg< ogit<tl< gvuqohie<xui<gt<we<xoh{<gtqe<-z<zxuip<g<jgg<gm<mjlg<gh<hmgqe<xk/ sqzh<hkqgivl< g{<{gqbqe<le<hqxuqhx<xqlkvihiqk<okb<ul<g{<{gqbqml<%xgqe<xk/ ogijzk<kjzlgjeg<%mhfqe<oxit< ogijzk<kjzlgjeg<%mhfqe<oxit< wl<lxkbvl<osb<okii<biukl< kl<lxkbvl<-x<xngg"we<ox -x<xngg"we<ox uqpouit<?-m<mup-z<sihl< hm<meqi<nkzqe<gm<mjvogt<fq" 6 -kqz< g{<{gq kie< sihl< ohx<x fqgp<ju nxqgqe<xit</ gzqr<g fim<czt<t sqr<ghvk<jk us we<huel<? ghqz Hvk<jk Glve< we<huel< Nm<sq osb<k uf<kei</ -VuVg<Gl<ncg<gcOhii<fqgPl</sqr<gHvk<jks<Osi<f<ksr<gle<we<xu{qge<ke< ljeuq fqzqbme< ghqzhvk<k uqkqgtqz< ohivm<gjt uqx<xg< ogi{<cvg<gqxie</ de< g{ueigqbogiuze<nh<hqxh<hqz<hvke<we<xohbiqz<-vf<kie</sr<gljeh<hii<k<k hvke< -ue< wkqiq fim<m yx<xeig -Vg<gzil< we<x %xq nvseiz< ogijzg< gtk<kqz< oum<mh<hmgqe<xie</ -jk nxqf<k sr<gle< ljeuq fqzq npk Hzl<hq hkqeie<g fim<gt< njzf<k kqiqf<k hqe< ljzbm<sqbqz< Wxq? uqpf<k dbqi< Kxg<gqe<xit</ nut< dbqi< Kxg<Gl< OhiK kie< njmf<k Ke<hk<jk keg<g Ke<hk<jk d{<mig<gqbuel< njmukig we<x sihl< ogimk<kit< we<x lkvihiqk< okb<ul<%xgqe<xk/ Lequi<gt<? gx<hjmbh< oh{<gt< sihl< ogimg<gl< Nx<xz< ohx<xui<gt< we<x %xh<hmgqe<xk/ -r<g fqzq we<hut< sihl< ogimk<kit< we<x -tr<ogiucgt< Gxqh<hqMgqe<xii</ sihl< ogimk<kz< we<hk -ui<gtg<g wtqjlbie osbz</ nkqz< nkqgl< hikqg<gh<hm %cbui<gt< oh{<gt</ sihl< ogimh<hkx<g Le<H sihl< ohxg<%cbui<gtqml< wf<k uqtg<gll< Ogm<gh<hMukqz<jz/ sihk<kqx<gie uqtg<gl< Ogm<gh<hmilOzOb oh{<gtg<g sihl< ogimk<kz< we<hk nui<gtqe< diqjlgjt nui<gt< Ogm<Mh< ohx<xuqmg< %mik we<hjkob gim<mgqe<xk/ Ogiuze< osb<k kuxg<g nue< sihk<jk nehuqg<g Ou{<Ml</ lixigg< g{<{gqbl< Osi<f<K nehuqg<g Ou{<cb fqjzjb w{<[l< OhiK g{ue< nkqgivk<kqx<gg< gm<mh<hm<mui<gtig uip Ou{<cb gm<mib fqjzjb -tr<ogiucgt< g{<{gqg<g dvuig<gq-vg<gqe<xii<we<hkd{i<k<kh<hmgqe<xk/ squgsqf<kil{q squ sqf<kil{qbqz< uqsjb KxU Olx<ogit<th<Ohiukigk< ke< lge< squgeqml< %Xgqe<xit</-jk nxqf<k squgel<-vislihv lg<gtl< ohvf<ke<hl< njmgqe<xei</ nf<k fqjzbqz< Sff<jkBme< uqsjb kul< Olx<ogit<ukx<gig hl<jh we<hut< LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 70 //

78 dhoksl< osb<gqe<x-mk<jk njmf<k kir<gt< Olim<sl< njmukx<gie upqjbg< %XliX Ogm<gqe<xit</-jkg< Ogm<m hl<jh oh{<gt< Olim<sl< njmuk wtqkz<z we<xofig<gk<kqz<%xgqe<xit</ nvpz<ltiqbe<envf<kul<niqkkiel< nvpz<ltiqbe<envf<kul<niqkkiel< sqi<ogpfqzk<kuqk<ks<sqzfqi<ogimh<hqz<kqf<oke< hii<ogpfqzk<kt<fixqh<hz<hgp<=e<xhqe<eiz< kii<ogpokui<-e<hl<jkbzib<"uqjtg<gl<we<xit< 8 uqxgqz< hx<xq wiqbl< kqjbh< Ohie<X oh{<gt< Jl<Hze<gjt nmg<gq gmjlbie kur<gjt Olx<ogit<t LcbiK we<hjk hl<jh? uqsjbbqml<%xgqe<xit</-f<kh< hqxuqbqz< kiel<? kul< osb<k nmk<k hqxuqbz< nkx<gieh< hbje nehuqk<k hqe< Olim<sk<jk njmuib< we<x hl<jh djvh<hk oh{<gtg<g Olim<sl< we<hk niqb osbz<we<xgxqh<hqmh<hmgqe<xk/ squgeqe< ljeuqgt< gmjlbie kul< Olx<ogi{<M dml<ohz<zil< lishcf<k -vr<gk<kg<goh{<hqxh<hogml<hckqbiel<osb<kei<we<x%xh<hmgqe<xk/ NjsNi<uOliMJbl< NjsNi<uOliMJbl<-e<xqOb -e<xqob YjsOhiBzGd{<{Ofix<xhqe< WSoh{<o{ipqk<K-f<kqvi<gtib<k< K~bRielib<k<Kxg<gl<wb<kqei< 8 Jblqe<xq KxU Olx<ogi{<m hqxg OkuVzgk<kqz< dt<t -e<hr<gjt FgVl<hc oh{<hqxh<jh uqm<omipqk<k -f<kqvi<gtib< hqxf<kii<gt< we<x squgeqe< ljeuqgt< Olim<sl<njmf<kfqjzGxqh<hqmh<hMgqe<xK/sQugeqe<ljeuqgt<gMjlbiekul< Olx<ogi{<m hqxg Oguzl< oh{<hqxh<jh uqm<omipqk<k -f<kqvi<gtib< hqxf<kii<gt< we<hksl{k<kqz<oh{<hqxh<hqx<golim<sl<-z<jzwe<hkoktquhmk<kh<hmgqe<xk/ LcUjv sl{i<gt< nxg<gvk<kg<gjt slkibk<kqx<g uzqbxk<kqeii<gt< we<x%xh<hmgqe<xk/ Neiz< sl{i<gt< N[g<G yv nxl<? oh{<[g<g yv nxl< we<x highmk<kq nxk<jk uzqbxk<kqbqvg<gqe<xii<gt</ Gxqh<hig N[g<ogiV fqkq oh{<[g<ogiv fqkqjb sl{l< uzqbxk<kqbkigg< gi{h<hmgqe<xk/ oh{<hqxh<h sl{k<kqz< -pqhqxh<high< hii<g<gh<hm<mokim oh{<[g<g Olim<sl< -z<jz we<x gvk<jk uzqbxk<kukgxqh<hqmk<kg<gk/ ncg<gxqh<hgt< 2/ lbqjz/sqeqour<gmsilq?sl{ll<klqpl<?h/2 3/ OlzK?/h/: 4/OlzK?h/296 5/N/OuZh<hqt<jt?klqpi<slbuvziX?h/42 6/hizSf<kvl<hqt<jt/)d/N*?fizc/bii<?74 7/u/k/-vilSh<hqvl{qbl<)d/N*?sqzh<hkqgivl<?l/gi/g/gi/ /Kjv/-visivil<)d/N*?sQugsqf<kil{q?Lg<kq-zl<hgl<?3743 9/Kjv/-visivil<)d/N*?sQugsqf<kil{q?Lg<kq-zl<hgl<?4232 LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 71 //

79 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AS PERCEIVED BY THE SCHOOL TEACHERS IN MADURAI DISTRICT *Dr.B.Kannan, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-21. ABSTRACT The present study reports about the professional ethics among the school teachers. A stratified representative sample of 230 teachers constituted from various schools in Madurai District with due representation given to variables, viz. Gender, Kind of school and School location selected for this study as samples. This study reveals that the teachers those who are male teachers, those who have B.Ed. qualification, those who are non-hindu, those who are unmarried and those who are handling arts subject possess low level of professional ethics than their counterparts. Keywords: Professional Ethics, School teachers NEED FOR THE STUDY As long as children go to school to get knowledge and develop themselves, so long as teachers are in need. And as long as teachers are working with young personalities, so long as the question of their professional ethics is staying on the agenda. Ethics can be inborn but it can and should be developed. Some people are born tactful, tolerant and moral enough to become good professionals in terms of ethics. Some are taught how to behave in order to correspondent to necessary requirements of ethical conduct. What kind of a person one needs to be an ethical teacher? Certainly, a teacher has to be loyal, being patient to students and caring about them, despite their individual abilities. Teacher should not shout at students and demonstrate irritation. That doesn't mean that teachers should allow everything or let alone allow disrespect. Today students rarely hear about punishment, which was an indispensable element of education some centuries or even decades ago. Some conservative-minded people claim that punishment brought positive fruit in the form of students' commitment to discipline and self-discipline, as a result. Teachers' ethics should not allow teachers choose "favorites" in the group and differentiate students. If one monitors Mass Media reporting or at least tracks mainstream reports one will definitely recollect some notorious cases of teachers' sexual harassment, which shock public. Sure, sexual harassment is probably most dishonorable examples of violating teacher's ethics and is even a subject of criminal law. Teachers are the people, who should serve for students not only as examples of high education but of decent behavior as well. That is why each violation of teacher's ethics may cause some really serious consequences and turn into crucial mistakes. Moreover, the investigator being a teacher educator having varied experiences at schools and colleges as LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 72 //

80 learner and teacher is highly interested in analyzing the present teacher s ethical views, opinions and beliefs. It is in this context, the investigator has taken this study to measure and find out the professional ethics of school teachers. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Professional Ethics - refer to moral principles considered for deciding what is right and what is wrong in their profession by the teachers selected for the study. The score gained by the sample population (Teacher), out of the Professional Ethics Rating Scale. School Teachers - refer to the teachers who are handling classes VI through XII standard in Tamil Nadu State Board Schools at Madurai District. Madurai District - refers to one of the southern district in the state of Tamil Nadu VARIABLES OF THE STUDY Dependent variable Professional Ethics Independent variables Gender, Age, Qualification, Teaching experience, Designation, Residence, Religion, Community, Family income, Family type, Marital status, School locality, School kind, Subject teaching and Nature of employment OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To measure the level of professional ethics among the school teachers. 2. To find out whether the select independent variables influence the professional ethics among the school teachers. HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY The study has been designed to verify the following hypotheses: 1. School teachers have above the average level of professional ethics. 2. Select independent variables exert a significant influence on professional ethics among the School teachers. Sample A stratified representative sample of 230 teachers constituted from various schools in Madurai District with due representation given to variables, viz. Gender,, Kind of school and School locality. Tools The tools used for data collection are as follows: 1. Professional (Teacher) Ethics Rating Scale Constructed and Standardized by Sathiyagirirajan S., (2010) 2. Personal Data Sheet structured by the Investigator Statistical Treatments Test of significance of difference of the means of large independent samples. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 73 //

81 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AMONG SCHOOL TEACHERS The mean of the Professional ethics among school teachers in this study is found to be while the theoretical average is 80 only. Thus the schools teachers have more than average level of professional ethics. DIFFERENTIAL STUDIES ON PROFESSIONAL ETHICS Professional Ethics and Independent Variables The details of results of test of significant difference between the mean scores of Professional ethics in terms of Independent variables are given in table. TABLE: STATISTICAL MEASURES AND RESULTS OF TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE MEANS OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS: INDEPENDENT VARIABLES WISE Variable Gender Age Qualification Teaching Experience Designation Residence Religion Community Sub-variables Male N M SD Female Upto and above B.Ed M.Ed Below 5 years and above B.T P.G Rural Urban Hindu Others SC/ST Others t - value Significance At 0.05 level Significant Not Significant Significant Not Significant Not Significant Not Significant Significant Not Significant LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 74 //

82 Family income Adequate Not Significant Inadequate Family type Joint Nuclear Not Significant Marital status Married Unmarried Significant School locality Rural Urban Not Significant School kind Unisex Mixed Not Significant Subject teaching Arts Science Significant Nature of employment Permanent Temporary Not Significant HYPOTHESES VERIFICATION The study has been designed to verify the following hypotheses: 1. School teachers have above the average level of professional ethics- Accepted. 2. Select independent variables exert a significant influence on professional ethics among the School teachers. Out of fifteen independent variables five variables exerts significant influence on professional ethics among the School teachers Hence Hypothesis is minimally accepted. CONCLUSIONS The major conclusions emerged out of the present study are presented below. 1. Professional ethics among the School teachers in general, is found higher than the average level. 2. Professional ethics among the School teachers is found dependent upon Gender Qualification LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 75 //

83 Religion Marital status Subject teaching EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS It is quite heartening finding that the professional ethics among school teachers is found above average level. This study also reveals that the, teachers those who are male, those who have B.Ed. qualification, those who are non-hindu, those who are unmarried and those who are handling arts subject possess low level of professional ethics than their respective counterparts. Hence the educational administrator may take opt steps to enhance professional ethics among the above said school teachers which in turn paves way to commitment towards their profession as well as to the society. REFERENCES 1. Shields, R (2006) Ethically speaking: Teachers and the Politics of Educational reform Teaching and Learning, 3(2), Standard, R.J. (1991) Building on Ethical School A theory in education leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly. 27(2), Tom, A.R. (1984) Teaching as a moral craft. London: Longman 4. United Republic of Tanzania (2001) Professional ethics of Teachers, Dares Salocim, Tanzania. 5. Zubay, B. and Soltis, J.F. (2004). Creating the Ethical School: A Book of Case studies: New York. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 76 //

84 RESILIENCE BEHAVIOUR AMONG HIGHER SECONDARY GIRL STUDENTS IN MADURAI DISTRICT *Dr.R.Meenakshi, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-21. ABSTRACT Resilience helps students to successfully deal with academic setbacks, stress, and study pressures during the learning process. Achievement is one of the most important indices of educational evaluation and reflects the socioeconomic development of every country. Achievement is assessed through measuring the degree of each student s institutional learning through his/her scores (Seif, 2001). Some students have sufficient mental abilities but cannot accomplish assignments and tests; they may experience achievement deficit and face educational challenges. Therefore, many questions can be formulated concerning the factors affecting academic achievement. The present study reports about the Resilience behaviour among Higher Secondary Girl Students. A sample consists of 400 Higher Secondary Girl Students from schools in Madurai District was constituted with due representation given to the variables standard and school locality. This paper includes the hypothesis verification, conclusions and educational implications. Keywords: Resilience, Higher secondary, Girl students. NEED FOR THE STUDY Today, most women are juggling several jobs: breadwinner, family caregiver, family health manager, cook, and as my father used to say, the cleaner-upper. Of course, men are contributing more to household chores and childrearing these days, but many working women still feel they have to be superwoman and are burdened by an epidemic of overwhelm. Resilience refers to the ability to bounce back and overcome the stress or successful adaptation to the challenging and threatening circumstances/environment. Resilience helps to succeed academically despite barriers that make it difficult for them to succeed (Benard, 1991). Resilient students experience one or more difficult life circumstances or traumatic events, but somehow find the power to overcome their adverse impact (Bryan, 2005). This study attempts to investigate resilience behaviour and their influence in achievement among the female students studying higher secondary stage. The capacity of resilience is one of the most essential personal factors influencing achievement. Resilience is a multidimensional construct (Cicchette, 2013) and it is the ability to pass the hardest problems and overcome the most complex situations (Jackson, 2008). It represents someone s capacity for tolerating disastrous events. Resilience allows people to overcome their pitfalls LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 77 //

85 and overcoming the complex situation (Issacson, 2002). Therefore the promotion of the resilience among Higher secondary female students is an essential need of the present educational system. In the area of the resilience it appears as if many studies have been carried out resilience of the Higher secondary students is timely rationale, and such kind of study is seldom found hence the need of the investigator is to undertake the present investigation entitled, RESILIENCE BEHAVIOUR AMONG HIGHER SECONDARY GIRL STUDENTS IN MADURAI DISTRICT. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Resilience behaviour - refers to the ability to bounce back and overcome the stress or successful adaptation to the challenging and threatening circumstances/environment. Girl Students - refer to girl students studying standards XI and XII standard higher secondary schools in Madurai district. Madurai District - refer to one of the district in Tamil Nadu state. VARIABLES OF THE STUDY The study has been designed with the following variables: Dependent Variable Resilience behaviour Independent Variables Standard, School locality, School kind, Medium of instruction, Group studying, Community, Religion, Participation in sports and games and Participation in extra-curricular activities OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Following are the specific objectives framed for the study: 1. To measure the level of Resilience behaviour among the Higher Secondary Girl Students. 2. To find out whether there is any significant difference in Resilience behaviour among the Higher Secondary Girl Students in terms of select Independent variables. HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY The following are the hypotheses formulated in the present study. 1. Higher secondary girl students have above the average level of Resilience behaviour. 2. Select independent variables exert a significant influence on Resilience behaviour among Higher Secondary Girl Students. Sample A sample consists of 400 Higher Secondary Girl Students from schools in Madurai District studying under Tamil Nadu State Board syllabus was constituted. Tool Used 1. Resilience Inventory developed by Usharani, S.(2012) 2. General Information Sheet prepared by the investigator Technique Survey as the technique employed. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 78 //

86 Statistical Treatment Test of Significant of Difference between the means of large independent samples. RESILIENCE BEHAVIOUR AMONG HIGHER SECONDARY GIRL STUDENTS The empirical average score of Resilience behaviour of the Higher Secondary Girl Students involved in this study is found to be 59.09, while the theoretical average is 50 only. Thus the Resilience behaviour of the Higher Secondary Girl Students is found to be above the average level. In other words, Resilience behaviour among the Higher Secondary Girl Students is found to be high. DIFFERENTIAL STUDIES IN RESILIENCE BEHAVIOUR Resilience Behaviour and Independent Variables The statistical measures and the results of test of significance of difference between the mean scores of Resilience behaviour among Higher Secondary Girl Students in terms of Independent variables is presented in Table. TABLE: STATISTICAL MEASURES AND RESULTS OF TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE MEANS OF RESILIENCE BEHAVIOUR: INDEPENDENT VARIABLES WISE Variable Standard School locality School kind Medium of instruction Group studying Community Religion Participation in sports and games Participation in extra curricular activities Subvariables N M SD XI XII Rural Urban Unisex Mixed Tamil English t - value Significance At 0.05 level Significant 1.99 Significant Not Significant Significant Science Not Significant Others SC/ST Not Others Significant Hindu Others Significant Yes Not No Significant Yes No Not Significant LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 79 //

87 HYPOTHESES VERIFICATION 1. Higher secondary Girl Students have above the average level of Resilience behaviour Accepted. 2. Select independent variables exert a significant influence on Resilience behaviour among Higher Secondary Girl Students. Four out of nine independent variables took up in this study exerts significant influence on Resilience behaviour among Higher Secondary Girl Students. Hence Hypothesis is Partially Accepted. CONCLUSIONS The major conclusions arrived at from the study are listed below 1. Resilience behaviour among Higher Secondary Girl Students is found satisfactory. 2. The Resilience behaviour among the Higher Secondary Girl Students is found dependent upon Standard School locality Medium of instruction Religion 3. The Resilience behaviour among the Higher Secondary Girl Students is found independent of School kind Group studying Community Participation in the sports and games Participation in extracurricular activities 4. The Resilience behaviour among the Higher Secondary Girl Students is found higher among the students Who are studying XII standard than XI standard Who are studying in rural than urban schools Whose medium of instruction is Tamil than English medium Who belongs to other religion than those who are belongs to Hindu religion EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS This study states that Resilience behaviour among Higher Secondary Girl Students is found low in general and among those who are studying XI standard, those whose medium of instruction is English, those who belong to urban schools, and those who belongs to Hindu religion. the students maybe encouraged to participate in seminars / conferences / workshops related to resilience. The school may be permitted the students to organize small programmes / group activities which may helps them to enhance the resilience behaviour. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 80 //

88 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Following are few areas of research related to the present investigation which deserve explorations: 1. Replica of the present study may be conducted with the other districts 2. Replica of the study may be conducted with other variables 3. Replica of the study may be conducted with other standards 4. Replica of the study may be conducted with the other systems like CBSE and ICSE. REFERENCES American Psychological Association, Task Force on Resilience and Strength in Black Children and Adolescents (2008). Resilience in African American children and adolescents: A vision for optimal development. Washington, DC: Author. Benard, B. (1991) Fostering resiliency in kids: Protective factors in the family, school and community. Portland, OR: Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory. Benjamin S.T. Thomas Hastings and George F. Madaus (Ed.) (1971). Hand-book on Formative and Summative Evaluation of Students Learning. New York Mc Graw Hill Book Company. Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the origination of behavior. In W. A. Collings (Ed.), The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology (Vol. 13, pp ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Garmezy, N. (1991). "Resiliency and vulnerability to adverse developmental outcomes associated with poverty". American Behavioral Scientist 34 (4): LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 81 //

89 jpah& ftpijfspy;,aw;if *jpukjp.nkhp Rfph;jh ghz;bad;> Kidth;gl;l Ma;thsh;> gjpt vz; > cjtpg;nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;jiw> rhuhs; jf;fh; fy;y}hp> k.jp.jh.,e;jf;fy;y}hp. (nt..g.r. jkpopay; Ma;T ikak;)> kndhd;kzpak; Re;judhh; gy;fiyf;fofk;> jpuney;ntyp. Kd;Diu ftpqh;fsf;f,aw;ifg; ghlnghushf ftpijg; GidAk; jskhf,uf;fpwj. G+f;fpd;w kyh;fs;> kiyapypue;j tpok; mutp>,jkhd njd;wy; fhw;w> ghb tuk; tz;bdq;fs;> fly; miy> midj;jk; ftpqdpd; vz;zq;fsf;fs; CLUtp>,aq;fr;nra;J ftpijghl miof;fpwj.,aw;ifiag; gilj;j,iwtid ed;wpnahl Nghw;WfpwJ. mtdpd;wp mztk; mirahj. mjnghy,aw;if,d;wp kdpj,dk; khz;gilant KbahJ. rq;f,yf;fpak; Kjy; jw;fhy,yf;fpak; tiu>,aw;ifiag; ghlhjf; ftpqnu,y;iy> vd;w $Wkstpw;F jkpo;,yf;fpak; gue;j tphpe;js;sj. nghjtilikj; jj;jtj;ijg; Nghjpf;Fk; Gs;spdk;,iwtdhy; kdpjdf;f nfhlf;fg;gl;l mul;nfhil,aw;if.,aw;if kdpjid,af;ftpf;fpwj. gy epiyfspy; kdpjid thor;nra;fpwj. gwitfs; $l twikapd;wp tho;fpwj. mitfs; tpijg;gjkpy;iy>mwg;gjkpyiy> fsq;rpaq;fspy; Nrh;j;J itg;gjkpy;iy. MdhYk;,iwtd; mitfis Ngh~pf;fpwhh;. kdpjdf;f fy;tp> mwpt> nry;tk; vy;yhk; Ue;Jk;,d;W tiu twik xopatpy;iy. tho;tpy; rpwfbj;j> Mde;jf;$j;jhb> mq;fk;,q;fk; Rje;jpukhf gwe;j nry;yk; gwitfsf;f ghuq;fns fpilahj. kdpjnd ek; tpl;by; tsuk; kuj;jpy; cs;s fdpfis kdpjd; gwpj;jhy; jpuldhf ghtpf;fpnwhk;. Mdhy;> gwitfs;ek; tpl;l kuj;jpd; fpisfspy; ghlfpwj> $Lfl;LfpwJ> mitfsf;f fdpfisg; gwpj;j cz;zfpwj. Cyfj;jpy; cs;snjy;yhk; mitfsf;fr; nrhe;jk;. Mitfs; vd;nwd;wk;,d;gkld; tho;fpwj. MwwpT Raeyk; ghuhl;lfpwj. IawpT nghjikg; gz;ig Nghjpf;fpwJ. rhjp> kjk; fle;j rnfhjuj;jtj;ij kdpjdf;f Nghjpf;fpwJ. nfhq;rk; vopnyhl $Tk; FapypdNk vk;njhl;l kuq;fspny cq;fsf;f vd;dtpoh fpistpl;lf; fpisjhtp> fdpnjhl;lf; nfhz;lhb kuk;tpl;l kuk;jhtp kdk;tpl;l ciuahb tpisahlk; cq;fsf;f tho;tpnyd;d ghuq;fs; Vh;gpbj;Jf; fhlfspy; vd;nwdk; cojjz;lh eph;gha;r;rp epyk;nfhj;jp ehw;wel;lg; ghh;j;jjz;lh LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 82 //

90 fjpuwj;jr; Nrh;j;Jitf;f fsq;rpae;jhd; nfhz;ljz;lh z;lh vd;nwd;wk;,d;gkld; vg;gbeph; thofpd;wph; cyfj;jpy; cs;snjy;yhk; cs;sth;ffr; nrhe;jnkd;w nghjtilikj; jj;jtj;ijg; Nghjpf;Fk; Gs;spdNk g.v.94 xu$il xu Nfhbg;G+f;fs;. IawpT caphpdq;fsf;fs; th;f;f Ngjq;fs;> gphptpidfs;>,d;wp Raeyk; fise;j nghjeyj;ij kdpjdf;f Nghjpf;fpwJ vd;gij vk;njhl;l gwitfns ftpijapy; Mrphpah; vlj;jf;fhl;lfpwhh;. fdp kuj;jpy; tho;tpoe;j fz;zhbg;ghit kz;zpy; kdpj Rthrj;ij caph;gpg;gj kuq;fs;. kuq;fs;,y;iynay; kdpjd;,y;iy. kdpjdhy; tho;tpoe;j kuk; jd; Jauj;ij giw rhw;wfpwj. ngz; Nghy; G+j;J> fd;dpnadg; ghh;g;gth;fs; urpf;fk; fdp kukha; epd;wpue;njd;. gyh; vd; epoypy;,isg;ghwpr; nrd;wdh;. vd;dhy;,d;gw;nwhh; gyh;. ghh;g;nghh;f;f mofg; gjikahff; fhl;rpaspj;njd;. kukha; tsh;e;j> vdf;f eph; thh;j;njhh; gyh;. fhfk; $Lfl;Lk;>,irg;ghLk;> fpsp te;j NgRk;> njd;wy; fhw;wpy; mofha; mire;jhb kfpo;e;jpue;njd;. xu ngz; fz;zpnuhl vd;dplj;jpy; te;jhs;. mtisg; ghh;f;fnt> Mjutw;wtshf> jdpj;jtsha; epw;gijf; fz;nld;. Nrhfj;jpd; fhuzk; Nfl;Nld;. fz;zpuhy; vd; Nth;fis eidj;jhs;. fhjypj;j Mltd; rhjpiaf; fhuzkhf;fp Kiwg;ngz;iz ifgpbj;jhd;. fz;zhbg; ghit fhjyhny jhdile;jhs;. mtisj; Njw;wpAk>; NjwhJ vd; fpisapy; caph;tpl;lhs;. md;w Kjy; ehd; gl;l kukhndd;. cynfq;fk; rhjp xope;j mtsf;f ey; tho;it juk; ehns ed;dhshfk;. kuj;jpw;f,uf;fk; nghjikj; jj;jtk; kdpj r%fj;jpy; kdpjdf;f,y;iy. G+f;Nfhyg; ngz;nghy - ehd; G+g;G+j;J tho;e;jpue;njd; - vd; G+nty;yhk; gpq;rhfpf; fhahfpf; fdpahfg; gutnkopy; fhl;b epd;nwd;. Kj;jkpl;l fhjyndh- jd; Kiwg;ngz;izf; fuk;gpbj;jhd; -,tnsh Gpj;jKw;whs; epj;jpiuak; jhd;njhiyj;j epj;jkpe;jg; G+q;Fapyhs; JbJbj;jhs;. g.v.21 fz;zhbf; fdtfs; g.v.22 fz;zhbf; fdtfs; kz;zpy; tpijf;fg;glk; tpij>kukhf ekf;f gad;jufpwj. mit midj;jk; kuk; vd;w xu nghuisna jufpwj. Mdhy; kdpjd;> gy tif rhjpfshy; gpzpf;fg;gl;l> kdpjk;,oe;j thok; epiyia> kuq;fs; ekf;f czh;j;jk; mstf;f> ek; epiy jho;e;j; fhzg;glfpwj vd;gij gl;lkuk; NgRfpwJ ftpij thapyhfg; Gyg;gLj;Jfpwhh;. fltshff; fhj;jpuf;fk; fy; fy; fhl;bil xu fy;yha; ehd; gpwe;njd;. flk; ntapypy; #Nlwpf; nfhjpg;ngd;. kio tuk; ehspy; Fspg;Ngd;. eph;thzkhd fy;yhfpa vdf;f> tpnlh> cwnth> cilnah fpilahj. Gwitfs; te;j vd; kpj vr;rkplk;. ML Nka;g;NghUk;> mwpahnjhuk>; vd; kpj te;jkh;th;. fd;dpg; ngz;zhf vd; tho;f;if fope;jj. vj;jid rpw;gpfs; fw;fisr; nrjf;fpdh;. Mdhy; ehndh ahuk; jpz;lhj fd;dpahfnt LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 83 //

91 cs;nsd;. vy;yh rpiyfsk; Nghy;> ehdk; cukhwpdhy; CUyfpy; Njhpy; cyh tuntd;. cd; rpw;wspg;gl;lhy; mw;gjg; gl;lhil mzpe;jplntd;. vd; Nky; fuiz nfhz;l rpw;gkhf;f tuthah. fhl;bilna fd;dpg; ngz;zhf vd; tho;t fope;jplnkh fd;dp vd;idf; fhjypf;f> fd;dpakhdtd; vtuk; fhl;by;,y;iy. cspgl;l fy; jhd; rpiyahfk;. mj Nghy; cd; ghh;itg; gl;lhy; vd; tho;f;if GyUk;. fh fhfq;fs; fq;fs; rpl;lf;futpfs; Fapy;fs; vd;kpj te;jkh;e;j vr;rkpl;lg;nghfk; fhl;bdpy; ve;jd; fhtyha; ahnuh fdptld; ahnud;idf; fhjypg;ghnuh ehdnkhh; rpiyaha; ew;gpwg; nga;jpdhy; Nfhb kyh;#bf; Nfhapypy; tho;ntd; Njhj;jpuf; fph;j;jid khiyfnshl Njhpdpy; ehndwp CUyh fhz;ngd; g.v.62 fz;zhbf; fdtfs; g.v.64 fz;zhbf; fdtfs; cd; cspahy; vd;id nrjf;fp nja;tr; rpiyahf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fy; jdj Mjq;fj;ij rpw;gpna cd;idj; NjLfpNwd; vd;w ftpijapy; vlj;jiuf;fpwhh;.,aw;ifapd;,jkhd,iur;ry; Rdhkp fliy md;idahf> jhahf cutfpf;fpd;wdh;. fly; gyuj tho;tpy; xspnaw;wfpwj. nea;jy; Itif epyq;fspy; xd;whff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ms;sp ms;spj; juk; ml;rag;ghj;jpuk;. ekf;f kpdhf> Kj;jhf> cg;ghf> tpisepykhf gad;glfpwj. rkjhaj;jpd; nkhj;jf; foptfs; flypy; fyf;fg;gl;l> fly; khrglfpwj. fly; khrglk;nghj mj> jd; Mw;wiy Rdhkpahf ntspg;glj;jfpwj. fly; mikjpahf,uf;fk; tiuna kdpjd; epk;kjpahf tho KbAk;. ntz;ky;iyg; G+r;rukha; nts;siyfs; jto;e;jhl XbtUk; flyonf cd;vy;iy jhz;lhky; Nfhl;Lf;Fs; epapue;jhy; Cuhh;f;Fg; gakpiyna epnahd;wk; juntz;lhk; epnak;ikj; njhlntz;lhk; epk;kjpaha; thotpl epapq;f tuntz;lhk; neq;rq;fs; montz;lhk; ey;ytsha; khwptpl G.v.42 ehd; fy;yha;f; fple;j NghJ fly; mikjp,oe;jhy;,e;j ehnl xd;wkpy;yhky; Ngha;tpLk;. kdpj,dnk> khrf;fisj; jhapd; kbapy; nfhl;b> rpuha;,uf;fk; miyfis rpw;wkz;lhf;fk; gb nray;fis>,dpahtj nra;ahj,ug;nghk;. xu Rdhkpapd; jhf;fnk kdpj kdq;fis tpl;l mfytpy;iy. gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fis,oe;j ehk;,dpahtj> fliyg; ghjfhg;nghk;. jhna NfhL fle;jhna vd;w ftpijapy; Rdhkpapd; rpw;wj;ijg; gjpt nra;fpwhh;. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 84 //

92 ; ;,aw;ifiaf; ftpghlk; ftpqh; Kfpy; G+kpf;F mdg;gk; fbjk; kio. kuq;fs; epzl thd; Nehf;fp tsh;e;j G+kpapd; Gfiof;$Wk;. Gs;spdq;fs; NgRk; thh;j;ij rq;fpjkhfk;..re;jdj;ij nfhz;l tuk; njd;wy; fhw;w. tay; fhl;l tug;nghu tz;z kyh;fs; ftpijahfk;. gaph;tsh;e;j ney; kzpfs; GytUf;F ftpijahfk;. Fapypd; FuNyhir Nfl;Nghh;f;F fhdkhfk;. cz;ikf; fhtpaq;fs;,aw;ifnaopy; Xtpaq;fs;. flts; tpijiag; gpwg;gpf;fk; grk;gw; G+z;LfisAk;> G+kpapd;kPJ jk;kplk; tpijfisf; nfhz;ls;s fdpfisj; jj;jk;,dj;jpd; gbna juk; kuq;fisak; G+kp Kisg;gpf;ff; fltj vd;whh;. mjtk; mg;gbna Mapw;W. Mjp1.11 vd;gjhf tptpypak; gfh;fpwj. fhdfj;jpy; fhw;nwojk; fijf Sz;L fiukpj miytiuak; glq;f Sz;L thdfj;jpy; NkfkpLk; NfhyKz;L tskpf;f myq;fhu kiyf Sz;L Qhykpjpy; ehk; fhzk; fhl;rp nay;yhk; Qhdj;jpw; nfl;lhj ufrpaq;fs;;; NfhynkhU Nfhbnadf; fhz;g njy;yhk; fhynjtd; fhl;lfpd;w mjpr aq;fs; g.v.137 nja;tq;fs; J}q;fl;Lk;.,aw;if vojk;,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;w ftpij thpfspy; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;shh;.,aw;if kdpj kdj;jpw;f mg;ghw;gl;lj. miynghy ftpijfs; fzf;fpy;yhky; fiu GuSk;. jkpopd; Rit Nghy> Nrhiynaq;Fk;,aw;if kzk; gug;gk;.,aw;ifahy; cuthd fhtpaq;fs; gy. cyfpy; ehk; fhzk; fhlrpfs; vy;yhk;,iwtdpd; cah; gilg;gfs;.,iwtd; juk;,aw;if jpdk; jpdk; ekf;f GJg;nghypit je;j ek;ik caph;g;gpf;fpwj. KbTiu,aw;if kdpj tho;tpy; mhpa nghf;fp~k;.,iwtdhy; jug;gl;l,aw;ifiag; Ngzp ghjfhg;nghk;.,aw;if kdpjdpd; Rthrg;igahf> kue;jhf> nghjtilikj; jj;jtj;ijg; Nghjpg;gjhf> rhjpaw;w rkj;jtj;ij ekf;f czh;j;jtjhf> tho;tspg;gjhf gytiffspy; kdpjid gz;glj;jfpwj.,aw;ifapd; kbapy; mj;jid ed;ikfisak; ngw;wf; nfhz;l ehk; mjw;f vjpuhf nray;glhky;> khrglj;jhky;,ue;jhny NghJk;. mjnt,aw;iff;f ehk; nra;ak; nghpa nfhil.,aw;ifiag; ghjfhj;j> tskhd ghujj;ij cuthf;fnthk;. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 85 //

93 kguz<okimi<hqbzqz<gim<sqdmgr<gt< *Ljeui< oh/juv&i<k<kq? dkuqh< Ohvisqvqbi<? klqpqbz< Kjx? nvsg< gjzg< gz<z~vq?gtqk<kjz/ uqr<rie uti<s<sqbqe< giv{lib< leqke< hbe<hmk<kl< wz<zi KjxgTl< hz fqjzgtqz<le<oex<xl<g{<mdt<tk/leqkeqe<nch<hjmk<okjugtiguqtr<gl< d{u? djm? djxbtg<g nmk<k hcbig njluk kguz< okimi<hqbzigl< kgujz hvqlixg<%cb Dmgl< ns<s Dmgl<? gim<sq Dmgl<? lqe<ee Dmgl< we<hkigl</ gim<sq Dmgl< kguz< okimi<hqbjz nmk<k hvq{ilk<kqx<g ogi{<m ose<xt<tk/ ns<s Dmgl< we<hk yv kgujz gim<sqh< hmk<kiloz wpk<k ucuh< hkquig njlbl< gim<sqbl< Hjgh< hml< lm<mol njlbl< Neiz< gim<sq Dmgk<kqz< yv kgujz ohvqkl< gim<sqh< hmk<kukx<og Lg<gqbk<Kul< ogimg<gqxk/ gim<sq Dmgk<kqz< kgujzh< ohxukx<g olipq lx<xl< wpk<kxqu Okju we<hk nusqblqz<jz gim<sq Dmgk<kqe<&zl< kgujzh< ohxukl< hvuzig<gl< osb<ukl< lqgul< wtqkie uqsblig dt<tk/-e<x Gpf<jkgt< Lkz< ohvqbui<gt< ujv ohvl<hie<jlbioeii< gim<sq Dmgk<kqe< Le<Oe nke< gm<mh<him<cz<-vg<gg<%cb fqjznjlgqxk/ Dmguti<s<sq keq leqk uti<s<sq fqr<gq s&g uti<s<sqbqzl< Lke<jlbig uqtr<guk Dmgr<gtiGl</ nxquqbzqe< uti<s<sq giv{lib< gim<sq Dmgl<? ns<s Dmgl<? -v{<mxg< gzf<k uqm<mk/ osb<kqk< kit<? fiotm? uiv-kp< lik-kp< weul< okijz okimi<h Dmgr<gt< uioeizq? okijzg< gim<sq? h{<hjz? ujzk<ktl<? -j{bl< we Ouglib< uti<f<k uvgqxk/ -f<k Dmgr<gt< kuqi<g<g Lcbik ye<xigul<lx<xl<s&gk<kqz<lix<xll<kig<gll<wx<hmk<kg<%cbkiguqtr<ggqxk/ kguz<okimi<hsiker<gt<dzjgyvgqvilligsvg<gquqm<mk/osbx<jgg< OgiTl<?-{<mi<ofm<Ml< kguz< okimi<h dzgqz< Fjpf<k hqxg dzgqe< wz<jzgt< SVr<gq olipq? uipl< -mk<jk gmf<k leqke< biuvl< dxut<tueig lixq uvgqxie</ dzgqe< WOkEl< yv &jtbqz< yv hikqh<h Wx<hm<miz< dzgol ye<xqj{f<khvqkihh<hmukl<dkuqg<gvl<fqm<mukl<kguz<okimi<hdmgr<gtqe< uti<s<sqbqe< giv{lig njlgqxk/ osbx<jgg< Ogit< okimi<hqe< giv{lib< lg<gtqe< uip<g<jgk<kvl<figvqgl<dzgntuqekiglix<xl<osb<kqmul<upqujgosb<gqxk/ dzgqe< uqr<rie uti<s<sq Dmg hvuzig<gl< giv{lib< leqkeqe< Okjujb dbi<f<kogi{<omosz<gqxk/ gim<sqdmgr<gt< kguz< okimi<hqbzqe< nmk<k hvq{ill< gim<sq Dmgl< we<hkigl< yv osb<kqjbofvcbigose<xhkquosb<knkjehqe<hzk<kme<gi[l<ohikwx<hmg< %cb hkqu kguz< hvqlix<xk<kqe< ds<sligl</ gim<sq we<hk gvk<jkbl< uqr<sqbkig njlgqxk ohikuig gvk<k we<hk Lke<jlbig<gh< hm<m fqjzjbh< hqe<eg<gk< LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 86 //

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95 -j{bl< yzqytqnjzgtiz<-br<ghjuuioeizq?okijzg<gim<sqneiz<-j{bl< we<hkg{qeqokipqz<fm<hl<lx<xlgl<hquml<?gix<xupqk<okimi<hme<okijzohsq -j{h<jhg< ogi{<m-br<ggqxk/ dzgk<jkob SVg<gq flk Oljsg<G ogi{<m uvg<%cb nxquqbz< okipqz< Fm<hOl-j{bliGl</ 2:71. gtqz< nolvqg<g Jg<gqb fimgtqe<hikgih<hqx<gdvuig<gh<hm<m-e<xnke<hbe<giv{lib<dzgtuqekig hbe<hmk<kh<hm<muvgqxk/dzgl<biul<kjxvqkqbqz<fqxuh<hm<mt<tg{qeqgtqe< kguz<gjt ohxg<%cb OkM ohixqgjt upr<gg<%cbkig-j{bl< uti<f<k uvgqxk/kguz<okimi<hqz<-j{bl<upr<gg<%cbliohvl<osjugt<-v{<migl</ nju ujzkth< hg<gr<gt<? lqe<er<sz< we<hjubigl</ -f<k dzgqz< njlbl< njek<k kguz<gtqe< uqvquig<gl< ujzk< ktr<gtqz< gi{h<hmgqe<xe/ keq leqke< okimr<gq s&g fqxue Okjubiek< kvugjt upr<gukqz<-j{bl< Lkz< fqjz ugqg<gqe<xe/ -j{bl<f~zgl< -j{bl< lqgh< ohiqb F~zgl< Ohie<xkiGl<-kqz< hz kguz<gt<? hmr<gt<? osb<kqgt<-ml< ohx<x njlgqe<xe/ yzq? ytq szeh<hml< kuqv dzgqz< dt<t njek<kolipqgtqz<njlbl<wz<ziujgytqh<hmr<gt<-j{bk<kqe<ujzk<kth< hg<gr<gt< uibqzig gi{g<gqjmg<gqe<xe/ w{<{x<x kguz<gjt yov fqlqmk<kqz< dzgl< biul< hvh<hukqz< lqgs< sqxh<hqml< ohx<xl< njlgqe<xe/ lqe<er<sz< we<hk nmk<k -j{b Osju njluigl< -ke< uibqzig keqh<hm<m yu<ouivuvl< w{<{qzmr<gik< kguz< Osjugjt upr<gqmul< ohx<xqmul< WKuig uqtr<ggqxk/ dzgqe< wf<k hgkqbqz< njlbl< kvugjtbl< dmecbig ohx<xg< ogit<t uib<h<hig uqtr<ggqxk/-ke<&zl< kguz< okimi<hqz< nmk<k gm<mk<kqx<og leqke< ose<xt<tie< we<xiz< lqjgbigik/ g{qeq uti<s<sqbqe<giv{lib< hkqu osb<bh<hm<m -j{bl< uibqzig hvuzig<gh<hmgqxk/ kx<ohik oficg<g ofic HKh< HKk< kguz<gt< fmh<hgt< hkqu osb<bh<hm<m lg<gt< lk<kqbqz< hvqlixh< hm<m uvukme< wz<zik< KjxgTl< dzgl< biul< yov fqjzbqzie kguz< nxqu slk<kul< ohx<xqmul<-u<ujgg<gim<sqdmgl<hbejmbkignjlgqxk/ kqi<ugt< gim<sq Dmgl< kguz< okimi<hqbzqz< lqgs< sqxf<k fuqe osbz<kqxe< Dmglig uqtr<ggqxk/ s&gk<kqz< fqgpl< wz<zik< kvh<h fqgp<ugtqe< hkqugjtbl< outqg< ogi{i<ukqz<gim<sqdmgl<lqgs<sqxh<higosjuhvqgqxk/ uqr<rieuti<s<sqgim<sqdmgr<gjtfuqeh<hmk<kukme<kguzqe<olb<h<hk< ke<jljbwtqkqz<d{vuib<h<hignjlgqxk/ keq leqk uti<s<sq lm<mlqe<xq s&g uti<s<sqg<gl< gim<sq Dmgk<kqe< hr<g nth<hvqbkigdt<tk/ gim<sq Dmgr<gt< dzjgob yv gqvill< Ohiz SVg<gq uqm<mkme< leqk Ofbk<kjkolipq?fiMgmf<Kuti<g<gqe<xK/ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 88 //

96 LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 89 // slb-zg<gqbr<gtqz<-bx<jg *vi/ssqzi vi/ssqzi? wl</w/? wl</wm</? ofm</?)klqp<*? hm<mkivq NsqvqbI)klqp<*? nvs Olz<fqjzh< ht<tq?dk<klhijtbl<?kqvh<h,ilium<ml< / SVg<gl<)Abstract* sr<g -zg<gqbr<gt<? fqkq -zg<gqbr<gt<? gih<hqbr<gjtk< okimif<k klqpqz< nmk<kk< Okie<xqbju hg<kq -zg<gqbr<gt< weh<hml< slb -zg<gqbr<gt< NGl</ gq/hq/6?7 Nl< F~x<xi{<Mgtqz< Okie<xqb -u<ujg -zg<gqbl< gq/hq/8?9?: Nl< F~x<xi{<Mgtqz< Ohvjzbigh< hvuq gq/hq/22?23 Nl< F~x<xi{<M ujv okimif<kk we<xizl<? -u<uqzg<gqb ujggt<? nkqg ntuqz< Okie<xqb hz<zui Nm<sq gizk<jkob hg<kq -zg<gqb gizl< we<hi/ -u<uqzg<gqbr<gt< -jxujeh< Hgp<ujkBl<?Ohix<XujkBl<?-jxupqhim<ce<nusqbk<kqjeBl<?kk<kl<slbr<gtqe< ohvjljbfqjzfim<mujkbl<lg<gqbofig<gligg<ogi{<mokie<xqewe<xizl<?fl< Le<OeiIgt< -bx<jgobim -jbf<k uip<u fmk<kqbuigt< we<hkiz< -jxujeh< Ohix<XuK OhizOu -bx<jgjbbl Ohix<xqBt<teI/ -bx<jgjbh< hikgik<kl< uf<kt<tei/-bx<jgutl<gjxf<kogi{<m-vg<gl<-g<gizgm<mk<kqz<-jxuoeim -bx<jgjbbl< Ohix<xqb fl< Le<OeiIgtqe< uip<g<jg Ljxjb -s<slb -zg<gqbr<gtqe< upq-e<jxb kjzljxbqei nxqukl<?-bx<jgjbh< hikgig<gl< d{ijuh<ohixukol-g<gm<mjvbqe<ofig<gligl</ Le<Ejv kqr<gjth<ohix<xkl<kqr<jth<ohix<xkl< kqr<gjth<ohix<xkl<kqr<jth<ohix<xkl< ogir<gtikiis<ose<eqgtqiou{<gjmohie<xqu< nr<g{<dzgtqk<kzie< RibqXOhix<XKl<RibqXOhix<XKl< giuqvqfimie<kqgqvqohiz<ohix<ogim<m OlVuzf<kqvqkzie< liljpohix<xkl<liljpohix<xkl< sqzh<hkqgivl<.hgiig<gi{<ml<.lr<gzuip<k<kh<himz<)2.8* we -bx<jgjbob -jxueig uip<k<kq<buigt< klqpigt</ -jxueqz< -bx<jgjbbl< -bx<jgbqz< -jxujebl< g{<mei klqpi/weou slb-zg<gqbr<gtqz<-jxuoeim-bx<jgjbbl<osik<okklqpiohix<xqbt<tei/ Nkqgizk<kqz<-bx<jgjbg<g{<M hbf<k leqke< njk upqhm<mie</ hqe<ei -bx<jgjb Hvqf<Kogi{<M njk Ofsqk<kie</ -bx<jgobim ye<xqb uip<g<jg fmk<kqeie</hqe<ei-bx<jgbqz<-vf<k-jxujedvuig<gqeie</

97 << Nb<ULjx -g<gm<mjvbiekhz<ouxslb-zg<gqbr<gjthgk<knvib<f<knkqz<-ml< ohx<xt<t-bx<jg utg< gvk<kg<gt< Gxqk<K wpkh<hm<mk/ weou-k hgh<hib<u Ljxbqz<wPkh<hm<mkiGl</ slbgih<hqbr<gtl<-bx<jgbl<a klqpqz< gih<hqbr<gt< wpkl<ohipk fim<ms< sqxh<hqje? fgvqe< -bx<g<jg utk<kqje himuk yv lvhigou hqe<hx<xh<hmgqxk/-bx<jgjb klqpigt< wf<k ntug<gohix<xqeiigt<we<hkx<g-f<klvohnjmbitligdt<tk/ ne<el<nml<nge<kjxh<ohib<jgbqz< ne<el<nml<nge<kjxh<ohib<jgbqz< Ke<El<Olkqhcbk<Kjkf<okPl< ge<equijtglgqe<olx<hib<ue le<euie<lqjsuieuqz<ohizliz< < )ohvqbhvi{il<.fim<mh<hmzl<.7:.nl<himz<* we<xohvqbhvi{k<kqz<giuqvqhibl<fim<ce<sqxh<hqjefqiutk<kqjegtk<kqz< wvjlgt< Gtqg<g hbf<k lqe<gt< hig<glvk<kqz< WXukig ui{qg<gqxii Osg<gqpiI/ -OkOhiz< ubz< utl<? nr<g uqjtf<k hbqigt< h,k<k lzigt<?utif<k lvr<gt< we njek<jkbl ui{qg<gqxii/ -ke< &zl< -bx<jgjb uip<k<kqb hqxog klqpi -jxujeuip<k<kqjljbnxqbzil</ gqxqk<ku? -Szilqb? -f<k we wf<k lkg< gih<hqblieizl< -bx<jgjb uv{qk<ok gih<hqbl< okimr<ggqxk/ gqxqk<ku? -Szilqbg< gih<hqbr<gtqz< gjk fjmohxl<-mliek-bx<jgutl<gjxf<knovhqbfimgtig-vf<kizl<?nju klqp<lvjhym<cutlqg<gfimigounf<fim<cjeuv{qg<gqe<xe/ hck<kf~z<njuhbe<hm hck<kf~z<njuhbe<hm uqvqk<kdjvh<huiohiz< kck<kfqz<lgqz<kup<kjz ohipqf<kohie<ljzob Gck<kfQIwzil<ogih<Htqk<K nlkwenvuq nvuq -ck<knxinyzqwpk<kqjv wxqf<kdv{<m-vqu wek<okl<hiu{qbl<? )Okl<hiu{q fim<mh<hmzl<5nukhimz<* ngqzolr<g[f<kqmg<gqmuib<kqxf<kkqif<k ngqzolr<g[f<kqmg<gqmuib<kqxf<kkqif<k lqgljpg<gzlcg<gcuqpqh<hohie<lqe<eqg< ggeol{<cjgbmr<gzl<hvf<kgiz~e<xqs< sqgvh,kvljxkvs<osivqf<keosvlq osivqf<keosvlq )sqxih<hvi{l<.fim<mh<hmzl<33* wek<sqxih<hvi{ll<kk<kl<fimgtqe<-bx<jgutk<kqjeuv{qg<gqe<xe/ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 90 //

98 klqpigt< -jxueg<g -j{big -bx<jgjbbl< lkqk<kei we<hkx<g njmbitlig-jukqgp<gqe<xe/ ohvqbhvi{k<kqz<? kqvfiug<gvsi Hvi{k<kqz< yv-z<uip<uie< osb<bl<? osb<b Ou{<cb nxr<gtig %xh<hm<mt<tux<xt< h,r<osijzgt< utih<hkl<? Gtr<gt< oum<mukl<-ml<ohx<xt<te/ giutik<kl<gtf<okim<ml<gmh<himupuilz< giutik<kl<gtf<okim<ml<gmh<himupuilz< OluqeiIg<GOu{<Muelgqp<f<ktqk<Kl<uqVf<ktqk<Kl< fiuzig<gutl<ohvgfz<gqbl<fieqzk<kt<otii biuvg<gf<kuqvig=jguqjekjxfqe<xii/ kuqvig=jguqjekjxfqe<xii/ )ohvqbhvi{l<.kqvfiug<gvsihvi{l<.2412nl<himz<* weou klqpigt<? Gtr<gt< oum<mujkbl<? Osijzgt< utih<hjkbl< Osjubig nz<zilz<-z<uip<uie< osb<b Ou{<cb nxlig%xukqzqvf<ok klqpigt<-bx<jg utk<jkg<gih<hkx<gwu<utulg<gqbk<kul<ogimk<kt<teiwe<hjknxqbzil</ OlZl< Ogibqz<gtqz< kzuqvm<sl<} we yu<ouiv Ogibqz<gTg<Gl< yv lvl< juk<k gmutg<g-j{big nkjebl< u{r<gq uvgqe<xei/ Ogibqz<gt< gm<ml< ohipok Gtl<? gq{x we fqifqjzgjtbl< Wx<hMk<kq nkjebl< Heqklig dvugqk<k nkjeh<hikgih<hjkuzqbxk<kqbt<tei/ fibe<liigtqz<yvuviekqvfiug<gvsi%m we<gme<h{qosb<kgqmh<hok weg<%xq?ogibqz<gt<okixl<ose<xdpuivh<h{qosb<kjknxqgqoxil</ -vilzqr<g ncgtivl< oubqzg<g ykr<gl< uqvm<sl< npqg<giok we<x %xqbt<tii/-juobz<zil< klqpi-jxujeh< Ohix<xqbK OhizOu-bx<jgjbBl< Ohix<xqeIwe<hjkk<oktqUhMk<kqgqe<xe/ -jxuoe-bx<jgbib<;. gek<kgk<kg<gmr<smvib<fqe<xib<fqob gek<kgk<kg<gmr<smvib<fqe<xib<fqob gmz<ujvuie<ngibl<neib<fqob )kqvfiug<gvsinxil<kqvljxkqvjubixkqvk<ki{<mgl<* we $vqbe<? gmz<? ljz? uie< njek<kl< -jxuoe weg< %Xuke< &zl< -jxueg<g-j{big-bx<jgjbbl<ohix<xjug<gqxiikqvfiug<gvsi/ hiinue<gi{<hiinkeqz<hbqineie<gi{< hiinue<gi{<hiinkeqz<hbqineie<gi{< hbqiutig<gl<ktqnue<gi{<ktqbqz<fqe<x fqinue<gi{<fqisjmolz<fqgp<uqk<kie<gi{< )kqvfiug<gvsinxil<kqvljxkqvs<squhvl<kqvk<ki{<mgl<* we dzgl<? dzgqz< Okie<Xl< hbqi? nh<hbqi utig<gl< ljpk<ktq? nk<ktqbqz< dt<t fqi we njek<kl<-jxuoe we<gqxii kqvfiug<gvsi/-u<uixig-bx<jg njek<kol-jxue<kie<we<gqxk-k<okuivl</ kqvk<kzs<sqxh<h -jxuje Ohix<Xl< ohipk nu<uqjxue< uqx<xqvg<gl< Dvqe< utk<kqje lxuilz< Gxqh<hqMgqe<xeI ncbuigt</ nju gih<hqbr<gtig-z<ziuqm<mizl< Dvqe< utk<kqjeg<%xqob-jxujeh<ohix<xgqe<xei/ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 91 //

99 lqe<ofig<gl<fqt<ubz<$p<uqk<kug<ogim<mnl<li lqe<ofig<gl<fqt<ubz<$p<uqk<kug<ogim<mnl<li )ohvlit<kqvolipq.4?79* uqjvgpul<lzvqohipqz<$p<uqk<kug<ogim<m uqjvgpul<lzvqohipqz<$p<uqk<kug<ogim<mnl<li nl<li )ohvlit<kqvolipq.2?79* we<x GzOsgv Np<uiI -jxue< uqx<xqvg<gl< Dvqje nke< fqi utk<kqje uv{qg<gqxii/ Kjxlz<Gsivx<Sjelz<GfQzk<kqjmjugqs< Kjxlz<Gsivx<Sjelz<GfQzk<kqjmjugqs< sqjxlz<gu{<ml<kl<hqbl<himr<sqvih<ht<tq} )kqvriesl<hf<ki2l<kqvljx.5* we<xl< jgl<lgwf<kg<gmuoeimdcg<gjphib<uie< jgl<lgwf<kg<gmuoeimdcg<gjphib<uie< osl<lglf<kqgvujvobxl<sqvih<ht<tq )kqvriesl<hf<ki2l<kqvljx.3* we<xl< kqvriesl<hf<ki -jxue< uqx<xqvg<gl< Dvqe< -bx<jg utk<kqje nr<guipl< dbqvqelie lf<kq wu<uix kl<-j{obim Dc kl< lgouim ljz WXukignux<xqe<uip<g<jgLjxjbBl<%XgqxiI/ ng<giz leqkigt<-bx<jgjbh< Ohix<XukBl<? gih<hjkbl< kl< gmjlbigg< gvkqnkjeh<hikgik<kuf<kei/ dujlbl<-bx<jgob wk<kjebl<uie<lxf<kgizk<kl<jhr<%p<gt< wk<kjebl<uie<lxf<kgizk<kl<jhr<%p<gt< jlk<kwpf<klilgqozhiik<kqvg<gl<lx<xnjuohiz< olb<k<kbiuqm<miuqcel<uqk<kug<ogim<mnl<liwe< sqk<kl<lqgde<hiozjuh<ohe<ncoboe )ohvlit<kqvolipq.8?7:4* okig<g-zr<gqbioxz<zil<hvf<kyck<okimgmoz okig<g-zr<gqbioxz<zil<hvf<kyck<okimgmoz Hg<Gne<xqh<Hxl<fqx<glim<miklx<XnjuOhiz< )ohvlit<kqvolipq.9?7:5* we<x GzOsgv Np<uiI keg<g wk<kjgb fqjz uf<kizl< kqvuqk<kug<ogim<m -xjujeobsvj{jmukx<gdujlbig-bx<jgobgxqh<hqmgqxii/ uieliek ljp ohipqb lxf<kizl< hbqigt< nu<uijeob hiik<kg< gik<kqvh<hk OhizUl<? wu<utu Sm<miZl< $vqbeg<og kiljv lziuk OhizUl<? Dovr<Gl< hvf<k YceiZl< gjmsqbqz< gmjzbe<xq Nxiz< Ouoxr<Gl< fqx<g LcbikK OhizUl<? gmzqz< fqih<hvh<hqz< wr<gl< hvf<k kqvqf<k gjvgi{ Lcbilz< lq{<ml<gh<hjznjmbl<hxjuohizul<? wr<gl<ohib<gjvgi{ikwxqgmz<uib<lq{<mwbl< wr<gl<ohib<gjvgi{ikwxqgmz<uib<lq{<mwbl< ur<gk<kqe<%l<h%ml<lih<hxjuohie<oxoe )ohvlit<kqvolipq.6?7:2* LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 92 //

100 kie< kqvlijz ne<xq OuX wr<gl< wuvqmll< osz<zlcbik? hg<kqogit<tlcbik we<xgzosgvnp<uiigxqh<hqmgqxii/ -jxue< lqk ogi{<m hx<xg<g dujl %Xukx<Gg< %m -bx<jgjbob dujlbigg<%xltug<g nuigt< lekqz<-bx<jg wr<gl< uqbihqk<k-vg<gqxk we<hjknxqbzil</ LcUjv h{<jmb klqpigt<-jxujeh< OhizOu-bx<jgjbBl< Ohix<xqeI we<hjk -s<slb-zg<gqbr<gt<upqnxqblcgqxk/-bx<jgutr<gjts<sv{<cs<sqvpqk<kh< OhvpqUgjts< sf<kqk<kg< ogi{<cvg<gg< %cb -g<gizgm<mk<kqz< -s<slb -zg<gqbr<gjt slbg< gvk<kg<gjtg< ogi{<mjubig lm<ml< GXg<gquqmilz< -ux<xqz< Guqf<Kt<t-bx<jgjbh< Oh[l< gvk<kg<gjt-jtb kjzljxbqml< hvh<huke< &zl< -pf<k -bx<jg utr<gjt lqm<ommg<gul<? -Vg<Gl< -bx<jg utr<gjth<hikgig<gul<lbx<sqosb<bzil</ hiijuf~z<gt< 2/-tr<Ogiucgt<? djvbisqvqbi. o\/>/sf<kqve<)3112* sqzh<hkqgivl<? uik<kliee< hkqh<hgl<?ose<je 3/Osg<gqpiI?djvbisqvqbI HzuIn/li{qg<geiI)3113*ohvqbHvi{l<?uIk<kliee< hkqh<hgl<?ose<je 4/ klqp{<{z<?)311:* Hkqb Ofig<gqz< klqpqzg<gqb uvzix? 36.Nl< hkqh<h? lqeim<sq Hk<kgfqjzbl<?lKjv 4/ uqvlilequi? Okl<hiu{q, /g{<{kise<, (1985) -ObSgiuqbl<?gjzg<giuqvqoutqbQM?kqVs<sq 6/ dlxh<hzui? sqxih<hvi{l<? / GzOsgv Np<uiI? ohvlit< kqvolipq? 8/Okuivl<? LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 93 //

101 MAJOR INDUSTRIAL LOCATION IN TAMILNADU - A HISTORICAL SURVEY *R.PANDIAN, Research Scholar (Part time), Assistant Professor, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Vadachennimalai, Attur, Salem-Dt *Dr.S.SWAMINATHAN, Guide& Supervisor, Assistant Professor, Department of History, Thiruvalluvar Government Arts College, Rasipuram, Nammakkal Dt. Industrial policy initiatives in the State are designed in the backdrop of the increasing multifaceted globalization of production systems, especially, in terms of technology transfers and the development of physical infrastructure for higher growth. The government announced a new IT policy in ensure that Tamilnadu achieves a preeminent position in the country. Recognizing the importance of industry, Tamil Nadu formulated the dynamic New Industrial Policy 2003 and evolved strategies to make the State a leading industrial destination in India. Tamilnadu Developed States in terms of industrial development in the post liberalization era, the State has emerged as one of the front-runners by attracting a large number of domestic foreign investments. Next for the agriculture sector, the Industrial sector is the largest employer.the growth in manufacturing and services sectors, has fed and in turn benefited from the rise in the standard of living of the people in the state. The state is ranked third in the country with respect to per capita state income, which has grown at a Compound Average Growth Rate of 5 percent. The state also has a share of 9.1 percent Market Potential Value in the country, which reflects a high buying power and capacity of the market to absorb new products and services. Considering the growth and multiple dimensions of the information Technology sector government has proposed to frame a new policy to encourage this sector to software production and exports and employ. There has been a significant increase in the proportion of the population in the middle-income group. The services sector is the dominant contributor to the Net State Domestic Income.The New Industrial Policy has its focus on optimal use of resources, up gradation of managerial skills and administrative, technical improvement and modernizations in the fields of manufacturing and infrastructure sectors for higher growth in Tenth Five Year Plan Period. In the Information Technology sector, the State is a leader. Chennai has become a hub of the software industry. Chennai has a diversified economic base. The main industries are automobile, software services, hardware manufacturing and financial services. Other important industries include petrochemicals, textiles apparels.the Chennai port and encore port contribute greatly to its importance. The city has a fully computerized stock exchange called the madras stock LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 94 //

102 exchange. Chennai has the fourth largest GMP(Gross Metropolitan Product) in India.Since the late 1990s software development and business process outsourcing and more recently manufacturing have emerged as major areas in the city s economy. Software services giants like Infosys,TCS,Wipro,Cognizant Technology Solutions, Satyam, HCL, IBM, Accenture, Sun Microsystems, HP,EDS,CSC and Version have development centers in the city. The city is now the second largest exporter of IT and IT enabled services in the country second only to Bangalore. The IT Corridor on old mahabalipuram road in the southeast of the city houses several technology parks. The Mahindra world city a special economic zone with one of the world s largest information technology park is currently under construction in the outskirts of Chennai. The major manufacturing to large scale heavy industrial manufacturing, petrochemicals and auto ancillary plants. Chennai is a textile industry hub with a large number of apparel industries located in the ambattur industrial zone in the northern suburbs of the city. Coimbatore is the highest revenueearning districtis Tamil Nadu General Trade attracts people from the neighboring Kerala, Neighboring town, Tirupur has Asia s largest garment manufacturing clusters. Coimbatore is also emerging as an IT and BPO city. Agriculture is still the major occupation in the district. The motor and pump industry supplies 2/3 rd of India s requirement while wet-grinder industry has a near monopoly.in the auto ancillary sector. MaurtUdyog and Tata Motors source up to 30% of automotive components from Coimbatore. New companies have come up to produce automobile companies for tier I manufactures. Larsen and Toubro (L&T) plans to set up an engineering facility in Coimbatore. Coimbatore has a long history of manufacturing textiles, pump sets and castings. There is a concentration of textile related in the Coimbatore region which include Tirupur, Karur and Erode as the highest in the world. Super Spinning Mills Limited is one textile company that is expanding its capacity in spinning and garments production. The unit supplied T-Shirts to prestigious brands such as Park Avenue, Color Plus and Arrow. It also exported garments to leading labels such as Boccaccio, Links and Pebble Beach. Sharadha Terry Products is another textile company that is doing very well. Its100 per cent export oriented unit located India as a manufacturing base. Chennai has also emerged as the fastest growing market for two wheelers. Software Industry Tamilnadu is among the leading states in the IT sector with exports of US$ 2.3 billion approximately in The state has over 1200 software export companies and more than IT professionals. To give as impetus to this industry, the Government of Tamilnadu has announced an attractive IT Policy, offering added incentives and infrastructure support to investors. The state through TIDCO and ELCOT has promoted TIDEL Park, a state of the art facility for the IT industry. The IT parks in Tamil Nadu include TIDEL Park is Chennai, Siruseri, Chengalpattu, Hosur and Mahabalipuram. Some of these are under development and others are functional. The state is forging ahead as a hub for information Technology services as well as IT Enabled Services (ITES) including Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) Special Purpose vehicles have been launched to develop and promote Tiet II cities of Coimbatore, Madurai. Trichy and Tirunelveli for IT & IT enabled Services. Tamilnaduis well on its way to achieving a software exports turnover of $8.5 billion by 2008, policy scheduled to be LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 95 //

103 unveiled soon would create immense employment opportunities and add value and wealth by leveraging the inherent strength of the State. Auto Industry The Tamil Nadu region is one of the biggest auto hubs in India with companies like Ford. Hyundai. HM-Mitsubishi, Ashok Leyland, TAFE etc. having their manufacturing base in Tamil Nadu. The share of Tamilnadu in all India production of automobiles and heavy vehicle is rather significant. Automobile industry plays a crucial role in the State economy and has been one of the key driving factors, contributing 8 per cent to state GDP and giving direct employment to 2, 20,000 people Tamilnadu accounts for about 21 per cent of passenger cars, 33 per cent of commercial vehicles and 35 per cent of automobile components produced in India. Exports from Tamilnadu are about US $ 240 million, constituting 27.5 of total exports from India. The current annual output of the automotive sector in the state is estimated to range between US$3.5 billion. The contribution of the sector to the state is in the range of 7 to 8%.Tamilnadu is moving closer to its goal of figuring among the top three automotive and auto components manufacturing destination in Asia. By the year 2015 the state is targeting an output of US$18 billion from the sector. Chennai has emerged as on the most important locations for auto industry. It has a share of 35% installed capacity in components manufacturing in India. VISTEON have started exporting components made in India to their various other plants around the world and has invested further, to make at Mettupalayam 40 km from Coimbatore. It manufactures a range of terry products including bath towels bathrobes and institutional towels. IT companies are eyeing Coimbatore as a tier II town for investment. Elnet Technologies Limited (ETL) is building an IT park at Peelamedu in Coimbatore. Cognizant Technology Solutions has set up a software unit in Coimbatore. KG Information Systems Private Limited (KGISL) has already set up an IT park and an institute of information management (KGISL-IIM). Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) has come in a small way, WIPRO is showing interest. In recent years Coimbatore has made a name for itself in the field of health care. There are six multi-specialty hospitals, each with 300 to 800 beds. Medical tourism is on the rise. Patients, especially from the eastern parts of the country and from Sri Lanka, Bangaladesh, West Aisa, the U.S. and the U.K. come in large numbers to these hospitals for treatment. 1. Heavy Minerals Source The coastal districts of Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli, Thoothukkudi, Ramanathapuram and Nagapattinam are endowed with high quality heavy mineral placers such as Garnet, IImenite, Rutile, Leucoxene, Monazite and Zircon. They have wide use in pigment, refractory, ceramic industries and Nuclear Industry. 2. Lignite Tamil Nadu is endowed with the biggest deposits of Lignite in India. The total reserves are about million tones. Neyveli Lignite Corporation (NLC) has led the development of large industrialcomplex aroundneyveli in Cuddalore district with Thermal power plants, Fertilizer, briquetting and Carbonization plants. Further investigations in and around Mannargudi, Jayamkondam and Srimushnamareas have revealed the existence of Lignite as in Neyveli. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 96 //

104 3. Magnetite One of the world s best Magnesite deposit occur in the State. The major deposits occur in Salem, Namakkal, Coimbatore and Erode districts. The Magnetite reserve in Tamilnadu are about 73 million tones. Magnetite is used mainly for refractory purposes and in Chemical industries. The major Salem district based players in the field are Tamil Nadu Magnetics (TANMAG) a state government organization. Burn standard a Government of India organization and DalmiaMagnetite. 4. Graphite Tamil Nadu is having deposits of export worthy flaky Graphite s. It is distributed in sizable quantity in SivagangaiRamanthapuram, Madurai and Tirunelveli districts. The total reserves of Graphite are about 2 million tones. This Graphite on beneficiation can yield a concentrate of more than 80% of fixed carbon. This is suitable for manufacture of Graphite crucibles which are used in the smelters of the steel industry Tamilnadu Graphite s Limited (TANGRAPH) is the state Government Undertaking involved in the mining of Graphite. 5. Granite Tamil Nadu is endowed with vast resources of Granite of different colors and shades. The total reserves of granite are about 710 million cubic meters. Granites are used in building faceting, flooring, decorative & ornamental uses and in Monuments, Kunnam Black of Tindivanam, Paradiso of Dharmapuri, Jubrana of Pudukottai, and Kashmir white of Madurai are popular varieties in the international market.black Granite occurs in the districts of Kanchepuram, Vellore, Villupuram, Dharmapuri, Salem and Erode. Other colored Granites occur in Dharmapuri, Pudukottai, Madurai Salem and Namakkal districts. The major players are the Tamil Nadu Minerals (TAMIN) a Government of Tamilnadu Enterprises, P.R.P.Granites, Gem Granites, PallavaGranites, Rani Granites and Enterprising Enterprises. 6. Iron Ore The State possesses good reserves of iron ore of Magnetic variety in parts of Salem, Namakkal and Tiruvannamalai districts. The total reserves of Iron ore deposits are about 530 million tones, which offer good scope for commercial exploitation. 7. Silica Sand The reserves of silica sand are about 115 million tones and occur in parts of coastal areas of Nagapattinam, Cuddalore, Kanchipuram and Tiruvallur districts. The Silica Sand is used mainly in the Glass Industry. The major players are TAMIN and Mohan Breweries. 8. Bauxite Bauxite occurs in the Kodaikanal, Palani, Yercaudu and Kolli Hill ranges in the State. The reserves are about 26 million tones. Madras Aluminum Company (MALCO) a company of Sterilities Group is based at Mettur manufacturing Aluminum. 9. Clay Clays of refractory stoneware and ceramic grades occur extensively in Cuddalore, Pudukottai, Tirunelveli, Tiruvallur, Kancheepuram and Tiruvannamalai districts. The reserves are about 9 million tones. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 97 //

105 10. Oil and Gas Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) is operating in both off shore and in-shore in Tamil Nadu. Finds of Oil & Gas have been made in the Nagapattinam and Ramanathapuram basins. Off shore exploration of oil has commenced recently. Coal bed methane and underground coal Gasification exploitation are new areas under study. FDI in Tamilnadu Importance of FDI development has increased drastically in recent years. In 2004 FDI inflow into India was only 5.9% of GDP, while the figure for Chennai was 14.9% Tamil Nadu has emerged as a leading State in Southern India in attracting total foreign Direct Investment (FDI) with Rs corer due to the availability of good facilities including quality infrastraucte, uninterrupted power supply and skilled labor. The State s FD investment constitutes 8.86% of the total FDI in the country. Along with growth in the capital employment there must be commensurate growth in the output produced. In the government accords funds, subsidies grants and financial assistance which will lead to the better then of the growth of industry in Tamilnadu. Apart from these the presence of an international airport and sea port in Chennai has also helped the growth of IT industry in Tamilnadu.Information Technology has opened up tremendous opportunity for the promotion of software exports and services in recent times particularly in terms of employment opportunities reduction in cost of providing services and improved competitiveness of old economy industries enhancement of efficiency transparency and responsiveness in governance and digital connectivity between rural and urban areas. A further analysis of the same will be done to identify the major location for investment and outline the characteristics of growth of some of the important sectors. The concluding this shows that there is tremendous growth in the capital employed in the industries Tamilnadu. References 1.V.Surender, Indian Industries, New Delhi,1986,P P.R.Barthwal, Industrial Economics, New Delhi,2003.P A.G.Leonard, Tamilnadu Economy, New Delhi,2006,P Jawaharlal Nehru, Speeches-March 1953, journals of Government of India, New Delhi, Annul Report , Ministry of Industries and Commerce, Government of India,2000.P Tamilnadu an Economic Appraisal, Government of Tamilnadu, Madras.2012,P.68. 7www,smallindustry india.com 8.www,sidco.tn,in.nic LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 98 //

106 LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 99 // hkqoe{<gqp<g<g{g<gqz<fizqv{<cz<h{<him<mg<%xgt< *ov/lgiozm<slq? ov/lgiozm<slq? Ljeui< hm<m Nb<uiti<? klqpib<uk<kjx? nvsg< gjzg<gz<z~iq? kqvouxl<h,i<?kqvs<sq/ Le<Ejv klqpqz<-zg<gqbr<gjt ujgjl Ofig<gqz< NviBl< ohipk nke< uti<s<sq hvf<khm<m uti<s<sq fqm<sqbjmbkig nxqb Lcgqe<xK/ osu<uqbz< -zg<gqbole Wx<xLXl< sr<g-zg<gqbr<gt< ogi{<m? sr<g lvuqb giz fqkq F~z<gt<? ohivm< okimi<fqjzs< osb<bt< we<el< gih<hqbr<gt<? hg<kqbqe< olipq klqopeh< hgxl< hg<kq -zg<gqbr<gt<? sqx<xqzg<gqbr<gt<? kx<giz fqgp<ugjth< hm<cbzqml< -g<giz -zg<gqbr<gt< we<x hz<oux hii<jugtqe< upqbig-zg<gqb NTjlgt< liem uip<ju n[gq HjeUXk<Kgqe<xe/ gizk<kqe< npk<klie hkqugtigul<? h{<him<cje outqg<ogi{vl< sim<sqbr<gtigul< -zg<gqbr<gt< kqgp<gqe<xe we<x djvk<kiz<nkd{<jl?ouxl<hgp<s<sqnz<z/ h{<him we<x osiz<zg<g ngvikqbqz< ohivt< OkMl< sqzi< sx<ox Np<f<K nge<x Okm Ou{<cb fqjzg<g kt<th<hm<mt<tei</ -e<jxb fqjzbqz< h{<him hzvk lxf<k Ohie olteligou dt<tk/ nr<rel< h{<him<cje lqm<mvuig<gl< osb<b hpg klqp< osiz<zvjl fizqv{<cz< weh< Ohix<xh<ohXl< fizcbiiqzl< kqvg<gxtqzl< h{<him<ce< dt<tmg<gk<jk n[gqh< hii<k<k Nb<f<K oktquxk<k -g<gm<mjvljegqxk/ h{<himuqtg<gl< h{<him we<x osiz<zqx<g ohivt< gi{ uqjpuii<g<g gqjmg<gl< uqjm hzuixig uqiqgqxk/ h{<hm we<el< Oui<s<osiz<Oz h{<himig lvuqbk/ lg<gt< uip<uqz< gjmh<hqcg<g Ou{<cb nxr<gt<? leqkjeh< h{<hmk<k osb<bl< osbz<gt< biul< h{<hiome fil< nukieqk<kizl<? dzgh< ohik F~Zg<G djv bik<k hiqolzpge< h{<hjmjlg<g? ohvjl sie<xi{<jlgtqz< kil< upuik fqe<ox wz<zii< -bz<hgtl< nxqf<okik<okipgkz< we<gqxii</ sr<g -zg<gqb F~zie gzqk<okijg? h{<oheh<hmukhimxqf<kypgkz< h{<oheh<hmukhimxqf<kypgkz< )gzq;246* we<xl<?fx<xqj{? h{kl<h{<hl<himxqf<kypgkz< h{kl<h{<hl<himxqf<kypgkz< )fx<;271* weul<?ut<tui< nxl<ohizl<%i<jlbovel<lvl<ohiz<ui< nxl<ohizl<%i<jlbovel<lvl<ohiz<ui< lg<gt<h{<hqzikui< )Gxt<;::8* we<xl<? h{<hjmbii<hm<m{<mdzgl<n0kqe<oxz< l{<hg<glib<ukle< )Gxt<;::7* we djvh<hke< &zl< h{<hjmjlob -u<uzg -bg<gk<kqx<g dxkj{bib< ytqxujkg<ogi{<myvzil</

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109 fz<zl<bil<we<el<fmufqjzjlbiz< gz<uqnpognpg / we<el<himz<upqd{i<k<kgqxk/jbe<ut<tuel<? Ogcz<uqPs<osz<ul<gz<uqyVuVg<G Ogcz<uqPs<osz<ul<gz<uqyVuVg<G limz<zlx<jxbju yvjlg<g{<kie<gx<xgz<uqyvux<g yvjlg<g{<kie<gx<xgz<uqyvux<g (Gxt<;2211* wpjlbl<wlih<hdjmk<k )Gxt<;4:4* we<el<gxm<hig<gtqz<sm<mgqxii</lx<x-zg<gqbr<gt<gz<uqbqe<sqxh<jh? YKuKypqObz< YKuKypqObz< )Nk<kqs<$c* dx<upqdkuqbl<dxohivt<ogimk<kl< dx<upqdkuqbl<dxohivt<ogimk<kl< hqx<jxfqjzljebikgx<xz<fe<ox fw;if ed;nw fw;if ed;nw (Hxl<* gpr;ir GfpDk; fw;if ed;nw (ntw;wpntw;if) vd;dk; mbfspd; thapyhf nkhopfpd;wd. vdnt gz;ghl;bd; rpwg;g ntspg;ghl fy;tpapd; topna epfo;$wha; mike;js;s ghq;f czh;jw;ghyj. <if twdilahuf;f nghusilahh; toq;ftj gz;ilf; fhye;njhl;nl jkpo;,yf;fpaq;fs; gfh;fpd;w jkpoh; gz;ghl;l gapw;w nkhopahfk;. Mapd; nry;tk; cs;nshh;>,y;nyhuf;f nfhlj;jjttjpy;iy. mf;fzkpy;yh jd;ikauf;f <ifapd; rpwg;ig czh;j;jk; tpjkhf> Kd;dNu rhl;ehs; Kdpjf;f %g;gcs gpd;duk; gplmopf;fk; Neha;cs nfhd;nd gutd;kpd;: gw;wd;kpd;: ghj;jz;kpd;: ahjk; futd;kpd; ifj;j cz;lhk; Ngho;J (ehyb : 92) vdk; ghly; mike;js;sj.,g;ghlypd; top nry;tj;ijg; ghjfhf;fhky; ifapy; cs;snghnj gyuf;fk; nfhlj;j tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w nfhilr; rpwg;g typawj;jg;gl;ls;sj. Mw;wg; nguk;nghus; itj;jph; toq;fkpd; (fizc;7* gqjtohivt<?-z<zie<ogijmobogijmh<hbe< gqjtohivt<?-z<zie<ogijmobogijmh<hbe< )fizc:76* Ohie<x ncgtl< =jgbqe< sqxh<jhob d{i<k<kgqe<xe/ kil< d{<[l< d{uqz< sqxqokel<-z<jz we<x uf<kuvg<g-z<jzobe<x osiz<zik ogimk<k uip<uok klqpi<h<h{<him/-kje? -be<we<el<wu<udjvbijl=kz< -be<we<el<wu<udjvbijl=kz< Gze<djmbie<g{<O{dt / )Gxt<;334* nx<xii<npqhsqkqi<k<kz<n0kyvue< nx<xii<npqhsqkqi<k<kz<n0kyvue< ohx<xie<ohivt<juh<hupq ohivt<juh<hupq we<xgxm<hig<gtl<d{i<k<kilzqz<jz/olzl<sie<xig? Outite<we<hie<uqVf<kqVg<gd{<{ikie< Outite<we<hie<uqVf<kqVg<gd{<{ikie< uiqjsnxqkoziniqok?ohiqkl< uiqjsnxqkoziniqok?ohiqkl< (Gxt<;337* )kqiqgmgl<* =kz<wtqk )Hxl<* d{<cogimk<okii<dbqi<ogimk<okiov d{<cogimk<okii<dbqi<ogimk<okiov )Hxl<* we<xncgtl<=kzqe<-bz<jhob-bl<hgqxk/ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 102 //

110 hqxe<ljefbuijl klqpek uip<uqbz< yvueg<g yvk<kq we<x -z<zx li{<hjmbk/ lr<jgbvib<h hqxh<hkx<og likul< osb<kqmz< Ou<{Mll<li we<xie< guql{q/ -k<kjgb oh{<jlh< Ohix<Xl<-u<Uzgqz< lkqlbg<gk<kiz<sqzi< lix<xie< ljeuqjb Ofsqg<Gl< nuz fqjz-vg<gk<kie< osb<gqxk we<hjk lxg<guqbzik/-s<osbz< klqpi< h{<him<cje OuvXg<Gl< osbzig Lv{qbr<gq Le<egi<f<K uvl< s&gg< OgMobe<xiz< nk lqjgbigik/ hqxe<lje fbf<kue< GzOliM fislieuie< we<hk gl<hvilib{k<kqz< gm<mjlg<gh<hm<m jlbh<ohivtigl</ klqp< fqkq F~z<gTl< hqxe<lje fbk<kjz similzqz<jz we<hkl< sk<kqbliekkie</ -k<kujx osb<kueqmk<kqz< nxl<? Hgp<? fm<h? ohvjl Ngqb fie<gl< Osvilz< hjljl? hpq? hiul<?hbl<we<el<fie<g-pqk<ke<jlgotosvl<we<hjk? nxl<hgp<og{<jlohvjl-f<fie<gl< nxl<hgp<og{<jlohvjl-f<fie<gl< hqxe<kivl<fs<suii<s<osvi hqxe<kivl< fs<suii<s<osvl<hjghpqhiul<we<x ns<sk<okim-f<fix<ohivt< (ehyb : 82) wel<himz<okiquqg<gqe<xk/ klqpme< hz h{<hg<%xgt< n{<lqk<kizl<? hqxe< lje fbk<kz<%mik we<x w{<{dt<uir<gzl<?njeuvkdt<tk<kqzl<hzqk<kqmou{<ml</ LcUjv osz<ul<? -tjl? big<jg -l<&e<xl< fqjzk<k fqx<heuz<z we<el< hijkbqe~om sf<okgolklqe<xq fmf<k osz<zl< yvujeh< Ohiz? ke< -tjlg< gizk<kqozobnxl<osb<kfqg<glxfqjxbou{<ml</gz<uqye<oxs&gk<kqz<hkuqx ogi{<m? s&g Wx<xk< kip<ugjt kgi<k<okxqf<k wps<sq njmbs< osb<bl< kjzbib giv{q NGl</ ofgqp<ul<? osxqul< leqke< ogimg<gqe<x ogijm dzgqe< njmbit ofxqbit<jgbqeiz<dvuigl</hqxe<ljefbf<kue<olb<fqgi<bkii<k<kk<jkk<ki{<c hjg?hpq?hiur<gtg<gntigl<ohvuzs<$pozwx<hml</fizqv{<cz<hjeuxk<kqb h{<him<mg<%xgt< gz<uqk<kjxbqz< kl<lizqbe<x fz<lix<xlxl< fuqeh< h{<him<jm hqvkqhzqg<gl<we<xfl<hqg<jghqxg<gqe<xk/ Kj{F~x<hm<cbz< 2/ hkqoe{<gqp<g<g{g<g?fqb,.osr<siqhg<au^<?ose<je 7111:9?hkqh<H 2:62/ 3/ hkqoe{< gqp<g<g{g<gl< klqpi< uip<ul<? silq/ sqkl<hveii<.-zg<gqb fqjzbl<? ose<je 7111:5?&e<xil<hkqh<H csl<hi<2:95/ 4/ gir<sqwzikqogiju?jsusqk<kif<kg<gpgl<?hkqh<h 2:72/ 5/ okiz<gih<hqbl< oktqujv? Sh<hqvl{qbe</s/Ou/? l{quisgi< hkqh<hgl<? ose<je? wm<mil<hkqh<hgl<.3117/ 6/ fizcbii< fbujv? squsr<gve</u/? ohikqjg hkqh<hgl<? ose<je ? hkqh<h.3114/ LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 103 //

111 த னவ ணங கள *ம னவ R.K. க ம (க ரல ச), இ ணப பர ச rய, இ சத த ற, அண ண ம லப பல க லகழகம, அண ண ம ல நக. ம ன ன ர வ ணம என ற இ ச உர ப பட, இ ச பய ல வ க க த தள வ ன ச ரஞ னத த உண ட க க க ன ற இன ற ய மய த ஒர ப டம க ம. இ வ பலவ த வ ண னக ள ட ம ர கப வத த ட ம ர கரஞ சகப ப ர ய கங கள ம, வ சஷ ப ர ய கங கள ம, அப வப ப ர ய கங கள ம, த ட ட ஸ வர ப ர ய கங கள ம க ண ட அ மக கப பட ட ஒர வ க இ ச உர ப பட கள க ம. அப ப ய ச உர ப பட வ ககள ன - இற த ய ல ம, சப க ன உர ப பட ய ன ஆரம பத த ல ம இடம பற க றத. ஒவ வ ர ர கத த ன ஜ வன க ய ப ர ய கங க ள அற வதற க இவ வ ணங கள பrத ம உதவ க ன றன. 17-ம ந ற ற ண ட ன த டக கத த ல தஞ சய ல வ ழ ந த பச ச ம rயம ஆத யப பய ய என பவ இயற ற ய வ r ப ண எனத த டங க ம பரவ வ ண ம எனத த டங க ம ம தன ம தல க இயற றப பட ட வ ணம என ப. வ ணங கள வன, 1. த னவ ணம 2. பதவ ணம 3. ர கம ல க வ ணம 4. பதஜத வ ணம 5. தர வ ணம என ன ம ப rவ க ளக க ண ட அ மந த ள ளன. த னவ ணம இர க இலக கணத தள வய ம, த னம வ ச க க ம ந ட யய ம, ஆ ர கண - அவ ர கணங கள க க அப ப ற பட ட வர ம ம க க யம ன சஞ ச ர வ கக ளய ம உண த தக க ட யத த னவ ணம க ம. இத ல ஸ வர அட க க, பலவ ககள ல ம, க றந த பத க ஷரங க ள ட க ட ய ஸ க த த யத த அக ரங கள கலந த LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 104 //

112 த னவr சக ளப ப ல (ப ட ட ம த ளம ம சம அளவ க க ) மத த ம, த rத க லத த ல ம, ஸ வர வr சகளன வ த ள ஜ த க ளய ம, க ரஹங க ளய ம, உண த த வத ப ல பல லவ, அன பல லவ, சரணம என ற அங கங கள டன வ ண த த ர ப பதன ல ம இத த னவ ணம என அ ழக கப படல ய ற ற. த னவ ணத த ன அ மப ப ம வ ளக கம ம பல லவ, அன பல லவ, ம த த ய ஸ வரம, சரணம (சரணத த ற க உபபல லவ, எத த க க டப பல லவ, ச ட டப பல லவ என ற பயர ம உண ட ) சரணத த ற க ப ப ன சரணஸ வரம அ மந த ர க க ம. (இந தஸ வரங கள க க எத த க க ட ஸ வரம ச ட டஸ வரம என ற வற பய கள ம உண ட ) பல லவ, அன பல லவ, சரணம, ஆக யவற ற ற க மட ட ம ச ஹ த யம உண ட. சரண ஸ வரங கள க க ச ஹ த யம க டய த. சரணத த ல வர ம ம தல வத எத த க க ட ஸ வரக க வப பக த, ஒர ஆவ த தத த ல க வகள அத கம கக க ண ட ஸ வரங கள பற ற அ மந த ர க க ம. இரண ட வத க வர ம எத த க க ட ஸ வரப பக த, ஒர ஆவ த தன ஸ வரம க க ற ல ம நட ல ம கலந தத க வரப பற ற ர க க ம. ம ன ற வத பக த ய க வர ம எத த க க ட ஸ வரப பக த க ற ல ஸ வரங கள ல இரண ட ஆவ த தனங க ளக க ண ட வரப பற ற ர க க ம. இப பக த ச ல வ ணங கள ல ஒர ஆவ த தனப பக த ய கவ ம அ மந த ள ளத. ந ன க வத க வர ம எத த க க ட ஸ வரப பக த ந ன க ஆவ த தனங கள ல நட ல க ற ல ஆக யன எல ல ம கலந த வரப பற ற ர க க ம. ச ல வ ணங கள ல இப பக த ய ல ம ன ற ஆவ த தன ஸ வரங கள ம வர வத உண ட. உத ரணம க; கல ய ண ர கத த ல அ மந த வனஜ க ஷ ர என ற த டங க ம ஆத த ள வ ணத த ன ந ன க வத ச ட டஸ வரம, r, r த க rஸ ந பதந ஸ rஸ என ற ஆரம ப த த ம ன ற ஆவ த தனத த ல ய ம ட வ டக றத. இ த ப ல ப ன னய ப ப ள ள இயற ற ய பந த வர ள இர கத த ல அ மந த சலம ஸயக என ற த டங க ம வ ணத த ன ந ன க வத ச ட டஸ வரம ம ன ற ஆவ த தனங க ள உ டயத. தற க லத த ல ப ட க க ண ட ர க க ம த ர.ட.எம.த ய கர ஜன அவ கள இயற ற ய ஹம ஸந தம ர கத த ல அ மந த ஞ ன ம க கம என ற ஆத த ள வ ண த த ன ந ன க வத ச ட டஸ வரம க ட ம ன ற ஆவ த தனத த ல ய ந றவ டவ தக க ணல ம. ச லவ ணங கள ன ம க த ய ஸ வரத த ல மக ட மன ன ம ஸ வரலக ஷணம இடம பற க ன றத. மக டம என பத ஆ ர கணத த ல வத அவ ர கணத த ல வத 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 என ற வr சக க ரமம க ர கத ளப ப ர த தத த டன ந ஸ, தந ஸ, பதந ஸ, கமபதந ஸ, rகமபத ந ஸ என ற வr சகள டன ப ட ம ட த த ப பல லவ எட ப ப எட த த லக க ற க க ம. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 105 //

113 வ ணங கள ஓ கண ண ட டம நம ம ன ன கள அ னவர ம ஒவ வ ர வ ஷயத தய ம ஒர க ரண க rயத த அன சrத த த த ன ந டம றப பட த த வந த ர க க ன ற கள. வ ணங கள ம அவ வ ற. இ றவன ன த ர உர வச ச ல ய ஒர ச த ரண மன தன ன ம ன ந லய ல ந க க ம ப த அத கல ல கத த ன தrக றத. அ த ய க லக கண ண ட ப க க ம ப த அத ச லய க தrக றத. ச ற ப க க ம, ஓவ யன க க ம அத ல உள ள வ லப ப ட கள, ந ண க கங கள ப லப பட ன ம, அ த ய ஆன ம க அற வ க ண ட ந க க ம ப ழ த அ வ பரப ர ம மம ம தல ன உட ப ர ள வ ஷயங கள ப லப பட க றத. அ த ப லத த ன வ ணங கள ம சங க தம பய ற ச சய த க ண ட வர ம ஒர ம ணவன க க அத ஒர க தம ப ல, ஜத ஸ வரம ப ல அத வ ம ஒர உர ப பட என ற அளவ ல தrக றத. சங க த ந ண ணற வ க ண ட அ த ந க க ன ல, அத ல சங க த இலக கணங கள க ச ல லப பட க ன ற அ னத த வ ஷயங கள ம ப லப பட ம. ஒர வ ணத த எந த அட ப ப டய ல ந ம உப ய கம க எட த த க க ள ளல ம என ல, ந ம த னம ம அக ர ச தகம சய க ற ம ; ம ணவ கள க க ம பய ற ற வ க க ற ம. அ தத த னம ம சரள, ஜண ட மற ற ம ள ள ஏ னய வr சகள ய பய ற ச சய க ற ம. இத ஒர ம தல ம தர ப டம கவ ம, பய ற ச ய கவ ம வத த க ள ளல ம. க ஞ சம தற ய ப றக நமக க நன க தrந த வ ணங க ள பதத த ந க க அக ர, உக ரம க ச தகம சய த ல ஒவ வ ர ர கத த ல ம உள ள ச றப ப ன அம சங கள நம அற வ க க ம, ச றப ப ன ப ர ய கங கள நம க ரல க க ம உதவ க ன றன என பத ப லன க ம. சங க தத த ன ஒர எல ல ய அ டந த அன பவம க க வ த வ ன கள க க வ ணம ப ட வத, ர க ஆல ப ன சய வத, கற ப ன ஸ வரங கள ப ட வத, த னம ப ட வத, ந ரவல ப ட வத என பத ல எத வ ம வவ வறல ல என பத தள ளத தள வ ன ஒர ந ல யக க ட க க ன றத. பரம ப ர ள ஒன ற என ற ச ல வத ப ல, நல ல சங க தம இன மய ன ஒல மட ட ம என ற க ள ளல ம. அப பட ய ய ன மற ற உர ப பட கள எதற க? அ வகள அந த இன மய ன ந தத த அழ ய மல உள ளடக க வத த ர க க ம ப த த ரங கள அல லத ப த க ப ப பட டகங கள எனவ க ன றன. அட த த இர கம, த னம பல லவ ப ட ம கட டத த ற க ம ணவ கள வர க ற கள என ற ல, அவ கள க க இர கம ப ட ம ம ற யச ச ல ல க க ட க க ம ப த வ ணத த ல உள ள ச றப ப ன ப ர ய கங க ள எட த த அ த க ற ல, நட ல க க இர கம ப டச ச ல ல த தரல ம. த னம ப ட வதற க, வ ண அ மப ப அப பட ய ஸ வரங க ள ந க க த னம, தனம, அனந த, ஆனந த என ற பதங க ள கய ண ட வக ச லபம க த னம ப ட ஒர வழ யக க ண ப க கல ம. மல ம, அதன ந ட அ மப ப, ஒர வ தம ன ம ற யத தrந த க ண ட ப ன ன ஆழ ந த வ ஷயங க ள ச ல ல க க ட த த த த னத த ன வ rவ ன கட டத த ற க அ ழத த ச சல லல ம. இ த ப ல வ ணத த ன ஸ வர ச ஹ த யங க ள ம ன ற க லம ப ட த ஸ ரம ம சய யல ம. ந ரவல ப ட வதற க ம, வ ணத த ன ச ஹ த ய அ மப ப ம ற ய ந னவ ல க ண ட க த த னய ன உர வம ம ற மல கய ள வதற க ம வ ணம த ணய ய ந ற க றத. LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 106 //

114 ம ட வ ர கச சrகள ல ம தல இடத தப ப ட த த ர ந த வ ணங கள இன ற ந றய ம டக கச சrகள ல தவ க கப பட ட வர வ தக க ணக க ட யத ய ள ளத. இத ஆ ர க க யம ன வ ஷயமல ல. பண டய க லத த ல ஒர வ ணம ப ட ம ப த அன றய கச சrய ல இடம பற இர க க ன ற வ rவ ன ஆல ப னக க rய இர கம எத வன ற ப லப பட ட வ ட ம (Main Item). ஆன ல, இன ற சப க கச சrகள ல க ட 3 மண நரம, 4 மண நரம என பத க றக கப பட ட 2 மண நரம, 1மண நரம என ற ஆனத ல க ற ப ப ட ட கச சrகள ல மட ட ம வ ணங கள இடம பற க ன றன. ஏ னய கச சrகள ல எல ல ம க ட ம னவ ரய ல வ ணங கள ப ட வத தவ க கப பட ட வர க ன றத. ம ச ற ச ப ரமண யஐய, ச த த ச ப ப ரமண ய ப ள ள, டக வரத ச ச rய ப ன ற கள ன க லகட டத த ல வ ணங கள க க ம கற பன ஸ ரங கள ப ட அ வ ய ர ப ரம க கச சய தன என பத க ற ப ப டத தக கத. இக க லக கட டங கள ல வ ணங கள க க ½ மண நரத த ற க மல க நரம ஒத க கப பட ட ர ந தத. தற ப த ப த ப ப த வ ணங கள ன வரவ க க ம பஞ சம ல ல. தட எட த தவன தண ட ல க ரன என பத ப ல, 3 வர டம அல லத 4 வர டம சங க தம கற ற க க ண டவ ட ன ய வ ணங கள, க த த னக ள இயற ற ப ப ட வத வழக கம க வ ட டத. இத தவ றன ற ச ல வதற க ல ல. ஆன ல வ ணங கள ம, உர ப பட கள ம இயற ற வதற க ஆழ ந த இ ச ஞ னம த ளங க ளப பற ற ய ஞ னம, ம ழ அற வ என பன த வ. இ வக ள வள த த க க ண ட உர ப பட க ள இயற ற வத ச லச ச றந தத. த ன ற ம ப த ய வகள நல லவ ஷய த தம உள ள வய க இர ந த ல, இர கரம க ப ப வர வற பத இ ச உலகத த ற க ஆ ர க க யம ன வள ச ச யத தரக க ட ய ஒன ற. பழ மக ளப ப த க ப ப ம ; ப த மக ளய ம ப த த ண ச ச ய ட ஏற ற க க ள வ ம ; வ ணங க ள வ ழ வப ப ம. ர ம ந ம ம - தஷ, ம ர க - அrக ம ப த LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 107 //

115 Vanishing Memories: A Rare Image of Brahmā from Tiṭṭ ṭṭakuṭi *K.Thenmozhi, Ph.D. Research Scholar-(Full time), Roll No , Department of History, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar *Dr.R.Udaiachandran, Assistant Professor, Department of History, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar A land without ruins is a land without memories, a land without memories is a land without history. Mahā-Bhārata was turned a land of ruins after a particular point of time due to the vandalistic zealots of certain Central Asian tribes since time immemorial, particularly with the advent of the crescent-bearers in search of a lebensraum for their starving multitude since the 8 th to the 11 th century CE. Ancient Indian centers of civilization, Buddhist, Jain and Hindu, from Gandhāra to Kāmarūpa in the north to Rāmeśvaram in the south were pillaged and plundered as attested by the Islamic chroniclers such as Zia-ud-din Barani and Ibn Bhatuta i. Material evidences to this systematic process of destruction may be found in the old Viśavanātha temple in Kāśī (now converted a dargaḥ ii ), the Kutb Minar complex in Delhi (venue of Candragupta Maurya s Mehrauli Iron Pillar Inscription) and the disastrous of all these vandalisms, Vijayanagara-Hampi in Karnāṭaka and Ceñci in north-western Tamilnāḍu. The disaster fell like a Gāzā if not Ghazna tempest (2018 in the east coast) on Vijayanagara that the City of Victory was turned the city of ruins, which was removed from the memory of the natives for several hundred years until Robert Sewell wrote on the Forgotten Empire (London 1924) and A.H. Longhurst on Hampi Ruins. There may be several such other venues in Tamilnadu of which a recent study on Paḻayāṟai, the domestic villa of the Cōḻas, has been brought to light iii. The present article, a chip from her doctoral thesis, is concerned with a rare image of Brahmā, housed on the northern devakoṣṭha of a later Cōḻa temple at Tiṭṭakuṭi in the south Ārkkāṭu district. The article examines the uniqueness of the icon, which is uncommon when compared with other images of the Cōḻa and Vijayanagara-Nāyaka periods. The arts of Mahā-Bhārata are immortal that no tempest could erase from the pages of history. Even if there is no exclusive temple for Brahmā in South India, he is uniformly posted on the northern devakoṣṭha of the Cōḻa temples iv since the 9 th century CE, which tradition was emulated down to the Vijayanagara-Nāyaka time. A standardized programme was followed on devakoṣṭhas appearing on the garbhagṛha and antarāḷa sections of Śiva temples facing the east, which may be diagrammatically shown as follows: LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 108 //

116 Liṅgodbhava west Dakṣināmūrti < garbhagṛha > Brahmā ^ south v north Gaṇapati antarāḷa Mahiṣamardinī/Koṟṟ ṟṟavai v ardhamaṇḍapa v mahāmaṇḍapa gopura Therefore, if Sadāśiva is viewed a polycephalous pañca-mūrti the following divinities are designed to face the cardinal directions v : east-tatpuruṣa, south-aghoramūrti, west- Satyojāta, north-vāmadeva (= Brahmā?, cf. the long ending vowel ā) and ūrdhvadik-ākāśa- Īśāna. The Śrītattvanidhi (Part IV, Brahmatattavanidhi ) lists 176 themes of which five deal with Caturmukha, Ādhya-Brahmā, Lokapāla-Brahmā, Prajāpati-Brahmā and Vidhi-Brahmā vi. Among the five, Caturmukha (the four-faced, Tamil Nānmukan associated with Śiva or Viṣṇu vii ) is accompanied by Sarasvatī and Prajāpati by Sāvitrī. Others are not expected to be followed by attendant divinities. In purāṇic versions and other śāstras, Brahmā is not associated with any attending divinity. We have found out an image of Brahmā from the Vaidhyanāthasvāmi temple at Tiṭṭakuṭi or Tiṭṭaguḍi (Fig. 1), guḍi in Kaṇṇaḍa and Telugu means temple, e.g. Huccimalli-guḍi, Kont-guḍi in Aihole viii ) in which the Lord is attended by two juxtaposed divinities. The present article identifies who the auxiliary gods could be ix. The temple at Tiṭṭakuṭi bears inscriptional evidences dated since the time of Kulottuṅga I x, which gives clue to the date 1160 CE. This is to suggest the temple existed by about the time of the later Cōḻas. The image of Brahmā is consecrated on the northern devakoṣṭha of the temple. The other images are found as usual (cf. chart above), i.e. Dakṣiṇāmūrti to the south and Liṅgodbhavamūrti to the west, including Gaṇapati and Koṟṟavai. Normally, Brahmā appears all alone either seated or standing xi. The rarity of the present image is two additional figures appearing on separate niches affixed in between kuḍyastambhas on either side. We may take into consideration Liṅgodbhavamūrti for a corresponding example. Since the Pallava period, e.g. the Kailāsanātha temple in Kāñcīpuram, Liṅgodbhava is attended on either side by Brahmā (to the right) and Viṣṇu (to the left) in addition to Kūrma diving below the earth in zoomorphic form and hamsa (haṅsa) flying above xii. Normally, such additional characters are not added in case of Brahmā. The main image of Brahmā is aesthetically appealing samapāda-sthānaka posted on a padma-pīṭha (Fig. 2). Caturbhuja, the parahastas take the akṣamālā (right) and kamaṇḍalu (left). The faces are visibly three, the middle frontal and the other two profile, and one more is hidden behind. The Lord is LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 109 //

117 decked with a tall jaṭāmakuṭa as one may find in Pallava images of Viṣṇu. The front right hand is in abhamudrā and left ūruhasta. Graced with the yajñopavita and a few other ornaments, the hip is tucked with a mekhala fitted with a kīrtimukha represented by lion-face. The two attending divinities appearing on either side are samapāda-sthānaka, dvibhuja lifting a flower in a hand on the side of the main figure, Brahmā. These two are likely to be Sūrya and Candra as their faces are graced with halo. I do not know whether any śāstraic mandate stipulates the presence of Sūrya and Candra attending on Brahmā. In any case the present image is unique associating the planetary deities, two of the Navagrahas with Brahmā. I am told the German scholar professor Gerd J.R. Meviseen has done lot of work on the Navagrahas xiii. His works may provide a clue to find out why Sūry xiv and Candra are associated with Brahmā. Though unknown to the outer world, and slumbering in a corner of the Veḷḷāṟu River basin, the Tiṭṭakuṭi temple and its arts are unexposed to the outer world. The image of Brahmā reported herein demonstrates Tiṭṭakuṭi is a venue broadcasting the merits of Indian aesthetic arts. These are vanishing memories that must be brought to the wider attention of scholars working on Indian art. While doing field work, the author was able to detect (see fig. 2) flowers showered at the feet of the Lord, which means Brahmā is a venerable divinity though separate temples for the Lord are not found in the South. We may add rituals centering on Brahmā are living. These are the never vanishing memories of Mahā-Bhārata whatever may be the magnitude of vandalism or terrorism perpetrated. Illustrations 1. View of the mahāmaṇḍapa, Vaidhyanāthasvāmi temple, Tiṭṭakuṭi 2. Brahmā, Tiṭṭakuṭi temple 1. View of the mahāmaṇḍapa, Vaidhyanāthasvāmi Temple, Tiṭṭ ṭṭakuṭi LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 110 //

118 2. Brahmā, Tiṭṭ ṭṭakuṭi temple 1. Elliot and Dowson, The History of India as told by its own Historians, Vol. III, p. 91; S. Krishnasvami Aiyangar, South India and her Muhammadan Invaders (Chand & Co. New Delhi n.d.) citing the Madhurāvijayam of Gaṅgādevī. 2. The Pallāvaram cave temple of Mahendravarman I is now a dargaḥ (see K.R. Srinivasan, Cave Temples of the Pallavas, New Delhi 1964), pp , pl. IV. 3. Veenus Jain ed., Historical Monuments: History, Culture, Heritage and Beyond (Pupiter Publications Consortium, Chennai 2018), pp Uttamarkōyil, in the Śrīraṅgam Island accommodates three garbhagṛhas for Śiva, Viṣṇu and Brahmā. Otherwise, Brahmā is one among the Āvaraṇamūrti, housed in a devakoṣṭha. 5. B.N. Sharma, Iconography of Sadāśiva (New Delhi 1976), pls. I-XXXVII; Jeyapriya- Rajarajan, Stucco Images of the Vijayanagara-Nāyaka Time, The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society, Vol. 105: 1 (2014), figs Śrītattvanidhi, ed. K.S. Subhrahmanya Sastri, Tancavur Sarasvatī Mahal Library (Tancavur 2007), Vol. I, pp In Śiva-Kalyāṇasundaramūrti form, Brahmā is the officiating priest, solemnizing the marriage by conducting the agnicārya. In Nārāyaṇa-Śeṣaśāyī, Brahmā appears atop the lotus (hiraṇyagarbha), emanating from the umbilicus of the reposing Lord. Tirumalicai Ālvār (Nanmukan Tiruvantāti, v. 1) says Nanmukan is ordained by Nārāyaṇa and Brahmā created Śiva-Śaṅkara to his turn. 8. R.K.K. Rajarajan, Aihole Revisited. Annali dell Universita di Napoli L Orientale (Naples), Vol. 72 (2012), pp LFS- LITERARY FINDINGS DECEMBER ISSN : // 111 //