NATIONAL COOPERATIVE SYSTEM - COMPONENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

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1 NATIONAL COOPERATIVE SYSTEM - COMPONENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Prof. Constantin ANGHELACHE PhD (actincon@yahoo.com) Artifex University of Bucharest Abstract In this article, the authors carried out a careful study of the cooperative genesis in Romania, starting from the interpretation of the concrete data and referring to the emergence of this concept, to this economic structure that was world-wide. Co-operation in Romania, as well as in other Member States of the European Union, is a sector of activity that gathers individuals or legal entities organized by the cooperative system. The cooperative movement has a long tradition in the world and consequently also in Romania, developing on the basis of the main cooperative models that emerged in the 19th century at the international level. There are references to a series of people and personalities of the time who have made their mark on the emergence and development of the cooperative movement in general and of the craft cooperative movement in particular. In this study, the authors analyze the emergence and evolution of the cooperative movement in Romania, emphasizing the conceptual framework and the legal and public policy framework of co-operation. Essentially, in analyzing and presenting the evolution of cooperative models that have developed in Romania is the creation of cooperative societies that have developed at European level, but also in Romania. With developments from one period to the next, the cooperative movement in Romania was a particular fi eld that has developed both in terms of the number of cooperative units and the number of members included in this type of socio-economic organization. Over time, there have been ideas about co-operatives with dedication in the fi nancial, relief, and other forms, but the most convincing and lasting for the evolution of a country s economy is craftsmanship. This creates jobs that are appropriate to the regions and concerns the population has in a certain area. Secondly, it assures the development of a part of the economy by capitalizing on the specialized human potential, without any effort on the part of the state, appreciating that the cooperative craftsmanship movement has always been the one that remained independent, autonomous in a certain way, in the sense that it was self-managed and thus managed to achieve results for the national economy as well. In this research, the authors made a diagnosis of the current situation and the trends that have manifested in the cooperative movement over the last decade. The emphasis was on the evolution of the 18 Romanian Statistical Review - Supplement nr. 4 / 2018

2 craftsmanship co-operation, namely the short history of evolution in the domestic and international context, the modifi cation of the craft movement site in Romania, as well as the international cooperative relations in this area within the framework of the International Co-operative Alliance. The authors focus on the fact that, even during the communist period, the cooperative craft movement had a rather important activity, contributing to a high percentage of the then total social product (now Gross Domestic Product). In the free market, the craft cooperative movement has reorientated, it has been readapted to the existing conditions. However, none of the fi elds of activity have disappeared, and thus they continue their efforts to continue with the sustained production activity, internal and external marketing and services for the population. The country s legislative system shows that despite the diffi culties of the free market, UCECOM s work has become stable and has development concerns, with the material, human and fi nancial premises (resources) to further consolidate and to have a more appropriate, more profi table situation in the next period. The authors also focus on the fact that during the last 12 years the course of cooperative craftsmanship activity had a stable activity, and it was assumed that in this immediate period (after the congress this year) new measures would be taken to ensure the improvement of the activity within the cooperative societies. The authors present a series of compelling data to show that there are prerequisites for the work of cooperative crafts to grow and attract new human and fi nancial resources to become an important component of the national economy. JEL Classification: J21, J54, P13 Keywords: cooperative system, craft cooperatives, national economy, fi nancial source, labor force Introduction Within this article, the authors focus on analyzing the emergence, evolution and development of the cooperative system worldwide, and by analyzing and correlating the development of cooperative development in Romania. The authors study is based on the development of the cooperative system in Romania during the period before the First World War, then the interwar period, the stage of the staged economy, located between and the stage of the market economy. The emphasis is on presenting the legislative framework specific to each of these periods, but also on the role of the cooperative movement for the benefit of local entities, but also with the effect on the evolution of the national economy. In passing, there are references to the consumer co-operation system, the credit co-operation system, the cooperative system in the field of agriculture that was specific Revista Română de Statistică - Supliment nr. 4 /

3 only to the communist period, but especially to the craft cooperative system. Certain professions, certain occupations, some local resources are being used in an efficient way, given that UCECOM, the governing body of craft cooperatives, is committed to implementing new and effective measures to ensure increased activity in this area. Some references are made to the situation in the country, the free market is demanding, and new measures are needed to adapt craftsmanship to market requirements, especially as Romania is a member of the European Union. The authors emphasize that in the European Union, this crafting and cooperative activity in general have a well-defined role, and the idea that the crafting activity in our country in the next period will have a positive trend. Some graphs and tables are presented which suggest, through the power of figures, the evolution of the cooperative movement in general and the craft movement in particular. Literature review Borzaga, Bodini, Carini, Depedri, Galera and Salvatori (2014) analyzed the role of social enterprises and cooperatives as a type of non-profit economic organization that plays an increasingly important role in Europe, contributing to growth economic and social. Crucerus (2014) presented aspects of cooperative doctrine. Galera and Borzaga (2009) studied the evolution of the concept of social enterprise at international level. Levi and Davis (2008) presented cooperatives as a model based on dual, economic and social components. Light (2006) addressed issues concerning the main ways of rethinking social entrepreneurship. Lotti, Mensing and Valenti (2006) have shown that the cooperative system protects communities and thrives in a globalized world. McCain (2007) demonstrated that the cooperative solution is viable in a working group where workers make the effort as a mutual gift, which can explain the observed trend of cooperatives to achieve higher productivity. Novkovic (2008) has shown that cooperative principles provide additional insights into the questions that cooperative societies can thrive in areas with low labor mobility, predominant market failures, oligopolistic markets, and industries with strong intense work. Novkovic (2006) studied the role of cooperative principles and values in the development of cooperatives. Vieta and Lionais (2005) investigated the advantages of cooperatives in community development. Research methodology, data, results and discussions Co-operation is not a new term, nor a new actovotate, it has its origins in forms of social-economic organization in the world, from ancient times. The cooperative system evolved and developed unceasingly in all the nations of the world and, especially, in the developed ones. 20 Romanian Statistical Review - Supplement nr. 4 / 2018

4 In this context, we note that co-operatives currently offer over 100 million jobs around the world, 20% more than multinationals. In Canada, 4 out of 10 Canadians are members of at least one cooperative, and cooperatives and credit unions have over 155,000 employees. In the Quebec region of Canada, about 70% of the population is a cooperative member. Cooperatives producing maple sugar in Canada hold 35% of world production. 23 million French citizens (about 38% of the population) are co-operating members. 75% of agricultural producers are members of a cooperative. The cooperative movement s turnover is 181 trillion euros, cooperatives holding 60% of banks, 40% of agricultural and food production and 25% of retail sales. In terms of jobs, 21,000 co-operatives provide over 1 million jobs representing 3.5% of the active population. 1 out of 4 people (about 20 million people) is a member of a cooperative in Germany and 440,000 people are employed in 8106 cooperatives. In Japan, one in three families is a member of a cooperative. In 2007, consumer cooperatives had a turnover of US $ trillion, accounting for 5.9% of the market share of food. In India, ca. 239 million people are co-operating members. In New Zealand, 40% of the adult population is a member of cooperatives and mutualities. Cooperatives produce 22% of GDP, accounting for 95% of the dairy market, 70% of the meat market, 62% of the grocery market, 75% of the pharmaceutical market, 70% of the agricultural fertilizer market. Spain has 15% of the cooperative member population (in 2008). In 2007, the cooperative provided jobs for 21.6% of the labor market. Argentina has 12,670 cooperative societies with more than 9.3 million members (23.5% of the country s population) and offers over 233,000 jobs. Italy had about 1 million employees in 2005 in 70,400 cooperative societies. 4 out of 10 people are members of cooperatives in the US. 30,000 co-operatives hold USD 3 trillion in subscribed capital, generate revenues of over USD 500 billion and USD 25 billion in salaries and provide over 2 million jobs. In rural areas there are more than 900 co-operatives supplying electricity to over 42 million inhabitants, accounting for 42% of US distribution lines. The cooperative ideas entered Romania in the first half of the nineteenth century. There are known the concerns of many personalities to promote associationist ideas. Valuable contributions to the theoretical foundation of the revolutionary development program of the country, including associationist principles, have had great personalities such as N. Balcescu, S. Bărnuțiu, A. Iancu, E. Murgu, A. D. Xenopol and others. Theodor Diamant ( ), the initiator of the Skaeni-Prahova phalanx in 1835, who started from the idea that the struggle is now between those who have and those who do not and stressed the need to remove the Revista Română de Statistică - Supliment nr. 4 /

5 society that did not provide classes from the bottom even the right to a decent minimum of living (food, housing, clothing and work that is not harmful to their health). Spiru Haret ( ), mathematician, sociologist, teacher, minister in several cabinets, was one of the promoters of the Romanian vocational education, the initiator of arts and crafts schools. He supported the establishment of popular banks, based on the principles of co-operative organization. Thus, in 1899 there were initiated 20 village banks and in 1900 another 44. In September 1902 there were 700 popular village banks, 69,817 members and 4,250,000 lei, at the value of the coin of that period, shed capital. Ion Ghica pays attention to agricultural co-operation, as a way of removing the advantages that the great owner has over the small landowner. It is expected to associate small owners to concentrate large agricultural units that can use modern means of working the earth. In support of co-operatives, it establishes co-operative credit cooperatives (cooperative banks) for agricultural purposes. In the rural area, the co-operative stream was promoted by Ion Ionescu from Brad ( ), economist, statistician, agronomist, representative of agricultural sciences. Ion Ionescu of Brad saw the salvation of the peasantry from the economic and cultural backwardness in which it was, first of all, the credit. At the time, the problem of domestic financial resources was the most delicate issue. P.S. Aurelian ( ), economist, fought for the implementation of co-operation in the economic life of Romania, under the impetus of the notable results obtained in the Western countries by the cooperative societies of production, consumption and credit. Give priority to production and credit associations and consumer cooperatives. Dimitrie C. Butculescu ( ), aimed to determine the craftsmen and workers to organizations of an economic nature. It played a special role in promoting association ideas among craftsmen of all categories. We can say that it is due to the beginning of the cooperative associations of craftsmen, this way of organizing the production permanently and then, developing continuously. An important moment in the development of cooperative activity in the Old Kingdom was the appearance in May 1887 of the Code of Commerce. After the entry into force of the Commercial Code, a number of cooperative societies appeared due to the guarantee they gave to associated members in obtaining income and the prospect of working in the interest of those involved in these cooperatives. Numerically, cooperative associations far outperform those in the previous phase. In 1898 there were 154 popular banks, out of 22 Romanian Statistical Review - Supplement nr. 4 / 2018

6 which 128 were in the urban area and 26 in the rural one, the village ones dating back to 1887, as well as a number of cooperative associations. On March 29, 1903, the Law of Folk People s Banks and their Central House was adopted, which influenced the emergence of new forms of cooperative association. Concretely, at this point, there was a rapprochement between credit cooperatives and craftsmen (craftsmen), in the sense that, in the context of the banking system being quite limited (the capital was, in high proportions, foreign, the interest was other forms of co-operatives have been supported, credit offering financial sources more accessible to producers. On Dec. 20, 1909, the Law for the Establishment of Popular Banks of Craftsmen and Cooperatives for Production, Consumption, Construction and Trade was adopted, a more appropriate form, referring to a complex and unitary associative system. In the twentieth century, a number of personalities, including IG Duca, Ion Mihalache, Ion N. Angelescu, Vintilă Bratianu, A.G. Galan, Gh. Tashka, contributed to the consolidation and development of the cooperative activity. In his turn, Virgil N. Madgearu was concerned about the definition of the cooperative society, which he defined as: Cooperatives, as economic associations of labor, unlike the joint stock companies, which are associations of capital. Professor Gromoslav Mladenatz has been actively involved in the development of cooperative activity in Romania during the period between the two world wars. In the interwar period, Romania s economy was in a delicate situation. On the one hand, there was the problem of rebuilding the economy after the First World War, the employment that had become difficult to achieve because of the agrarian character of the economy and the lack of financial resources and technological capital. On the other hand, there was already the impetus for the positive evolution of the cooperative societies, the fastest way to consolidate the existing ones and the emergence of such new organizations that brought together the craftsmen (craftsmen). The evolution of co-operative legislation followed a course that has intensified over time. However, economic, social and political conditions have led to a sinuous evolution of co-operation. The legislation of those years reflects the state s concern for cooperative activity. Summing up, let us mention, in chronological order, the main normative acts regarding the cooperative system that were promulgated at that time are the following: - on January 3, Decree - Law on Establishment of the Central Cash Cooperative and Landowners Villagers; - on February 9, Decree - Law on the Establishment of Urban People s Cooperatives; Revista Română de Statistică - Supliment nr. 4 /

7 - on 30 April Law on the organization of the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare (as amended on June 12, 1920), in paragraph 4, art presents the organization of the City Cooperative Department and the City Co-operation Council; - March 14, Law for the unification of co-operation; - on July 12, the Code of Co-operation; - March 28, Law on the Organization of Co-operation; - Regulation for the implementation of the law on the organization of the co-operation of 28 March 1929, as amended and supplemented by the Laws of 4 April 1930 and 7 April 1933; - on July 27, Law no. 149 for organizing co-operation; - in 1935 the Law for the organization of cooperatives (amended in 23.VI.1938, 20.I.1939, 18.X.1940 and 22.II.1941) appeared, this being the most complete normative act in the field, which had as the consolidation of the cooperative system, especially of the craftsman. After 1944, in the years of the period of the economized economy, the cooperative operated, without having a precise identity regulated by law. It was only in 1949, on 2 April, that Decree no. 133, for the organization of co-operation, which abrogates the 1935 law and subsequent amendments. The decree provided for the organization of the following forms of cooperatives: craftsmanship; consumer-supply, processing and sales; agricultural production-collective farms and others. Specifically, the beginnings of the craftsmanship co-operation in Romania date back to 1879 when the first organization of this kind was established - Shoemakers Society (Bucharest). If the consumer cooperative was active mainly in the rural area, the craftsman was present predominantly in urban and rural areas, where there were craftsmen and resources, especially natural ones. Cooperative activity grew rapidly, so at the beginning of 1950 there were 568 cooperatives with 63,000 members. During the communist era, the cooperative system produced about 21% of GDP, of which 11% brought the co-operative cooperative and 10% of the consumption. We can say that during the communist period the number of members increased artificially due to the benefits they could gain by entering this system. In Communism, the craft cooperative system had the monopoly in the urban environment in the provision of certain local services such as repairs, services, but also the production of handicrafts, clothing, household goods and others. 24 Romanian Statistical Review - Supplement nr. 4 / 2018

8 During the years , the co-operative managed to attract in its work a growing number of craftsmen. They have benefited from professional conditions of organizing productive activity, earning gains, including a better standard of living than that provided by state-owned enterprises. The evolution of the results registered by the cooperative sector, to the main economic indicators, during the above mentioned period, is presented in the following table: Evolution of Cooperative Sector Results Table no variation Production of industrial goods and non-industrial services (billions lei) 1,0 38,3 38 times Production of industrial goods (billions lei) 0,9 34,0 34 times Remaining Fixed Assets (ROL billions) 0,7 9,1 13 times Cooperative number % Number of co-workers times Craftsmanship co-operation was the only alternative to the centralized economy. As a magnifying order, the craftsmanship cooperative owned the entire cosmetics and hairdressing market in the urban area, the entire home repair market, a large part of the automotive repair market, 50% of the handmade carpet production, 60% of the globe production, the craft market and many more. After the fall of the communist regime, UCECOM (National Union of Handicraft and Production Cooperatives) is the organization representing the craftsmanship co-operative. It organized in the first years after 1989 the first bank with Romanian private capital - MINBANK, which later became ATEBANK in the period of inflation growth ( ). UCECOM still holds 25% of the Bank s shares so that it can negotiate advantageous credit conditions for its members. At present, craft cooperatives own about 99% of the cosmetics and hairdressing market, 95% of the small repair market or 85% of the auto repair market. The number of craft cooperatives registered an increase between 1989 and 1998, followed by a slight decrease in the period After the Law 1/2005, the number of these cooperatives increased. Regarding the number of cooperative members, we see a decline, after 1990, due to the lack of legislation supporting this form of organization of qualified specialists in various professions. There is an increasing trend of concentration of craft cooperatives from the perspective of the number of employees. Cooperative Hygiene is ranked among the top 5 craft cooperatives as a number of employees. Revista Română de Statistică - Supliment nr. 4 /

9 Most craft cooperatives have 54.7% of the manufacturing industry, followed by other services % and trade %. The core activities of the cooperative, in general, included the main areas: commercial; purchases of agro-food products from households for use on the market; food and non-food production; providing services to the population; credits for cooperating members; investment-construction; teacher training (cooperative vocational schools); external economic relations, etc. Returning to the period of the communist economy, the Law no. 6 July 10, on the organization and functioning of consumer co-operation. The 1970 consumer and credit cooperative consisted of 7.2 million members in consumer, credit and craft cooperatives, with an annual economic activity of ROL 136 billion ( ); ROL 190 billion ( ); cooperatives in 1950; 39 county unions, 74 economic enterprises; 21,000 production-service units, 857 bakeries, agri-food purchasing centers. In the area of commerce, the cooperative ranks second in the economy, accounting for 27-30% of the total. Consumption co-operation ensures the supply of approx million inhabitants, ie approx. 68% of the total population, from the rural environment. In Communism, the craft cooperative system had the monopoly in the urban environment in the supply of certain local services such as repairs and service provision. Craftsmanship co-operation was the only alternative to the centralized economy. As a magnifying order, the craftsmanship cooperative owned the entire cosmetics and hairdressing market in the urban area, the entire home repair market, a large part of the automotive repair market, 50% of the handmade carpet production, 60% of the globe production. Credit co-operatives have provided support to their members and small village producers by providing short- and medium-term loans on more advantageous terms. As a result of the forced co-operatives of the agricultural landowners, in 1965 the statutes of the agricultural cooperative of production, of the cooperative unions and of the Cooperative agriculture pension house were elaborated. Following were the decisions of the National Union of Agricultural Productive Cooperatives which regulated the system of organization and remuneration of labor in the CAP or on the improvement of the living conditions of the members of the CAP. 26 Romanian Statistical Review - Supplement nr. 4 / 2018

10 The cooperative system implies democratic governance, autonomy and independence of the cooperative community, fair distribution of benefits, cultivating honesty, pluralism and education in the spirit of human solidarity. The activity of craftsmanship co-operation after 1989 takes place in a new context determined by the reform process and, in particular, by the market economy option. Decree-Law no. 66 of 8 February 1990 on the organization and functioning of the craft cooperative, legislated the role and place of the craftsmanship co-operation in the national economy as a whole, its independence and its real autonomy. The Crafts Cooperative Council has acted to include craft cooperative organizations in the category of small and medium-sized enterprises, which benefit from national facilities. In 1990, the consumer and credit cooperative was structurally and organizationally structured. It was necessary, however, in the context of the transition to a market economy, to adopt a series of new organizational and content measures designed to contribute to an adaptation to the requirements of the new economic and social structures. By Law no. 227/2007 for the approval of O.U. 99/2006 on credit institutions and capital adequacy, credit co-operatives are Romanian legal entities, autonomous associations, which carry out activities specific to credit institutions. The central body of credit cooperatives promotes the interests of credit cooperatives and has the following attributions: representation of economic, financial, legal, socio-cultural interests of credit co-operatives in the relationship with the National Bank of Romania; tracking and ensuring the cohesion and smooth operation of the whole network; oversight of affiliated credit cooperatives; guaranteeing the obligations of credit cooperatives; reporting the data and information requested by the National Bank of Romania; ensuring the management of available network resources. Under the Agricultural Cooperative Law, the agricultural cooperative is an autonomous association of natural and / or legal persons, as the case may be, a private legal person established on the basis of the free consent expressed by the parties, in order to promote the interests of cooperative members, according to cooperative principles. The Agricultural Cooperative is an autonomous association with an unlimited number of members, with variable capital, exercising an economic, technical and social activity to provide goods, services and jobs exclusively or mainly to its members. The agricultural cooperative includes cooperatives, legal entities by fields and branches of activity, such as: agricultural cooperatives; agricultural cooperatives for purchases and sales; agricultural cooperatives for processing agricultural products; agricultural and cooperative agricultural cooperatives; Revista Română de Statistică - Supliment nr. 4 /

11 agricultural cooperatives for the exploitation and management of agricultural, forestry, fishery and livestock lands; agricultural cooperatives for funding. We have presented some legal aspects of agricultural co-operation, saying that in the cooperative system, agriculture is far behind. In the agrarian system, private companies operate by concentrating land according to the principle (legal category) lease. The current focus is on the concentration of agricultural holdings, the only way to return to the application of higher agrotechnics (mechanization, chemistry, irrigation and other forms of land improvement). Law no. 1/2005 regulates the general framework for the organization and functioning of cooperatives, formed in various forms: cooperative craft enterprises; consumer cooperative societies; cooperative capitalization companies; agricultural cooperative societies; housing cooperative societies; cooperative fisheries companies; cooperative transport companies; forestry cooperative societies; cooperative societies of other forms. In the period after December 1989, the cooperative system took a new form and consolidated on new bases. Thus, in the period , before the onset of the economic and financial crisis, there was a momentum, after which there was a slight decline, as a result of the economic and financial crisis, which affected the world economy during The passenger effect is felt, but with careful measures of better organization and efficient activity, the craft cooperative is recovering. Evolution of the main economic indicators of the entire cooperative Figure no.1 In the field of craft cooperatives, their share, by number of employees, shows an increase, as shown in figure no. 2. This means a process of relaunching craft cooperatives after the aforementioned economic and financial crisis. 28 Romanian Statistical Review - Supplement nr. 4 / 2018

12 The evolution of the cooperative cooperatives share by number of employees Figure no. 2 The period after the economic and financial crisis experienced a slight rebound in the value of the total production of craft cooperatives, a process that recovered after 2012, with preconditions for the next period. Comparing the value of the retail trade and the investment process, we can see that both had the same upward trend until the crisis, then a reduction during the economic and financial crisis, after which the positive evolution was resumed. As regards the external activity of delivery of craft products, mainly in the countries of the European Union, we note the increase of the preoccupation, with the prospect that many products, in suitable quantities and prices, cross Romania s borders. The European Union market is sufficiently attractive, with good possibilities, especially under the free movement of goods and services directive, which has transformed exports into direct, tax-free sales. As the latest appreciations of other cooperative segments, they point out that as regards the evolution of consumer and credit co-operation, although they have also diminished their activity, they remain an important pillar in rural areas. Regarding the link with the external, community or extra-community market, they have never had a concrete activity to carry out analyzes. Also, the agricultural cooperative was abandoned in 1990, and now it is trying to return to similar forms, specific to the present moment. The specific element of this stage is the creation of new type of agricultural cooperatives. Revista Română de Statistică - Supliment nr. 4 /

13 Conclusion In the analysis, the authors emphasized the national structure of the cooperation in our country, on organizational and territorial aspects. The authors also concluded that in the area of co-operation, although there is an adequate legislative system, some measures are still required to strengthen the place and role of the cooperative in economic activity, representing a framework for absorbing the population, as well as participation in the market internal products and services they offer. The authors study reveals a series of conclusions on how the development of the cooperative movement, in general and the craftsmanship in particular, emerged, evolved and evolved. A first conclusion is that cooperative movement is a necessity in the economy of each country. Worldwide, the cooperative sector has a strong economic and social role, through the number of cooperative members, through the created jobs, as well as by the market shares held and the contribution of activity in the Gross Domestic Product. Considered in an economic manner, correlated with adequate management and investment policy, the Romanian co-operative system can constitute an important sector of the market, meeting a significant segment of customer / consumer demand or the need of producers organized on appropriate forms. Craft co-operative activity is a reality of the days and can ensure the superior capitalization of local human, professional and financial resources. At the same time, this craft activity has an economic and social role as well, through the work of cooperative members working in this field. Another conclusion is that the cooperative activity in the field of crafts was and remains an old guild with a continuous activity of attraction towards specialization, for activity a series of people. In this respect, we recall the fact that the craft cooperative system has vocational schools, lyceums and a university that can give the essence of training well-trained professionals in these fields and who are able to ensure a future improvement of the economic activity. We can not fail to conclude that the activity in the field of craftsmanship co-operation is perfecible, and this year s congress of UCECOM will certainly bring new projects, new plans of measures implemented with the rigor so far to ensure a superior evolution of the obtained results in the craft cooperative activity. References 1. Borzaga, C., Bodini, R., Carini, C., Depedri, S., Galera, G. and Salvatori, G. (2014). Europe in Transition: The Role of Social Cooperatives and Social Enterprises, Euricse Working Papers, Cruceru, D. (2014). Cooperația în România. Istorie și actualitate, Editura Artifex, Bucureşti 30 Romanian Statistical Review - Supplement nr. 4 / 2018

14 3. Galera, G. and Borzaga, C. (2009). Social Enterprise: An International Overview of its Conceptual Evolution and Legal Implementation. Social Enterprise Journal, 5 (3), Levi, Y. and Davis, P. (2008). Cooperatives as the enfants terribles of economics: Some implications for the social economy. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 37 (6), Light, P. (2006). Reshaping social entrepreneurship. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 4 (3), Lotti, R., Mensing, P. and Valenti, D. (2006). A co-operative solution. Resilience report, Strategy and Business Magazine, 43, summer McCain, R. (2007). Cooperation and effort, resiprocity and mutual supervision in worker cooperatives. In: Novkovic, S., Sena, V. (Eds.), Advances in the Economic Analysis of Participatory and Labor-Managed Firms. Cooperative Firms in Global Markets: Incidence, Viability and Economic Performance, 10, Elsevier Science, Novkovic, S. (2008). Definig the co-operative difference. The Journal of Socio- Economics, 37, Novkovic, S. (2006). Cooperative business: the role of co-operative principles and values. Journal of Cooperative Studies, 39 (1), Vieta, M. and Lionais, D. (2005). The Cooperative Advantage for Community Development. Journal of Entrepreneurial and Organizational Diversity, 1 (4) 11. *** Legea nr. 1 din 21 februarie 2005 privind organizarea şi funcționarea cooperației, cu modificările și completările ulterioare 12. *** Ordonanță de Urgență nr. 99 din 6 decembrie 2006 privind instituțiile de credit şi adecvarea capitalului 13. *** Ministerul pentru mediul de afaceri, comerț și antreprenoriat 14. *** - Uniunea Națională a Cooperației Mestesugărești - UCECOM 15. *** Banca Centrală Cooperatistă CREDITCOOP 16. *** - International Co-operatives Alliance 17. *** Institutul de Economie Socială 18. *** Institutul Național de Statistică Revista Română de Statistică - Supliment nr. 4 /