CRIMINAL LAW UNITS 1 6

Transcription

1 CRIMINAL LAW UNITS 1 6

2 This Manual has been updated by Mike Waring and thanks go to the previous authors of this Manual, Vicky Dickson, Sean Hutton and Jo Theobald.

3 CRIMINAL LAW UNITS 1 6

4 Criminal Law Manual Units 1 6 The University of Law The copyright in these course materials belongs to The University of Law. The course materials may not be copied either directly or indirectly without the permission of the University. Permission may be sought in writing to the Director of Programmes (Centres), The University of Law, Braboeuf Manor, St Catherines, Guildford GU3 1HA. The University of Law web address is The materials contained within this Manual are governed exclusively by the law of England and Wales. Published in Great Britain 2018 by The University of Law, Braboeuf Manor, St Catherines, Guildford GU3 1HA Fifteenth edition, 2018

5 FOREWORD This book is part of a series of Study Manuals that have been specially designed to support the study of core legal subjects on postgraduate law courses run at the University of Law. Each Study Manual aims to provide non-law graduates with a solid knowledge and understanding of the area of law studied, including how that law is applied. The Study Manual is an interactive text covering a broad legal syllabus whilst also developing key skills within the new academic discipline of law. Instead of covering detailed academic discussion in a single undergraduate textbook, the Study Manual supports the non-law graduate in the study of the core subject matter through the use of integrated activities and numerous opportunities for self-evaluation. At the University of Law, the Study Manual is used alongside other learning resources and, in particular, as preparation for study in workshops. The Study Manual provides the core knowledge base from which students can undertake higher level problem-solving and critical analysis of that area of law in workshops. We hope you find the Study Manual supportive of your studies in the discipline of law at the University of Law and wish you every success with your studies. In the interests of brevity, the masculine pronoun has been used throughout this Manual to include the feminine.

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7 CONTENTS FOREWORD... v TABLE OF CASES...ix TABLE OF LEGISLATION...xv INTRODUCTION... 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 2 THINKING ABOUT CRIMINAL LAW GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND HOW THEY APPLY IN PRACTICE... 5 SOME NON-FATAL OFFENCES AGAINST THE PERSON AND RELEVANT DEFENCES Sub-unit 1 Assaults, Consent, Reasonable Use of Force Sub-unit 2 Sexual Offences, Intoxication UNIT 3 UNLAWFUL KILLINGS Sub-unit 1 Murder and Manslaughter Sub-unit 2 Corporate Liability for Manslaughter UNIT 4 PROPERTY OFFENCES UNIT 5 Sub-unit 1 Theft and Fraud Sub-unit 2 Robbery and Burglary THE SCOPE OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY SECONDARY PARTICIPATION AND ATTEMPTS UNIT 6 CONSOLIDATION INDEX

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9 Table of Cases A (Children) (Conjoined twins, surgical separation), Re [2000] 2 WLR , 138, 188 Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] 1 All ER 821 (HL) 35 Andrews v DPP [1937] AC 576 (HL) 231, 232 Assagne v Swedish Prosecution Authority [2011] EWHC 2849 (Admin) 159 Attorney-General for Jersey v Holley [2005] 2 AC , 225 Attorney-General for Northern Ireland v Gallagher [1963] AC 349 (HL) 172 Attorney-General s Reference (No 1 of 1975) [1975] QB 773, [1975] 2 All ER 68 (CA) 398, 402 Attorney-General s Reference (No 3 of 1992) [1994] 2 All ER Attorney-General s Reference (No 3 of 1994) [1997] 3 All ER 936 (HL) 189 Attorney-General s Reference (No 6 of 1980) [1981] 2 All ER Attorney-General s Reference (Nos 1 and 2 of 1979) [1980] QB Callow v Tillstone (1900) 83 LT Chan Man-sin v R [1988] 1 All ER 1 296, 324 Chan Wing-Siu v The Queen [1985] 1 AC 168 (PC) 415, 416, 419 DPP for Northern Ireland v Maxwell [1978] 1 WLR DPP v Beard [1920] AC DPP v Camplin [1978] AC DPP v Gomez [1993] AC 442 (HL) 286, 287, 291 DPP v Huskinson [1988] Crim LR DPP v K [1990] 1 WLR DPP v Majewski [1977] 2 WLR 623 (HL) 168, 171, 175 DPP v Newbury and Jones [1977] AC , 228 DPP v Ray [1974] AC 370 (HL) 334, 335 DPP v Smith [1961] AC Du Cros v Lambourne [1907] 1 KB Edwards v Ddin [1976] 1 WLR , 305, 335, 338 Elliot v C [1983] 2 All ER , 56 Fagan v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1969] 1 QB Frenchay Healthcare NHS Trust v S [1994] 2 All ER 403 (CA) 36 Garrett v Arthur Churchill (Glass) Ltd and Another [1969] 2 All ER Hardman v Chief Constable of Avon and Somerset Constabulary [1986] Crim LR Haystead v Chief Constable of Derbyshire [2000] 3 All ER 890 (QB, DC) 102

10 x Table of Cases Hill v Baxter [1958] 1 QB Idrees v DPP [2011] EWHC 624 (Admin) 331 Ivey v Genting Casinos [2017] 3 WLR Jaggard v Dickinson [1980] 3 All ER , 177, 445 JJC (a Minor) v Eisenhower [1984] QB Johnson v Youden [1950] 1 KB , 410, 411 Laskey v UK [1996] 24 EHRR Lawrence v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1972] AC 626 (HL) 285, 286 Low v Blease [1975] Crim LR 301 Maxwell v DPP for Northern Ireland [1978] 1 WLR McCrone v Riding [1938] 1 All ER Metropolitan Police Commissioner v Caldwell [1982] AC 341 (HL) 51, 55, 56 M Naghten s Case (1843) [ ] All ER Rep Moriarty v Brookes (1834) 6 C & P National Coal Board v Gamble [1959] 1 QB , 409, 420 Oxford v Moss [1979] Crim LR Palmer v R [1971] AC P v DPP [2013] 1 Cr App R R (Collins) v Secretary of State for Justice [2016] EWHC 33 (Admin) 131 Read v Coker (1853) 13 CB Roe v Kingerlee [1986] Crim LR R (Rickets) v Basildon Magistrates Court [2011] 1 Cr App R R v Adomako [1995] 1 AC , 233, 234, 269 R v Allen [1985] AC R v Allen [1988] Crim LR R v Atakpu [1994] QB , 355 R v Bainbridge [1960] 1 QB , 413, 425 R v Ball [1989] Crim LR R v Barnes [2005] 1 WLR 910 (CA) 119 R v Bateman (1925) 19 Cr App R 8 (CA) 231, 232 R v Becerra (1975) 62 Cr App R , 422 R v Bird [1985] 2 All ER R v Blaue [1975] 1 WLR R v Bourne (1952) 36 Cr App R R v Boyle [1954] 2 QB R v Bree [2007] 2 All ER 676 (CA) 153 R v Briggs [2004] 1 Cr App R R v Bristow [2013] EWCA Crim R v Brown [1985] Crim LR R v Brown [1994] 1 AC , 119 R v Brown (Richard) [2013] UKSC R v Burstow [1997] 4 All ER 225 (HL) 100, 107

11 Table of Cases xi R v Byrne [1960] 2 QB 396 (CA) 209 R v Calhaem [1985] QB R v Chan-Fook [1994] 1 WLR R v Cheshire [1991] 1 WLR 844, [1991] 3 All ER 670 (CA) 191, 200, 201, 202, 239 R v Church [1965] 1 QB , 419 R v Clarence (1888) 22 QBD , 118 R v Clarke and Morabir [2013] EWCA Crim R v Clarkson [1971] 1 WLR , 400 R v Clegg [1995] 1 AC 482, [1995] 1 All ER R v Clinton, Parker and Evans [2012] EWCA Crim R v Clouden [1987] Crim LR 56 (CA) 354, 373 R v Cogan and Leak [1976] 1 QB 217 (CA) 405, 407 R v Collins [1973] 1 QB , 364, 365 R v Cotswold Geotechnical (Holdings) Ltd [2011] All ER (D) 100 (May) 267, 269 R v Cunningham [1957] 2 QB 396, [1957] 3 WKR 76 53, 56, 108 R v Dadson (1850) 4 Cox CC R v Dawson (1976) 64 Cr App R R v Dawson (1985) 81 Cr App R R v Denton [1981] 1 WLR R v Devonald [2008] EWCA Crim R v Dias [2002] Crim LR R v Dica [2004] 3 All ER 593 (CA) 117, 121 R v Dietschmann [2003] 1 AC 1209 (HL) 211 R v Doherty s Case (1887) 16 Cox CC 306, R v Dougal, 24 November 2005 (Swansea Crown Court) 152 R v Doughty (1986) 83 Cr App R R v Dowds [2012] EWCA Crim R v Dudley [1989] Crim LR 57 (CA) 81, 445, 449 R v Emmett [1999] All ER (D) 641 (CA) 121, 122 R v English [1997] 4 All ER 545 (HL) 415 R v Evans [2009] 1WLR R v F (J) & E (N) [2015] EWCA Crim 351, [2015] 2 Cr App R R v G [2004] 1 AC 1034, [2003] 3 WLR 1060 (HL) 51, 56, 76 R v Geddes 160 JP R v George [1956] Crim LR R v Ghosh [1982] QB 1053 (CA) 315, 317 R v Gibbins and Proctor (1918) 13 Cr App R R v Gnango [2012] 1 AC R v Graham [1982] 1 WLR 294 (CA) 138 R v Greenstein [1975] 1 WLR R v Grundy [1977] Crim LR R v Gullefer [1987] Crim LR R v H [2005] EWCA Crim R v Hale (1978) 68 Cr App R 415 (CA) 355 R v Hall [1973] 1 QB R v Hancock and Shankland [1986] 1 AC 455 (HL) 45, 46

12 xii Table of Cases R v Hardie [1984] 3 All ER R v Hatton [2005] All ER (D) 308, [2006] 1 Cr App R 16 (CA) 129, 174 R v Heard [2007] 3 WLR R v Hill (1989) 89 Cr App R R v Hinks [2000] 1 Cr App R 1, [2000] 3 WLR 1590, [2000] 4 All ER 833 (HL) 289 R v Hopley (1860) 2 F & F R v Horwood [2012] EWCA Crim R v Howe [1987] AC 417 (HL) 414 R v Hunt (1978) 66 Cr App R R v ICR Haulage Ltd [1944] KB 551 (CCA) 251, 252 R v Inglis [2011] 1 WLR R v Ireland [1997] 3 WLR 534 (HL) 99, 104 R v Jheeta (Harvinder Singh) [2007] EWCA Crim R v Jogee, Ruddock v The Queen [2016] UKSC 8, [2016] UKPC 7 416, 425 R v Jones [1990] 3 All ER 886 (CA) 388 R v Jones and Smith [1976] 3 All ER 54, [1976] 1 WLR 672 (CA) 362, 363, 364, 375 R v Jordan (1956) 40 Cr App R R v Kaitamaki [1985] AC , 199, 200, 201 R v Khan [1990] 2 All ER R v Khan [1998] Crim LR 830 (CA) 235 R v Kingston [1994] 3 All ER 353 (HL) 166, 172 R v Kirk, unreported, 4 March 2008, CA 154 R v Konzani [2005] EWCA Crim R v Lamb [1967] 2 QB R v Lambert [2001] 3 WLR R v Lambie [1981] 2 All ER R v Larsonneur (1933) 97 JP R v Latimer (1886) 17 QBD R v Lawrence [1972] AC R v Le Brun [1991] 4 All ER 673 (CA) 72 R v Lipman [1970] 1 QB , 180 R v Lloyd [1967] 1 All ER R v Lloyd [1985] QB R v Lovesey and Peterson [1970] 1 QB R v Lowe [1973] QB R v Malcherek and Steel [1981] 2 All ER 422, [1981] 1 WLR , 195, 196 R v Marshall [1998] 2 Cr App R R v Martin (Anthony) [2002] Crim LR R v McKechnie [1992] Crim LR 194 (CA) 202 R v Millard and Vernon [1987] Crim LR R v Miller [1954] 2 QB R v Miller [1983] 1 All ER R v Moloney [1985] 1 AC 905 (HL) 44, 45, 205 R v Morris [1984] AC 320 (HL) 285 R v Navvabi [1986] 3 All ER R v Nedrick [1986] 1 WLR 1025 (CA) 46, 47, 48, 205

13 Table of Cases xiii R v Nizzar (unreported, July 2012) 331 R v O Grady [1987] QB 995, [1987] 3 WLR 321 (CA) 136, 173, 174, 175, 180 R v O Leary [2013] EWCA Crim R v Pagett (1983) 76 Cr App R 279 (CA) 193 R v Pembliton (1874) LR 2 CCR R v Pittwood (1902) 19 TLR 37 36, 37 R v P&O European Ferries (Dover) Ltd (1991) 93 Cr App R R v Poulton (1832) 5 C & P R v Powell [1997] 4 All ER 545 (HL) 415 R v R [1991] 4 All ER 481 (HL) 151 R v Raphael [2008] EWCA Crim R v Ray [2018] 2 WLR R v Reid [1976] 62 Cr App R R v Richardson [1999] Crim LR 62 (CA) 116 R v Rose [2018] QB R v Ruffell [2003] 2 Cr App R (S) R v Russell and Russell (1987) 85 Cr App R R v Ryan [1996] Crim LR R v Savage, R v Parmenter [1991] 4 All ER , 108, 142 R v Seymour [1983] 2 AC R v Shivpuri [1987] AC R v Singh [1999] Crim LR R v Smith [1959] 2 QB R v Smith [1974] QB R v Smith [1979] Crim LR R v Smith (Morgan) [1998] 4 All ER R v Smith, Plummer and Haines [2011] EWCA Crim R v Smith (Wesley) [1963] 1 WLR R v Smith (Wesley), Anderson and Morris [1966] 2 QB R v Spratt [1991] 2 All ER R v Steer [1987] 2 All ER , 445 R v Stephenson [1979] QB R v Stone and Dobinson [1977] QB , 32, 33 R v Tabassum [2000] Crim LR 686 (CA) 116, 117 R v Turner (No 2) [1971] 2 All ER , 312 R v Tyrrell [1894] 1 QB R v Velumyl [1989] Crim LR R v Venna [1976] QB R v Vinall [2011] EWCA Crim R v Vincent (Christopher James) [2001] Crim LR R v Wain [1995] 2 Cr App R R v Walkington [1979] 1 WLR 1169 (CA) 368 R v Watson [1989] 2 All ER 865, [1989] 1 WLR , 228 R v Wesley Smith [1963] 1 WLR R v Wesley Smith, Anderson and Morris [1966] 2 QB R v White [1910] 2 KB , 191 R v Whybrow (1951) 35 Cr App R R v Williams (Gladstone) (1984) 78 Cr App R , 129, 136

14 xiv Table of Cases R v Willoughby [2004] EWCA Crim R v Wilson [1996] 3 WLR 125 (CA) 120 R v Wood [2008] Cr App R R v Woollin [1999] 1 AC 82 (HL) 47, 239, 439 Saunders v Archer (1576) 430 Shaw (Norman) v R [2002] Crim LR 140 (PC) 128 Sweet v Parsley [1970] AC 132 (HL) 70 Tesco Supermarket Ltd v Nattrass [1972] AC Thabo-Meli v R [1954] 1 All ER 373 (PC) 71 Tuck v Robson [1970] 1 WLR Wilcox v Jeffrey [1951] 1 All ER Williams v Phillips [1957] 41 Cr App R Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC ECtHR A v UK (1998) 27 EHRR Canada R v Whitehouse [1941] 1 WWR

15 Table of Legislation Accessories and Abettors Act 1861 s 8 269, 397 Children Act 2004 s Children and Young Persons Act 1933 s 1(2)(a) 31 Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986 s Contempt of Court Act 1981 s 1 69 s 2 69 s 2(1) 70 Coroners and Justice Act Part 2 (ss 52 73) 207 s , 438 s 52(1) 208 s 52(1B) 214 s , 216, 217, 221 s 54(1)(a) 217, 218, 219 s 54(1)(b) 217 s 54(1)(c) 217, 224, 226 s 54(2) 217, 219 s 54(3) 217, 224 s 54(4) (5) 217, 218 s 54(6) 217, 219 s 54(7) 217 s 54(8) 218, 219 s , 216, 220, 221 s 55(1) (2) 221 s 55(3) 221, 224, 226 s 55(4) 223, 224, 241 s 55(5) 221 s 55(6) 223 s 55(6)(a) 224 s 55(6)(b) 224 s 55(7) 223 s s 56(1) 217 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 continued s 56(2)(a) 217 Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act , 183, 245, 246, 254, 255, 264, 265, 267, 270, 274, 275 s 1 256, 257, 269 s 1(1) 257, 258, 272 s 1(2) 256, 257, 272 s 1(2)(d) 272 s 1(3) 256, 257, 260 s 1(4) 256, 260 s 1(4)(b) 259 s 1(4)(c) 262, 272 s 1(5) (7) 257 s 2 258, 269 s 2(1) 258 s 2(5) 259 s 8 260, 272 s 8(1) (5) 260 s s 9(5) 266 s s 10(4) 266 s s s 18(1) 269 s s Sch Crime and Courts Act 2013 s Criminal Appeals Act 1995 s Criminal Attempts Act s 1 375, 387, 395 s 1(1) 386, 391, 393 s 1(2) 393, 394 s 1(3) 393, 394 s 1(4) 387

16 xvi Table of Legislation Criminal Damage Act , 74, 441, 444 s 1 57, 448 s 1(1) 27, 74, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 87, 444, 449 s 1(2) 74, 80, 81, 444, 449 s 1(2)(b) 82 s 1(3) 74, 87, 444, 445 s 5 77, 78, 82, 88, 95, 445 s 5(2) 78, 122, 176 s 5(2)(a) 77, 79, 88, 176, 177, 406, 445 s 5(2)(b) 78, 79, 88, 445 s 5(3) 78 s 10(1) 444 s 10(1)(a) (b) 75 s 10(2) 76, 444 Criminal Justice Act 1967 s 8 48, 73, 239 s 91(1 ) 16 Criminal Justice Act 1988 s 39 98, 114, 141 Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 s , 129, 135, 141 s 76(3) (5) 129 s 76(5A) 130, 135 s 76(6) 130, 135 s 76(8A) (8B) 130 s 76(8F) 130 s 76(9) 132 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 s Criminal Law Act 1967 s 3 141, 142, 440 s 3(1) 135, 142 Criminal Law Act 1977 s 1(1) 395 Customs and Excise Act Fraud Act , 277, 278, 281, 292, 294, 297, 315, 328, 329, 336, 346 s 1 277, 329, 447 s 1(3) 329 s 2 277, 330, 332, 336, 338, 340, 341, 344, 447 Fraud Act 2006 continued s 2(1) 329, 330, 338 s 2(1)(b) 344 s 2(2) 331 s 2(2)(a) (b) 331, 344 s 2(3) 332 s 2(4) 332, 344 s 2(5) 335, 344 s s s 5 336, 337 s 5(2) 336 s 5(2)(b) 337 s 5(3) (4) 336 Health and Safety at Work, etc Act , 269, 270 s 2(1) 264 s s Health and Safety (Offences) Act Homicide Act 1957 s 2 207, 209, 211, 212, 214, 438 s 2(1) 208 s 2(1A) 208, 212 s 2(1A)(a) (c) 213 s 3 207, 216, 219, 225 s Human Rights Act , 149 Infant Life (Preservation) Act Law Reform (Year and Day Rule) Act Magistrates Courts Act 1980 s s ss Offences Against the Person Act 1861 s 18 49, 51, 96, 97, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 139, 140, 141, 168, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175, 178, 179, 228, 250, 251, 253, 356, 385, 413, 414, 415, 429

17 Table of Legislation xvii Offences Against the Person Act 1861 continued s 20 51, 96, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 116, 118, 120, 122, 139, 140, 141, 171, 173, 175, 179, 228, 250, 356, 376, 378, 389, 414, 415, 429, 449 s 47 22, 103, 104, 105, 106, 110, 113, 119, 120, 121, 127, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142, 170, 414, 449 s Patents Act 1977 s Road Safety Act 2006 s Road Traffic Act 1988 s 1 236, 237, 243 s 2 66, 67, 243, 260, 449 s 2A 66, 67 s 2A(1)-(2) 67 s 2A(1) (2) 67 s 2A(3) 67, 237 s 2A(4) 67 s 2B 238, 243 s 3 63, 64, 66, 449 s 5 68, 69 s 5(1) 68 s Serious Crime Act s s 44(1) 395 s ss Sexual Offences Act Sexual Offences Act , 116, 145, 146, 149, 150, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 163, 391, 424, 446 s 1 151, 154, 162, 164, 171, 178 s 1(1) 151 s 1(2) 151, 155 s 1(3) (4) 151 s 2 151, 155, 162, 164, 171, 178 s 2(1) 155 s 3 151, 156, 157, 158, 162, 164, Sexual Offences Act 2003 continued 170, 171, 178 s s , 162, 163, 164, 178 s 9 151, 162, 164, 171, 178, 423 s 9(1) (2) 162 s , 163, 164, 171, 178 s , 164 s , 154, 155, 158, 159, 160, 164 s 75(1) 159, 161 s 75(2) 158, 160 s 75(2)(a) 160, 161 s 75(2)(b) (e) 160 s 75(2)(f) 160, 161 s , 154, 155, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164 s 76(2)(a) 158, 159 s 76(2)(b) 158, 161 s , 164 s 78(b) 157 s 79(2) (3) 152 Theft Act , 281, 284, 296, 301, 303, 314, 315, 346, 347, 361, 362, 371 s 1 170, 301, 315, 335, 343, 357, 374, 446 s 1(1) 282, 286, 290, 301, 322 s 2 283, 313, 315 s 2(1) 311, 313, 314, 315, 316, 319 s 2(1)(a) 311, 312, 320, 343, 353, 373 s 2(1)(b) 311, 312, 314, 320, 343 s 2(1)(c) 311, 313 s 2(2) 313, 315, 320 s 3 283, 292 s 3(1) 284, 285, 286, 292, 293, 294, 313 s 3(2) 294 s s 4(1) 295, 297, 301 s 4(2) 295, 296, 298 s 4(2)(a) 298 s 4(2)(b) (c) 298, 299 s 4(3) 295, 299, 300, 310 s 4(4) 295, 300, 301 s 5 283

18 xviii Table of Legislation Theft Act 1968 continued s 5(1) 301, 302, 303, 312 s 5(3) 306, 307, 308, 310 s 6 283, 322, 325 s 6(1) 322, 324, 325, 326, 327, 344 s 6(2) 325 s 8 351, 352, 378 s 8(1) 352, 355 s 8(2) 352 s 9 49, 347, 351, 357, 361, 365 s 9(1) 366, 367 s 9(1)(a) 49, 351, 358, 359, 365, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 374, 375, 376, 378, 446, 448, 449 s 9(1)(b) 351, 358, 359, 365, 367, 368, 370, 371, 374, 376, 378, 446, 449 s 9(2) 358, 449 s 9(3) (4) 366 s , 371 s 12(5) 353 s s , 316, 328 s 15A 328 s s 34(2) 336 Theft Act , 281, 328, 346, 361 s 3 277, 305, 335, 338, 342, 345 s 3(1) 338, 339, 340 s 3(2) 339 s 3(3) 340 Codes Use) Regulations CPS Charging Standard Code 104, 107 CPS Code for Crown Prosecutors 91 International European Convention on Human Rights Art Art Art 6(1) 22 Art Regulations Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (SI 1999/3242) reg Motor Vehicles (Construction and

19 INTRODUCTION 1. HOW DO I USE THIS STUDY MANUAL? The University Study Manuals are specially designed interactive study texts. Each is divided into units and sub-units. Each unit or sub-unit has clearly stated learning outcomes so you know what you should be able to do by the end of studying a unit. At the beginning of each subject you are introduced to various legal themes and principles which are picked up and studied in more detail throughout your study of that subject. Throughout the Study Manuals you are asked to complete activities to help you place the legal concepts you are studying in context. These activities (throughout the text) and follow-up activities (usually at the end of each unit) will facilitate your learning and help you achieve the learning outcomes. The activities will help you remember, understand and make use of the legal concepts. Wherever possible you are encouraged to learn by doing and thinking for yourself. For example, instead of summarising a case and extracting the legal principles in the text for you, you may be asked to read a case (a primary source) with specific questions in mind. You are asked to make a note of your answer (sometimes there will be a table with spaces for you to write your own ideas), and then within the Study Manual you are given clear and comprehensive feedback to help you assess what you have done and check on your own progress. Throughout the Study Manual, you are invited to interact with the material in this way, sometimes by offering opinions, sometimes by reading and finding answers to questions, and sometimes by undertaking ever more complex problem questions. At the end of a unit, a follow-up activity offers problems and comment on all the material studied. There are directions throughout the Study Manuals, usually within an activity, to use primary sources. We ask you to do this because this is a legal skill that legal employers have specifically identified as being essential. At the end of each unit or sub-unit you will have an opportunity in a Review of Outcomes section to reflect on whether you have achieved the intended outcomes. As you study it is a good idea to make notes recording what you have learned from each learning activity, and review these when you complete the Review of Outcomes section.

20 2 Introduction 2. HOW MANY STUDY HOURS WILL I NEED? Unit Unit 1: Thinking about Criminal Law - General Principles and How They Apply in Practice Unit 2: Some Non-fatal Offences Against the Person and Relevant Defences Total study hours Unit 3: Unlawful Killings 16.5 Unit 4: Property Offences 17.5 Unit 5: The Scope of Criminal Liability - Secondary Participation and Attempts Unit 6: Consolidation WHAT WILL I ACHIEVE BY STUDYING THIS STUDY MANUAL? Everyone knows, or thinks they know, something about criminal law. Your knowledge of this fascinating branch of the law may have come from a variety of sources, from reading newspaper reports of murder trials to watching television programmes such as Line of Duty or Luther. You are probably aware of some of the many areas of controversy within criminal law, such as the low conviction rate in rape trials. By studying the Criminal Law course you will acquire a detailed knowledge and understanding of some of our most serious and common crimes, such as murder, rape and theft. You will also be learning and developing some skills essential for any lawyer, no matter what area you practise in your future career. In particular you will be reading and analysing cases and statutes, and you will learn problem-solving techniques enabling you to tackle some complex multiissue questions. You will have the opportunity to consider some controversial areas of law and proposed reforms, and will formulate your own views and opinions which you will articulate in oral and written form. You will begin, in Unit 1, by studying some key general principles of criminal law, which you will then use in later Units when considering specific crimes and defences. In particular, you will discover that a crime can be split up into constituent elements, all of which must be present before someone can be found guilty of that crime. We will look in detail at these elements and apply them to some specific criminal damage offences. You will learn at this early stage about the importance of using a structured approach to tackle problem questions, and you will continue to develop this skill as the course progresses. In Unit 2, you will continue to use and apply the general principles you studied in Unit 1 by considering, in detail, certain offences against the person (for

21 Introduction 3 example assault and rape). The Unit is split into two Sub-units: Sub-unit 1 deals with non-fatal, non-sexual offences against the person, and Sub-unit 2 deals with certain sexual offences. You will also discover how some defendants can avoid criminal liability by relying on a valid defence; for example, a householder charged with assaulting a burglar may be able to raise self-defence to avoid a conviction. We will consider, in particular, the controversial defence of consent to assaults, where you will have a chance to practice your case analysis skills by reading some important cases in this area of law. In Unit 3, you will move on to consider homicide offences, a term used to cover a variety of crimes where a victim has been killed. We will study in detail not only murder but also different manslaughter offences, and consider specific situations when a defendant may raise diminished responsibility or loss of control as partial defences to a murder charge. This Unit is also split into two Sub-units, with Sub-unit 2 covering the offence of corporate manslaughter. In Unit 4, we will focus on the most important offences against property. Subunit 1 will deal with theft and offences committed by fraud, and Sub-unit 2 will focus on burglary and robbery, crimes which combine elements of offences against property with offences against the person. By the end of this Unit, you will have had practice tackling and solving complex problem questions, and you will have acquired a transferable skill which you will use in your future career as a lawyer. In Unit 5, you will move on to discover how the scope of criminal liability is widened to include certain incomplete offences (attempt, conspiracy and encouraging or assisting crime) and to deal with those who help others to commit a crime ( accomplices ). You will look in detail at the offence of attempt and at the complex area of accomplice liability. Finally, Unit 6 gives you an opportunity to consolidate what you have learned and achieved by providing you with further examples and questions to tackle. You will find in each Unit of the Manual instructions for study and review of the material within the Unit. Please follow these instructions carefully, bearing in mind the study hours set out for the Unit and for each activity. The Manual is designed on the basis that you will assess your own achievements as you progress. An essential part of this process is that, having completed the firsttime reading within each Unit, you should reflect on what you have achieved using the Review of Outcomes table. You should then attempt the follow-up questions and spend enough time on them (within the maximum specified) to be sure that you have achieved the learning outcomes set out for the Unit.

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