Worker s!compensation!

Transcription

1 Torts Worker s compensation... 2 Motor Accident Compensation... 3 Intentional Torts... 6 TORTS TO THE PERSON... 6 Battery... 6 Assault... 7 Defence- Self-defence... 8 Defence- Consent... 9 Necessity No defences to intentional torts Hybrid-Action on the case for nervous shock Hybrid- Action on the case for physical injuries caused by indirect intentional acts TORTS RELATING TO THE LAND Trespass to land TORTS RELATING TO GOODS Trespass to Goods Conversion Detinue Nuisance NEGLIGENCE Introduction Cause of action: Stage One- Establishing a duty of care Categories of duty of care Stage Two- Establishing whether the duty was breached Stage Three- Proof of breach and causation Stage 4- Remoteness of damage Defences to torts involving negligence Proof Pure Economic Loss and Negligent Misstatements Statutory Authorities Vicarious Liability and Non-Delegable Duty- General Vicarious Liability- Principal and agent Non-delegable Duty Concurrent Liability Death Assessment of damages Heads of Loss/Damage- Non-Economic Loss- Personal Injury Heads of Loss/Damage-Economic Loss- Personal injury Types of damages awarded Injunctions Remedies-Goods

2 Worker scompensation Volentinonfitinjuria:nowrongisdonetothosewhoconsent.Thisdefencestatestheplaintiffconsentedtothe riskofbeinginjured. Worker scompensationismeanttocompensateinrespectofanyinjuryorillnessarisingoutof,orinthecourseof, employment. Entitlementisbasedon:provinginjuryorillnesswasconnectedtoemployment notbasedon:provingtheemployerisatfaultnofaultbasis) AllnewclaimsaboutworkerscompensationwillnowbedealtwithintheCompensationCommissionwiththeaidof expertpanelssince2001amendments.courtswillnolongerhearthesetheywillonlyhearexistingonesuntil they realldone) TheWorkers'Compensation'Act1987and1998aretobereadasasingleact.Ifanyinconsistenciesexist,thelater actprevailss2a). The1987versionmainlydealswithcompensationpayment. The1998versiondealsmainlywithrehabilitation,injurymanagementandproceduresforclaims. InNSW,damagesagainstemployersareonlyawardedbasedon: 1)pastlossofincomeand 2)lossofearningcapacity 3)Plaintiffmustbeatleast15%permanentlyimpaireds151H)establishedbymedicalassessments151H4)). Workers'Compensation'Act'1987NSW)s151G) Thereisacaponthemaximumamountrecoverable Nootherheadsofdamagesareallowed,theplaintiffmustrelyonworker scompensationfortheotherlosses. InjuriesManagement:activitiesandproceduresthatareundertakenorestablishedforthepurposeofachievinga timely,safeanddurablereturntoworks421)). Worker: apersonwhohasenteredintoorworksunderacontractofserviceorapprenticeshipwithanemployer s 4).ThisincludesstategovernmentemployeesbutFederalgovernmentemployeeshavetheirownscheme. YThisisn tdefinedsousecommonlaw. Whatdetermines contractforservice isdeterminedbycommonlawzuijs'v'wirth'bros;'stevens'v'brodribb;'hollis'v' Vabu) Injurys4of 87Act): 1)Personalinjuryarisingoutoforinthecourseofemploymentmustprovecausalconnection) 2)Includesdiseasesofgradualonsetss15&16) 3)Includesaggravation,accelerationandexacerbationofanydisease/illness/condition 4)Psychologicalinjurys11A) 5)DustdiseasesWorkers'Comp'Dust'Diseases)'Act) Travellingto/fromwork:Injuriesreceivedonaperiodicjourneyfromhometoworkandback)arecompensable, providedthereisnointerruptionordeviationwhichmateriallyincreasestheriskofinjurys'10) Seriousandwilfullmisconductofworker: YDisqualifiesworkerforentitlementunlesstheinjuryresultsinseriouspermanentdisablementordeaths'14) Weeklybenefitsperiodicpayments) Totalincapacitys'36): YForthefirst26weeksoftotalincapacityaworkerispaidthecurrentweeklywageratecalculatedbyreferenceto theawardrateorenterpriseagreementrateofpaycappedatamaximumweeklyamount).basicallytheirnormal pay. YOvertimeandpenaltyratesnotincluded YForcasualworkersnotemployedunderanawardorenterpriseagreement,paymentsarebasedonwhatthe workerearnedduringtheprecedingyear. YAfterthe26weeks,theworkerispaidthestatutoryrate,whichisafixedsumbasedonthenumberofdependants. Notionaltotalincapacity's'38) YWheretheEmployercannotprovidesuitablelightworktoanEmployeewhoispartiallyincapacitated,the employeeisdeemedtotallyincapacitatedandentitledtocompensationaccordinglyprovidedtheworkerisinvolved inrehabilitation,retrainingorjobseeking. YThisentitlementislimitedto1years382)). Partialincapacitys40): YWheretheworkerisunabletodothepreYaccidentjobandisbeingpaidalesserwagebecauseofthepartial incapacity,theworkerisentitledtobepaid makeuppay whichisthedifferencebetweenactualweeklyearnings and probableweeklyearningsbutfortheinjury LumpSumpayment Permanentimpairments66): Yprovidesforthemethodofcalculationofalumpsum. Compensationforpainandsufferings67): YOnlyforworkerswhosedegreeofpermanentimpairmentisgreaterthanthatprescribedbytheRegulations10%). Maximumamountnottoexceed$50,000from1/1/2007onwards) Nocompensationforpermanentimpairmentfromsecondarypsychologicalinjurys65A). YPrimarypsychologicalinjurycanbecompensatedifpermanentimpairmentis15%ormore. Deathbenefitss25): YWhollydependantpersonsarepaidalumpsum.Ifmorethanonedependantsexist,thesumisapportioned divided). 2

3 YDependentchildrenareentitledtoaweeklycompensationpaymentupuntilthey re16,or21ifthey restudents. YPartialdependantsareawardedaportionofthelumpsuminthediscretionoftheCommission. Medicalexpenses's60) DomesticServicess60AA): YWheretheneedforhomecareservicesiscertifiedbyapractitionerandassistancewouldnothavebeenprovided butforthejuryand theimpairmentisatleast15%permanentortheassistanceistemporarynotmorethan6hoursp.w.fornomore than3months). Commonlawclaims: YWorkermustbesufferingatleast15%wholebodyimpairmentordeath)s151H) YThedegreeofimpairmentistobeassessedbyMedicalAssessmentunderPart7of1998Acts151H4)) YTheworkermustobtainss66&67entitlementslumpsums)beforeacommonlawclaimcanbemades280A) YDamagesrecoverableatcommonlawarelimitedtopastandfuturelossofincomeandlossofearningcapacitys 151G) YWhencalculatingpastandfutureearnings,acourtmustdisregardanyearningsabovethemaximumamountof weeklycompensationpayableunders35 YNogeneraldamagesordamagesfromeconomiclossexceptlossofearningcapacity)arerecoverableatcommon law YAcourtmustdisregardearningcapacityoverage65whenassessingdamagesforfuturelostearnings YThereisa3yearlimitationperiodtobringanactionatcommonlaw YAcommonlawdamagesverdict/settlementfinalisestheworker sclaimpermanently.thereisnoentitlementto furtherworkercompensationpaymentsatall. YIfworkerissuccessfulatcommonlaw,he/shemustreturntheweeklycompensationalreadypaid. YAnunsuccessfulplaintiffisstillentitledtoWorker scompensationbenefits. Inthecourseofemployment extendstoactivitiesoutsidework,suchaschristmaspartiesorworksport,aslongas itsencouragedbytheemployerhatzimanolis'v'ani'corp'ltd'1992)173clr473). MainbenefitsunderAustralianworker scompensationlegislation: 1)Periodicpayments 2)Lumpsumsforpermanentdisabilities 3)Painandsuffering 4)Deathbenefitstothosedependantonthedeceasedworker 5)Medicalandother outofpocket expenses MotorAccidentCompensation MostoftheCLAdealingwithnegligenceisapplicabletomotoraccidentclaims The'Motor'Accidents'Compensation'Act'1999NSW): significantlyalteredandreducedcommonlawrightsofclaimants motivatedbyreductionofcompensation,legalcoststhereforeloweringthecostofthecompulsory GreenSlip thirdpartyinsurance. providesanassessmentandsettlementproceduretokeepmostcasesoutofcourt. DoesnotprovideanoYfaultschemeexceptforblamelessaccidentandunder16s Remedy: YTheonlyremedyavailableisintort,sotheplaintiffwillhavetoestablishacauseofnegligenceorbattery. Blamelessaccident:' Motor'Accidents'Compensation'Act'1999NSW)s7Ballowstheinjuredpartytoclaimcompensationfromathird partyevenifnooneisfoundtobeatfault blamelessaccident ) Motoraccident: YAnaccidentorincidentinvolvingtheuseoroperationofamotorvehiclecausingdeathorinjuryduringthedriving ofthevehicleoracollisionoractiontakentoavoidacollisionorthevehicle srunningoutofcontrols'3) Injury: YPersonalorbodilyinjuryincludingpreYnatalinjury,psycholoigicalorpsychiatricinjury,ordamagetoartificial memberss3) Fault: YTheActonlyappliesinrespectofdeathorinjurycausedbytheFAULToftheownerordriverofamotorvehicles' 3A) YExtendstosomeaccidentsthatweren tthedriver sfaultbutthecourtdeemsitsos'7a)basicallyforblameless andchildren) Blamelessaccident: YDefinedasonenotcausedbythefaultoftheownerordriveroranymotorvehicleinvolvedintheaccidentandnot causedbythefaultofanyotherpersons7a) YDeathorinjurytoapersonthatresultsfromablamelessaccidentinvolvingamotorvehiclewithmotoraccident insurancecoveris,forthepurposeofaclaimfordamages,deemedtohavebeencausedbythefaultoftheowneror driverofthemotorvehicles7b) YWheretheplaintiffassertsthatanaccidentwas blameless,thereisapresumptionthattheaccidentwasinfact blamelesss7c) YThereisnoentitlementtorecoverunders7Bforadriverwhoisinjuredorkilledwheretheaccidentwascausedby anactoromissionofthatdrivers7e) YDamagesmaybereducedunderthisDivisionforthecontributorynegligenceofadeceasedorinjuredpersons7F) YTheplaintiff,ifsuccessful,canthenaccessdamagesfromthirdpartyaccidentinsurancefunds. 3

4 Childrenunder16yearsofage: YIfdeathorinjurytoachildresultsfromamotoraccidentnotcausedbythefaultoftheownerordriverofamotor vehiclethedeathorinjuryis,forthepurposesof specialentitlementtorecoverdamages deemedtohavebeen causedbythefaultoftheownerordriveroramotorvehicleifthatvehiclewasinvolvedintheaccidentandhas motoraccidentinsurancecovers7j) Y Specialentitlementtorecoverdamages appliesonlytothefollowing: hospital,medicalandpharmaceuticalexpenses rehabilitation respitecar attendantcare funeralorcremationservices YThedivisionappliesevenifthedeathorinjurywascausedbythefaultofthechildexceptwheretheconductofthe childconstitutes,onthebalanceofprobabilities,aseriousoffenceandtheconductmateriallycontributedtothe deathorinjury)s7k)seriousoffence=6+months) YNoreductionof specialentitlement damagesrecoverableunderthedivisionforthecontributorynegligenceofthe childs7k5))evenwhereadriverwasatfaults7l). YBasicallyensureschildrencanaccessthe3 rd partyinsurancefundsforthespecialdamagesbutnotgeneral damages)evenwheretheycannotestablishthedriver sfault,orifchildwasatfault. Procedureforallclaims: YReporttopoliceandlodgenotificationwithin28daysofaccidents70) YInsurermustnotifyclaimantwithin10dayswhetheritacceptsprovisionalliabilityformedicaltreatment YClaimmustbelodgedwithin6monthsofaccidentorfullandsatisfactoryexplanationmustbeprovideds72) YTheinsurertoacceptordenyliabilitywithin3monthss81) YIfliabilityisadmittedtheinsurermustmakeareasonableofferofsettlementwithin1monthafterinjuryhas stabilisedorwithin2monthsofreceivingparticularsfromclaimants82) YIfliabilityisadmittedtheinsurermustpayallreasonableoutofpocketexpensess83) ClaimsAssessmentandResolutionServiceCARS)s98andfollowing) YHasthepowertodeterminebothliabilityandquantumofdamages YSomeclaimsmaybeexemptedfromtheC.A.Rservicebyregularorbyaclaimsassessors92).Thesecaseswillthen bedeterminedbythecourt. YThedecisionofanassessorisnotbinding,exceptthatadecisionastoquantumwillbebindingontheinsurerand ontheclaimantifacceptedwithin21days. YTheActprovidesforMedicalAssessmentstoresolvequestionsofdegreeofimpairment,reasonablenessof treatment,andwhetherinjuryhasstabilised.theseassessmentsaregenerallybindingonthepartiesss57y65) YIfanassessmentofliabilityorquantumisnotacceptedbytheclaimant,thenCourtproceedingscanbecommenced within3yearsbutthereareseverecostpenalitiesforclaimantswhogotocourtifthecourtawardslessthanthe assessment.theclaimantcouldhavetopaytheinsurer slegalcostsupto$20, Quantumofcompensationavailable: YTheactallowslegalrepresentationattheclaimsassessmentstage. YNilforfirst5dayswagelosss124) YLimitaationonamounttobeawardedforpastandfuturewageloss.TheCourtmustdisregardearningsinexcessof $3749perweeknets125).ThisamountisindexedbydeclarationinGazetteon1 st ofoctobereachyears146) YNofutureeconomiclosstobeawardedunlesstheassumptionaboutfutureearningcapacityonwhichawardis basedarethemost'likelyfuturecircumstancesoftheclaimants1261)) YAnyawardforfutureeconomiclossmustbediscountedbyreferencetothepercentagepossibilitythatthe claimant sfuturecircumstancesmightnotbeasassumeds1262)) YTherearelimitationsonamountswhichcanbeawardedforattendantcareservicesGriffiths'v'Kerkemyer'claims)s 128). NonYeconomicloss: YNodamagesatallfornonYeconomiclossunlesstheclaimantsuffersawholepersonimpairmentofatleast10%s 131) YWhenassessingthedegreeofimpairment,noregardtobehadtoanypsychiatricorpsychologicalinjuryunlessthe assessmentofimpairmentismadesolelywithrespecttothatpsychiatricorpsychologicalinjuryi.e.anervousshock orpurementalharmclaim)s133) YTheassessmentofthedegreeofimpairmentbyamedicalassessormustbeinaccordancewithMAAGuidelines whichuseandrefertotheamericanmaguidestoevaluationofpermanentimpairment4 th Edition,3 rd Printing) 1995s132) YMaximumamountwhichmaybeawardedfornonYeconomiclossgeneraldamages)is$408,000asat1October 2009)indexeds134) YAclaimantisunderadutytomitigatedamagesby: Medicaltreatment Rehabilitation Alternativeemploymentopportunitiess136) YLimitationonpaymentofinterestondamagess137) Damagesforpsychologicalorpsychiatricinjury: YPart3oftheCLA YNoexemplaryorpunitivedamagess144) Contributorynegligence: YAfindingofcontributorynegligenceismandatorywhere: PlaintiffconvictedofPCAoffence Plaintiffvoluntarypassengerinvehicledrivenbypersonwhoseabilityisimpairedbyalcoholorotherdrugand 4

5 IntentionalTorts Twomainbranchesoftortsaretrespassandcasebasicallytortnegligence).Thewaytorememberitis: Ithrowalogandhitsomeone,it satrespass. Ithrowalogandsomeoneeventuallytripsonit,it sacaseonaction. Proofofdamage: CaseYplaintiffmustproveinjuryorpropertydamage Trespass notnecessaryfortheplaintifftoprovedamage Thenatureofinterference: Case BasedonindirectorconsequentialinterferenceYthroughsome obviousandvisibleinterveningcause,itis regarded,notaspartofthedefendant sactbutmerelyaconsequenceofit Hutchins'v'Maughan) TrespassYBasedondirectinterferenceYTheinjury followssoimmediatelyupontheact thatitmaybetermedpart ofthatact Hutchins'v'Maughan) Toconsiderdirectness,thecourtslookatseveralthings: 1)Immediacyofaction 2)ThedirectnessoftheactYwhethertheactleadtoasequenceofeventsthatcausedtheinterference. 3)LackofinterveningactsuchasHutchins'v'Maughan) Onusofproof: Case Plaintiffbearstheburdentoprovethedefendant sactionsandintentions.burdenstayswiththeplaintiffthe wholetime. Trespass Plaintiffbearstheburdentoestablishthefactswhichconstitutethetort.Thedefendantmustprove his/herlackoffaultorestablishadefence.thisiseasierbecauseoncethefactsareproventheburdenswitchesto thedefendant.thisisbecauseintentionaltortsaremoreserious. However, highwaycases involvingcollisionsonthehighway)whicharetrespass,havetheburdenofproofalways ontheplaintiffvenning'v'chin) Voluntary: Morris'v'Marsden'[1952]1AllER925gavetheexampleofasleepwalkerwho inadvertently,withoutintentionor withoutcarelessness,brokeavaluablevase wouldnotbeheldliable. TORTSTOTHEPERSON IfthereisnointentionalornegligentactMcHale'v'Watson1964)111CLR384),thereisnofaultandthereforeno trespass. TrespassincludesnegligentconductWilliams'v'Milotin) ConsentisadefenceratherthananelementHart'v'Herron) Battery An'intentional'act'by'a'person'which'directly'causes'contact'with'the'body'of'another.' ' Roads?Cyclists? o HIGHWAYBATTERY Proof: Plaintiffneedstoprovethat,onthebalanceofprobabilities,bodilycontactoccurred.Thentheburdenshiftstothe defendantwhomustproveitwasinvoluntaryornotatfaultmchale'v'watson1964)). Highwaycases: Wherebatteryoccursonahighwayorsomesortofroad,theplaintiffmustprovebodilycontactaswellasintention ofthedefendantvenning'v'chin).' Intentional: Intentionalconductencompassesdeliberate,recklessornegligentactionsWilliams'v'Milotin).However,thatdoes notincludeanintenttocauseharm,butsimplyanintenttoperformtheactwhichcausedthetortmcnamara'v' Duncan)asitisstrictliability. Act: YMustbeapositiveactInnes'v'Wylie1844)174ER800wherethepolicestoodstilltoblockanentry).Anomission, however,mayturnintoapositiveactfagan'v'metropolitan'commissioner'of'police)' YBatterymustbe unwanted andoffensiveoutsidetheacceptedusagesandaccidentalcontactsofdailyliferixon'v' Star'City'Pty'Ltd). YItmayalsooccurifitwasina rudeandinordinatefashion Cole'v'Turner). Voluntary: YMustbevoluntaryMorris'v'Marsden) Direct: Theinjury followssoimmediatelyupontheact thatitmaybetermedpartofthatact Hutchins'v'Maughan). YItmustbefreeofaninterveningactScott'v'Shepherd) 6

6 Contactwiththebody:Ymaybeoffensivebehaviourlikespittinginsomeone sfacer'v'coteswort). YItalsoextendstoanactshortoftouchingtheplaintiffsuchastakingsomethingfromthe plaintiff shandsfisher'v'carrousel'motor'hotel'inc). YThecontactcanbecausedbysomethingotherthanthedefendantifthedefendant controlledit,suchasboilingwaterpursell'v'horn) Collins'v'Wilcockwasacasewhereapoliceofficersuspectedtheplaintifftobesolicitingmenonthestreet.The officerwantedtoquestiontheplaintiffbuttheplaintiffbeganwalkingaway.theofficerthengrabbedtheplaintiff s handtotryandrestrainher.asshewasnotactingtoarresther,butonlyforquestioning,itwasheldheractof grabbingtheplaintiff shandwasbattery. Holmes'v'Mather'1875)LR10Ex261: YAservantsteeringahorsedrawncartlostcontrolwhenthehorseswentberserk.Theservanttriedtosteerthe horsesawayfrompeoplebutthehorsesseverelyinjuredtheplaintiff. YFoundthattheservant,byendeavouringthesteerthehorsesawayfromharm,didnowrongashisactwasnot wilfulornegligent. Stanley'v'Powell'[1891]1QB86: YDefendantwaswithashootingparty.Heshotapheasantintheairandthebulletricochetedandhittheplaintiff, causingblindness. YHeldhewasnotliableastherewasnonegligenceorlackofcaution. Assault A'direct'act'or'threat'which'intentionally'creates'in'another'a'reasonable'apprehension'of'imminent'contact'with'the'body'of' another.' ' Defence:Consent Actorthreat:YCanbeeitherStephens'v'Myers1830)4C&P349). YThereisnoclearauthoritywhetherwordsalonecanconstituteanassault.Barton'v'Armstrongheld thatmerewordsspokenthroughatelephonecanbeassault,howevertaylorjwasreluctantincategorisingthecalls asmerewordsastheactofcallingrepeatedlyinthemorningseemedlikeanact. YSilenceisalsoapossiblebasisofassaultR'v'Ireland) Direct:MustbecausedbyadirectactofthedefendantStephens'v'Myers) Intentionally:Defendantmusthaveintenttocreateapprehensionofimminentharm,evenifthereisnointentionto followthroughwiththethreatrixon'v'star'city'pty'ltd) Reasonable:Objectivetestofwhetherareasonablepersonwouldhaveapprehendedinthesamecircumstances.An unusuallytimidpersoncanclaimdamagesaslongastheperpetratorknowsthevictimistimidmacpherson'v'beath 1975)12SASR174). Apprehension:YAslongasthevictimapprehends,assaultoccurs.Eveniftheassaultwasphysicallyimpossibleto carryoutlikeanunloadedgunbrady'v'schatzel[1911]strqd206) Imminence:Zanker'v'Vartzokas1988)34ACrimR11heldthatimminencecanbeextendedaslongasthevictimis falselyimprisonedsoasnottobeabletogainprotection. ConditionalThreat:WherethedefendantimposesaconditionalthreatwhichisreasonableforselfYdefenceandis aimedatpreventinganunlawfulact,itisnotassaultrozsa'v'samuels[1969]sasr205).thus,wenowexaminethe statutorydefenceofselfydefence. YIfthethreatcontradictsactions,thenthereisnothreatTuberville'v'Savage) Falseimprisonment Total'deprivation'of'the'liberty'of'the'plaintiff'directly'brought'about'by'the'acts'of'the'defendant.' Strictliability Defence:Ylawfuljustification Yconsentoftheplaintiff.InHerring'v'Boyle1834)wheretheheadmasterrefusedtoletthemotherofa childtakehimhomefromschoolbecauseshehadn tpaidthefees,itwasheldtheboymayhavebeenwillingtostay soitwasnotagainsthiswill. Directness: Spigelman'CJ sjudgmentinruddock'v'taylor2003)comparedthemembersoftheimmigrationdepartmentto thoseofthestallholdersinscott'v'shepherd, thereflexivereactionistheautomaticoperationofthelegislative regime.thereforeotherswhotakethedefendant sdirectionsarenotintervening. Theactofthedefendant mustbeactiveinpromotingandcausingtheimprisonment whichmaymakehim/her jointlyandseverallyliablewiththepersonwhoeffectstheimprisonment Cubillo'v'Commonwealth'of'Australia; Myer'Store'Ltd'v'Soo). Intention: Y MustbeanintenttodetainplaintiffCowell'v'Corrective'Services'Commission'of'New'South'Wales) YTheobiterinCaltex'Oil'Australia)'Pty'Ltd'v'The'Dredge' Willemstad heldthatnegligencecausingtheplaintifftobe immobilised willbeliableforfinancialpayment. Totaldeprivationofliberty: Thisdependsuponwhetherthereisa reasonable meansofescapebirds'v'jones). 7

7 YFourconsiderationsforreasonableescapeMcFadzean'v'CFMEU): 1)Threattoperson 2)Threattoproperty 3)Time/distance 4)Legality YZanker'v'Vartzokas).AnexampleisR'v'Macquarie'and'Budgewheretheplaintiffwasonaboatinfaroutinthesea, sohisonlymeansofescapewasswimmingbacktoshore.heldunreasonable. Thereisasubjectiveelementwhere reasonable dependsontheamountofknowledgetheplaintiffhasrobinson'v' Balmain'New'Ferry'Co1906)7SRNSW)372wheretheplaintiffknewhehadtopayorelsehe dbekeptonthe wharf). Durationoffalseimprisonment: Generally,anyunlawfuldetentionissufficientMurray'v'Ministry'of'Defence[1988]1WLR692whichlastedfor30 minutes).thisisbecauseit sactionableperse. Ifalawfuldetentionexpires,itmaybecomefalseimprisonmentiftheimprisonmentisforan unreasonablylong time Nasr'v'New'South'Wales[2007]NSWCA101). Knowledgeofthedeprivation: YItmustbewithoutconsent. YTheplaintiffdoesn thavetobeawareofthedeprivationmurray'v'ministry'of'defence;meering'v'grahameywhite' Aviation'Cowheretheplaintiffwasbeingaskedquestionsinhisboss officewithouttheknowledgethatdetectives wereoutsidepreventinghimfromleaving).theonlythingisdamageswillbenominal,butneverthelessthecharge willsucceed. YTheplaintiffdidn thavetobeconsciousatthetimeofimprisonmenthart'v'herron;trevorrow'v'south'australia' No'5)). Actionsandinactions: CCoerciondoesn tneedtobephysical.icanbepsychologicalintimidationaslongasitmakestheplaintiffreasonably believehe/shewasinfalseimprisonmentsymes'v'mahonwheretheplaintiffdidn tthinkescapingapolicemanwas reasonable) Itmayalsooccurbyomission,suchasfailingtoreleaseaprisonerattheendofhis/hersentenceCowell'v'Corrective' Services'Commission'of'NSW1988)13NSWLR714),eveniftheydidn tknowhe/sheshouldbereleasedstrict liability). Conditionalentry: CWheretheplaintiffenteredtheprivatepremisesontheconditionthatexitmaynotbeinstantuntilcertain conditionsaremet,he/shecannotclaimfalseimprisonmentrobinson'v'balmain'new'ferry;'herd'v'weardale'steel' Coke'and'Coal'Cowhereminerswhorefusedtoworkatthebottomofamineshaftwantedtobeliftedup.Thecage wasreadytobeliftedup,buttheirshifthadn tendedsotheemployerrefused.heldthattheminersdidnothave instantaccesstothecagewhenevertheyplease,butratherattheagreedtimeendoftheirshift)sonotfalse imprisonment) McFadzean'v'CFMEU[2007]VSCA289: YGroupofantiYloggerscampednearaloggingoperationwhichdisruptedit.Thedefendantloggingunionthentold thehippiestheywouldcreateapicketfencewhichwouldbarricadetheminiftheydidn tleave.theydidn tleaveso itwascreated.theonlymeansofescapewasthrough1.5kmofdenselyvegetatedbushlandswhichwouldrequire themtoleavebehindpersonalitems.thehippieschosenottobeescortedoutbythepolice. YHeldfourfactorsrelevanttoconsideringwhetheregressescape)wasreasonableis1)Threattoperson2)Threatto property3)time/distanceand4)legality YHeld,giventheplaintiff syouthandableness,thebushwalkwasareasonablemeansofegress. YHeldtheobstructionbythedefendantswereapublicnuisance.However,nodamagesrecoverableasnoinjury sustained. Y DefenceCSelfCdefence SelfYdefences52ofCivil'Liability'Act'2002):NoliabilityforanyconductcarriedoutinselfYdefenceifthepersonis respondingtoconductthatis: 1)unlawfulorwouldhavebeenunlawfuliftheperpetratorwasn tsufferingfromamentalillnessdoesn thaveto beillegal) 2)believestheconductwasnecessaryto:Ydefendhimself/herselforanotherperson Ypreventorterminatetheunlawfuldeprivationoflibertyof himself/herself/anotherperson Yprotectpropertyfromunlawfultaking,destruction,damageor interferenceunlessintentionalorrecklessinflictionofdeath) Ypreventcriminaltrespass/removecriminaltrespassunlessintentionalor recklessinflictionofdeath) 3)theconductwasareasonableresponsetothecircumstancesashe/sheperceivedthem Reasonable: YWerethereotheroptionsavailable?Fontin'v'Katapodis1962)108CLR177wherethedefendant,whowasbeing hit,threwglassattheplaintiffcausingpermanentinjurytohisthumbsocket.itwasheldthedefendantcouldhave movedawayratherthanfightback) YReasonablebeliefinriskofdeathorseriousbodilyharm?Whatdidthedefendantthinkwouldhappentohim? 8