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1 "#$&'()*"&$ (+,-./ &52,671-89:;1<2=898>:-? What is a Tort? Tort law is concerned with the interests which a person has in bodily security or the protection of tangible property, financial resources or reputation which are protected by law and which are not exclusively within the fields of the law of contract, the law of restitution or the criminal law. Civil wrong committed by one person against another o Law provides a remedy for this civil wrong, usually in the form of an action for damages by way of compensation for loss suffered Loss is usually personal injury or property damage What Interests does Tort Law Protect? Physical integrity (person) = Trespass to the Person Property or goods = Trespass to goods Reputation = Defamation Land = Trespass to land Key Aims of the Law of Torts Deterrence o Today the rules of the law of torts can have little deterrent effect on activities of most people, except, perhaps, in so far as the remedy of the injunction remains available, because of the well-nigh universal availability and use of third party (liability) insurance One area in which tort law can still exercise some function of deterrence is in capacity to award exemplary damages, to punish defendant for his/her outrageous behaviour Compensation (damages as a remedy) Principle aim o This will scarcely ever be effective unless the defendant is insured against liability Justice: Expression of a moral principle (corrective justice) Loss distribution and insurance o Shift a loss which the plaintiff has suffered onto the defendant: but usually, loss is spread through large cross-section of population i.e. this is achieved through insurance Appeasement victims vengeance bought off by compensation, which gives him satisfaction in two ways: he is comforted to receive money himself and pleased that the aggressor is discomfited by being made to pay Economic efficiency/risk allocation: ensure that losses are spread and distributed in a way most apposite to maximize economic efficiency "

2 Contexts and Ideologies of Tort Law Most claims are for negligence Defendants are often insurance companies o Little point in seeking to exercise even an undoubted legal right unless the wrongdoer has liability insurance Few people have financial resources to meet even a modest award of damages made against them together with costs Useless for plaintiff to bankrupt a defendant in courseof asserting legal rights as former will never receive compensation adjudged due and payable by latter Prevailing ideology since 1970s o Accident victims undeserving of damages o Claims are excessive o Allowing a claim opens litigation floodgates Modern influences o Insurance o Human rights e.g. HRA 1998 Compensation Culture? Definitions Cause of Action: The factual circumstances giving rise of a legal claim, i.e. a claim that can be pursued by an action or suit by one person against another. For example, one s being carelessly injured by another is the cause of action giving rise to a legal action for damages and negligence. All elements of tort action need to be there and recognized and there can be multiple causes of action. Strict Liability: Liability without fault; liability that does not depend on actual negligence or intent to harm e.g. Aircraft Act 1952 (if something drops during flight). Fault: Liable in Tort, guilty of a crime. Liable for trespass/assault/negligence. If you are at fault do you bear the loss? 1. INTENT to do the act which amounts to the Tort or 2. NEGLIGENCE at the time (carelessness, negligence). Negligence: 1. Either a way of behaving (Drove negligently, drafted a will negligently) OR 2. Negligence is looking at the tort of negligence as a whole. Concurrent and Vicarious Liability Many situations where more than one person may be liable to injured o Could have committed separate tort (so severally/separately liable to the plaintiff) or because they committed a tort together (e.g. jointly assaulted someone, or breached duty which they owed to plaintiff) or because the person who committed tort was employed as employee at the time and tort committed in course of that employment Employer s vicarious liability = STRICT LIABILITY as it does not depend on the fault on the part of the employer #

3 Employer not generally liable for a tort committed by independent contractor Vicarious liability of an employer does not affect the personal responsibility of the employee who committed the tort as between employee and tort victim More than one person can be liable to plaintiff for the same damage: it is joint and several in cases for personal injury [joint tort feasors or concurrent/several tort feasors who commit separate acts with same damage] o Plaintiff can recover his/her whole loss (but not more) from any of the parties, defendants can seek contribution from each other If loss is property damage/eco loss caused by negligence: liability now proportionate so generally each potential defendant only primarily liable to the plaintiff for his/her proportion of plaintiff s loss Scope of Tort Law: Case Summaries Ollier v Magnetic island Country Club [2004] QCA (QLD Court of Appeal) 137 Facts 28 August 1994 Ollier and Shanahan participants in amateur charity golf comp Held on first defendant s golf course, Magnetic Island Plaintiff struck in head by a ball driven by Shanahan Issues Was Mr Shanahan negligent? Was Magnetic Island Country Club negligent? Did Mr Ollier voluntarily assume the risk of being hit by a golf ball as an inherent risk of participating in the competition? Held Trial judge in Supreme Court of QLD (approx 10 years before) found that second defendant had been negligent in failing to look ahead properly before playing the shot which struck the plaintiff Trial judge awarded damages for $2,610, to plaintiff and dismissed plaintiff s claim in negligence against the first defendant Trial rejected second defendant s contention that plaintiff had voluntarily assumed risk of being hit by a golf ball as an inherent risk of participating in the competition Queensland Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal Application by second defendant for special leave to appeal refused by HCA: Shanahan v Ollier [2005] HCATrans 169 (21 March 2005) This case demonstrates that: Liability requires the plaintiff to prove a negligent act on the part of the defendant which was cause of plaintiff s injury No relevant ground of defence, such as plaintiff s voluntary assumption of risk Effectiveness of tort law as compensation mechanism depends on defendant having or having access to sufficient personal assets/liability insurance to pay damages awarded to plaintiff o SMH 2004 article claimed that Shanahan did not have many personal assets and he was uninsured $

4 Therefore: left with a seriously injured accident victim required to rely on social security/health care systems, charity and assistance of family/friends Substantial time between date of accident and final disposition of litigation (maybe as waiting for plaintiff s level of permanent disability to stabilize) Could this not have been framed as trespass to the person?

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