Applying the Akoma Ntoso XML Schema to Japanese Legislation
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1 Applying the Akoma Ntoso XML Schema to Japanese Legislation KAWACHI Gen*, NAKAMURA Makoto, OGAWA Yasuhiro, OHNO Tomohiro, TOYAMA Katsuhiko Nagoya University, Japan 1
2 Agenda 1. Current situation of legal information in Japan Rigid schema for structured Japanese statutes Strict description rules of Japanese statutes 2. Ambiguity in Akoma Ntoso annotation 3. An approach to avoid ambiguity 4. Restriction on Akoma Ntoso annotation 5. Conclusion 2
3 Global dissemination of legal information Japanese Law Translation Database System (JLT) Since 2009 By the government Offers some Japanese statutes in English To promote international transaction To support nonnatives under Japanese laws Offers 552 Statutes* *As of October 28,
4 Statutes as open data e-laws (e-legislative Activity and Work Support System) Will be launched in October, 2016 By the government Supports Public officers To write amendment laws To publish enacted laws Offers all the Japanese statutes to the public In the form of machine-readable, structured documents To develop systems to access/utilize the statutes 4
5 Structured statutory documents in JLT and e-laws Written in XML Use cases JLT: display English/Japanese provisions in various layouts e-laws: automatically generate provisions of amendment law Follow a schema designed for Japanese statutes Japanese Statutory Schema (JSS) 5
6 Strict annotation rules in JSS 104 elements Defined to be used only for Japanese statutes Based on a thorough study of Japanese statutes Appropriate annotation without ambiguity 6
7 Manuals for Japanese legislation Describes Literary styles for accurate expression Structure/format Usage of letters/words 7
![Strict description rules of Japanese statutes Width of indentation Document structure [Article] [Paragraph] [Item] Typefaces of numbers (1) ------- (i) ----- (a) --- (1) The term "Banking" as used in](/docs-images/95/122788398/images/8-0.jpg "this Act means commercial pursuits carried out through any of the following acts: (i) Acceptance of deposits or Installment Savings, in addition to loans of funds, or the discounting of bills and")
8 Strict description rules of Japanese statutes Width of indentation Document structure [Article] [Paragraph] [Item] Typefaces of numbers (1) (i) (a) --- (1) The term "Banking" as used in this Act means commercial pursuits carried out through any of the following acts: (i) Acceptance of deposits or Installment Savings, in addition to loans of funds, or the discounting of bills and notes; or (ii) Carrying out exchange transactions. Controlled by The Cabinet Legislation Bureau 8
9 Typical legislation process in Japan Examines the draft written by the Cabinet Most statutes are drafted by the Cabinet Few numbers of bills are modified during the Diet deliberation. The Cabinet Drafting legislative bills Competent ministries Cabinet Legislation Bureau Submission The Diet (Parliament) The House of Representatives Approval The Bureau examines The full text Of most statutes The House of Councillors Enactment Approval 9
10 Agenda 1. Current situation of legal information in Japan Rigid schema for structured Japanese statutes Strict description rules of Japanese statutes 2. Ambiguity in Akoma Ntoso annotation 3. An approach to avoid ambiguity 4. Restriction on Akoma Ntoso annotation 5. Conclusion 10
11 Two frameworks for structured legal documents JSS For Japanese statutes Based on strict description rules of Japanese statutes Correct annotation without ambiguity Akoma Ntoso Used by many countries/organizations For various kinds of legal documents Laws, bills, debate records International standard LegalDocML: by OASIS Formulated based on Akoma Ntoso 11
12 Purpose To generate structured Japanese statutes in Akoma Ntoso Make it easier to share/utilize Japanese legal information Problem of Akoma Ntoso Risk for ambiguity in annotation 12
13 Problem 1: Akoma Ntoso is TOO FLEXIBLE Defines 310 elements Minimum restriction about usage of the elements To support various legal documents Structural flexibility Ambiguity in annotation 13
14 (Definitions, etc.) Article 2 (1) The term "Bank" as used in this Act means a person who engages in Banking under the license from the Prime Minister prescribed in Article 4, paragraph (1). (2) The term "Banking" as used in this Act means commercial pursuits carried out through any of the following acts: (i) Acceptance of deposits or Installment Savings, in addition to loans of funds, or the discounting of bills and notes; or (ii) Carrying out exchange transactions. Banking Act (Act No. 59 of 1981) 14
15 (Definitions, etc.) Candidate 1 <article> Article 2 (1) The term "Bank" as used in this Act means a person who engages in Banking under the license <list> from the Prime Minister prescribed in Article 4, paragraph (1). (2) The term "Banking" as used in this Act means commercial pursuits <list> carried out through any of the following acts: (i) Acceptance of deposits or Installment Savings, in addition to loans <sublist> of funds, or the discounting of bills and notes; or (ii) Carrying out exchange <sublist> transactions. Banking Act (Act No. 59 of 1981) 15
16 (Definitions, etc.) Candidate 2 <article> Article 2 (1) The term "Bank" as used in this Act means a person who engages in Banking under the license <paragraph> from the Prime Minister prescribed in Article 4, paragraph (1). (2) The term "Banking" as used in this Act means commercial pursuits <paragraph> carried out through any of the following acts: (i) Acceptance of deposits or Installment Savings, in addition to <subparagraph> loans of funds, or the discounting of bills and notes; or (ii) Carrying out exchange <subparagraph> transactions. Banking Act (Act No. 59 of 1981) 16
17 (Definitions, etc.) Candidate 3 <chapter> Article 2 (1) The term "Bank" as used in this Act means a person who engages in Banking under the license from the Prime Minister <subparagraph> prescribed in Article 4, paragraph (1). (2) The term "Banking" as used in this Act means commercial pursuits carried out through any of <subparagraph> the following acts: (i) Acceptance of deposits or Installment Savings, in addition to loans <paragraph> of funds, or the discounting of bills and notes; or (ii) Carrying out exchange <paragraph> transactions. Banking Act (Act No. 59 of 1981) 17
18 Flexibility of the annotation to the hierarchical structure 26 elements to describe hierarchical structure No restriction on their hierarchical orders <subparagraph> <part> <division> <subdivision> <indent> <clause> <point> <transitional> <paragraph> <proviso> <article> <book> <sublist> <section> <chapter> <subtitle> <subrule> <rule> <subsection> <subpart> <tome> <subclause> <alinea> <title> <subchapter> <list> 18
19 Inconsistent annotation of amendment acts Kenya act (from the website of Akoma Ntoso) 7. Section 50 of the principal act is amended - (a) by deleting subsection (2) and inserting the following (2)Where anything other than a trophy is seized and detained under section 49 of this Act it shall be forfeited to UK act (from the repository of OASIS) (2) In section 11 (implementation of interception warrants), after subsection (2) insert (2A) A copy of a warrant may be served under subsection (2) on a person outside the United Kingdom (and... Instructions to insert new provisions 19
20 Annotation for Kenya act <content> <blocklist id="sec7-lst1"> <listintroduction>section is amended - </listintroduction> <item id="sec7-lst1-itma"> <num>(a)</num> <p>by deleting <mod id="mod1"> subsection (2) and inserting the following - <quotedstructure id="mod1-qtd1"> <subsection id="mod1-qtd1-sub2"> </subsection> </quotedstructure> </mod> </p> </item> </blocklist> </content> Inside <mod> Annotation for UK act <content> <p>in section 11 (implementation of interception warrants), after subsection (2) insert </p> <p class="blockamendment"> <mod eid="mod_1"> <quotedstructure eid="qstr_1"> <subsection Outside <mod> eid="mod_1 sec_11 subsec_2a"> </subsection> </quotedstructure> </mod> </p> </content> Lack of in detail illustration about the usage 20
21 Insufficient information Specification of LegalDocML Published by OASIS Describes roles, children, attributes, etc. Lacks illustration/examples It is hard to determine which text strings should be annotated with each tag. 21
22 Agenda 1. Current situation of legal information in Japan Rigid schema for structured Japanese statutes Strict description rules of Japanese statutes 2. Ambiguity in Akoma Ntoso annotation 3. An approach to avoid ambiguity 4. Restriction on Akoma Ntoso annotation 5. Conclusion 22
23 How to avoid losing consistency in annotation Need for a rigid policy for annotation For stable annotation Of all the statutes At any time By anybody JSS Convert JSS documents into Akoma Ntoso documents 23
24 Generation of structured Japanese statutes in Akoma Ntoso Plain text XML valid to JSS XML valid to Akoma Ntoso 1. Automatic JSS annotator Already exists Used for JLT 2. Akoma Ntoso converter Replaces names/attributes of elements Recomposes some structure 24
25 Example of conversion (1) <Article Num="3"> <Paragraph Num="9"> <Item Num="1"> <Subitem1 Num="1"> <Subitem1Sentence> </Subitem1Sentence> </Subitem> </Item> </Paragraph> </Article> <article eid="art3"> <paragraph eid="art3-par9"> <subparagraph eid="art3-par9-itm1"> <subparagraph eid="art3-par9-itm1-1si1"> <content> Replace names of elements </content> </subparagraph> </paragraph> </article> </chapter> JSS Akoma Ntoso 25
26 Example of conversion (2) <Paragraph Num="1"> <ParagraphNum>(1)</Par agraphnum> <ParagraphSentence> <Sentence>Employers must endeavor annual paid leave.</sentence> </ParagraphSentence> </Paragraph> <paragraph eid="chp1-art2- par1"> Insert <content> <heading>(1)</heading> <content> <p class="paragraphsentence"> <inline name="sentence"> Employers must endeavor annual paid leave.</inline> Add attributes </p> of names of JSS elements </content> </paragraph> JSS Akoma Ntoso 26
27 Establishing conversion rules Determined 84 conversion rules for 67 JSS elements Rules for 37 elements under consideration. For supplements, contents of amendment acts, etc... JSS Akoma Ntoso eid level class name Other attributes Law akomantoso/act [name of the PromulgateStatement preface/container LawNum p/docnumber LawBody Signature p/signature MinisterialTitle role refersto="#somtething" Name person refersto="#someone" PromulgateBody p PromulgateBody ImperialSignature p/signature ImperialSignature@p PromulgateDate p/docdate LawTitle preface/p/doctitle LawTitle@p EnactStatement p EnactStatement Preamble preamble/recitals MainProvision body SupplProvision hcontainer sup SupplProvision jp:amendlawnum=[amendlawnum] Preamble/Paragraph recital pam 27
28 Agenda 1. Current situation of legal information in Japan Rigid schema for structured Japanese statutes Strict description rules of Japanese statutes 2. Ambiguity in Akoma Ntoso annotation 3. An approach to avoid ambiguity 4. Restriction on Akoma Ntoso annotation 5. Conclusion 28
29 Problem 2: Restriction on Akoma Ntoso The design of Akoma Ntoso does not reflect the styles peculiar to Japanese statutes. Unnatural annotation <num>(definitions, etc.)</num> 29
30 Restriction on Akoma Ntoso prevents natural annotation (Definitions, etc.) Article 2 Captions before (1) The term "Bank" as used, their numbers paragraph (1). (2) The term "Banking" as used following acts: (i) Desirable annotation <Article num="2"> <heading>(definitions, etc.)</heading> <num>article 2</num> Not valid Validates only the order of <num> <heading> Unnatural annotation <article eid=" chp1-art2"> <num>(definitions, etc.)</num> <heading>article 2</heading> This problem cannot be solved 30
31 Conclusion Problems of Akoma Ntoso annotation Structural flexibility Risk for ambiguity in annotation Approach to solve the problem Make use of a rigid schema designed for a specific domain Example: JSS in Japan Current work Polishing up the conversion rules For amendment laws Implementing the JSS to Akoma Ntoso converter 31
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