Detailed Table of Contents

Transcription

1 Detailed Table of Contents Board of Editors... v v Foreword... vii vii Preface... ix ix Author Biographies... xi xi Summary Table of Contents... xix xix Chapter 1: PART I: INTRODUCTION The Origins of Trademark Rights and the Nature of the Interests Protected I. Introduction... 2 II. Economic Principles Underlying Trademark in the United States III. Establishing Rights in a Trademark A. The Ability to Function as a Trademark Categories of Trademarks a. Generic Terms b. Descriptive Marks c. Suggestive Marks d. Arbitrary and Fanciful Marks Nonfunctionality B. Use in Commerce The General Rule Actual Use as a Fundamental Requirement for Enforceable Rights a. Priority Issues b. Level of Use c. Type of Use xxi

2 xxii Trademark Infringement Remedies, 2018 Supp. 2. Exceptions to the General Rule When Use Is Not Required IV. Sources of Trademark Rights A. Common-Law Rights B. Federal Rights Types of Applications General Protections C. International Rights V. Common Causes of Action A. Federal Trademark Infringement and Unfair Competition B. The Trademark Dilution Revision Act VI. Goodwill: The Protected Interest A. Brand Awareness vs. Brand Strength B. The Trademark Owner s and the Public s Interests VII. Limits of Goodwill: The Relationship Between Goodwill and Actual Use A. Geographic Market Penetration as a Measure of Whether and Where Protectable Goodwill Exists B. Product Market as a Measure of Where Goodwill Exists Chapter 2: Establishing Trademark and Unfair Competition Liability I. A Protectable Indicator of Source A. Inherent Distinctiveness B. Acquired Distinctiveness Direct Evidence of Secondary Meaning Circumstantial Evidence II. Likelihood of Confusion A. Threshold for Likelihood of Confusion B. Types of Confusion C. Relevant Consumers D. Actual Confusion E. Survey Evidence F. Multifactor Test for Likelihood of Confusion Strength of the Plaintiff s Trademark Similarity of the Two Marks Similarity of the Goods, Trade Channels, and Advertising... 67

3 Detailed Table of Contents xxiii 4. Sophistication of Purchasers Defendant s Intent G. Actual Confusion May Implicate Counterfeiting H. TTAB Decisions May Preclude Later Infringement Litigation III. Unfair Competition Liability A. Protection Against Passing Off Using Generic Terms B. False Advertising What Is False or Misleading? Defenses IV. Dilution of a Famous Mark A. Federal Dilution Statutes B. Fame C. When to Measure Fame D. Distinctiveness E. Dilution by Blurring Similarity of the Marks Degree of Distinctiveness Exclusivity Degree of Recognition Defendant s Intent Actual Association F. Dilution by Tarnishment G. Trade-Dress Dilution Under the TDRA H. Defenses Under the TDRA I. Other Exclusions PART II: INJUNCTIVE RELIEF Chapter 3: General Principles I. Introduction II. Historical Background of Injunctions in Trademark Cases III. Injunction Requirements and the Presumption of Irreparable Harm A. Introduction B. Status of Presumption of Irreparable Harm by Circuit First Circuit Second Circuit Third Circuit Fourth Circuit

4 xxiv Trademark Infringement Remedies, 2018 Supp. 5. Fifth Circuit Sixth Circuit Seventh Circuit Eighth Circuit Ninth Circuit a. Cases Applying a Demanding Standard for Irreparable Harm b. Cases Applying a Less Demanding Standard or Using the Presumption of Irreparable Harm c. Cases That Are Difficult to Characterize Tenth Circuit Eleventh Circuit D.C. Circuit Federal Circuit IV. The Territorial Nature of Trademark Rights A. Introduction B. Territoriality of Trademark Rights Generally C. Defining the Territorial Limits of Common Law Trademark Rights Zone of Actual Market Penetration Zone of Reputation Zone of Natural Expansion D. Territorial Issues Under the Lanham Act E. Trade Area Analysis Examples Cases Involving Only Common Law Trademark Rights Cases Involving the Good-Faith Junior User Defense Cases Involving the Dawn Donut Doctrine F. Territoriality and Internet Use Zone Theory Personal Jurisdiction G. Territoriality and Internationality Trademark Protection With No Use in the United States Injunctions That Reach Actions Outside the United States H. Impact of Concurrent Use on Territoriality of Injunctions Concurrent-Use Proceedings Concurrent Use by Agreement

5 Detailed Table of Contents xxv 3. Concurrent Use Is Not Joint Ownership V. Specificity of Prohibited Acts VI. Contempt VII. Amendment and Dissolution of Injunctions Chapter 4: Preliminary Injunctions I. Introduction II. General Principles A. Jurisdiction B. Notice C. Impact of Delay D. Local Rules and Customs Matter E. The Order a Movant Seeks Should Be Specific F. Evidentiary Standards and Requirements Depend on the Case and Court G. Use of Survey Evidence Surveys Can Establish Secondary Meaning Surveys Can Establish Likelihood of Confusion H. Making a Record III. Legal Standards and Probability of Success by Circuit A. First Circuit B. Second Circuit C. Third Circuit D. Fourth Circuit E. Fifth Circuit F. Sixth Circuit G. Seventh Circuit H. Eighth Circuit I. Ninth Circuit J. Tenth Circuit K. Eleventh Circuit L. D.C. Circuit M. Federal Circuit IV. Irreparable Harm A. Presumption of Irreparable Harm Post ebay B. Without a Presumption, the Movant Must Make an Independent Showing of Irreparable Harm

6 xxvi Trademark Infringement Remedies, 2018 Supp. C. Delay Can Rebut a Presumption or Showing of Irreparable Harm V. Balance of Hardships VI. Public Interest VII. Selected Types of Cases and Issues A. Former Licensees/Employees B. Disclaimers C. Product Recalls VIII. Bonds A. A Bond Is Required B. The Bond Requirement Serves as a Precaution to a Movant IX. Appeals Chapter 5: Permanent Injunctions I. General Principles A. Authority B. Adequacy of Relief C. Permanent Relief Success on the Merits Irreparable Harm Harm to Defendant Public Interest D. Modifying a Permanent Injunction E. Tailoring the Relief II. Enjoining Legal Acts A. History of Improper Behavior B. The Safe-Distance Rule C. When the Safe-Distance Rule Is Not Appropriate D. Narrow vs. Broad Injunctions E. Adopting a New Mark III. Mandatory Injunctions A. Corrective Advertising B. Telephone Numbers and Listings C. Customer Refunds and Cancellation Orders D. Product Recalls E. Seizure and Destruction of Goods F. Transfer of Domain Names G. Use of Disclaimer H. Court-Ordered Compliance Declarations I. Social Media Accounts IV. Cessation of Illegal Activity

7 Detailed Table of Contents xxvii A. Denial of Injunctive Relief With Voluntary Cessation B. Consideration of Assurance of Cessation C. Innocent Infringers D. Irrefutable Reform Required E. When Parties Intentions Are in Doubt F. Default Judgments V. Persons Bound A. Parties B. Officers C. Agents, Attorneys, and Servants D. Employees E. Persons in Active Concert or Participation With Defendant F. Persons Who Receive Actual Notice of the Order VI. Enforcement in Other Jurisdictions A. Interstate and Nationwide Injunctions B. Extraterritorial Injunctions VII. Bonds VIII. Appeals Chapter 6: Extraordinary Circumstances and Relief I. Introduction II. Authority for Issuance of Extraordinary Relief A. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Federal Rule Federal Rule 65(b) a. Temporary Restraining Orders b. Ex Parte Seizure Orders c. Ex Parte Asset Freeze Orders B. Equitable Power of Federal Courts C. The Lanham Act Temporary Restraining Orders as Preliminary Injunctions Ex Parte Seizure Orders a. Authority for Ex Parte Seizure Orders b. Appealability of Ex Parte Seizure Orders D. State Courts III. Temporary Restraining Orders

8 xxviii Trademark Infringement Remedies, 2018 Supp. A. Requirements Likelihood of Success on the Merits Irreparable Harm in the Absence of Preliminary Relief Balance of Hardships Public Interest B. Temporary Restraining Orders Issued Second Circuit Third Circuit Fourth Circuit a. Fifth Circuit [New Topic] Sixth Circuit Seventh Circuit Eighth Circuit Ninth Circuit Tenth Circuit Eleventh Circuit C. Temporary Restraining Orders Denied First Circuit Second Circuit Third Circuit Fifth Circuit Sixth Circuit Seventh Circuit Eighth Circuit Ninth Circuit Tenth Circuit Eleventh Circuit IV. Ex Parte Seizure Orders A. Requirements Ex Parte Seizures of Infringing Goods in Counterfeiting Cases Ex Parte Seizures of Infringing Goods in Non-counterfeiting Cases B. Wrongful Seizure C. Ex Parte Seizure Orders Issued D. Ex Parte Seizure Orders Denied V. Ex Parte Asset Freezes A. Requirements B. Ex Parte Asset Freezes Issued C. Ex Parte Asset Freezes Denied VI. State Court Ex Parte Relief A. Requirements B. Temporary Restraining Orders Granted C. Temporary Restraining Orders Denied VII. Conclusion

9 Detailed Table of Contents xxix PART III: MONETARY RELIEF Main Volume Supplement Chapter 7: Defendant s Profits I. General Principles Regarding Defendant s Profits II. The Role of Willful Intent A. Willful Intent Required General Profits Awarded Profits Denied B. Willful Intent as an Element General Profits Awarded Profits Denied C. Special Cases Profits as a Measure of Actual Damages Licensee/Franchisee Relationships III. The Role of Actual Confusion A. Majority View: Actual Confusion Not Required B. Minority View: Actual Confusion Required IV. Apportionment Issues A. Profits From the Infringing Activity B. Appropriate Deductions Evidence Required Types of Costs a. Allocating Overhead b. Salaries c. Taxes d. Miscellaneous Disallowed Deductions C. Temporal Scope of Award D. Geographic Scope of Award V. Enhancement VI. Prejudgment Interest VII. Reverse Confusion Chapter 8: Plaintiff s Damages I. General Principles A. Injury to Plaintiff s Mark B. No Double Recovery II. Defendant s Improper Conduct III. Plaintiff s Actual Damages

10 xxx Trademark Infringement Remedies, 2018 Supp. A. Proving Damages B. Measurement of Damages Plaintiff s Lost Profits Reasonable Royalties Corrective Advertising Prejudgment Interest Statutory Damages in Counterfeiting Cases C. Adjustment by the Court IV. Conclusion PART IV: MISCELLANEOUS CIVIL REMEDIES Chapter 9: Attorneys Fees I. Bases of Awards of Attorneys Fees in Trademark-Infringement and Unfair-Competition Litigation II. Considerations Governing the Disposition of Fee Requests A. Fee Requests by Prevailing Plaintiffs Opinions Awarding or Considering the Possibility of Awarding Fees Opinions Declining or Considering the Possibility of Declining to Award Fees B. Fee Requests by Prevailing Defendants Opinions Awarding or Considering the Possibility of Awarding Fees Opinions Declining or Considering the Possibility of Declining to Award Fees III. Calculation of Attorneys Fees Chapter 10: Special Enforcement Remedies I. Cancellation/Amendment of Trademark Registration A. The Court s Power to Cancel or Modify Federal Registrations B. Standing to Seek Cancellation C. Grounds for Cancellation Abandonment, Genericness, Descriptiveness Effect of Incontestability

11 Detailed Table of Contents xxxi 3. Fraud in Obtaining Registration Other Grounds for Cancellation D. Partial Cancellation, Modification, and Other Equitable Action E. Cancellation of Registrations Based on Section 66 (Madrid Protocol) II. Disclaimers A. Rationale for Allowing Disclaimers Defendant s Good Faith Established Rights in Other Countries Right to Use One s Name First Amendment Considerations B. History of Disclaimers in the Second Circuit C. Disclaimers and the Internet D. The Case Against Disclaimers III. Corrective Advertising A. Injunctions for Corrective Advertising B. Corrective Advertising as an Element of Damages Awards for Prospective Costs Corrective Advertising Awards Denied or Limited IV. Destruction/Seizure of Infringing Articles A. Destruction of Infringing Articles B. Seizure Chapter 11: State Law Remedies for Trademark Infringement and Unfair Competition I. General Principles A. An Overview of State Trademark Statutes and the Model State Trademark Bill B. An Overview of Other State Remedies State Dilution Statutes Unfair Business Practices ( Little FTC ) and Deceptive Trade Practices and Similar Statutes Common Law II. Interrelationship of Federal and State Law A. Concurrent and Supplemental Jurisdiction B. Application of State Law in Federal Cases

12 xxxii Trademark Infringement Remedies, 2018 Supp. C. Application of Federal Law in State Cases III. Comparison of Remedies Under State and Federal Statutory Trademark Law A. Registration and Statutory Structure B. Opposition and Cancellation Remedies C. Remedy for Fraudulent Registration D. Injunctive Remedies E. Awards of Profits and Damages for Infringement Absent Willful Actions F. Delivery Up and Destruction Orders G. Treble Damages and Attorneys Fees H. Counterfeiting Remedies I. Statutory Provisions Relating to Retainer of Common Law Remedies J. Punitive or Exemplary Damages IV. State Trademark Infringement Remedies: Injunctions A. Territoriality of Injunctions Based on State Laws B. Temporary Restraining Orders and Preliminary Injunctions C. Permanent Injunctions V. State Trademark Infringement Remedies: Compensatory Damages and Profits A. Compensatory Damages of Plaintiff B. Defendant s Profits C. Statutory Damages Schemes VI. State Trademark Infringement Remedies: Punitive or Exemplary Damages A. Statutory Schemes for Treble or Other Increased Damages Awards B. Common Law Awards of Punitive Damages VII. State Trademark Infringement Remedies: Attorneys Fees A. Statutory Basis for Attorneys Fees B. Common Law Basis for Attorneys Fees VIII. Special Counterfeiting Remedies IX. State Dilution Laws A. History of the Model State Dilution Provision B. Variance in Dilution Remedies Among the States C. Relief Granted Dilution Plaintiffs During the Post FTDA Era

13 Detailed Table of Contents xxxiii D. Status of State Dilution Law Remedies Following the Supreme Court Decision in Moseley E. Relief Granted Dilution Plaintiffs During the Post Federal Trademark Dilution Revision Act Era X. Unfair Business Practices (Little FTC) Statutes and Remedies A. Standing of Competitors to Bring Private Claims Under Little FTC Acts B. Remedies Available to Competitors in Private Actions XI. Deceptive Trade Practices Statutes and Remedies A. Adoption of UDTPA in Two Versions B. Remedies Under UDTPA XII. Miscellaneous Other Statutes A. Unfair Competition Statutes B. False Advertising Statutes C. Privacy Statutes D. Statutes Prohibiting the Unlawful Use of a Religious or Charitable Corporation Name Appendix Table of State Statutes Concerning Civil State Trademark and Unfair Competition Remedies Appendix INTA Model State Trademark Bill Appendix INTA Model State Anti Counterfeiting Bill Chapter 12: Special Remedies for Counterfeit There have been no updates to this chapter since publication of the Main Volume. Chapter 13: Remedies for Trademark Infringement and Unfair Competition on the Internet I. Introduction II. The Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy A. Representations and Warranties Required of Domain Name Registrants B. Elements of a UDRP Claim

14 xxxiv Trademark Infringement Remedies, 2018 Supp. 1. The Domain Name Is Identical, or Confusingly Similar, to the Complainant s Mark The Registrant Has No Rights or Legitimate Interests in the Domain Name The Domain Name Was Registered and Is Being Used in Bad Faith The Interrelationship Between the Second and Third Elements of a UDRP Claim C. UDRP Complaints Involving Multiple Parties or Domain Names D. Choosing the Number of Panelists E. Choosing a Dispute-Resolution Service Provider Fees and Refunds for UDRP Complaints Availability of Additional Submissions F. Remedies for UDRP Claims G. Appeals of UDRP Decisions H. Emerging Issues: GDPR [New Topic] III. The Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act A. ACPA Statutory Prohibitions B. The Availability of Remedies Under the ACPA C. Remedies Available in Cases With In Personam Jurisdiction Over the Registrant D. Remedies Available in Cases With Only In Rem Jurisdiction Over the Domain Name E. Remedies Available to the Domain Name Registrant F. New Generic Top-Level Domains and the ACPA IV. California Business and Professions Code Sections et seq V. Metatags, Keyword-Based Advertising, and Linking A. Use of Another s Trademark as a Metatag Nominative Fair Use of Another s Trademark as a Metatag

15 Detailed Table of Contents xxxv 2. Descriptive Fair Use of Another s Trademark in a Metatag Availability of Preliminary Injunctive Relief B. Use of Another s Trademark as an Advertising Keyword Liability for Buying a Keyword Embodying Another s Trademark Liability for Selling Advertising Keywords That Embody Another Party s Trademark C. Using Another Party s Trademark as a Link From One Website to Another Deep Links to a Page Inside Another s Website That Bypass the Home Page Framing the Content But Obscuring Advertisements or Information on Another s Website Searching for a Trademark on Another s Website Emerging Issues: The Applicability of The Server Test to Trademark Infringement [New Topic] VI. The New gtlds and Rights-Protective Mechanisms A. The Uniform Rapid Suspension System B. The Trademark Clearinghouse The Sunrise Period The Trademark Claims Service C. Domains Protected Marks Lists D. Challenging a Registry Operator Legal Rights Objection Post-Delegation Dispute Resolution Procedure Registry Restrictions Dispute Resolution Procedure VII. Conclusion Appendix A-1: Examination Guide 1-18: Class Headings and Explanatory Notes of International Trademark Classes Under Nice Classification, 11th Edition, Version 2018 (February 2018)... A-3

16 xxxvi Trademark Infringement Remedies, 2018 Supp. Appendix A-2: Examination Guide 2-18: Examination Guidance for Compliance with Section 2(a) s Scandalousness Provision While Constitutionality Remains in Question During Period to Petition for Certiorari to U.S. Supreme Court (Issued May 24, 2018)... A-39 Appendix A-3: Examination Guide 3-18: Changes to Procedures Regarding Certain Documents (September 2018)... A-41 Table of Cases TC-1 Index