THE LAW OF DOMAIN NAMES & TRADE-MARKS ON THE INTERNET Sheldon Burshtein

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1 THE LAW OF DOMAIN NAMES & TRADE-MARKS ON THE INTERNET Sheldon Burshtein TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: SECTION (a) 1.1(b) 1.1(c) SECTION 1.2 SECTION 1.3 CHAPTER 2: SECTION (a) 2.1(b) 2.1(c) 2.1(d) 2.1(e) SECTION (a) 2.2(b) 2.2(c) SECTION (a) 2.3(b) 2.3(c) 2.3(d) 2.3(e) 2.3(f) 2.3(g) SECTION 2.4 SECTION 2.5 SECTION (a) 2.6(b) SECTION (a) 2.7(b) SECTION (a) 2.8(b) INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND Trade-marks on the Internet Domain Names Internet Trade-mark and Domain Name Issues OVERVIEW OF BOOK GLOSSARY THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM DOMAIN NAMES What a Domain Name Is Top Level Domains Second Level Domains Addresses Internationalized Domain Names HISTORY OF DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM Early History Emergence of ICANN Current ICANN Arrangement THE DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM TODAY Country Code Top Level Domain Operators Regional Internet Registries Stability and Security Internationalized Domain Names Role of International Telecommunications Union Role of United Nations Legal Challenges to Authority of ICANN UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.CA REGISTRY CANADIAN INTERNET REGISTRATION AUTHORITY CANADIAN PRESENCE REQUIREMENTS FOR REGISTRANTS Canadian Presence Requirements Consequence of CPR REGISTRARS Certification Change of Registrar REGISTRANT AGREEMENT Registrant Obligations Suspension and Cancellation

2 SECTION (a) 2.9(b) SECTION (a) 2.10(b) SECTION (a) 2.11(b) 2.11(c) 2.11(d) 2.11(e) 2.11(f) 2.11(g) 2.11(h) SECTION (a) 2.12(b) 2.12(c) 2.12(d) CHAPTER 3: SECTION (a) 3.1(b) 3.1(c) SECTION (a) 3.2(b) SECTION (a) 3.3(b) 3.3(c) 3.3(d) 3.3(e) SECTION (a) 3.4(b) 3.4(c) 3.4(d) 3.4(e) 3.4(f) 3.4(g) 3.4(h) 3.4(i) REGISTRATION OF A DOMAIN NAME Registrable Domain Names Registration Process MAINTENANCE AND TRANSFER OF A REGISTRATION Maintenance of Registration Transfer of Registration WHOIS Current WHOIS Issues ICANN Task Forces Tiered Access Legal Developments Foreign National Initiatives Current.ca Situation CIRA WHOIS Proposal Use of WHOIS DOMAIN NAME AS PROPERTY Characterization of Domain Name CIRA Registry TRADE-MARK RIGHTS TRADE-MARK AND TRADE NAME Distinctiveness Trade-mark Trade Name ACQUISITION OF RIGHTS Goodwill Registration ADOPTION OF TRADE-MARK Use of Trade-mark Use With Wares Use With Services Use of Official Mark Making a Trade-mark Known REGISTRABLE TRADE-MARKS Names Clearly Descriptive Terms Deceptively Misdescriptive Terms Acquired Distinctiveness Not Without Distinctive Character Trade Names Prohibited Marks Trade Dress and Distinguishing Guises Certification Marks

3 SECTION (a) 3.5(b) 3.5(c) 3.5(d) 3.5(e) 3.5(f) SECTION (a) 3.6(b) 3.6(c) 3.6(d) SECTION 3.7 SECTION (a) 3.8(b) 3.8(c) 3.8(d) 3.8(e) 3.8(f) 3.8(g) SECTION (a) 3.9(b) 3.9(c) 3.9(d) 3.9(e) 3.9(f) 3.9(g) SECTION (a) 3.10(b) 3.10(c) SECTION (a) 3.11(b) 3.11(c) SECTION (a) 3.12(b) 3.12(c) 3.12(d) UNREGISTRABLE TRADE-MARKS Generic Terms Scandalous, Obscene or Immoral Marks Marks Which Designate Kind, Quality, Quantity, Destination, Value or Place of Origin Designation of Plant Variety Geographical Indications Confusing Marks CONFUSION Entitlement to Registration Assessment of Confusion Statutory Factors Decisions BASES FOR REGISTRATION APPLICATION Selection of Trade-mark Representation Application Initial Examination Amendment Disclaimer Response OPPOSITION Publication Basis Pleadings Evidence Arguments and Hearing Decision and Appeal Decisions REGISTRATION Renewal Rights Amendment TRANSFER Assignment License Other Instruments PROPER USE Use Marking Multiple Trade-marking French Language Considerations in Quebec

4 SECTION (a) 3.13(b) SECTION 3.14 SECTION 3.15 SECTION 3.16 SECTION (a) 3.17(b) 3.17(c) CHAPTER 4: SECTION (a) 4.1(b) 4.1(c) 4.1(d) SECTION (a) 4.2(b) 4.2(c) 4.2(d) 4.2(e) SECTION (a) 4.3(b) SECTION (a) 4.4(b) 4.4(c) SECTION (a) 4.5(b) 4.5(c) 4.5(d) SECTION 4.6 SECTION (a) 4.7(b) 4.7(c) EXPUNGEMENT Invalidity Non-Use USE OF A TRADE-MARK ON THE INTERNET TO GENERATE TRADE-MARK RIGHTS USE OR ADVERTISING OUTSIDE CANADA DOMAIN NAME AS A TRADE-MARK REGISTRATION OF DOMAIN NAME OR ETERM AS A TRADE- MARK Domain Name Eterm Registration of cctld VIOLATION OF TRADE-MARK AND RELATED RIGHTS ON THE INTERNET TRADE-MARK INFRINGEMENT Exempt Activities INITIAL INTEREST CONFUSION What Initial Interest Confusion Is Arguments For and Against Doctrine DEPRECIATION OF VALUE OF GOODWILL United States Dilution PROHIBITED MARKS Official Marks United States COMMON LAW PASSING OFF What Passing Off Is Mere Registration of Domain Name STATUTORY PASSING OFF UNFAIR COMPETITION Palming Off False Description Injurious Falsehood

5 4.7(d) 4.7(e) 4.7(f) SECTION (a) 4.8(b) 4.8(c) 4.8(d) 4.8(e) SECTION (a) 4.9(b) 4.9(c) SECTION (a) 4.10(b) 4.10(c) 4.10(d) SECTION (a) 4.11(b) SECTION (a) 4.12(b) SECTION (a) SECTION (a) 4.14(b) 4.14(c) SECTION (a) 4.15(b) SECTION (a) 4.16(b) SECTION (a) SECTION (a) SECTION (a) Dishonest Business Practice PERSONALITY RIGHTS Federal Law Provincial Statute Law Common Law BREACH OF CONTRACT DISCLAIMER Geographical Disclaimer VICARIOUS LIABILITY WEBSITE CONTENT ADDRESS HIJACKING FOR RANSOM HARASSING COMPETITOR MISAPPROPRIATION BY EMPLOYEE BENEFITING FROM GOODWILL OF TRADE-MARK OWNER CO-EXISTING TRADE-MARKS FOREIGN BUSINESS

6 SECTION (a) 4.20(b) 4.20(c) SECTION (a) 4.21(b) 4.21(c) 4.21(d) 4.21(e) SECTION (a) 4.22(b) 4.22(c) SECTION (a) 4.23(b) 4.23(c) 4.23(d) 4.23(e) SECTION (a) 4.24(b) 4.24(c) 4.24(d) 4.24(e) 4.24(f) 4.24(g) 4.24(h) 4.24(i) 4.24(j) SECTION (a) 4.25(b) 4.25(c) 4.25(d) 4.25(e) SECTION (a) 4.26(b) 4.26(c) 4.26(d) 4.26(e) 4.26(f) LIABILITY OF REGISTRARS AND REGISTRIES DOMAIN NAME SUFFIX UDRP Decisions CDRP Decisions POST-DOMAIN PATH REFERENCE TYPOSQUATTING UDRP Decisions CDRP Decisions LINKING What Linking Is Inline Linking Outlinking Linking Issues Basic Principles Copyright Issues Deep Linking FRAMING What Framing Is Framing Issues KEYING Search Engine What Keying Is European Jurisdictions

7 SECTION (a) 4.27(b) 4.27(c) 4.27(d) 4.27(e) 4.27(f) SECTION (a) 4.28(b) 4.28(c) 4.28(d) 4.28(e) 4.28(f) 4.28(g) 4.28(h) SECTION (a) 4.29(b) 4.29(c) 4.29(d) 4.29(e) SECTION (a) 4.30(b) 4.30(c) 4.30(d) SECTION (a) 4.31(b) 4.31(c) SECTION (a) 4.32(b) 4.32(c) SECTION (a) 4.33(b) 4.33(c) SECTION (a) 4.34(b) 4.34(c) 4.34(d) METATAGGING What a Metatag Is Metatag Issues European Jurisdictions POP-UP ADVERTISING What Pop-Up Advertising Is Copyright Issues United States Legislation European Jurisdictions UDRP Decisions CYBERGRIPING UDRP Decisions Sex Domain Names CDRP Decisions CRITICISM SITES UDRP Decisions CDRP Decisions MOUSETRAPPING AND CYBERJACKING SPIDERING Other English Law Jurisidictions PHISHING AND PHARMING ONLINE ADVERTISING United States Paid Inclusion or Placement Canada French Language Requirements in Quebec

8 4.34(e) 4.34(f) SECTION (a) 4.35(b) 4.35(c) CHAPTER 5: SECTION 5.1 SECTION 5.2 SECTION (a) 5.3(b) 5.3(c) 5.3(d) 5.3(e) 5.3(f) 5.3(g) 5.3(h) 5.3(i) 5.3(j) 5.3(k) SECTION 5.4 SECTION 5.5 SECTION (a) 5.6(b) 5.6(c) SECTION 5.7 SECTION 5.8 SECTION (a) 5.9(b) 5.9(c) 5.9(d) 5.9(e) 5.9(f) 5.9(g) 5.9(h) 5.9(i) 5.9(j) INSURANCE CANADIAN COURT PROCEEDINGS AND REMEDIES PROCEEDINGS APPLICABLE LAW PERSONAL JURISDICTION General and Specific Jurisdiction Real and Substantial Connection United States: Personal Jurisdiction United States: Active/Passive Test United States: Effects Test United States: Current Position Canada Canadian Defamation Decisions Canadian Trade-Mark and Domain Name Decisions FEDERAL VS. PROVINCIAL COURT JURISDICTION ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS DISCOVERY PROCEDURES Equitable Bill of Discovery Motion for Production Implied Undertaking WEBSITE EVIDENCE REMEDIES INTERLOCUTORY INJUNCTION Serious Issue Irreparable Harm Balance of Convenience Delay Decisions Interlocutory Injunction to Transfer Domain Name Granted Interlocutory Injunction to Transfer Domain Name Refused Interlocutory Injunction to Restrain Transfer of Domain Name Granted Interlocutory Injunction to Restrain Transfer of a Domain Name Denied Interlocutory Injunction to Restrain Use of Domain Name of Trade- Mark Granted

9 5.9(k) 5.9(l) 5.9(m) SECTION (a) 5.10(b) 5.10(c) 5.10(d) 5.10(e) 5.10(f) SECTION (a) 5.11(b) SECTION (a) 5.12(b) SECTION (a) 5.13(b) 5.13(c) SECTION (a) 5.14(b) SECTION (a) 5.15(b) 5.15(c) 5.15(d) 5.15(e) SECTION 5.16 SECTION (a) 5.17(b) 5.17(c) SECTION 5.18 SECTION 5.19 SECTION (a) 5.20(b) Interlocutory Injunction to Restrain Use of Domain Name or Trademark Denied Interlocutory Injunction to Restrain Use of Metatag Interlocutory Injunction to Restrain Website Operation INTERIM INJUNCTION Interim Injunction to Transfer Domain Name Granted Interim Injunction to Transfer a Domain Name Denied Interim Injunction to Restrain Transfer of Domain Name Granted Interim Injunction to Restrain Transfer of Domain Name Denied Interim Injunction to Restrain Use of Domain Name or Trade-mark Granted Interim Injunction to Restrain Use of Domain Name or Trade-mark Denied QUIA TIMET INJUNCTION Motion for Quia Timet Injunction Granted Motion for Quia Timet Injunction Denied SUMMARY JUDGMENT Summary Judgment Granted Summary Judgment Denied PRESERVATION Anton Piller Order Mareva Injunction Interim Custody DECLARATION Motion for Declaratory Relief Granted Motion for Declaratory Relief Denied TRANSFER Transfer in Interim Injunction Transfer in Interlocutory Injunction Transfer in Default Judgment Transfer in Summary Judgment Transfer After Trial PERMANENT INJUNCTION TERRITORIAL SCOPE OF INJUNCTION DAMAGES ACCOUNTING OF PROFITS PUNITIVE DAMAGES Punitive Damages Awarded Punitive Damages Denied

10 SECTION 5.21 SECTION (a) 5.22(b) 5.22(c) 5.22(d) 5.22(e) SECTION 5.23 SECTION (a) 5.24(b) 5.24(c) SECTION 5.25 SECTION (a) 5.26(b) 5.26(c) CHAPTER 6: SECTION (a) 6.1(b) 6.1(c) SECTION 6.2 SECTION (a) 6.3(b) 6.3(c) SECTION (a) 6.4(b) SECTION (a) 6.5(b) 6.5(c) SECTION 6.6 SECTION 6.7 SECTION (a) INTEREST DELIVERY, DESTRUCTION, EXCLUSION, DETENTION OR EXPORT Delivery Destruction Prevention of Importation Detention Export COSTS CONTEMPT Contempt Found on Domestic Activity Contempt Not Found on Domestic Activity Contempt Found on Activity Outside Canada CRIMINAL SANCTIONS ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTIONS FOREIGN AND INTERNATIONAL DOMAIN NAME LEGISLATION AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION SYSTEMS INITIAL DOMAIN NAME DISPUTE POLICIES NSI Dispute Policy Legal Proceedings Related to NSI Policy Issues with NSI Policy INTERNET AD HOC ADVISORY COMMITTEE PROPOSAL INTERNATIONAL TRADEMARK ASSOCIATION PROPOSAL Application for Domain Name Registration Maintenance of Domain Name Registration Objectives of Proposal UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES Green Paper White Paper UNITED STATES FEDERAL LEGISLATION Dot Kids Implementation and Efficiency Act Truth in Domain Names Act Fraudulent Online Identity Sanctions Act UNITED STATES STATE LEGISLATION UNITED STATES FEDERAL ANTI-CYBERSQUATTING LEGISLATION: INTRODUCTION ACPA: CONFUSING SIMILARITY OR DILUTION Trade-mark Rights

11 6.8(b) 6.8(c) SECTION (a) SECTION 6.10 SECTION (a) 6.11(b) SECTION 6.12 SECTION (a) 6.13(b) SECTION 6.14 SECTION 6.15 SECTION (a) 6.16(b) SECTION (a) 6.17(b) 6.17(c) 6.17(d) 6.17(e) SECTION (a) 6.18(b) 6.18(c) 6.18(d) 6.18(e) 6.18(f) SECTION 6.19 SECTION (a) 6.20(b) 6.20(c) 6.20(d) SECTION 6.21 SECTION (a) 6.22(b) 6.22(c) Identical or Confusingly Similar Famous Marks ACPA: BAD FAITH Bad Faith Decisions ACPA: TRAFFICKING ACPA: JURISDICTION In Personam Jurisdiction In Rem Jurisdiction ACPA: RELEVANCE TO CANADIANS ACPA: PROCEDURE AND REMEDIES Procedure Remedies ACPA: AMENDMENT WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION REPORT UNIFORM DISPUTE RESOLUTION POLICY: INTRODUCTION Summary Proceeding Basis for Complaint UDRP: COMPLAINANT S RIGHTS Registered Trade-mark Unregistered Trade-mark Geographical Term Trade Name Name UDRP: IDENTITY OR CONFUSING SIMILARITY Resemblance Confusion Variations -sucks Domain Names Sex Domain Names Internationalized Domain Names UDRP: RIGHT OR LEGITIMATE INTEREST UDRP: GOOD FAITH USE Absence of Trade-mark Right Preparations Good Faith Manufacturers, Distributors and Licensees UDRP: NAME OF REGISTRANT UDRP: NON-COMMERCIAL OR FAIR USE Fair Use Fan Site Parody Site

12 6.22(d) 6.22(e) SECTION 6.23 SECTION (a) 6.24(b) 6.24(c) 6.24(d) SECTION (a) 6.25(b) 6.25(c) 6.25(d) 6.25(e) SECTION (a) 6.26(b) SECTION (a) 6.27(b) SECTION (a) 6.28(b) 6.28(c) SECTION (a) 6.29(b) 6.29(c) 6.29(d) 6.29(e) SECTION (a) 6.30(b) SECTION (a) 6.31(b) 6.31(c) 6.31(d) 6.31(e) SECTION (a) 6.32(b) 6.32(c) Criticism Site Tarnishment UDRP: OTHER LEGITIMATE INTEREST FACTORS UDRP: BAD FAITH Intention Use Registration and Use Competitor UDRP: PURPOSE OF TRANSFER Offer for Sale Legitimate Offer Negotiations Competitor Excess of Cost UDRP: BLOCKING COMPLAINANT Identity of Name Pattern UDRP: DISRUPTING BUSINESS OF COMPLAINANT Disruption Business of Competitor UDRP: ATTRACTING INTERNET USERS Commercial Gain Confusion Disclaimer UDRP: OTHER BAD FAITH FACTORS Prior Knowledge False Information Failure to Respond Violation of Agreement Generic Name Speculation UDRP: PARTIES Complainant Respondent UDRP: PROCEDURE Complaint Response Further Documents Panel Selection Powers and Obligations of Panel UDRP: PROOF Burden of Proof Evidence Disputed Facts

13 6.32(d) SECTION (a) 6.33(b) SECTION (a) 6.34(b) SECTION 6.35 SECTION 6.36 SECTION 6.37 SECTION 6.38 SECTION (a) 6.39(b) 6.39(c) 6.39(d) SECTION 6.40 SECTION 6.41 SECTION (a) 6.42(b) 6.42(c) 6.42(d) 6.42(e) 6.42(f) SECTION (a) 6.43(b) CHAPTER 7: SECTION (a) 7.1(b) 7.1(c) SECTION (a) 7.2(b) 7.2(c) 7.2(d) SECTION (a) No Response UDRP: APPLICABLE LAW Governing Law Prior Decisions UDRP: SUSPENSION OR TERMINATION Suspension or Termination Parallel Proceeding UDRP: DECISION UDRP: REVERSE HIJACKING UDRP: REMEDIES UDRP: REFILING UDRP: COURT PROCEEDINGS Parallel Court Proceedings Jurisdiction Judicial Challenge UDRP: COMMENTS UDRP: PROPOSED AMENDMENTS OTHER COUNTRY CODE DISPUTE RESOLUTION POLICIES United Kingdom Dispute Resolution Policy Australian Dispute Resolution Policy United States Dispute Resolution Policy Ireland Dispute Resolution Policy France Dispute Resolution Policy New Zealand Dispute Resolution Policy SUNRISE SCHEMES CIRA DOMAIN NAME DISPUTE RESOLUTION POLICY: BASIS FOR COMPLAINT AND ELIGIBILITY INTRODUCTION TO CDRP Differences from UDRP History Amendment PURPOSE AND SCOPE Purpose of CDRP Scope of CDRP Bad Faith Registration Obligation of Parties ELIGIBLE COMPLAINANT Canadian Presence Requirements

14 7.3(b) 7.3(c) 7.3(d) SECTION 7.4 SECTION 7.5 SECTION 7.6 SECTION (a) 7.7(b) 7.7(c) 7.7(d) 7.7(e) 7.7(f) SECTION (a) SECTION 7.9 SECTION (a) 7.10(b) 7.10(c) SECTION (a) SECTION 7.12 SECTION 7.13 SECTION (a) 7.14(b) 7.14(c) SECTION 7.15 SECTION (a) SECTION 7.17 SECTION (a) SECTION (a) SECTION (a) Relation to Registered Trade-mark Exclusions Compliance BASIS FOR COMPLAINT CONFUSING SIMILARITY WITH MARK OF COMPLAINANT: OVERVIEW MARK: OVERVIEW MARK: TRADE-MARK OR TRADE NAME USED IN CANADA Trade-mark Trade Name Use Purpose of Distinguishing Predecessors and Licensees Non-Qualifying Marks MARK: CERTIFICATION MARK Predecessors and Licensees MARK: REGISTERED TRADE-MARK MARK: PROHIBITED MARK Qualifying Marks Public Authority Use MARK: EXCLUSIONS Names of Individuals USE: OVERVIEW USE: WARES USE: SERVICES Performance Advertising Cross Border Issues USE: BUSINESS USE: NON-COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY Non-Commercial USE: WEBSITE RIGHTS: OVERVIEW Date of Registration RIGHTS: TRADE-MARK, TRADE NAME OR CERTIFICATION MARK USED IN CANADA Successors and Licensees RIGHTS: TRADE-MARK REGISTERED IN CANADA Successors and Licensees

15 SECTION (a) SECTION (a) SECTION (a) 7.23(b) 7.23(c) 7.23(d) SECTION (a) 7.24(b) 7.24(c) 7.24(d) SECTION (a) 7.25(b) SECTION (a) 7.26(b) 7.26(c) 7.26(d) 7.26(e) 7.26(f) 7.26(g) 7.26(h) SECTION (a) 7.27(b) 7.27(c) 7.27(d) 7.27(e) SECTION (a) 7.28(b) 7.28(c) 7.28(d) SECTION (a) 7.29(b) 7.29(c) SECTION (a) 7.30(b) RIGHTS: PROHIBITED MARKS Successors and Licensees TEST FOR CONFUSING SIMILARITY: OVERVIEW 2000 Draft CONFUSING SIMILARITY: DECISIONS Decisions Applying Confusion Test Decisions Expressly Applying Resemblance Test Decisions Implicitly Applying Resemblance Test Decisions Considering Dual Analysis CONFUSING SIMILARITY: RESEMBLANCE Resemblance as Test Application of Resemblance Test Consequences of Resemblance Test Examples of Resemblance CONFUSING SIMILARITY: SUCKS AND RELATED NAMES UDRP Decisions Sex Domain Names BAD FAITH: OVERVIEW Registration Exhaustive List of Factors Time Whose Bad Faith Burden of Proof Intention Knowledge of Complainant s Mark Influence of Other Factors BAD FAITH: PURPOSE OF TRANSFER Purpose Offer of Transfer Legitimate Offer Competitor Excess Costs BAD FAITH: BLOCKING COMPLAINANT Purpose Variations Pattern WHOIS Searching BAD FAITH: DISRUPTING BUSINESS OF COMPLAINANT Purpose Competitor Disruption BAD FAITH: OTHER FACTORS NOT INCLUDED Diversion No Intention to Use

16 7.30(c) 7.30(d) 7.30(e) 7.30(f) 7.30(g) SECTION (a) 7.31(b) 7.31(c) SECTION (a) 7.32(b) 7.32(c) 7.32(d) 7.32(e) SECTION (a) 7.33(b) 7.33(c) 7.33(d) SECTION (a) 7.34(b) 7.34(c) 7.34(d) SECTION (a) 7.35(b) 7.35(c) 7.35(d) 7.35(e) 7.35(f) SECTION (a) SECTION 7.37 SECTION (a) 7.38(b) 7.38(c) 7.38(d) 7.38(e) Offer to Transfer Multiple Registrations Misleading Information Miscellaneous CDRP Decisions LEGITIMATE INTEREST: OVERVIEW Burden of Proof Absence of Legitimate Interest Influence of Other Factors LEGITIMATE INTEREST: USE AS MARK Mark Rights Use Preparations Good Faith LEGITIMATE INTEREST: DESCRIPTIVE NAME Descriptive Name Use Preparations Good Faith LEGITIMATE INTEREST: GENERIC NAME Generic Name Use Preparations Good Faith LEGITIMATE INTEREST: NON-COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY Use Good Faith Non-commercial Activity Criticism, Review or News Reporting Parody Site Fan Site LEGITIMATE INTEREST: NAME Name LEGITIMATE INTEREST: GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION LEGITIMATE INTEREST: OTHER FACTORS NOT INCLUDED Accurate Description Demonstrable Preparations Third Party Uses Comparative Advertising Good Faith Belief

17 SECTION 7.39 CHAPTER 8: SECTION 8.1 SECTION 8.2 SECTION 8.3 SECTION 8.4 SECTION 8.5 SECTION (a) 8.6(b) SECTION 8.7 SECTION 8.8 SECTION (a) 8.9(b) 8.9(c) 8.9(d) SECTION 8.10 SECTION 8.11 SECTION (a) 8.12(b) 8.12(c) 8.12(d) 8.12(e) 8.12(f) SECTION (a) 8.13(b) SECTION (a) 8.14(b) 8.14(c) 8.14(d) 8.14(e) SECTION (a) 8.15(b) 8.15(c) COMMENTS ON CDRP CIRA DOMAIN NAME DISPUTE RESOLUTION POLICY: PROCEDURES AND REMEDIES INTRODUCTION PROVIDER FEE LANGUAGE COMMUNICATIONS TIME Computation of Time Extension of Time INITIATION OF PROCEEDING PARTIES COMPLAINT Complainant Information Description of Basis for Complaint Additional Information Certification COMMUNICATION OF COMPLAINT PROVIDER REVIEW OF COMPLAINT RESPONSE Extension of Time Respondent Information Response to Basis of Complaint Additional Information Claim for Costs Certification PROVIDER REVIEW OF RESPONSE Communication of Response Provider Review PANEL: APPOINTMENT Three Member Panel Qualification of Panellists Conversion to Single Member Panel Appointment Chair PANEL: POWERS AND OBLIGATIONS Impartiality Communication Conduct of Proceeding

18 SECTION 8.16 SECTION 8.17 SECTION 8.18 SECTION 8.19 SECTION 8.20 SECTION (a) 8.21(b) 8.21(c) SECTION 8.22 SECTION (a) 8.23(b) 8.23(c) SECTION (a) 8.24(b) SECTION 8.25 SECTION 8.26 SECTION 8.27 SECTION (a) 8.28(b) 8.28(c) SECTION 8.29 CHAPTER 9: SECTION 9.1 SECTION 9.2 SECTION 9.3 SECTION 9.4 SECTION 9.5 SECTION 9.6 INDEX CONSOLIDATION OF PROCEEDINGS REPLY FURTHER SUBMISSIONS PRE-DECISION TERMINATION PARALLEL PROCEEDINGS EVIDENCE Balance of Probabilities Evidentiary Principles Negotiations LAW DECISION Amendment Communication Publication REVERSE HIJACKING Unfairly and Without Colour of Right Costs REMEDIES TERMINATION OF PROCEEDING REFILING COURT PROCEEDINGS Jurisdiction Emanating from UDRP Decisions APPLICATION OF CDRP APPENDICES APPENDIX A: CIRA DOMAIN NAME DISPUTE RESOLUTION POLICY APPENDIX B: CIRA DOMAIN NAME DISPUTE RESOLUTION RULES APPENDIX C: COMPLAINT APPENDIX D: RESPONSE APPENDIX E: REPLY APPENDIX F: DECISION

Detailed Table of Contents

Detailed Table of Contents Board of Editors... v v Foreword... vii vii Preface... ix ix Author Biographies... xi xi Summary Table of Contents... xix xix Chapter 1: PART I: INTRODUCTION The Origins of Trademark