Specific Performance in German, French and Dutch Law in the Nineteenth Century
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1 Specific Performance in German, French and Dutch Law in the Nineteenth Century Remedies in an Age of Fundamental Rights and Industrialisation By Janwillem Oosterhuis M A RTI N U S NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS LEIDEN. BOSTON 2011
2 Foreword Abbreviations xv xvii 1. Introduction The Subject of this Study Methodology Central Questions Comparative Legal History a. Legal Obligations and Possible Performance b. Definition of the Remedies Specific Performance, Damages and Rescission C France, the German territories, the Netherlands and the Nineteenth Century d. Civil Law versus Common Law e. Understanding Specific Performance f. Legal Sources Structure Specific Performance before the Nineteenth Century Introduction Roman Law Glossators, Commentators and Canonists Bulgarus, Martinus and Accursius Bartolus and Baldus Canon law Customary Law, Early Modern Scholasticism and Legal Humanism Dumoulin and Molina Coras and Doneau Roman-Dutch Law and Roman-Frisian Law Grotius, Vinnius, Groenewegen and Huber 44
3 VIII Bynkershoek and Civil Custody as Indirect Means of Enforcement Early Modern Natural Law and the usus modernus pandectarum Domat a. General Conception of Obligations b. Performance of Obligations to Act or Abstain I.e. Obligations to Give and the Transfer of Ownership Bourjon a. Third Party Performance b. Transfer of Ownership Pothier a. General Conception of Obligations b. Specific Performance of Obligations to Act or Abstain C. Specific Performance of Obligations to Give d. Third Party Performance e. Transfer of Ownership by Presumed Conveyance Thomasius, Boehmer and Hopfner Specific Performance versus nemo praecise Specific Performance as Primary Remedy Introduction German ius commune Specific Performance as Primary Remedy a. Betrothals b. Contracts of Employment and other Performances of a Highly Personal Nature C Construction Contracts l.d. Trade Sales and Obligations to Hand over Goods Direct and Indirect Enforcement a. Indirect Enforcement of Betrothals b. Direct Enforcement of Non-Competition Clauses Specific Performance or Damages? Prussia and the Allgemeines Landrecht (1794) 114
4 IX Specific Performance as the Primary Remedy: Betrothals Allgemeine Gerichtsordnung (1793) a. Indirect Enforcement of Betrothals b. Direct Enforcement of Delivery of Generic Goods Specific Performance, Rescission or Damages? France and the Code civil (1804) Specific Performance as Primary Remedy in the Code civil a. Performances of a Highly Personal Nature l.b. Generic Acts or Abstentions I.e. Obligations to Give d. Transfer of Ownership of Immovable Property e. Transfer of Ownership of Movable Property !.f. Code deprocedure civile (1807) Specific Performance of Obligations to Act or Abstain a. Cohabitation and other Performances of a Highly Personal Nature b. Third Party Performance of Generic Acts or Abstentions Specific Performance of Obligations to Give a. Consensual Transfer of Ownership b. Transfer of Ownership of Immovable Property c. Transfer of Ownership of Specific Movable Property d. Duties to Hand Over and Cumulative or Fixed Damages e. Sales of Generic Goods: Third Party Performance or Damages? The Rhine Province, Baden and the Code civil Specific Performance as Primary Remedy a. Construction Contracts and Betrothals b. Sales of Generic Goods in the Rhine Province No Enforcement of Obligations to Act or Abstain The Netherlands, Roman-Dutch Law and the Code civil 192
5 X Roman-Dutch Law and Early Modern Natural Law a. Specific Performance of all Obligations b. Natural Law Drafts ( ) Wetboek Napoleon a. Draft van der Linden (1807/1808) b. Wetboek Napoleon ingerigt voor het Koningrijk Holland ( ) Burgerlijk Wetboek (1838) a. Kempers Drafts: First (1816) and Second (1820) b. Wetboek The Code civil in the Netherlands ( ) a. Specific Performance as Primary Remedy b. Indirect Enforcement Comparison Specific Performance in German, French and Dutch Law a. Execution of Specific Enforcement b. Specific Performance in Legal Doctrine Specific Performance in Legal Practice a. Personal and Generic Acts b. Unique and Generic Goods C. Performance by Equivalence: Generic Acts and Goods d. Reasons for Specific Performance Specific Performance versus Damages Damages as Rule Introduction German Confederation ( ) Gemeines Recht, Pandectism and Mercantile Law l.a. Mora, Lack of Interest and Rescission l.b. Dogmatics Behind a Specific Date of Delivery I.e. Damages as Price Difference A Acceptance of a 'Recent Practice' The Rhine Province and Baden: Sales of Generic Goods Prussia and the Allgemeines Landrecht 266
6 XI a. Draft Handelsgesetzbuch fur die preufiischen Staaten (1856) b. Rescission upon Default due to a Specific Date of Delivery C. Damages Alongside Actual Performance d. Contracts of Delivery Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch (1861) a. Status quo versus 'the Needs of Commerce' b. A Codified Choice of Remedies German Empire ( ) Civilprozefiordnung (1879) a. Direct Enforcement of Deliveries of Generic Goods? b. Delivery of Generic Goods: a dare or a/acere? Fixgeschaft and the Specific Date of Delivery a. Immediate Notification b. Restrictive Interpretation of a Specific Date of Delivery Damages as Default Remedy a. Restrictive Interpretation of the Additional Period b. Extended Choice of Remedies C. Deckungskauf or Specific Performance by Equivalence Impossibility of the Contractual Performance Commercialisation of Private law in the Biirgerliches Gesetzbuch France and Belgium Trade Sales: Specific Performance by Equivalence Damages as Default Remedy a. Default due to a Separate Notice b. Judicial Rescission and an Extended Choice of Remedies Specific Date of Delivery a. Commodities b. Rescission ipsojure or Lack ofcausa C. Price Difference The Netherlands Sales of Movable Property 325
7 XII a. Indirect Enforcement of Delivery l.b. Subsidiary Damages Damages as Default Remedy a. Rescission in Court b. Default due to a Separate Notice C. International and Domestic Trade Sales d. Delivery Contracts and Penalty Clauses e. Restrictive Interpretation of the Additional Period Specific Date of Delivery a. Immediate Default b. Rescission ipsojure C. Commodities d. Price Difference e. Damages as Primary Remedy Impossibility of the Contractual Performance Comparison Specific performance a. Unique and Generic Goods b. Enforcement Damages and Rescission a. Mercantile Law b. Generic Goods and Timely Delivery C. Damages as Primary Remedy Damages versus Specific Performance by Equivalence a. Subsidiary Damages b. Third Party Performance, Covering Purchases and Penalty Clauses Disintegration of the Law of Obligations Specific Performance as an Exceptional Remedy Introduction France and Belgium Specific Performance of Obligations or Duties to Act or Abstain l.a. Acting, Turning Over Children and Abstaining from Competition l.b. Demolombe on Cumulative Amounts as an Indirect Means of Enforcement 405
8 XIII 5.2.I.e. Cumulative Damages in French and Belgian Legal Practice d. Astreinte I.e. Generic Acts or Abstentions and Third Party Enforcement Specific Performance of Obligations to Give a. Consensual Transfer of Ownership b. Transfer of Ownership of Immovable Property C. Transfer of Ownership of Specific Movable Property d. Duties to Hand Over and Cumulative or Fixed Damages The Netherlands Performance of Obligations or Duties to Act or Abstain l.a. Civil Imprisonment l.b. Construction Contracts I.e. Leases l.d. Servitudes e. Contractual Penalties to secure Performance of Actors and Non-Competition Clauses l.f. Cohabitation and Other Performances of a Highly Personal Nature g. Choice of Remedies: Actual Performance or Rescission with Damages l.h. Cumulative Damages for Obligations and Duties to Act or Hand Over Specific Performance of Obligations to Deliver Immovable Property a. Delivery: Formal and Informal b. No Direct Enforcement of the Conveyance Without a Deed of Transfer C. Existing Titles and Reinstatement of the Registers to their Previous Positions d. Direct Enforcement of Informal Delivery or Duty to Hand Over e. Drawing up a Deed as an Obligation to Do f. Specific Performance as an Exceptional Remedy 522
9 XIV g. Obligations to Do Something, Remittance of Verdicts and Damages h. Enforcement of Conveyance Through Cumulative Damages German Empire Civilprozefiordnung (1879) a. Actual Enforcement as Purpose b. Betrothals Unenforceable I.e. Diversity at a Substantive Level and Damages Alongside Actual Performance Specific Performance in the Rhine Province and Baden a. Perpetual Clause b. Construction Contracts C. No Direct or Indirect Coercion of Obligations to Act Strict Enforcement in Legal Practice a. Monetary Penalties and Imprisonment; Cumulation and Discretion b. Acts Only Dependent on a Debtors Will C. Abgabe einer Willenserkldrung d. Turning Over of Children and Handing Over of Goods Specific Performance under the Burgerliches Gesetzbuch Comparison Specific Performance l.a. Unique Goods and Personal Acts b. Contractual Penalties I.e. Specific Performance by Equivalence: Generic Acts and Specified Goods Specific Performance as an Exceptional Remedy Summary and Conclusions 581 Bibliography 591 Index of Names 611 Index of Sources 615 Index of Cases 621
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