Chapter 5. The Remote Rural Economy
|
|
- June Fox
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 5. The Remote Rural Economy Nearly 150 small, mostly Native villages are scattered across the remote expanses of northern, interior, western, and southwestern Alaska. This remote part of the state has an economy that is much smaller and quite different from that in urban Alaska. In this chapter we examine the economic structure of remote rural Alaska. This is essentially an assessment of the economic well-being of Native communities; it s a complement to Chapter 4, which reported on the well-being of individuals. We define remote rural Alaska as the Wade Hampton, Bethel, Nome, Dillingham, and Yukon- Koyukuk census areas, and the North Slope, Northwest Arctic, and Lake and Peninsula boroughs. As of 2000, about 41 percent of Alaska Natives lived in remote rural Alaska, in villages and in five larger regional centers. Most of the places where Alaska Natives are in the majority are in this part of the state. In fact, there are few places in remote rural Alaska where Natives are not in the majority. 1 Economic conditions in remote rural areas aren t as good as in Anchorage and other urban areas. That s because economic development opportunities in rural areas are limited, a large share of the earnings generated in rural areas leaks out of the local economy, and costs of living are high. Subsistence continues to be an important source of well-being among all Alaska Natives, but especially for those in the remote parts of the state. Data Sources and Organization of Chapter Here we rely primarily on four sources of data: the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, the Alaska Department of Labor, and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Keep in mind that figures say, for example, figures on income from different sources are not always exactly the same. That s because different agencies use different definitions, collect data differently, and include different things in their calculations. We note such differences in the text and on the figures. Below we first summarize our findings about the remote rural economy. Then we report on the economic structure in remote rural Alaska: levels and sources of income, jobs and wages, the importance of subsistence, and the high costs of living. 1 See Appendix B for a complete listing of the Native population of every community in the state. Nenana is the only community in remote rural Alaska with a population greater than 200 that is not majority Alaska Native. 5-1
2 Summary of Findings The entire remote rural region has an economy about the same size as Juneau s, if we use personal income as a measure. With some notable exceptions, the billion-dollar petroleum, mining, and seafood industries in remote rural Alaska produce little economic benefit for local residents. But the Red Dog zinc mine and the CDQ program for federally-managed fisheries are important exceptions that provide significant employment and personal income for the region. And in the North Slope borough, the petroleum industry provides very substantial tax revenues for the local government. Local residents get only a small share of the value of the world-class salmon fisheries in southwest Alaska about 10 percent in Still, even that small share is very important to local residents, and thousands of area residents work in the salmon fisheries. Federal money makes up the biggest share of outside money coming into remote rural areas. About $670 million came into the region in 2000 as wages, purchases, grants, and transfers to individuals. But not all that money stays in the region, so its economic effects are hard to trace. Permanent Fund dividends are also an important source of cash for remote rural Alaska, bringing about $93 million into the region in Government and service jobs make up much bigger shares of jobs in remote rural areas than in Anchorage. Many of those service jobs are with non-profit Native organizations that now manage most health care and other federal programs for Alaska Natives. Small remote communities with low cash incomes can sustain very few trade and other local support jobs that are common in urban areas. Most jobs have to be sustained with money from outside sources. Job growth in remote rural Alaska in the 1990s was overwhelmingly in service jobs a change from the 1980s, when job growth was more evenly divided among the basic sector, local government, and services. Unemployment is high in remote rural areas, but the published unemployment figures still under-estimate the job shortage in remote rural areas. The figures include only people actively looking for work and local residents don t look for work when they know there are no jobs. The average worker s pay is lower in remote rural Alaska than in Anchorage, for all sectors of the economy. That s due to a combination of lower-wage occupations and fewer hours worked. Per capita income in remote rural areas remains little more than half of Anchorage s, because the average worker s pay is lower and because the share of the population with jobs is smaller. Transfer payments now make up nearly a third of per capita income in remote rural areas, up from about a sixth in Transfer payments continued to grow in the 1990s, even as real adjusted for inflation earnings declined slightly. About 90 percent of rural households (Native and non-native) do subsistence hunting and fishing, with annual harvests as high as 664 pounds per person in parts of remote rural Alaska. The cost of living in rural Alaska remains much higher than in urban areas the residential electricity rate in southwest Alaska is four times that of Anchorage and food costs are in the range of 50 percent or more. A combination of high transportation costs, severe climate, small local markets, and other structural problems keeps the cost differential stubbornly high. 5-2
3 Levels and Sources of Income Map 5-1 on the next page shows the eight census areas that make up the remote rural region described in this chapter. Outside the five regional centers which all have populations of several thousand the U.S. census counts 147 small communities in this region. The largest of those has a population of just over 1,000, but the median population is 211 meaning half have larger populations and half have smaller (Figure 5-1). Most places are not joined by road to surrounding communities, so travel between places is mainly by air, boat, or snow machine. Figure 5-1. Size Distribution of Places in Remote Rural Alaska, , Source: U.S. Census The small size of these villages is both a reflection and a consequence of the economic realities in remote rural Alaska. On the one hand, there is very little private sector economic base in most villages. On the other, the small population means that the local market for business enterprises is quite limited. 5-3
4 5-4
5 The small size of the remote rural economy, as measured by personal income, is illustrated in Figure In 2000, the combined personal income in the eight census areas in remote rural Alaska was $1.269 billion. That was a bit larger than the personal income of just the city of Juneau ($1.047 billion) or of the Matanuska-Susitna Borough ($1.194 billion), but smaller than that of the Kenai Peninsula Borough ($1.384 billion). Within remote rural Alaska itself there is also considerable variation in total personal income, with Bethel having the largest economy as measured by personal income and Lake and Peninsula Borough the smallest. Figure 5-2. Size of Economy, Measured by Personal Income, 2000 (In Millions of Dollars) $1, $1, $1, $1, $ $ $37.48 $ $ $ $99.77 $ Bethel Dillingham Lake & Peninsula Nome North Slope NW Arctic Wade Hampton Yukon-Koyukuk TOTAL Juneau Mat-Su Boroough Kenai Pen.Borough Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis Two census areas of remote rural Alaska do have large private sector economic bases and consequently higher average wages. The average wage of the North Slope Borough is the highest in the region, largely because the borough includes the North Slope oil fields. The next highest wages are in the Northwest Arctic Borough, home to the Red Dog zinc mine. Unfortunately, petroleum and mining are two of the most capital-intensive industries, and as a consequence they create limited demand for local labor, even though their combined output is several billion dollars a year. The other census areas in this region have much smaller private sector economic bases, as reflected in their lower average wage. In all these census areas there is commercial fishing, small-scale mining, tourism and recreation, timber, trapping, agriculture, and handicraft manufacture. But all these activities are on a modest scale and are mostly seasonal while the oil 2 The definition of personal income we use in this section is that of the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. It is a more inclusive definition than that used by the U.S. census. 5-5
6 production on the North Slope and the zinc mining in northwest Alaska are major, year-round operations. Figure 5-3 compares average private-industry wages in the eight remote census areas and in Anchorage in Figure 5-3. Annual Average Wage and Salary Earnings in Private Industry, 2000 Wade Hampton $16,081 Yukon-Koyukuk $23,691 Bethel $24,911 Lake & Peninsula $26,342 Nome $26,457 Dillingham $28,829 NW Arctic $45,015 NSB $70,905 Anchorage $34,404 Source: Alaska Department of Labor Even in the two remote census areas where there are high-paying oil industry and mining jobs, many of those jobs are held by non-residents. In the North Slope Borough, 79 percent of total earnings $421 million in 2000 leaves the region, as non-resident workers return to their homes. (However, while few Native residents of the North Slope Borough work in the petroleum industry, local residents benefit indirectly because the oil fields constitute a major tax base for the borough and the borough has used its tax revenues for capital improvements and other projects that create local jobs.) In the Northwest Arctic Borough, about 30 percent of earnings, or $34 million in 2000, leaks out of the region (Figure 5-4). The reported share of earnings that leaks out of the other census areas is much smaller but as we will see, this is misleading. Much economic activity in remote rural Alaska passes directly out of the region, without even appearing in reported income accounts. 5-6
7 Figure 5-4. Shares of Earnings Leaving and Staying in Remote Rural Alaska, 2000 (In Millions of Dollars) Wade Hampton Census Area Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area Bethel Census Area Lake and Peninsula Borough Nome Census Area Dillingham Census Area North Slope Borough Northwest Arctic Borough $(500) $(400) $(300) $(200) $(100) $- $100 $200 NSB NW Arctic Dillingham Nome Lake & Peninsula Bethel Yukon- Koyukuk Wade Hampton Share Leaving 78.9% 30.0% 7.4% 2.4% 2.3% 2.0% 29.0% 11.4% Leave $(421) $(34) $(5) $(2) $(0) $(3) $(15) $(4) St ay $113 $80 $64 $95 $17 $160 $38 $33 Commercial Fishing Commercial fishing has always been an important part of the private economy of this part of Alaska, but local residents get only a small share of the fishery value and the overall value of the fishery itself has been falling in recent years. 3 The largest salmon fishery is centered in Bristol Bay, and three remote rural census areas have close access to that fishery. But local residents capture only a small share of the value of that fishery. For example, in 2002 the value of the salmon fisheries in waters surrounding the Lake and Peninsula Borough was about $37 million, but local residents captured only about $4 million, with the remainder going to other Alaskans (some from surrounding census areas, but many from urban areas) and to fishermen from outside the state (Figure 5-5). The value of the salmon fishery accessible for residents in most of remote rural Alaska was quite small. For example, in Nome it was less than $2 million, and locals captured almost none of that value. 3 In this discussion about the commercial fisheries, we exclude the North Slope Borough but include the Bristol Bay Borough. There is no commercial fishery on the North Slope. The Bristol Bay Borough is outside what we have defined as remote rural Alaska, but it borders on the remote rural area, it depends heavily on commercial fishing, it is at the center of the commercial fishing activity in Bristol Bay, and many remote rural residents participate in this commercial fishery. 5-7
8 Figure 5-5. Value of Commercial Fishery and Share to Local Residents, 2002 (In Millions of Dollars) Bristol Bay Non-Local $30.52 $0.00 $28.99 $32.83 $1.58 $0.00 $0.08 $0.02 Local $1.51 $0.32 $3.04 $3.81 $0.02 $0.02 $1.51 $0.01 Source: Alaska Department of Fish and Game Bethel Dillingham Lake/Penin Nome NW Arctic Wade Hampton Yukon- Koyukuk Residents of the region are able to harvest other seafood in addition to salmon, and some fish for salmon outside the region. Even so, the gross earnings of residents from state-managed commercial fisheries are quite modest. Figure 5-6 shows that in 2002, those earnings were less than $2 million in all census areas except Dillingham and Lake and Peninsula Borough. (Gross earnings are the value of the harvest as it comes off the boat, but before the cost of catching the fish is taken out.) Figure 5-6. Resident Gross Earnings from State-Managed Commercial Fisheries, 2002 (In Millions of Dollars) Bristol Bay Bethel Dillingham Lake/Penin Nome NW Arctic Wade Hampton Yukon- Koyukuk $1.56 $1.01 $3.15 $4.69 $0.67 $0.02 $1.55 $0.09 Source: Alaska Department of Fish and Game Note: Value is defined ex-vessel. 5-8
9 But even though the value of the commercial harvest for local residents is modest, many regional residents are involved in fishing. In 2002, 1,780 resident fishermen (excluding those from the Bristol Bay Borough) participated in the harvest, as Table 5-1 shows. The average gross earnings per resident permit holder, from all state-managed fisheries, were $6,280 (excluding earnings of fishermen from the Bristol Bay Borough). Earnings of fishermen from the Lake and Peninsula Borough alone accounted for about half the gross earnings of permit holders from throughout the remote rural areas. By contrast, total non-resident participation in the salmon fisheries within the region produced $33.7 million of gross earnings, for gross revenues of $21,000 per permit fished. Table 5-1. Resident Participation in Commercial Fishing in 2002 RESIDENT PARTICIPATION NONLOCAL RESIDENT PARTICIPATION Residents in Local Salmon Fishery Salmon Fishermen Gross Earnings/ Earnings/ Permits Fishery Resident Who Fished Earnings Permit Earnings Permit Fished Earnings Adjacent to Census Area # (000 $) (000 $) (000 $) (000) % % Census Area Bethel 635 $1,005 $1.58 $3 $ % 0.9% Kuskokwim Dillingham 396 $3,153 $7.96 $28,988 $ % 90.5% Bristol Bay Nome 72 $674 $9.36 $1,582 $ % 98.9% Lower Yukon/ Norton Sound Northwest Arctic 6 $23 $3.83 $0 na 0.0% 0.0% Kotzebue Wade Hampton 535 $1,554 $2.90 $83 $ % 5.2% Lower Yukon Yukon-Koyukuk 18 $85 $4.72 $21 $ % 75.9% Upper Yukon Subtotal [net BB & Lake Peninsula] 1,662 $6,494 $3.91 $33,692* $ % 87.3% Lake and Peninsula 118 $4,689 $39.74 $32,831 $ % 89.6% Bristol Bay/ Chignik Total [net BB] 1,780 $11,183 $6.28 Bristol Bay 160 $1,556 $9.73 $30,521 $ % 95.3% Bristol Bay *Non-local earnings total counts each fishery only once. Note: Includes gross earnings from salmon, crab, halibut, herring, other finfish, bottomfish, and shellfish. Source: Alaska Department of Fish and Game In recent years, the total value of the commercial salmon harvest has fallen precipitously (Table 5-2). This is the case both for the larger fisheries around Bristol Bay and for the smaller fisheries in western Alaska, on the Kuskokwim and Yukon Rivers, and further north. 5-9
10 Table 5-2. Value of Commercial Salmon Harvest in Western Alaska, (In Millions of Dollars) Alaska Year Bristol Bay Kodiak Chignik Peninsula Subtotal 1994 $193.6 $27.0 $11.0 $38.1 $ $190.2 $53.9 $15.1 $50.1 $ $140.9 $24.2 $11.4 $16.5 $ $66.4 $20.8 $5.2 $27.8 $ $71.2 $29.8 $7.5 $25.2 $ $155.1 $35.7 $23.1 $34.5 $ $81.1 $21.4 $12.1 $22.5 $ $41.0 $22.2 $8.4 $8.5 $ $32.4 $13.3 $5.4 $8.6 $59.7 Year Kuskokwim Yukon Norton Sound Kotzebue Subtotal 1994 $5.4 $5.0 $1.0 $0.3 $ $4.5 $8.1 $0.4 $0.3 $ $2.9 $4.7 $0.3 $0.1 $ $1.1 $6.1 $0.3 $0.2 $ $1.7 $2.0 $0.5 $0.1 $ $0.6 $5.1 $0.1 $0.2 $ $1.3 $0.8 $0.2 $0.3 $ $0.8 $0.0 $0.1 $0.3 $ $0.4 $1.8 $0.0 $0.0 $2.2 Source: Alaska Department of Fish and Game Many of the coastal communities in remote rural Alaska participate in the Community Development Quota (CDQ) program. The federal government established that program in 1992 to allocate a share of the lucrative Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands fisheries pollock, halibut, sablefish, cod, mackerel, and crab to small Alaska communities. Bottomfish harvesting and processing has grown into a major source of private basic sector income for these communities, operating through six regional associations. Through investments of royalties and income, it has also created additional job opportunities within the region. Table 5-3 shows that 55 communities in remote rural Alaska are members of these regional associations, and 10 other communities in the Aleutian Islands and Bristol Bay Borough are also part of the program. In 2002, the CDQ program accounted for $12 million in wages and 1,897 jobs for an average wage per job of $6,312 (Table 5-4). Net income and royalties, based on gross income of $70 million, had grown to $21 million and $46 million by 2002 (Table 5-5). 5-10
11 Table 5-3. CDQ Community Membership, 2002 Census Area Number of Percent of Census Communities Area Communities Nome 15 92% Dillingham 9 86% Wade Hampton 8 74% Bethel 17 35% Lake and Peninsula 5 25% Yukon-Koyukuk 1 3% Northwest Arctic 0 0% North Slope Borough 0 0% Total 55 Source: An Assessment of the Socioeconomic Impacts of the Western Alaska Community Development Quota Program, Northern Economics, Table 5-4. CDQ Employment and Wages, Jobs Wages Wage/Job ($ millions) $2.196 $5, ,068 $5.084 $4, $5.569 $6, ,153 $6.327 $5, ,212 $8.109 $6, ,350 $8.176 $6, ,339 $ $7, ,834 $ $6, ,720 $ $7, ,897 $ $6,312 Source: CDQ Program Office, Alaska Department of Community and Economic Development Table 5-5. CDQ Net Income and Royalties, (In Millions of Dollars) Gross Revenues Net Income Royalties 1992 $15.11 $13.65 $ $16.77 $10.15 $ $17.41 $6.72 $ $20.88 $7.88 $ $25.34 $11.80 $ $26.53 $8.35 $ $33.79 $13.59 $ $54.42 $28.99 $ $46.84 $25.43 $ $76.97 $40.98 $ $70.43 $20.87 $46.37 Source: CDQ Program Office, Alaska DCED 5-11
12 Mining Aside from the Red Dog Mine, the contribution of the mining industry to the regional economy has been modest. Spending for exploration and development in this part of the state in 2002 was concentrated in two areas (Table 5-6). Exploration centered on the gold deposits in the Donlin Creek region of the Middle Kuskokwim River near Bethel. Development was centered in the area close to Fairbanks, which is adjacent to remote rural Alaska. Table 5-6. Mining Expenditures, 2002* (In Millions of Dollars) North Western Eastern Alaska Southwestern Interior Peninsula Exploration $1.60 $3.00 $5.80 $12.30 $0.00 Development $2.10 $0.30 $23.80 $0.10 $0.00 Total $3.70 $3.30 $29.60 $12.40 $0.00 *Mining activity is reported for five regions that overlap the remote rural census areas. Southwest exploration is mostly Donlin Creek; Eastern Interior development is mostly Fort Knox, True North, Usibelli, and Pogo. Source: Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, SR #57 In 2002, mineral production outside the Fairbanks area was centered at the Red Dog Mine and the Illinois Creek Placer mine in the Nome area (Table 5-7). These two projects accounted for 633 of the 723 jobs attributed to the industry. The rest were associated with placer gold mining sites scattered across the rest of the region. The total production of placer gold, the majority of which was from Illinois Creek, was about $18 million. We do not have figures on the share of employment or gross value of production that went to residents of the region. Table 5-7. Alaska Mining Production, 2002 Mining District Number of Operators Jobs Gold Production Gold Value Other Value (ounces) (million $) (million $) North placer gold $0.21 Red Dog zinc $503 lead $62 silver $0 Western Illinois Cr. gold mine ,465 $10.99 placer gold ,965 $2.78 Eastern Interior placer gold ,845 $3.36 Southwest placer gold ,733 $0.54 Alaska Peninsula 0 Total ,693 $17.88 $565 Notes: We attribute the entire state production of lead but none of the silver production to Red Dog. Both lead and silver are also produced at Greens Creek in southeast Alaska. Gold price per ounce = $310 Placer employment for the Eastern Interior estimated by author. Source: Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, SR #
13 Other Private Industry Good information on the level of jobs and income that tourism and recreation, 4 handicrafts manufacture, timber production, trapping, and agriculture contribute to the regional economy is not available mostly because that contribution is quite small as a percentage and in total. The limited available information suggests that of these sources, tourism and recreation bring in the most money but as with other private basic industries in the region, much of the money leaks out to non-resident workers. Federal Spending The largest share of outside money coming into the remote rural economy is from the federal government as wages, purchases, grants, and transfers to individuals (Figure 5-7). In 2000, the Bethel census area received $200 million in federal spending, and the remote rural region overall received about $670 million far surpassing the money coming into the region from private natural resource-related activities. The largest share of federal spending, close to 70 percent, was in the form of grants for capital projects and for operations of local governments, tribal entities, and other non-profit organizations. A small share of spending was for federal military operations and agencies such as the Fish and Wildlife Service and the Bureau of Land Management. This amounted to about 900 jobs in 2000, and also generated some spending for goods and services those agencies use. And around 12 percent went directly to individuals, in a variety of transfer payments. Figure 5-7. Federal Money in Remote Rural Census Areas, 2000 (In Millions of Dollars) Million $ $250 $200 $150 $100 $50 $0 Bethel Yukon- Koyukuk Nome NW Arctic Wade Hampton Dillingham North Slope Lake/ Penin. Procurement $5.28 $57.73 $4.15 $3.79 $1.80 $2.91 $8.85 $0.64 Wages $8.32 $7.24 $6.17 $3.98 $2.08 $2.91 $1.73 $1.51 Transfers $18.67 $13.70 $12.35 $8.60 $10.15 $8.26 $7.23 $3.83 Grant s $ $72.48 $54.59 $52.30 $42.09 $35.25 $27.39 $6.22 Source: Consolidated Federal Funds Report 4 We define visitors from outside the state as tourists and visitors from within Alaska as recreational users. 5-13
14 The importance of federal spending for the regional economy is reflected in the high per capita amounts. Real (adjusted for inflation) per capita federal spending in remote areas was about $7,500 in the early 1990s, but by 2000 had jumped above $10,000 (Figure 5-8). Most of the growth was the result of a sharp increase in grants per capita. The composition of federal spending changed in the last decade, with a decline in procurement (purchasing) offset by an increase in grants. The growing importance of federal spending to the remote rural economy is mirrored in the Anchorage economy. During the first part of the 1990s, per capita spending by the federal government in Anchorage was about the same as in remote rural areas, although the composition was different. Wages made up a bigger share, and grants a smaller share, in Anchorage. Per capita spending in Anchorage by 2000 was close to $9,000. Figure 5-8. Real Per Capita Federal Spending, (In 2000 Dollars) Procurement $3,241 $1,810 $1,660 $1,267 $1,047 $878 $1,430 $1,831 Wages $891 $1,140 $647 $535 $2,670 $3,955 $3,060 $2,810 Transfers $682 $748 $1,463 $1,254 $761 $1,275 $1,550 $1,900 Grant s $2,196 $3,823 $3,390 $7,300 $1,045 $1,001 $1,396 $2,080 Remote Rural Net of North Slope Anchorage Source: Consolidated Federal Funds Report Tracing the impact of federal spending on the rural economy is difficult, because not all of the money gets spent in the region. For example, purchases are often made outside the region, simply because many goods and services aren t available locally. Grants for construction projects may be contracted to firms from outside the region, which then bring in workers. 5 Other Sources of Cash There are other flows of cash into the regional economy. Income residents earn outside the region for example, from firefighting is included, in theory, in Figure 5-4, but no estimate of the size of such earnings is available. Dividends paid by ANCSA corporations are one type of 5 Also, when local residents get these jobs, and the local economy benefits, the jobs may be reported in urban Alaska because that s where the businesses doing the work are headquartered. 5-14
15 non-wage income that comes into the region. But during the 1990s, most of the income from dividends (83 percent of all dividends) went to shareholders in three corporations Cook Inlet, Sealaska, and Arctic Slope (Figure 5-9). Of those, only Arctic Slope is in this region. Figure 5-9. Annual Average ANCSA Corporation Dividends Distributed, (In Millions of Dollars) Ahtna Aleut Arctic Slope* Bristol Bay* Bering St rait s* Chugach Calista* Alaska Cook Inlet Doyon* Koniag NANA* Sealaska Dividends $0.47 $0.15 $10.98 $3.18 $0.24 $0.00 $0.08 $51.81 $4.89 $3.25 $2.47 $11.71 Share All Corps 0.5% 0.2% 12.3% 3.6% 0.3% 0.0% 0.1% 58.1% 5.5% 3.6% 2.8% 13.1% *Totally or partially within remote rural Alaska. Source: ISER calculation Alaska s state government also provides support for many public services in remote areas like schools and provides cash directly to households through the Permanent Fund Dividend program. Although the dividend in 2002 was less than it had been in some years, it still amounted to a cash flow of about $93 million into the region (Figure 5-10). Figure Permanent Fund Dividend Amount Distributed to Remote Rural Areas, 2002 (In Millions of Dollars) Bethel Nome NSB NW Arctic Wade Hampton Yukon- Koyukuk Dillingham Lake/ Penin. $24.67 $14.17 $11.38 $11.11 $10.83 $10.10 $7.58 $2.81 Source: ISER calculation 5-15
16 Job Mix in Remote Areas The mix of jobs in remote rural Alaska reflects the sources of cash coming into the region (Figure 5-11). Excluding the North Slope Borough (because so many of its jobs are in the enclave oil and gas sector), the largest shares of jobs in the region are in government, at 29 percent, and in services, at 23 percent. Proprietors people working for themselves as fishermen or in other occupations make up an additional 23 percent. Half the remaining 25 percent of jobs are in either trade or infrastructure (transportation and utilities). A large share of the service jobs are in non-profit Native organizations and other businesses that are funded largely by federal contracts and grants. Figure Jobs in Seven Remote Rural Census Areas,* 2000 Total Government 29% Other 46% Services 23% Total Trade 7% Proprietors 23% Military 2% Transportation, Comm & Utilities 6% Finance, Insurance & Real Estate 4% Manufacturing 3% Mining 2% Construction 1% Ag, For, Fish 0% *Excludes North Slope Borough, where many jobs are in the enclave petroleum sector. Source: Alaska Department of Labor and ISER The job mix in remote areas is heavily weighted toward government and service employment, compared with the mix in an urban area like Anchorage where trade and other jobs are a much larger part of the mix (Figure 5-12). 5-16
17 Figure Share of Jobs in Remote Rural Alaska* and Anchorage, 2000 Shares of: Proprietors All Other Transport/Util. Trade Services Government Numbers of: 7 Remote Census Areas Anchorage Proprietors 5,916 32,493 All Other 3,002 30,364 Transport/Utilities 1,492 15,225 Trade 1,952 31,248 Services 5,903 36,949 Government 7,945 27,655 *Excluding the North Slope Borough, where many jobs are in the enclave petroleum sector. Source: Alaska Department of Labor and ISER Growth in the number of jobs in remote rural Alaska (excluding the North Slope Borough) has been in the range of 400 to 600 per year in the 1990s, with considerable fluctuation from year to year (Figure 5-13). Figure History of Job Growth in Remote Rural Alaska* (5-Year Moving Average) 1,400 1,200 1, *Excluding the North Slope Borough, where many jobs are in the enclave petroleum sector. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis and ISER 5-17
18 Job growth has been dominated by new service jobs in the last 10 years (Figure 5-14), with close to 4,000 new jobs added between 1990 and The second biggest gainer but a very distant second during that period was private basic industries (mining and others), which added over 700 jobs. Local government and trade added smaller numbers and the state and federal governments lost jobs (mostly military). This pattern differed from what had happened in previous decades. The growth in service jobs was much stronger than in earlier decades. The contributions to job growth from the economic base and local government were much weaker than in earlier decades. Growth in trade jobs continued to slow, as did jobs in state government, which went from adding jobs in the 1970s and 1980s to losing jobs in the 1990s. The number of federal government jobs has been falling in this region for at least three decades. Figure Composition of Job Growth in Remote Areas,* ,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1, ,000-2,000 Private Economic Base Trade Service Local Government State Government , ,955 2, , ,989 2, , *Excluding the North Slope Borough, where many jobs are in the enclave petroleum sector. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, and ISER Federal Government The average worker s pay is lower in remote rural Alaska than in Anchorage, for all sectors of the economy, even without an adjustment for the higher costs of living in remote areas (Figure 5-15). The lower average wage in remote areas is due to a combination of lower-wage occupations and fewer average hours worked. 5-18
19 Figure Average Wage by Sector, Remote Areas* and Anchorage, 2000 Private Ownership Total Government Proprietor Military 7 Remote Census Areas $28,318 $26,794 $9,990 $15,551 Anchorage $34,403 $44,089 $28,693 $46,144 Remote as % of Anchorage 82.3% 60.8% 34.8% 33.7% *Excludes the North Slope Borough, where many jobs are in the enclave petroleum sector. Source: Alaska Department of Labor and ISER The share of the population working in rural Alaska is low, and this is reflected in the published unemployment rate for the region which is still high, despite the fact that it doesn t count people who might want jobs but have given up looking for them (Figure 5-16). 6 Figure Alaska Unemployment Rates, Remote Rural Areas and Anchorage, % 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Anchorage Remote Rural Census Areas Source: Alaska Department of Labor 6 The Alaska Department of Labor bases its figures on a national methodology that defines unemployed as only those actively looking for work. This method underestimates unemployment in remote rural Alaska, where many people who might want jobs aren t actively looking because they know jobs aren t available. 5-19
20 The combination of low average wages and a smaller share of the population with jobs keeps per capita incomes in the region low. In 2001, only the North Slope came close to matching Anchorage income, but that was with no adjustment for the higher costs in remote areas (Figure 5-17). Real per capita income in remote areas grew rapidly in the 1970s, but more slowly since. The gap between remote rural and Anchorage per capita incomes remained the same in 2000 as in 1980, with remote income just over half that of Anchorage (Figure 5-18). Figure Per Capita Personal Income, Remote Rural Areas and Anchorage, 2001 NSB Dillingham NW Arctic Nome Yukon- Koyukuk Lake/ Penni. Bethel Wade Hampton Anchorage Invest. Earnings $4,644 $2,740 $1,603 $2,164 $2,923 $2,703 $1,626 $1,056 $6,021 Transfers $4,566 $5,267 $6,911 $6,822 $8,865 $5,629 $6,505 $7,635 $4,967 Net Earnings $25,010 $18,021 $14,830 $12,913 $9,837 $12,814 $12,381 $6,602 $26,675 Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis Figure Real Per Capita Personal Income, Remote Areas and Anchorage, (In 2000 Dollars) Remote Rural net NS $9,509 $15,719 $18,385 $19,856 Anchorage $22,403 $28,510 $33,375 $35,307 Remote as % of Anchorage 42.4% 55.1% 55.1% 56.2% Remote Decade Growth 65.3% 17.0% 8.0% Anchorage Decade Growth 27.3% 17.1% 5.8% Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis 5-20
21 Real per capita growth in net earnings (wage and self-employment income, after netting out the share going to non-residents) has followed the same pattern as total personal income increasing most rapidly in the 1970s and more slowly after that (Figure 5-19). The gap in real earnings between Anchorage and remote rural areas has remained at about 50 percent. Figure Real Per Capita Net Earnings, Remote Areas and Anchorage, (In 2000 Dollars) Remote Rural net NS $7,679 $11,790 $12,280 $11,560 Anchorage $19,900 $24,501 $25,355 $24,762 Remote as % of Anchorage 40.8% 55.6% 53.7% 51.3% Remote Decade Growth 53.5% 4.1% -5.9% Anchorage Decade Growth 23.1% 3.5% -2.3% Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis Real per capita transfers, mostly federal payments but also Permanent Fund Dividends, have grown rapidly in remote areas but also in Anchorage (Figure 5-20). They still contribute more to income in remote areas, but the gap narrowed dramatically between 1980 and Figure Real Per Capita Transfers, Remote Areas and Anchorage, (In 2000 Dollars) Remote Rural net NS $1,568 $3,007 $4,176 $6,369 Anchorage $647 $1,177 $3,036 $4,713 Remote as % of Anchorage 242.3% 255.5% 137.5% 135.1% Remote Decade Growth 91.8% 38.8% 52.5% Anchorage Decade Growth 81.9% 157.9% 55.2% Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis 5-21
22 Real per capita investment earnings contribute much less to incomes in remote areas than to those in Anchorage (Figure 5-21). The differential has not changed much in the last 20 years. Figure Real Per Capita Investment Earnings, Remote Rural and Anchorage, (In 2000 Dollars) Remote Rural net NS $262 $921 $1,929 $1,927 Anchorage $1,856 $2,832 $4,984 $5,832 Remote as % of Anchorage 14.1% 32.5% 38.7% 33.0% Remote Decade Growth 251.5% 109.5% -0.1% Anchorage Decade Growth 52.6% 76.0% 17.0% Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis Net earnings remain the largest part of per capita income in Anchorage and remote areas, but that share has been falling, especially in remote areas. Between 1970 and 2000, the importance of transfers doubled in remote areas and the investment share doubled in Anchorage. In 2000, net earnings made up 58 percent of per capita income and transfers 32 percent in remote areas. Figure Real Per Capita Income Shares in Remote Rural Areas and Anchorage, Anchorage Remote Rural Net of North Slope Investments 8.3% 9.9% 14.9% 16.5% 2.8% 5.9% 10.5% 9.7% Transfers 2.9% 4.1% 9.1% 13.3% 16.5% 19.1% 22.7% 32.1% Net Earnings 88.8% 85.9% 76.0% 70.1% 80.8% 75.0% 66.8% 58.2% Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis 5-22
23 The economy of remote rural Alaska is small from several perspectives including average size of community, average household income, total income, and the large share of natural resource (and probably federal spending) earnings that directly leave the region. As a result, it can support only a very limited number of jobs that are not funded by outside sources. Most of these jobs will be in trade, some services, and some infrastructure and construction businesses. This is reflected in the small ratio of jobs in these businesses, compared with total personal income (Figure 5-23). 7 For example, in Anchorage there are 3.4 jobs in trade per $1 million of personal income. In the four remote rural census areas that have regional centers, there are 1.9 trade jobs per $1 million of personal income. In the three remote census areas without regional centers, there are only 0.6 trade jobs for every $1 million of personal income. Figure Support Jobs per $1 Million of Income, Anchorage and Remote Rural Areas Anchorage 4 Remote Rural Census Areas with Regional Centers 3 Remote Rural Census Areas with No Regional Center Services Trade Transport Source: Alaska Department of Labor and ISER 7 This is equivalent to saying that the economic multiplier in remote rural Alaska is small. 5-23
24 Importance of Subsistence For many reasons including economic but also cultural and others subsistence hunting and fishing are very important to Alaska Natives and Native communities. An estimated 60 percent of rural households statewide (about half Native and half non-native) harvest game and 80 percent harvest fish (Figure 5-24). Figure Percentage of Rural* Households Participating in Subsistence 86% 83% 95% 60% Harvesting Game Using Game Harvesting Fish Using Fish *Rural includes both Native and non-native households in western, southwestern, interior, and parts of southeast Alaska. Source: ADFG, Subsistence in Alaska: A Year 2000 Update The amount harvested varies considerably around Alaska, with residents of more remote rural areas reporting a higher annual harvest (Figure 5-25). Figure Wild Food Harvest (In Pounds per Person, Average for 1990s) Fairbanks-Delta Anchorage Mat-Su Ketchikan Juneau Kenai Peninsula Rural Southcentral Kodiak Rural Southeast Southwest-Aleutian Arctic Rural Interior Western RURAL Source: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Subsistence in Alaska: A 2000 Update 5-24
25 Fish make up the largest share of the subsistence harvest by weight, at 60 percent, followed by land mammals (Figure 5-26). Figure Share of Alaska Subsistence Harvest by Weight Land mammals 20% Marine mammals 14% Birds 2% Shellfish 2% Plants 2% Fish 60% Source: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Subsistence in Alaska: A 2000 Update The subsistence harvest of salmon is higher in the remote rural part of the state than elsewhere. In 2000, it varied between 102 fish per subsistence permit in the Chignik management area and 24 in the Unalaska district (Figure 5-27). In the rest of the state, the average was 22 fish per subsistence permit. Most, but not all, of these fish were harvested by residents in the regions where they lived. Figure Alaska Subsistence Salmon Harvest, per Participating Family, in Remote Rural Management Areas, Number of Fish Alaska Peninsula Bristol Bay Mgmt. Area Chignik Mgmt. Area Kuskokwim Mgmt. Area Northwest Alaska Unalaska District Yukon Mgmt. Area Rest of State Note: These are Department of Fish and Game management areas in remote rural Alaska. Source: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Alaska Subsistence Fisheries 2000 Annual Report 5-25
26 The salmon subsistence harvest in remote rural Alaska fluctuates with the size of the run, and in recent years has been low (Figure 5-28). Figure Alaska Subsistence Salmon Harvest per Participating Family, Remote Rural Alaska, # of Fish Source: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Alaska Subsistence Fisheries 2000 Annual Report The drop in the harvest has been especially pronounced on the Yukon River (Figure 5-29). Figure Subsistence Harvest of Salmon, Yukon and Kuskokwim Rivers, (Thousands of Fish) Yukon Kuskokwim Source: Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Alaska Subsistence Fisheries 2000 Annual Report 5-26
27 High Costs of Living Food and other necessities that require cash continue to cost more in rural areas, and because of structural problems including high transportation costs, severe climate, and small size of communities the cost of living differential shows little if any trend downward over time. For example, Figure 5-30 compares weekly grocery costs for the same market basket in Bethel and Anchorage from 1983 through 2002 and it shows prices in Bethel holding at more than 50 percent above those in Anchorage % Figure Food Costs in Bethel: Percent Above Anchorage, % 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Source: University of Alaska Cooperative Extension Service Costs get higher the further one moves from urban Alaska. We can see this by comparing the residential electricity rate in Anchorage to that in Bethel and also to that in the rest of Southwest Alaska, composed of smaller outlying communities (Figure 5-31). The price of a kilowatt hour is 11 cents in Anchorage and 28 cents in Bethel. The average for the rest of southwest Alaska is 44 cents, before rate relief from the state Power Cost Equalization (PCE) program. That program helps pay some of the high costs of electricity in rural areas, bringing the actual cost paid by the consumer in these communities down, but not as low as the rate in Anchorage. We show the rates before the PCE adjustment, in order to show how much higher actual costs are in remote rural areas. 8 In fact, in the most recent years the differential actually increased somewhat, because competitive pressure in the Anchorage grocery market held down food costs in Anchorage. 5-27
28 Figure Residential Electricity Rate Per KWH, 1990 and 2000 (Before Power Cost Equalization Adjustment) Anchorage Bethel Rest of Southwest 1990 $0.08 $0.21 $ $0.11 $0.28 $0.44 Source: ISER Because of the higher rate, the annual cost of electricity for the average residential customer is higher in Bethel and the rest of southwest Alaska than it is in Anchorage (Figure 5-32). And because personal income is lower, the share of the household budget going to electricity in these rural areas is higher than in Anchorage (again, before the Power Cost Equalization adjustment). Figure Annual Average Residential Electricity Expenditures, 1990 and 2000 (Before Power Cost Equalization Adjustment) Anchorage Bethel Rest of Southwest 1990 $690 $1,034 $1, $920 $1,759 $1,956 Source: ISER 5-28
29 The average residential customer in remote areas uses less electricity than urban Alaskans, even though rural residents devote more of their household budget to paying for electricity. Figure 5-33 shows that average electricity consumption in southwest Alaska in 2000 was about 60 percent of average consumption in Anchorage. Figure Annual Average Residential Electricity Consumption, 1990 and 2000 Anchorage Bethel Rest of Southwest ,515 5,020 4, ,286 6,241 4,827 Source: ISER Overview of Remote Rural Alaska We ve seen that remote rural Alaska has fewer jobs, lower wages, smaller incomes, and more poverty than any other part of the state but at the same time, it also has the highest living costs. The private economic base is unevenly distributed across communities and is concentrated in just a few areas. The North Slope Borough has been able to indirectly capture some benefits of petroleum development through property taxes on oilfield facilities. A number of coastal villages have seen growing employment and income as a result of the federal CDQ program. The Red Dog zinc mine employs a number of residents of the Northwest Arctic Borough. But overall, relatively little of the income from the billion-dollar petroleum and seafood industries stays in the region. Also, the geographic isolation, harsh climate, high costs, and small markets severely limit the number of jobs that can be created locally. Like the rest of Alaska but even more so remote rural areas rely on federal and state government spending, particularly federal grants. However, as we noted in Chapter 4, the state government faces ongoing budget deficits and federal spending is unlikely to continue growing at the pace it has in recent years. We reported in Chapter 2 that in the next decade the size of the Alaska Native labor force will increase at least 25 percent. A significant amount of that growth will be in remote areas, where four in ten Natives live. The small remote economy will face major challenges, as thousands more people begin looking for jobs in an area where jobs are already hard to come by and economic development opportunities are limited. 5-29
30 5-30
Current Native Employment and Employment Trends
SUMMARY: EXPANDING JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALASKA NATIVES Alaska s Native people need more jobs. In 1994, the Alaska Natives Commission reported that acute and chronic unemployment throughout Alaska s Native
More informationSUMMARY: ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES IN SOUTHWESTERN ALASKA
SUMMARY: ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES IN SOUTHWESTERN ALASKA This report presents an economic assessment of the National Wildlife Refuges in Southwestern Alaska. Those refuges cover
More informationAn Overview of the Alaska Board of Fisheries Process
An Overview of the Alaska Board of Fisheries Process for House Fisheries, February 1, 2018 John Jensen, Chair Alaska Board of Fisheries Boards Support Section, Alaska Dept. Fish and Game 907-465-4110 website:
More informationKenai Peninsula : The Borough Awakens
Kenai Peninsula : The Borough Awakens or does it hit the snooze button for another 5 minutes? Brought to you by: Alyssa Rodrigues Economist KPB Growth Continues to outpace State Percent job growth 16.5%
More informationCurrent Native Employment and Employment Trends S-1 Promising Approaches to Increasing Native Hire S-4
TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY: EXPANDING JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALASKA NATIVES Current Native and Trends S-1 Promising Approaches to Increasing Native Hire S-4 I. NATIVE EMPLOYMENT: THE CURRENT CONTEXT The
More informationAnchorage At 90: Changing Fast, With More to Come
At 90: Changing Fast, With More to Come June 2005 UA Research Summary No. 4 By Scott Goldsmith, Lance Howe, and Linda Leask Institute of Social and Economic Research University of Alaska It was in 1915
More informationAlaska Federation of Natives 2014 Annual Convention Resolution 14 46
Alaska Federation of Natives 2014 Annual Convention Resolution 14 46 TITLE: RESOLUTION ENDORSING MARK BEGICH AS CANDIDATE FOR THE OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES SENATOR FOR ALASKA The Alaska Federation of
More information[Docket No. FWS R7 SM ; FXFR FF07J00000; Subsistence Management Regulations for Public Lands in Alaska and
This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 05/17/2017 and available online at https://federalregister.gov/d/2017-09967, and on FDsys.gov 3410 11 P; 4333 15 P DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
More informationAlaska's Native Population:
Alaska's Native Population: An Updated Profile By Greg Williams Native & Non-Native P opulation Estimates, 1980-87: The proportion of non-natives dropped 2.8% between 1980 & 1987 T his article presents
More informationALASKAN OPINIONS ON GLOBAL WARMING
NASA Tony Weyiouanna, Sr. ALASKAN OPINIONS ON GLOBAL WARMING Larry Hinzman James Higgins Anthony Leiserowitz Principal Investigators 1 : Dr. Anthony Leiserowitz Decision Research & The Center for Research
More informationFrank H. Murkowski, Governor of Alaska Greg O Claray, Commissioner
March 2006 Volume 26 Number 3 ISSN 0160-3345 To contact us for more information, a free subscription, mailing list changes or back copies, email us at trends@labor.state.ak.us or call (907) 465-4500. Alaska
More informationWorking with the Alaska Board of Fisheries: Guidance for Fishermen
Working with the Alaska Board of Fisheries: Guidance for Fishermen Table of Contents Introduction 1 The Alaska Board of Fisheries 1 Advisory Committees 2 Alaska s Constitutional Provisions 3 Format of
More information[Docket No. FWS R7 SM ; FXFR FF07J00000; FBMS
This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 03/23/2018 and available online at https://federalregister.gov/d/2018-05848, and on FDsys.gov 3411 15 P; 4333 15 P DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
More informationDraft for Council Review
Draft for Council Review Regulatory Impact Review Amendment 87 to the Fishery Management Plan for Groundfish of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Management Area Amendment 21 to the Fishery Management
More informationLegislative Update. House Speaker Bryce Edgmon s. Speaker Edgmon leading the floor session on Wednesday.
House Speaker Bryce Edgmon s Legislative Update Volume XII, No. 6 February 23rd, 2018 House ADF&G Budget Focuses on Management for More Fishing The budget process during session begins with a host of Finance
More informationThe Role of the Oil and Gas Industry in Alaska s Economy
The Role of the Oil and Gas Industry in Alaska s Economy Prepared for: Alaska Oil and Gas Association (AOGA) Prepared by: McDowell Group, Inc. Anchorage Juneau AOGA Educational Seminar December 21, 2014
More informationBrynn Keith Director, Administrative Services. Sara Whitney Editor and Graphics Artist. QCEW: A reliable employment series to follow
April 2012 Volume 32 Number 4 ISSN 0160-3345 To contact us for more information, a free subscription, mailing list changes, or back copies, e-mail trends@alaska.gov or call (907) 465-4500. Brynn Keith
More informationThe Challenge of Local Permit Ownership in Alaska Salmon Fisheries
The Challenge of Local Permit Ownership in Alaska Salmon Fisheries Gunnar Knapp Professor of Economics Institute of Social and Economic Research University of Alaska Anchorage 3211 Providence Drive Anchorage,
More informationmining and sustainable
mining and sustainable COMMUNITIES By Bob Loeffler p oliticians and planners work to attract economic development because of the desire to provide jobs and income for residents, and to find tax revenue
More informationData and Models for Alaskan Migration
[THIS FILE INCLUDES SOME EDITS AND CONSOLIDATION - EDDIEH 12042018] Thank you for attending this talk about Alaska migration data and models. I ll first give some background and overview info, about what
More informationStand For Alaska. Doyon, Limited FEDC Energy for All Alaska December 5, 2017
Stand For Alaska Doyon, Limited FEDC Energy for All Alaska December 5, 2017 Agenda Timeline Overview Introduce Stand for Alaska Introduce HB 199 Introduce 17FSH2 Discuss Next Steps Discuss Impact of Policy
More informationJuvenile Justice Referrals in Alaska,
Justice Center University of Alaska Anchorage October 2013, AJSAC 13-10 Juvenile Justice Referrals in Alaska, 2003 2013 Khristy Parker, MPA, Research Professional Brad A. Myrstol, PhD, AJSAC Director This
More informationIn the Supreme Court of the United States
Nos. 07-984 and 07-990 In the Supreme Court of the United States COEUR ALASKA, INC., Petitioner, v. SOUTHEAST ALASKA CONSERVATION COUNCIL, ET AL. STATE OF ALASKA, Petitioner, v. SOUTHEAST ALASKA CONSERVATION
More informationCOMMENTS ON THE IMPACT OF THE GOOD FRIDAY EARTHQUAKE ON THE ALASKAN ECONOMY
Northwest Embayment, WaxellRidge,ChugachMountains,Alaska One of several massive landslides seen in September 1964 by the Arctic Institute of North America and American Geographical Society aerial reconnaissance
More informationThe State of Working Wisconsin 2017
The State of Working Wisconsin 2017 Facts & Figures Facts & Figures Laura Dresser and Joel Rogers INTRODUCTION For more than two decades now, annually, on Labor Day, COWS reports on how working people
More informationCONFERENCES / PRESENTATIONS
Update Report Period: 6/1/2014-2/28/2015 Project: E/I-22 - NMFS/Sea Grant Fellowship - Marine Resource Economics - Fish or Flight: Modeling the migration decisions of fish harvesters in rural Alaska STUDENTS
More informationThe Impact of Interprovincial Migration on Aggregate Output and Labour Productivity in Canada,
The Impact of Interprovincial Migration on Aggregate Output and Labour Productivity in Canada, 1987-26 Andrew Sharpe, Jean-Francois Arsenault, and Daniel Ershov 1 Centre for the Study of Living Standards
More informationAppendix A: Economic Development and Culture Trends in Toronto Data Analysis
Appendix A: Economic Development and Culture Trends in Toronto Data Analysis Introduction The proposed lenses presented in the EDC Divisional Strategy Conversation Guide are based in part on a data review.
More informationINSTITUTE OF SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND GOVERNMENT RESEARCH
INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND GOVERNMENT RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA, FAIRBANKS, ALASKA 99701 RESEARCH NOTE NO. G l JULY, 1970 ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR OF ALASKA NATIVE VILLAGES Gordon Scott Harrison*
More informationSUMMARY LABOUR MARKET CONDITIONS POPULATION AND LABOUR FORCE. UNRWA PO Box Sheikh Jarrah East Jerusalem
UNRWA PO Box 19149 Sheikh Jarrah East Jerusalem +97225890400 SUMMARY The Gaza labour market in secondhalf 2010 (H2 2010) showed growth in employment and unemployment relative to H2 2009. Comparing H1 and
More informationLEFT BEHIND: WORKERS AND THEIR FAMILIES IN A CHANGING LOS ANGELES. Revised September 27, A Publication of the California Budget Project
S P E C I A L R E P O R T LEFT BEHIND: WORKERS AND THEIR FAMILIES IN A CHANGING LOS ANGELES Revised September 27, 2006 A Publication of the Budget Project Acknowledgments Alissa Anderson Garcia prepared
More informationPost-Secondary Education, Training and Labour September Profile of the New Brunswick Labour Force
Post-Secondary Education, Training and Labour September 2018 Profile of the New Brunswick Labour Force Contents Population Trends... 2 Key Labour Force Statistics... 5 New Brunswick Overview... 5 Sub-Regional
More informationThe State of Rural Minnesota, 2019
P.O. Box 3185 Mankato, MN 56002-3185 (507)934-7700 www.ruralmn.org The State of Rural Minnesota, 2019 January 2019 By Kelly Asche, Research Associate Each year, the Center for Rural Policy and Development
More informationLe Sueur County Demographic & Economic Profile Prepared on 7/12/2018
Le Sueur County Demographic & Economic Profile Prepared on 7/12/2018 Prepared by: Mark Schultz Regional Labor Market Analyst Southeast and South Central Minnesota Minnesota Department of Employment and
More informationWith Liberty & Justice for All:
With Liberty & Justice for All: The Benefits of Tribal Sovereignty for all Americans Malia Villegas, EdD Director, Policy Research Center, National Congress of American Indians 22 nd National Health Equity
More informationPolicy brief ARE WE RECOVERING YET? JOBS AND WAGES IN CALIFORNIA OVER THE PERIOD ARINDRAJIT DUBE, PH.D. Executive Summary AUGUST 31, 2005
Policy brief ARE WE RECOVERING YET? JOBS AND WAGES IN CALIFORNIA OVER THE 2000-2005 PERIOD ARINDRAJIT DUBE, PH.D. AUGUST 31, 2005 Executive Summary This study uses household survey data and payroll data
More informationThe Economy of Gunnison County
THE ENTERPRISE RESEARCH INSTITUTE The Economy of Gunnison County A Report Prepared for Gunnison Valley Futures by Paul Holden Version F3 ERI 601 North Taylor Street Gunnison, CO 81230 T Work Phone 970
More informationGraying of the Fleet in Alaska s Fisheries
Graying of the Fleet in Alaska s Fisheries Defining the Problems and Assessing Alternatives PIs: Courtney Carothers, Rachel Donkersloot, Paula Cullenberg Graduate students: Jesse Coleman and Danielle Ringer
More informationCommittee Reports. 104th Congress; 2nd Session. Senate Rpt S. Rpt. 397 KENAI NATIVES ASSOCIATION EQUITY ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1996
Committee Reports 104th Congress; 2nd Session Senate Rpt. 104-397 104 S. Rpt. 397 KENAI NATIVES ASSOCIATION EQUITY ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1996 DATE: October 2, 1996. Ordered to be printed SPONSOR: Mr. Murkowski
More informationEconomic Impacts of the South Denali Implementation Plan
Economic Impacts of the South Denali Implementation Plan prepared for: National Park Service and Planning and Land Use Department, Matanuska-Susitna Borough prepared by: Steve Colt Nick Szymoniak Institute
More informationJobs, natural resources, and community resilience: A survey of southeast Alaskans about social and environmental change
University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository The Carsey Institute at the Scholars' Repository Research Institutes, Centers and Programs 9-27-2011 Jobs, natural resources,
More informationHon. Carl L. Rosier March 18, 1992 Commissioner Alaska Department of Fish and Game
Hon. Carl L. Rosier March 18, 1992 Commissioner Alaska Department of 663-92-0347 Fish and Game 465-3600 Allocation of southeast chinook salmon Stephen M. White Assistant Attorney General Natural Resources
More informationSequester s Impact on Regulatory Agencies Modest
July 2013 35 Sequester s Impact on Regulatory Agencies Modest An Analysis of the U.S. Budget for Fiscal Years 2013 and 2014 By Susan Dudley & Melinda Warren 2014 $59.4 BILLION 2013 56.4 BILLION 2012 $54.9
More informationresearch presentation venues including the Alaska Salmon Symposium and the North American Association of Fisheries Economists. We believe that the
Progress Report Narrative NMFS - Sea Grant Marine Resource Economics Graduate Fellowship Fish or Flight: Modeling the Participation and Migration Decisions of Fish Harvesters in Rural Alaska The goal of
More informationQuarterly Labour Market Report. February 2017
Quarterly Labour Market Report February 2017 MB14052 Feb 2017 Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) Hikina Whakatutuki - Lifting to make successful MBIE develops and delivers policy, services,
More informationA COMPARISON OF ARIZONA TO NATIONS OF COMPARABLE SIZE
A COMPARISON OF ARIZONA TO NATIONS OF COMPARABLE SIZE A Report from the Office of the University Economist July 2009 Dennis Hoffman, Ph.D. Professor of Economics, University Economist, and Director, L.
More information8AMBER WAVES VOLUME 2 ISSUE 3
8AMBER WAVES VOLUME 2 ISSUE 3 F E A T U R E William Kandel, USDA/ERS ECONOMIC RESEARCH SERVICE/USDA Rural s Employment and Residential Trends William Kandel wkandel@ers.usda.gov Constance Newman cnewman@ers.usda.gov
More informationThe legislation starts on the next page.
The legislation starts on the next page. If viewing this document in your web browser from the ANCSA Resource Center, click "back" to return to the ANCSA Resource Center. Otherwise, to access the ANCSA
More informationSTRENGTHENING RURAL CANADA: Fewer & Older: The Coming Demographic Crisis in Rural Ontario
STRENGTHENING RURAL CANADA: Fewer & Older: The Coming Demographic Crisis in Rural Ontario An Executive Summary 1 This paper has been prepared for the Strengthening Rural Canada initiative by: Dr. Bakhtiar
More information5A. Wage Structures in the Electronics Industry. Benjamin A. Campbell and Vincent M. Valvano
5A.1 Introduction 5A. Wage Structures in the Electronics Industry Benjamin A. Campbell and Vincent M. Valvano Over the past 2 years, wage inequality in the U.S. economy has increased rapidly. In this chapter,
More informationOil and Gas Industry Employment
January 2012 Revised Final Report Oil and Gas Industry Employment on Alaska s North Slope PREPARED FOR Senate Finance Committee Alaska State Legislature PREPARED BY Oil and Gas Industry Employment on Alaska
More informationBrynn Keith Director, Administrative Services. Sam Dapcevich Cover Artist. Mali Abrahamson, an Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce
September 2011 Volume 31 Number 9 ISSN 0160-3345 To contact us for more information, a free subscription, mailing list changes, or back copies, e-mail trends@alaska.gov or call (907) 465-4500. Alaska Economic
More informationHouse Speaker Bryce Edgmon s. Legislative Update. Volume XII, No. 7 March 2nd, 2018
House Speaker Bryce Edgmon s Legislative Update Volume XII, No. 7 March 2nd, 2018 Public Testimony on Operating Budget On-Going in House Finance The House Finance Committee began taking public testimony
More informationSUMMARY LABOUR MARKET CONDITIONS !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! POPULATION AND LABOUR FORCE. UNRWA PO Box Sheikh Jarrah East Jerusalem
UNRWA PO Box 19149 Sheikh Jarrah East Jerusalem +97225890400 SUMMARY Contrary to media reports of a flourishing West Bank economy, evidence from the second half of 2010 shows deteriorating labour market
More informationThe State of. Working Wisconsin. Update September Center on Wisconsin Strategy
The State of Working Wisconsin Update 2005 September 2005 Center on Wisconsin Strategy About COWS The Center on Wisconsin Strategy (COWS), based at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, is a research center
More informationEconomic Forms of Regulation on the Rise
July 2014 36 Economic Forms of Regulation on the Rise An Analysis of the U.S. Budget for Fiscal Years 2014 and 2015 By Susan Dudley & Melinda Warren thirty-six Regulators Budget Economic Forms of Regulation
More informationEMBARGOED UNTIL THURSDAY 9/5 AT 12:01 AM
EMBARGOED UNTIL THURSDAY 9/5 AT 12:01 AM Poverty matters No. 1 It s now 50/50: chicago region poverty growth is A suburban story Nationwide, the number of people in poverty in the suburbs has now surpassed
More informationBLS Spotlight on Statistics: Union Membership In The United States
Cornell University ILR School DigitalCommons@ILR Federal Publications Key Workplace Documents 9-2016 BLS : Union Membership In The United States Megan Dunn Bureau of Labor Statistics James Walker Bureau
More informationPart 1: Focus on Income. Inequality. EMBARGOED until 5/28/14. indicator definitions and Rankings
Part 1: Focus on Income indicator definitions and Rankings Inequality STATE OF NEW YORK CITY S HOUSING & NEIGHBORHOODS IN 2013 7 Focus on Income Inequality New York City has seen rising levels of income
More informationa GAO GAO INDIAN ISSUES Analysis of the Crow Creek Sioux and Lower Brule Sioux Tribes Additional Compensation Claims
GAO United States Government Accountability Office Report to the Chairman, Committee on Indian Affairs, U.S. Senate May 2006 INDIAN ISSUES Analysis of the Crow Creek Sioux and Lower Brule Sioux Tribes
More informationIn the Supreme Court of the United States
NO. 14-1209 In the Supreme Court of the United States JOHN STURGEON, v. Petitioner, BERT FROST, in His Official Capacity as Alaska Regional Director of the National Park Service, et al., Respondents. On
More informationSTRENGTHENING RURAL CANADA: Fewer & Older: Population and Demographic Crossroads in Rural Saskatchewan. An Executive Summary
STRENGTHENING RURAL CANADA: Fewer & Older: Population and Demographic Crossroads in Rural Saskatchewan An Executive Summary This paper has been prepared for the Strengthening Rural Canada initiative by:
More informationImmigrants strengthen Colorado s economy, generating $42 billion of activity in 2011
Immigrants strengthen Colorado s economy, generating $42 billion of activity in 2011 February 14, 2013 By Christopher Stiffler Economist Executive Summary The foreign-born population is a growing presence
More informationAn Overview of the Atlantic Canadian Economy
An Overview of the Atlantic Canadian Economy A presentation to the 16 th Annual Conference of The Food Industry Credit Bureau Presentation by Wade Locke, Department of Economics, Memorial University Sheraton
More informationRural and Urban Migrants in India:
Rural and Urban Migrants in India: 1983-2008 Viktoria Hnatkovska and Amartya Lahiri July 2014 Abstract This paper characterizes the gross and net migration flows between rural and urban areas in India
More informationAct of Promises Broken
80 d(2), Part 2 Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980- Promises Broken By Steven C Borell P.E. Editor's Note: This article was originally presented as testimony before the United States
More informationOnline Appendices for Moving to Opportunity
Online Appendices for Moving to Opportunity Chapter 2 A. Labor mobility costs Table 1: Domestic labor mobility costs with standard errors: 10 sectors Lao PDR Indonesia Vietnam Philippines Agriculture,
More informationTable A2-1. Civilian Labor Force, Sanford/Springvale Labor Force Unemployed Unemployment Rate 5.8% 5.
APPENDIX A2 THE LOCAL ECONOMY (September 10, 2002) From the mid 19 th Century, the Town of Sanford s economic importance in the region has been as a manufacturing community. In the late 19 th Century,
More informationThe Economic Impact of Oaklawn Hospital on the Marshall Area
Reports Upjohn Research home page 2010 The Economic Impact of Oaklawn Hospital on the Marshall Area George A. Erickcek W.E. Upjohn Institute, erickcek@upjohn.org Citation Erickcek, George. 2010. "The Economic
More informationDecember 2011 OVERVIEW. total population. was the. structure and Major urban. the top past 15 that the. Census Economic Regions 1, 2,3 4, 5, 7, 10 6
December 2011 RECENT DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN ALBERTA S ECONOMIC REGIONS INTRODUCTION s population has expanded significantly over the past few decades. Since 1980, s total population has grown from about
More informationInstitute for Public Policy and Economic Analysis
Institute for Public Policy and Economic Analysis The Institute for Public Policy and Economic Analysis at Eastern Washington University will convey university expertise and sponsor research in social,
More informationTHE ECONOMY OF MANATEE AND SARASOTA COUNTIES. Effie Philippakos Alan W. Hodges David Mulkey Charles M. Adams. Abstract
THE ECONOMY OF MANATEE AND SARASOTA COUNTIES By Effie Philippakos Alan W. Hodges David Mulkey Charles M. Adams Abstract This report is intended to characterize the economies of Manatee and Sarasota Counties
More informationMINUTES SENATE FINANCE COMMITTEE February 27, :03 AM. Co-Chair Gary Wilken convened the meeting at approximately 9:03 AM.
MINUTES SENATE FINANCE COMMITTEE February 27, 2003 9:03 AM TAPES SFC-03 # 11, Side A SFC 03 # 11, Side B CALL TO ORDER Co-Chair Gary Wilken convened the meeting at approximately 9:03 AM. PRESENT Senator
More informationMeanwhile, the foreign-born population accounted for the remaining 39 percent of the decline in household growth in
3 Demographic Drivers Since the Great Recession, fewer young adults are forming new households and fewer immigrants are coming to the United States. As a result, the pace of household growth is unusually
More informationQueensland s Labour Market Progress: A 2006 Census of Population and Housing Profile
Queensland s Labour Market Progress: A 2006 Census of Population and Housing Profile Issue No. 9 People in Queensland Labour Market Research Unit August 2008 Key Points Queensland s Labour Market Progress:
More informationASSESSING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FOREIGN WORKERS IN MALTA
ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FOREIGN WORKERS IN MALTA Article published in the Quarterly Review 2016:1, pp. 39-44 BOX 3: ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FOREIGN WORKERS IN MALTA 1 Between the late
More informationTIEDI Labour Force Update December 2012
The Toronto Immigrant Employment Data Initiative (TIEDI) s Labour Force Update aims to provide upto-date labour market data on immigrants. This monthly report relies on data from the Labour Force Survey
More informationEndogenous Employment growth and decline in South East Queensland
Endogenous Employment growth and decline in South East By Alistair Robson 1 UQ Social Research Centre, Institute of Social Science, University of Abstract: The South East region has been recording strong
More informationUniversity of Alaska Initiates Crime and Arrest Reporting
Summer 1992 UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA ANCHORAGE Vol. 9, No. 2 University of Alaska Initiates Crime and Arrest Reporting John E. Angell The first system-wide crime statistics for the University of Alaska were
More informationThis analysis confirms other recent research showing a dramatic increase in the education level of newly
CENTER FOR IMMIGRATION STUDIES April 2018 Better Educated, but Not Better Off A look at the education level and socioeconomic success of recent immigrants, to By Steven A. Camarota and Karen Zeigler This
More informationPower Marketing Administrations: Background and Current Issues
Power Marketing Administrations: Background and Current Issues name redacted Specialist in Energy Policy January 7, 2008 Congressional Research Service CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and
More informationRural and Urban Migrants in India:
Rural and Urban Migrants in India: 1983 2008 Viktoria Hnatkovska and Amartya Lahiri This paper characterizes the gross and net migration flows between rural and urban areas in India during the period 1983
More informationTIEDI Labour Force Update January 2013
The Toronto Immigrant Employment Data Initiative (TIEDI) s Labour Force Update aims to provide upto-date labour market data on immigrants. This monthly report relies on data from the Labour Force Survey
More informationEconomic Linkages and Impact Analysis for the Oregon Sea Grant Programmed and Operated Hatfield Marine Science Center Visitor Center
Economic Linkages and Impact Analysis for the Oregon Sea Grant Programmed and Operated Hatfield Marine Science Center Visitor Center Oregon State University Extension Service June 2017 Bruce Sorte, Extension
More informationJuneau Transportation Survey
Juneau Transportation Survey Funded jointly by: City and Borough of Juneau and First Things First Alaska Foundation March 2018 Juneau Transportation Survey Funded jointly by: City and Borough of Juneau
More informationNeighborhood Diversity Characteristics in Iowa and their Implications for Home Loans and Business Investment
Economics Technical Reports and White Papers Economics 9-2008 Neighborhood Diversity Characteristics in Iowa and their Implications for Home Loans and Business Investment Liesl Eathington Iowa State University,
More informationAssessment of Demographic & Community Data Updates & Revisions
Assessment of Demographic & Community Data Updates & Revisions Scott Langen, Director of Operations McNair Business Development Inc. P: 306-790-1894 F: 306-789-7630 E: slangen@mcnair.ca October 30, 2013
More informationSTRENGTHENING RURAL CANADA: Fewer & Older: The Coming Population and Demographic Challenges in Rural Newfoundland & Labrador
STRENGTHENING RURAL CANADA: Fewer & Older: The Coming Population and Demographic Challenges in Rural Newfoundland & Labrador An Executive Summary 1 This paper has been prepared for the Strengthening Rural
More informationTrends in Labour Supply
Trends in Labour Supply Ellis Connolly, Kathryn Davis and Gareth Spence* The labour force has grown strongly since the mid s due to both a rising participation rate and faster population growth. The increase
More informationIncome. If the 24 southwest border counties were a 51 st state, how would they compare to the other 50 states? Population
Executive Summary At the Cross Roads: US / Mexico Border Counties in Transition If the 24 southwest border counties were a 51 st state, how would they compare to the other 50 states? In 1998, former Texas
More informationImmigrant Employment by Field of Study. In Waterloo Region
Immigrant Employment by Field of Study In Waterloo Region Table of Contents Executive Summary..........................................................1 Waterloo Region - Part 1 Immigrant Educational Attainment
More informationGone to Texas: Migration Vital to Growth in the Lone Star State. Pia Orrenius Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas June 27, 2018
Gone to Texas: Migration Vital to Growth in the Lone Star State Pia Orrenius Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas June 27, 2018 Roadmap History/Trends in migration to Texas Role in economic growth Domestic migration
More informationThe economics* tourism
The economics* tourism mini. 101 Ways to Predict Consumer 1 Behavior?^eSffe s^pected to ummer ^ ra elindu:fry c,tk a u % m Consumer Confidence T ' ~^r,«irif» NowFaresAreUp.Too foreigners Increasing ^ ^
More informationDuring the early 1990s, recession
Employment Transitions in Oregon s Wood Products Sector During the 1990s Ted L. Helvoigt, Darius M. Adams, and Art L. Ayre ABSTRACT New data indicate that only 51 percent of workers displaced from the
More informationSPECIAL RELEASE. EMPLOYMENT SITUATION IN NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION January 2012 Final Results
Republic of the Philippines NATIONAL STATISTICS OFFICE National Capital Region Number: 2013-07 SPECIAL RELEASE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION IN NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION January 2012 Final Results The Labor Force
More informationCOMPLAINT FOR DECLARATORY JUDGMENT AND INJUNCTIVE RELIEF
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA STATE OF ALASKA, ) 1031 W. 4th Avenue, Suite 200 ) Anchorage, AK 99501 ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) ) JANE LUBCHENCO, in her official capacity ) as
More informationRelease of 2006 Census results Labour Force, Education, Place of Work and Mode of Transportation
Backgrounder Release of 2006 Census results Labour Force, Education, Place of Work and Mode of Transportation On March 4, 2008 Statistics Canada released further results from the 2006 census focusing on
More informationCommunity Council Charter
Community Council Charter The Kachemak Bay Research Reserve A Unit of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System This Charter defines the partnership between the Kachemak Bay National Estuarine Research
More informationENDOGENOUS EMPLOYMENT GROWTH AND DECLINE IN SOUTH EAST QUEENSLAND
Australasian Journal of Regional Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2008 95 ENDOGENOUS EMPLOYMENT GROWTH AND DECLINE IN SOUTH EAST QUEENSLAND Alistair Robson UQ Social Research Centre, Institute of Social Science,
More informationPoverty Profile. Executive Summary. Kingdom of Thailand
Poverty Profile Executive Summary Kingdom of Thailand February 2001 Japan Bank for International Cooperation Chapter 1 Poverty in Thailand 1-1 Poverty Line The definition of poverty and methods for calculating
More information