UK in the 21 st Century Revision Guide

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Cory Mason
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1 UK in the 21 st Century Revision Guide UK Physical and Human Characteristics Landuse

2 UK Population Density Areas of dense population in the UK include the South East (London), the North West (Liverpool, Manchester etc.) the Midlands (Birmingham) and a belt across Central Scotland (Edinburgh and Glasgow) Areas of sparse population in the UK include Central Wales, Northern Scotland and the South West (Devon and Cornwall) Housing shortages in the UK The government says it wants a million homes built in England by It comes as a BBC Inside Out investigation reveals the scale of the UK's housing crisis. The National Housing Federation estimated 974,000 homes were needed between 2011 and 2014 but figures from 326 councils showed only 457,490 were built.

East, the Wash, Eastern England Areas of high water stress - South

3 Relief, water stress and Rainfall Areas of high relief: Scotland Northern England Wales Dartmoor and Exmoor Areas of low relief South East, the Wash, Eastern England Areas of high water stress - South East England Areas of low water stress - Northern England - Area around Bristol

4 UK Precipitation levels (Annual average) High Rainfall Locations Western UK (South West, Wales, North West, North West Scotland) Low Rainfall locations Eastern England,

5 How is the UK s population changing?

6 Population Pyramids The population pyramid for the UK has a bulge that is moving upwards as the population ages. In migration from other countries is indicated by lower bulges.

The Demographic Transition Model Birth rate is the number of babies born per 1000 people of the population in a country Death rate is the number of people who die out of 1000 people in a

7 The Demographic Transition Model Birth rate is the number of babies born per 1000 people of the population in a country Death rate is the number of people who die out of 1000 people in a population in a year Fertility rate is the average number of babies born per woman in her lifetime for a country, therefore it could be represented as a number with a decimal place, e.g. 2.4

8 Ageing population Why are we ageing as a nation? Large numbers of people born after the Second World War and through into the 1960s (baby boomers) are now moving into old age Improved healthcare and new treatments, especially for diseases such as cancer and heart conditions, prolong life Reductions in smoking, which caused a huge early death toll in the past Greater awareness of the benefits of a good diet People living more active lives and benefiting from regular exercise Many older people are reasonably well off financially so can afford a good standard of life Top 5 ageing populations in the world 1. Japan 2. Italy 3. Greece 4. Germany 5. Portugal The consequences of an ageing population - Healthcare costs are very high and will increase as the elderly require support services and expensive treatments - Shortage of places in care homes, many of which are expensive - Many older people are looked after by their middle-aged children, often affecting their lives and their ability to remain in full-time employment - Older people are valued employees as they have high standards and are reliable - Older people act as volunteers in hospitals, advice centres, food banks etc. - Many older people are keen to travel and to join clubs, societies, sports centres etc. this helps to boost the economy and provide jobs The responses to an ageing population The government issued Pensioner Bonds in 2015 to encourage older people to save money for the future Pensioners receive support in the form of care, reduced transport costs and heating allowances (winter fuel payments); this is expensive for the government and may be withdrawn from wealthy pensioners in the future Retirement age, which used to be 65, is being phased out to encourage people to continue working State pension age is gradually being increased to 67 The government could encourage people to take out private health insurance to cut NHS costs Pro-natalist policies to encourage an increase in birth rate to balance the population structure; this could include cheaper child care, improved maternity and paternity leave and higher child benefit payments Allowing more immigration would also address the need for a larger young workforce and higher birth rate, but this is controversial.

9 Bristol Case Study of the main changes in Bristol between 2001 and 2011 Causes of change The expansion of the EU in 2004 A multicultural city is more welcoming to migrants A range of services already existed (polish shops, churches, communities etc) A search for work, particularly amongst young men Available work in hospitality and labouring paying higher wages than back home Remittances enable the worker s families a better life Impacts of the change New shops specialising in Eastern European products Schools coping with increased EAL Younger migrants have put pressure on child-care and healthcare services Degrees of racial tension have occurred between different ethnic groups Increase in employment opportunities in shops and public services Migrant workers work hard Migrant workers contribute a lot of taxes How is the UK economy changing? The UK has one of the largest economies in the world. In the past, the UK economy was dominated by heavy manufacturing industry based on a rich resource base. Most industries were powered by coal mined from South Wales, the Midlands, northeast England and Scotland. Towns and cities grew up producing steel, ships and textiles. Ports such as London, Liverpool, Glasgow and Bristol developed as important hubs for imports and exports. The UK became the industrial powerhouse of the world. In the last few decades of the twentieth century, heavy manufacturing industry based on coal declined. Due to competition from abroad and changes in technology, many of the UK s industries became outdated. Factories closed and many people lost their jobs. The UK s economy is now dominated by the service sector. is includes financial services (Figure 34), high-technology industries based on research, media and creative industries, and tourism. There is still some manufacturing in the UK including cars, chemicals, light engineering and food processing. These modern industries are very efficient and can compete on the world market even though they employ fewer people than in the past. Construction is also important in the UK. This includes housing, road building and major transport projects such as Crossrail, which will open in 2018 linking West and East London with Heathrow Airport.

The UK s changing labour market Primary jobs involve extracting raw materials from the ground or sea. For example farming, fishing and mining Secondary jobs are in manufacturing.

10 The UK s changing labour market Primary jobs involve extracting raw materials from the ground or sea. For example farming, fishing and mining Secondary jobs are in manufacturing. This means making things, like factory workers, baker. Tertiary jobs are providing a service, e.g. teacher, doctor, mechanic Quaternary jobs rein research and development like cancer research and software programming.

11 Economic hubs: An economic hub is the name given to the cities where economic growth is the strongest. Economic hubs that exist in the UK include:

Case Study Changes to Aberdeen s economy Summary of the issue Aberdeen is expected to have to redevelop itself as a research and development hub, rather than a base for offshore drilling, in order to

12 Case Study Changes to Aberdeen s economy Summary of the issue Aberdeen is expected to have to redevelop itself as a research and development hub, rather than a base for offshore drilling, in order to remain home to the multinational companies that drive its economy. History of Oil extraction in Aberdeen The petroleum industry in Aberdeen began with the discovery of significant oil deposits in the North Sea during the mid-20th century. Aberdeen became the centre of Europe's petroleum industry. With the largest heliport in the world and an important service ship harbour port serving offshore oil rigs. Aberdeen is often called the "Oil Capital of Europe". The number of jobs created by the energy industry in and around Aberdeen has been estimated at half a million. Causes of slump of the industry Today, reserves are still flowing fast, but it has been estimated that the North Sea is nearing or has even surpassed its peak production rate. Getting oil out of North Sea reserves is expensive because much of it is difficult to extract. Consequences on Aberdeen (social/economic/environmental) Social Oil prices plunged in the summer of 2014: 40,000 jobs in Aberdeen (about a third of total employment) are dependent on oil and gas. Aberdeen and Aberdeenshire were the only two of Scotland s 32 local authorities to see an increase in unemployment in July 2015 compared with July In 2012, Aberdeen was named the happiest place to live in Scotland Economic In 2012 Aberdeen had the most millionaires per person of any place in Britain, including London. Aberdeen s high costs mean that it struggles to cope with cheaper oil more than, say, Saudi Arabia. Aberdeen s fancy restaurants are two-thirds empty. The hotels which are still outrageously expensive are quieter. In May 2015, hotel occupancy was 18% lower than Monthly rental of a typical four-bedroom family home in Aberdeen has dropped nearly 20% in the past 12 months. The price of an average detached home has fallen 1.7% in the same period. Consequences on the UK Between 2008 and 2012 oil revenues made up an estimated 16 percent of Scottish tax receipts. Solutions Aberdeen s economy is slowly diversifying. Union Square, a big shopping centre near the train station, will undergo a facelift. City leaders hope that this will make Aberdeen a big draw for visitors from outside the area. Oil firms are scaling back their operations in Britain's oil capital as the tumbling value of the estimated 16.5 billion barrels of oil left in expensive-to-reach undersea fields off the British coast, makes exploration and drilling unprofitable. The future In coming decades about 50 billion ($78 billion) of investment will be needed for decommissioning old rigs in the North Sea.

13 UK s political influence UK in the 21 st Century Case Study: What is the UK s political role in global conflict? Ukraine Location Description of location: Ukraine is located between: Russia & Belarus Population: 45 million people Crimea is a peninsula (attached island) of land coming off Ukraine. Many of the people there are from Russia and speak Russian Eastern Ukraine: Lots of people have been killed here in fighting caused by people wanting to belong to Russia. This has happened mainly in the towns of: Donesk and Kharkiv. Causes - Since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine has been divided between the west and the east - The East believe themselves to be Russian - The West believe themselves to be European - In 2014, Ukraine s pro-russian president Viktor Yanukovych was driven out of office because of violent protests in the capital Kiev. Russian backed forces responded by taking control of the Crimean peninsula to support its many citizens living there. - The territory voted in a referendum to join Russia, although this has not been recognised by countries in the West. - The conflict has spread to the east of Ukraine and the Ukrainian government have been conflict with pro-russian separatists. UK s involvement The UK is a member of NATO which is the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation And was a member of the EU (European Union) The things that the UK did to try to stop the conflict included: 1. Condmned Russian intervention 2. The EU Imposed penalties on Russia, Some Russians have had travel bans and had their bank accounts frozen 3. NAT) condemned Russia s intervention and plans to create a team to maintain a ceasefire. The UK has offered to contribute 1000 personnel to the new force. Impacts 1. Transport disruption, long delays 2. Food shortages in shops 3. Power blackouts 4. no bus or train links with Ukraine 5. Mastercard and Visa withdrawn from Crimea 6. Only Russian Carrier air and sea links are still open

14 UK s cultural influence

CASE STUDY: The contribution of an ethnic group to the cultural life of the UK through food Title: Birmingham s Balti Triangle Unit: The UK in the 21 st Century What is a Balti Dish?

Balti curries are cooked quickly using vegetable oil rather than ghee, over high heat in the manner of a stir-fry, and any meat is used off the bone.

The migrants who developed Balti came from Kashmir.

15 CASE STUDY: The contribution of an ethnic group to the cultural life of the UK through food Title: Birmingham s Balti Triangle Unit: The UK in the 21 st Century What is a Balti Dish? The name may have come from the metal dish in which the curry is cooked rather than from any specific ingredient or cooking technique. Balti curries are cooked quickly using vegetable oil rather than ghee, over high heat in the manner of a stir-fry, and any meat is used off the bone. This combination differs sharply from a traditional one-pot Indian curry which is simmered slowly all day. Balti sauce is based on garlic and onions, with turmeric and garam masala among other spices. The migrants who developed Balti came from Kashmir. Add a map of Kashmir Map of the location of Birmingham in the UK Map of the location of the Balti Triangle within Birmingham Birmingham is located in the West Midlands. Why people migrated to the UK from Kashmir Kashrmir is a disputed area (not a country) across Pakistan and India The movement of Kashmirir refugees started in 1947 when the conflict began over borders and who had rights to the land. With the continual violence in Jammu and Punjab after partition, millions of Muslim Kashmiris crossed into Pakistan. The Balti Triangle is located just South East of the City Centre in Birmingham The Balti Triangle is an important tourist attraction. Apart from the restaurants, there are many shops offering cooking utensils, clothing such as saris and kaftans, jewellery and Asian arts and crafts Many Kashmiri peope,l migrated to Birmingham to join family members who had migrated before them.

3.1 How does the economy of the globalised world function in different places?

3.1 How does the economy of the globalised world function in different places? a. The balance between employment sectors (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary) varies spatially and is changing.