CAN VIOLENT CITIES DELIVER ECONOMIC GROWTH? LESSONS FROM SOUTH AFRICA AND COLOMBIA. Governance, Crime & Justice Division, ISS Pretoria 8 June 2015

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1 CAN VIOLENT CITIES DELIVER ECONOMIC GROWTH? LESSONS FROM SOUTH AFRICA AND COLOMBIA Governance, Crime & Justice Division, ISS Pretoria 8 June 2015 Copyright Institute for Security Studies 22 June 2015

2 Building Safety through the Community Safety Improvement Partnership (CSIP) for Institute of Security Studies Seminar : Can Violent Cities Deliver Economic Growth, Lessons From South African and Colombia 8 June 2015 Pretoria

3 Western Cape: Building safer communities in response to crime and violence o Overview o Legislation o Portfolio o Challenges Community Safety Improvement Partnership

4 OVERVIEW Alleged 28s gang boss found guilty of seven murders These include two state witnesses while he was behind bars. 'Geweld' and 17 others appeared at the Western Cape High Court facing 166 charges including murder, attempted murder, conspiracy to commit murder. Picture: Thomas Holders/EWN

5 Legislation/ Policy Secretariat for Police Act 2 of 2011 IPID: Independent Police Investigative Directorate Act 1 of 2011 WCCS: Western Cape Community Safety Act 3 of 2013 NDP: National Development Plan Vision 2030 OTHER: Application of PoCA (Prevention of Criminal Activity) Act Khayelitsha Commission of enquiry - Recommendations 5

6 Strategic intent Increasing safety free of fear of crime Promoting Professional Policing through Effective Oversight Make Public Buildings and Spaces safe Build Capacity through the establishment of Safety Partnerships 7

7 Portfolio of Projects Chrysalis Youth Development Programme Safety Kiosk Promote Professional Policing (PPP) Policing Needs and Priorities (PNP) Expanded Partnership Works (EPP) Youth Safety and Religion Programme (YSRP) School Safety Volunteers Western Cape Community Safety Act 3 of 2013 (WCCSA) 8

8 Portfolio of Projects Project Description Chrysalis Youth Development Programme Enhancement of the programme with linking current Chrysalis Graduates with EPWP work placements for safety.last three years placed more than 1450 young people. Target to place in 2014/2015 and total of over MTEF period. Currently developing Wolwe kloof Youth Academy. Unlocking EPWP opportunities for young people working for safety in competent partnerships 9

9 Community Safety Kiosks About/Aim: the Department is rolling out safety kiosk s, which includes a radio and fixed cellphone, to the CCIDs and other competent partners, to strengthen their ability to deploy safety/security persons. Communities can access basic services such as certification of document, a safe place for victims of violence whilst waiting for SAPS or emergency services and a link with local police station, NHW s and CPF s. Units are mobile and easily relocated. MOUs are signed which includes Chrysalis students with a 9month stipend provided. The MOU with the municipalities includes an extended stipend period paid by the municipality Partnerships: Municipalities and CCIDs, CBO s 10

10 Promote Professional Policing (PPP) About/Aim: The Department provides the platform for ordinary citizens to PPP. Communities are called upon to formally report on either good or bad service received from SAPS by sending an SMS with the word report or reward which comes at a cost of R1. The Department contacts the citizen within 24 hours to listen to the compliment/complaint, and in turn escalates the issues. Alignment to Ombudsman Partnerships: Institute for security studies (ISS) Policing Needs and Priorities (PNPs) About/Aim: Section 206 (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa,1996 read with Section 23 of the Community Safety Act 3 of (2013), provides for the Department to determine the Policing Needs and Priorities of every community in the province. With Sections 206 (2) providing for different policing plans for different provinces (communities) moving away from the one-size-fits-all policing strategy.. This process is aimed at broad consultation to achieve this objective. Specific PNPS meetings are held by the MEC in all sectors of South African Police Service, representing 150 police stations Partnerships: CPFs, NHWs, CBOs, NGOs, SAPS 11

11 Expanded Partnership Programme (EPP) for CPFs About/Aim: The EPP is a priority programme of the Dept. It is aimed at enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of CPFs in the province. It intends to promote the activities and functions of the CPF's, building strong civil society structures which is critical to the success of safer communities. A funding mechanism based on reports from the CPFs is used. (up to R30,000 pa. per CPF). Additional funding is also available. Partnerships: CPFs and SAPS NB CPFs covered by SAPS act Youth Safety & Religion Programme (YSRP) About/Aim: During 2013 the Department successfully launched the YSRP in 10 crime hotspot areas for religious organizations to run programmes aimed at keeping youth occupied during school holidays, mainly using their facilities. More than young people involved. Partnerships: 96 organisations from various religious communities, religious organisations. Facilities are everywhere. Activities: School holidays (June 2014 R1.8 million, Dec 2014 estimated R2.5 million) 12

12 Neighbourhood Watch (NHW) About/Aim: Provide a two day NHW training course within communities throughout the WC. Upon completion of the training course NHW groups are capacitated with jackets, reflective vests, torches and bicycles, depending on availability. Now includes fire fighting and DNA training. Partnerships: SAPS, CPFs, Free DNA Project NB NHW are not covered by legislation School Safety Volunteers About/Aim: This project was initiated in It contributes to PSO 5 by increasing safety as volunteers are deployed to 200 schools in high risk areas, as identified by WCED and DOCS. Each volunteer is paid a stipend. Safety volunteer s responsibilities range from ensuring that children are placed safely on school transport facilities, to reporting any high risk activities to authorities. Partnerships: The Western Cape Education Department and City of Cape Town with (check) 13

13 Western Cape Community Safety Act 3 of 2013 (WCCSA) Implementation of the Western Cape Community Safety Act 3 of Sections 1, 2, 3, 25 to 28 and 33 promulgated in October Funds allocated for the remainder of the Act focus on Ombudsman, NHW accreditations, Safety Advisory Board. Watching Briefs About/Aim: Members of the Watching Briefs Unit in partnership with University law students/postgraduates, attend courts to observe the procedures in court to detect and report on police inefficiencies. The report is then inter alia referred to the SAPS Provincial Commissioner for attention and action and thereafter to the Standing Committee on Community Safety. The Provincial Commissioner will then respond to the Department or may be requested by the Standing Committee to appear before it and to account for the inefficiencies. Partnerships: The SLA with University law faculties. 14

14 Watching Briefs: Results Of 625 criminal cases monitored 71 that were scrapped from the court roll, DOCS identified as considered to be due to poor police performance. 31 (44%) of the 71cases, as a result of this intervention, were reinstated on t court rolls, and in 28 (39%) of the cases, SAPS instituted disciplinary actions Crime category: Reporte dscrapp ed Reinstat e Murder Attempted Murder Robbery aggravated circums Rape Drug related crimes Under the influence of alcohol Defeating the Ends of Justice Assault Theft Other Total: Member/ s Discipline d 15

15 WESTERN CAPE POLICE OMBUDSMAN Mandate Monitoring police conduct Overseeing the effectiveness and efficiency of the police service Promoting good relations between the police and the community, in terms of Section 206(3) of our Constitution Ombud and office operational as from the 1 December

16 Pilot Project on Smart APP About/Aim: It is an android application that runs on any smartphone. It is a smart policing phone application that records videos and uploads the footage to a server when charging. Remote laptop realtime access to incident scenes. Partnership: IGRAPE INSTITUTE, Brazil, Google International Nyanga Yethu About/Aim: In Nyanga, at the Zolani Centre, a programme of pro-social activities, started by the Safety Lab and DOCS, ranging from free screenings of recent cinema releases, open mic and yoga sessions. The platform is branded for appeal, not as safety programming. It attracts up to 300 kids on weekend afternoons, and consistently draws close to 150 older teenagers to open mic on Friday evenings. Partnership: Cape Town Partnership 17

17 Measuring the impact of programmes Measure outputs by means of ; Improvement in local crime stats (from baseline study); Reducing the number of preventable injuries (alcohol/ substance abuse related) recorded; (Violence and Health, the Burden of Disease Study Report Increase the perception of safety by the introduction of the Community Safety Confidence Index. Increase the number of sustainable Safety Partnerships that exist within communities. 18

18 Challenges o Effective partnerships o Coordination between role-players o Directing limited resources. Funding local initiatives meaningfully for economic opportunities/alternative income for young o Limitations of social crime prevention initiatives when measured against violent gang / organised crime. New: Local Area Services Crowding 19

19 DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY SAFETY 35 WALE STREET CAPE TOWN TEL / Dr Gilbert Lawrence: Office of Head of Department 20

20 CLICK ON THE IMAGE BELOW TO OPEN THE PREZI BY ALDERMAN JP SMITH Copyright Institute for Security Studies 22 June 2015

21 ISS Seminar: Can violent cities deliver economic growth? Lessons from SA City of Joburg City Safety Strategy (JCSS) PART A Background Lessons Legacy PART B Challenges Re-Thinking Safety 22

22 Part A Background

23 BACKGROUND First City of Joburg (CoJ) comprehensive safety strategy (JCSS) in JCSS formulated in response to Joburg 2030 Economic Development Strategy Fear of crime identified as major obstacle to investment in the City Informed by local and international legislation and policy

24 Part A Policy Environment

25 LEGISLATIVE & POLICY ENVIRONMENT The development of the Joburg City Safety Strategy was informed by key policy and legislation such as: The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 The South African Police Service Act 68 of 1995 The National Prosecuting Authority Act The Prevention of Organised Crime Act The National Crime Prevention Strategy, 1996 The White Paper on Safety and Security, 1998 The Gauteng City Improvement Districts Act 12 of 1997 In particular, the development of the Strategy was informed by the National Crime Prevention Strategy of 1996 and the White Paper on Safety and Security of 1998

26 NCPS Key City level initiative to implement the principles of the National Crime Prevention Strategy (NCPS) of 1996 and the White Paper on Safety and Security (1998) which together introduced a new paradigm for addressing crime and safety An integrated and holistic approach to crime prevention and safety Key role of local government in creating a safe environment Key role of City leadership Multi-agency and multi-disciplinary approach

27 NATIONAL GOVERNMENT PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT LOCAL GOVERNMENT Ensure crime prevention informs planning in all municipal departments Policing road traffic and related laws Develop and initiate targeted local social crime prevention programmes (with support from provincial and national government) Local Government Municipal Police service Policing municipal bylaws Performs visible policing and crime prevention functions Co-ordinate crime prevention activities Information sharing Co-operation with local government Participation in problemsolving CPF SAPS Strong co-ordination Station Commissioner has more autonomy over strategies to meet priorities, and is involved in initiating local policing partnerships

28 Part A Key Strategy Components & programmes

29 Guiding principles of the JCSS 1. Geographically focused approach 2. Emphasis on information-driven problem solving! Diagnostic analysis Identification of tasks and implementation Joburg CBD Monitoring and evaluation

30 KEY STRATEGY COMPONENTS & PROGRAMMES A focused, multi-disciplinary approach to specific crime issues Each of the programs addressed one or more of the elements of crime, through a combination of law enforcement, social development, and situational crime prevention Implemented in specific geographic focus areas (GFAs) Introduce a local focus and local accountability to crime prevention to win back the streets in GFAs Problem solving methodology (Toolkit)

31 KEY AREAS FOCUS Liquor multi-agency operations Firearms- firearm action plan Organised crime trade in stolen goods Youth- youth diversion programmes Visible policing and surveillance- CCTV

32 KEY AREAS FOCUS Creating an Orderly City- By-law enforcement & Urban Management Safer Environmental Design CPTED Holistic approach to safety in GFAs helped to mainstream this approach in the City Many of the issues and approaches of the JCSS in the GFAs are mainstreamed in Jo burg 2040 GDS.

33 Lessons Learnt

34 LESSONS LEARNT Translating western models of crime prevention to local contexts Implementation of the JCSS shifted as local processes of interpretation, co-option or resistance to the Strategy, has led to different phases of implementation. Fluid institutional environment, changing political and institutional leadership with diverse understandings of the JCSS

35 CROSS CUTTING ISSUES Changing levels of co-operation Changing departmental focus Ownership of safety mandates Accountability : City agencies not evaluated in terms of the implementation of the JCSS Expansion of implementation to new stations Changing station commanders Institutional Restructuring: Establishment of Urban Management Unclear roles and mandates

36 RESOURCE ISSUES Lack of alignment between departmental priorities and budgets and the JCSS Lack of dedicated budgets for crime prevention Budgeting according to departments Inhibits integrated crime prevention approach

37 MULI-AGENCY APPROACH Challenges to implementation in local and international context Need for departments to deliver on core mandates-multiagency cooperation in addition Danger of incorporating all areas of governance into crime prevention City leadership crucial to overcome challenges Multi-agency approaches require on-going work in a fluid environment Programme staff crucial to build relationships and networks Unclear mandates between law enforcement agencies, JMPD and SAPS re crime prevention Unclear mandates of City role-players and departments with provincial and national mandates

38 Legacy

39 LEGACY The City has laid a good foundation for entrenching a safer cities approach A valuable legacy of interdepartmental cooperation has been built at a local level in the GFAs of Moroka and Norwood/Orange Grove and have been incorporated into Joburg 10+ Safety institutionalised through the GDS 2040 and operationalised through the IDP priority implementation plan.

40 GDS 2040 Translating the new safety approach The city is seen as a centre for business and industry but also as place for everyday life. As a result the GDS, the safety approach is not only linked to issues of regulation, law enforcement and urban management but also to issues of justice, fairness, and engagement. In addition, the GDS stresses the need to empower local residents and communities along with other stakeholders. Safety is cross-cutting and has direct impacts on the social, environmental, spatial, economic and institutional aspects of city life Evidence based solutions - information collection and sharing, data analysis and capacity smart safety

41 Part B Challenges Re-thinking Safety

42 Shortcomings of the City s Spatial System: Fragmentation Fragmented Urban Structure Fragmented Open Space Structure

43 Shortcomings of the City s Spatial System: Spatial Inequality Population Density Job Density

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45 Possible focus for the future 6/22/

46 POSSIBLE FOCUS FOR THE FUTURE The NDP and the Draft IUDF seem to be driving closer to this vision, but National government and the international community need to build a sound evidence base for urban safety policies- which include crime & violence prevention policies But more importantly, there must be recognition that local governments need the skills, resources and institutional arrangements to manage the mandates assigned to them in various safety policies The private sector and civil society can play an important role in successful implementation of sustainable urban safety policies.

47 THANK YOU

48 International Committee of the Red Cross Mandate and action in situations of violence under the threshold of armed conflict Experience from Colombia

49 ICRC Mission The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is an impartial, neutral and independent organization whose exclusively humanitarian mission is to protect the lives and dignity of victims of armed conflict and other situations of violence and to provide them with assistance. The ICRC also endeavours to prevent suffering by promoting and strengthening humanitarian law and universal humanitarian principles. Established in 1863, the ICRC is at the origin of the Geneva Conventions and the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. It directs and coordinates the international activities conducted by the Movement in armed conflicts and other situations of violence.

50 ICRC Mandate International armed conflict GC III 126 and GC IV 143 Non-international armed conflict GC I-IV common article 3 and AP I (offre de service State consent) Other Emergencies Statutes of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (right of initiative State Consent)

51 What law applies to situations below the threshold of armed conflict? International human rights law and domestic legislation apply IHL is not applicable. In OSV Non-State protagonists of the violence are not bound by obligations under international law The State continues to hold a de jure monopoly on Use of Force

52

53 MISSING PEOPLE THREATS LIMITED ACCESS TO PUBLIC SERVICES POVERTY PEOPLE MENTALLY AFFECTED RESTRICTION OF MOVEMENTS

54 Colombia

55 Urban Violence in Colombia

56 Risk reduction in schools

57 Access to Health services

58 Support to victims of sexual abuses

59 Missing People and their family

60 Economic Security

61 Training of the use of force

62 Visit to Juveniles delinquents

63 Added Value of ICRC action in Urban Violence ICRC s principles, approach, security concept are relevant and pertinent in situations of violence that do not reach the threshold of armed conflict Proximity with communities & need based integral approach Dialogue with weapon bearers to enhance protection of communities Partnerships with State authorities and Movement components are a key success factor to heighten the anticipated impact on the people affected (replication/long term sustainability)

64 THANK YOU Gracias! KBw6yO8

65 Copyright Institute for Security Studies 22 June 2015

66 CAN VIOLENT CITIES DELIVER ECONOMIC GROWTH? LESSONS FROM SOUTH AFRICA AND COLOMBIA Governance, Crime & Justice Division, ISS Pretoria 8 June 2015 Copyright Institute for Security Studies 22 June 2015