TRAINING FºR PEACE IN AFRICA. Consolidated Annual Progress Report 2012 for the Training for Peace Programme (TfP)

Transcription

1 TRAINING FºR PEACE IN AFRICA Consolidated Annual Progress Report 2012 for the Training for Peace Programme (TfP)

2 TfP police training course in Ghana, Photo: KAIPTC 2

3 CONTENTS FOREWORD 4 WHAT ISTHE TFP? 5 TFP PARTNERS 6 THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICHTHE TFP OPERATES 9 FOCUS AREAS 10 PROVIDING TRAINING 11 TRAININGOF AFRICAN POLICE FOR PEACE OPERATIONS 12 POLICE TRAINNGS TRAININGOF CIVILIAN CAPACITY FOR PEACE OPERATIONS 17 CIVILIAN TRAINNINGS LINKING TRAINING AND DEPLOYMENT 19 THE TFP/AFDEM ENGAGEMENTS ARE APPRECIATED 20 CONDUCTING RESEARCH AND SUPPORTING POLICY DEVELOPMENT 22 LOOKING CLOSER ATTHE PEACEKEEPING-PEACEBILDING NEXUS IN SOUTH SUDAN 23 WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY 24 MOBILIZING CIVILIAN CAPACITY 25 INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD 26 A PERSPECTIVE ON ISS TODAY: PEACEKEEPING: CHANGING HORIZONS AND NEW REALITIES 30 TFP GOAL HIERARCHY APPENDIX: LISTOF SELECTED TFP PUBLICATIONS

4 Torgeir Larsen State Secretary Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs This year we congratulate the African Union (AU) and the Organization of African Unity (OAU) on their combined 50 years of engagement of these pan- African organizations. AU is growing and maturing, but has at the same time been renewed with a fresh and active leadership. As other regional organizations, the AU has gradually strengthened its engagement and taken wider responsibilities. Norway is a firm supporter of the African Union with its strong focus on social, economic and political development, and peace and security in Africa. FOREWORD Norway has traditionally given a strong support to the United Nations, with its global mandate to maintain international peace and security. UN peacekeeping is a central tool for the international community to address conflict situations, between as well as within states. Over the last decades we have witnessed new complex emergencies with adverse impacts on human security in Africa. A wide variety of human and natural factors have acted together to create situations too difficult to handle by one actor. Local violent conflicts may have regional implications, and warring parties often operate in wide regional and even global networks. A multi-faceted response is necessary. It is encouraging to see that African states, sub-regional organizations and the African Union are taking active responsibilities for peace and security on the continent. The UN has on its side been looking for new partnerships in such situations. Peacekeeping in Africa is at a crucial juncture, and template solutions are just not good enough anymore. Enhanced aspirations for African autonomy African solutions for African problems are reflected in the AU s new ambitions on peace and security. Hybrid peace operations through a partnership between the UN and AU are necessary for solving future conflicts in Africa. These statements may represent the new ambitious approach by African actors in peace operations. The viewpoints are put forward in an actuality article in the series ISS Today called Peacekeeping: changing horizons and new realities. The Institute for Security Studies (ISS) in South Africa is one of the partners in the Training for Peace (TfP) programme. The article is calling for a more dynamic and effective cooperation between the AU and UN, based on a clear political leadership. The whole article is included in this issue of the Consolidated Annual Progress Report 2012 for the Training for Peace Programme. It reflects the active engagement by all of the partners in the programme presented in this report. The programme and partners work with a broad range of activities, covering training of civilian peace operation personnel, including police, recruitment and rostering systems, policy guidance, advocacy and research. The programme is currently in its fourth phase since the inception in 1995, and is now focusing on the protection of civilians (PoC), women, peace and security (UN SCR 1325), the civilian capacity reform agenda, and on training of African civilian personnel and police to peace operations. The TfP is a unique programme that works through a triangular North- South-South partnership, with strong African ownership. The partners of the programme are leading actors as regards research, policy guidance, advocacy, training and rostering in the field of peace and security in Africa. I am proud to present the TfP programme and the main results achieved in 2012 in this second edition of the TfP Consolidated annual progress report. In the context of on-going developments and trends both in the African conflict picture and within the area of peace operations, the programme, in cooperation with key partners and stakeholders, is contributing to build sustainable African capacities for peace operations in line with Norway s approach to peace and security in Africa. Oslo, May

5 WHAT IS THE TfP? The Training for Peace programme (TfP) is an international capacity-building programme funded and coordinated by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since 1995, the programme has worked, through civil society institutions, to strengthen African civilian and police capacity for peace operations. With its focus on training, rostering, policy facilitation and applied research, the TfP has contributed actively in placing the civilian and multi-dimensional aspects of peacekeeping on the agenda, including issues related to the protection of civilians and women, peace and security. The Programme is based on a unique North South South cooperation where activities are carried out mainly by African partner institutions. Current TfP partners are the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) and the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) in South Africa, the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC) in Ghana, the African Civilian Response Capacity for Peace Support Operations (AFDEM) in Zimbabwe and the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI). In 2011 the TfP programme entered into a fourth phase, set to run until The overall goal of the programme for this period is to build sustainable African capacity for peace operations in the UN, AU and the African regional economic communities/regional mechanisms (REC/ RMs). The programme will seek to contribute to this goal in two ways: through the development of competent peacekeeping personnel; and through supporting the strengthening of organizational systems in the UN, AU and REC/RMs. In order to achieve the first objective, the partners will provide tailor-made, high-quality training and at the same time contribute to the establishment and strengthening of well-functioning recruitment and roster systems. The second objective is to be achieved through supporting the development of appropriate policy frameworks and guidance utilized by the stakeholders, as well as carrying out relevant research of high quality. The annual budget of the programme is NOK 28 million. Furthermore, the TfP provides support to and collaborates closely with the Eastern Africa Standby Force Coordination Mechanism (EASFCOM), and the Norwegian Police Directorate is a supporting partner, contributing advice and instructors to the TfP s police activities. The programme s International Advisory Board consists of members from the international community with wide experiences from peacekeeping and knowledge about international politics and African affairs. UN and AU representatives participate on a regular basis in the board meetings. 5

6 TfP PARTNERS ACCORD THE AFRICAN -CENTRE FOR THE CONSTRUCTIVE RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES ACCORD is a South African-based civil society organization working to bring African solutions to the challenges posed by conflict on the continent. ACCORD specializes in conflict management, analysis and prevention and intervenes in conflicts through mediation, negotiation, training, research, and conflict analysis. The TfP programme at ACCORD focuses on the civilian dimension of peace operations through the provision of training and policy support to the AU and UN. Current priorities for the TfP programme at ACCORD are developing the civilian dimension of the African Standby Force (ASF), multi-dimensional and integrated approaches to peacekeeping, including the protection of civilians, the peacekeeping peacebuilding nexus and civilian capacities processes. AFDEM THE AFRICAN CIVILIAN RESPONSE CAPACITY FOR PEACE SUPPORT -OPERATIONS AFDEM was established in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, in 2000 and is still the only civilian response capacity on the African continent. AFDEM is a rostering service with the overall goal of providing effective civilian response capacity in support of peace operations in Africa. AFDEM became a TfP partner in 2010 to provide the link between training, rostering and deployment. The main focus is on managing, expanding and improving civilian recruitment, and facilitating the deployment of qualified, trained and experienced civilian personnel to the UN, the AU and other international organizations. ISS THE INSTITUTE FOR SECURITY -STUDIES ISS is a pan-african applied policy research institute headquartered in Pretoria, South Africa. The ISS seeks to mainstream human security perspectives into public policy processes, and to influence decision-makers in Africa and beyond. Within the TfP programme, ISS focuses on the police dimension of peace operations, mainly by providing capacitybuilding and pre-deployment training. The training is directed towards the Southern and Eastern African regional police chiefs cooperation organizations (SARPPCO/EAPCCO) and member states, for UN and AU peace operations. The ISS also carries out research and offers policy advice and technical assistance to various stakeholders. 6

7 KAIPTC THE KOFI ANNAN -INTERNATIONAL PEACEKEEPING TRAINING CENTRE KAIPTC is an ECOWAS center of excellence for research on and training for conflict prevention, management and resolution, and for innovative thinking on integrated peace operations. KAIPTC aims to build appropriate and deployable African civilian, police and military capacities to meet the continent s current and future peacekeeping and peacebuilding needs. Within the TfP programme, the KAIPTC focuses on delivering capacity-building support to African civilian and police personnel, on conducting applied research on critical African peace and security issues, and on providing policy support to the AU, ECOWAS and national governments. NUPI THE NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS NUPI is one of Norway s leading independent centers for research and information on international political and economic issues, and on areas of central relevance to Norwegian foreign policy. Within the TfP, NUPI focuses on the articulated needs of the UN and the African peacekeeping community, assessing major trends and directions that are likely to influence and direct peacekeeping in the African context. Current research focuses on the peacekeeping peacebuilding nexus, civilian capacity, local peacebuilding and protection of civilians. POD THE INTERNATIONAL SECTION AT THE NORWEGIAN POLICE DIRECTORATE POD is responsible for the training and deployment of Norwegian police officers for international peace operations. Within the TfP programme, POD is a supporting partner, contributing specialist advice on the Programme s police activities. In addition, POD supports the other TfP partners with training capacity through specially educated trainers and carries out driving courses for female police officers together with the Ghana Police. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs 7

8 One of the militia groups (M23) operating in D.R.Congo. AFP PHOTO / PHIL MOORE 8

9 THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THE TFP OPERATES International peace operations are constantly changing as world affairs are taking new shapes. The end of the cold war was followed by a decrease of inter-state wars but at the same time new types of complex emergencies within states and regions are developing. Violent conflicts are felt locally and the involved parties often operate in international networks and across borders. UN peacekeeping has therefore witnessed a considerable enlargement in scale, scope and complexity of its operations with an increasing number of civilian personnel. The UN has strengthened its cooperation with international partners and civil society networks. Most of the UN peacekeepers are deployed in Africa, and the AU and regional African organizations are taking significant steps to develop African capacities and mechanisms for such missions. The TfP programme is working with the AU, regional African organizations and partners to enhance African civilian capacities for peace missions. The main collaborators for the TfP have in 2012 been the REC/RMs, the AU and the UN, as well as the communities engaged with these institutions. Other stakeholders of importance for the programme are AU member states, partners and support organizations, such as regional training centers and research institutes. Two peace operations have received a special focus by the TfP programme in 2012: The AU mission to Somalia (AMISOM) and the UN mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). The TfP partners have also given pre-deployment training to police officers going to other UN missions in Africa during The TfP programme has in 2012 been working to clarify key peacekeeping dilemmas and processes that can foster successful implementation of peacekeeping mandates. In 2012, TfP worked particularly on the thematic areas of protection of civilians (PoC); the strengthening of civilian capacities in UN and AU operations and the civilian dimension of the African Standby Force; supporting the UN and AU police dimension; and with a special focus on gender, women, peace and security. The AU is working towards the full operational capacity of the ASF by The ASF is a key element within the African peace and security architecture. The primary responsibility for the establishment of the ASFs rests with the sub-regional organizations (RECs). There is a great need to give necessary support to them in this regard, especially for their implementation of the civilian dimension policies and processes. In 2012 the TfP programme had a special focus on training of police and civilians for peace missions; the consolidation of the multidimensional capacity of the AU and the RECs, and the implementation of the AU Draft guidelines on PoC in the ASFs and AU missions. 9

10 FOCUS AREAS PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS (POC) UN peace operations are ultimately judged by their ability to protect civilians. The TfP supported the UN DPKO in the development of the PoC Strategic framework, training modules and case studies in , and focused on assistance to the implementation of the PoC framework in specific missions in UN operations were assisted by the TfP programme in 2012 to adapt and implement the PoC framework in accordance with mission mandates. The needs of the AU differ from those of the UN. The AU is still working on how to adapt the PoC concept to the African context and its implications for the African peace and security architecture. In 2012 TfP provided support to the AU to develop Draft guidelines on PoC and to develop and implement an AMISOM mission-specific PoC strategy. The cooperation involved the Somali authorities and the national armed forces in order to sustain the efforts of the AMISOM to protect civilians in Somalia. WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY The implementation of the UN SCR 1325 and subsequent resolutions has a special focus in all TfP activities. The programme promoted the Durban statement on UN SCR 1325, which provides a baseline for the training of police and civilians and other TfP activities. In 2012 the TfP has supported the work of the AU Directorate for women, gender and development in its work to implement the AU gender manual, including in courses for training of trainers (TOT) in Africa. The programme highlighted gender responsive peacebuilding in relation to the Civilian capacities initiative and responsibility to protect through research and outreach. Women s participation in peacekeeping training and deployment was enhanced through the establishment of a police officer s gender advisors course for the Southern African countries. TfP mission cooperation focused on PoC and gender. INCREASED FOCUS ON CIVILIANS The second report by the UN Secretary General on civilian capacity reform was released in 2012, and the UN launched an online platform for matching capacity needs with providers CAPMATCH. The UN missions in South Sudan and Libya are testing grounds for recommendations of further civilian capacity reports. The AU has launched its civilian dimension initiative as an important guidance for future peace operations. The AU has strengthened its civilian capacities in the Peace support operations division. In 2012 the TfP has given a strong support to the UN CivCap reform and the CapMatch initiative and the work of the UN civilian capacity team. TfP partners were active supporting both the launch at the UN General assembly and in regional presentations and consultations. The TfP has supported the AU in its implementation of the civilian dimension initiative at the regional level of the African standby forces. SUPPORT TO AFRICAN POLICING IN PEACE OPERATIONS Though some progress has been made since 2008, the main gap in the AU ASF architecture can be attributed to the slow development of the police and other civilian components relative to the military one. In 2012, the TfP provided police training, supported policy developments of the AU and the REC/RMs and continued to conduct research and provide recommendations to inform policy development and training in this sector. A review was conducted in 2012 by a TfP team of the programme s engagements with the policing dimension of peace operations, with recommendations and follow-up for the rest of the programme period. In 2012 the TfP enhanced the capacity of member states of the Southern African regional police chief council organization (SARPCCO) and the Eastern Africa police chiefs cooperation organization (EAPCCO) by the training of trainers for pre-deployment of African police to AU and UN peace operations. The TfP also supported training of police officers to the SADC standby force, the EASFCOM and for peacekeepers from West-African states in cooperation with ECOWAS. 10

11 PROVIDING TRAINING Training of peace operation personnel is the best and most cost-effective investment we can do in order for UN peace operations to succeed. I call upon all good partners to cooperate with the UN in this crucial job. Kevin Kennedy, Chief of Integrated Training Service, Policy, Evaluation and Training Division, UN, in a meeting with TfP partners at the TfP Annual General Meeting in New York, March 20, IMPROVING ON THE TFP TRAINING APPROACH The TfP programme has focussed on training African capacities for peace missions since the inception of the programme in But stand-alone training courses for possible future peace operation personnel is not necessarily the most effective way to enhance peacekeeping capacities and ensure that mission mandates are fulfilled. The TfP programme period of has therefore initiated a process to make training more effective, more tailormade to its purpose, ensure that training of personnel is more directly linked to deployment or takes place in missions and according to demand and actual needs and mandates. The TfP partners are developing their training methodology, mission relations and approach to make sure that the training courses maximize the joint efforts by all participants and stakeholders. In 2012 the ISS focussed on the training of trainers for predeployment, and pre-deployment training of police officers. The KAIPTC focussed on pre-deployment training for police from ECOWAS countries to specific UN missions. And ACCORD is developing a new methodology to engage in-mission personnel in comprehensive and on-going training processes, as described below. Linking training and deployment through active recruitment in roster programmes is another way to maximize these efforts as is done by the new TfP partner AFDEM. The TfP rostering efforts are described in the next pages. It is difficult to measure the impact of training, as it is individually based and takes place in many different circumstances and in various relations to actual needs on the ground. The TfP management in the Norwegian Ministry of foreign affairs has therefore initiated an evaluation of the TfP programme, which will take place in 2013 and The main focus of the evaluation is to try to measure the impact of the training given by the programme. ACCORD S COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING PROCESS FOR UNMISS As part of its objective to increase the professionalism of UN civil affairs officers (CAOs), the TfP/ACCORD in 2012 implemented three collaborative conflict management training courses to enhance the skills of 76 of the 80 CAOs in UNMISS. The courses are exploring collaborative ways and means of conflict management and are specifically designed to give CAOs and staff in UNMISS good techniques in supporting conflict management in South Sudan. The courses were based on a tailored curriculum after a training needs assessment exercise for UNMISS in November 2011 and field research in South Sudan in February The courses are followed up by a mentoring programme, advanced training for team leaders, and evaluation and assessment in 2013 of the utility of the training package. The UNMISS conflict management training reflects the ACCORD s shift away from conducting stand-alone training activities towards conducting comprehensive training processes. In a meeting with ACCORD s Executive director, Mr Vasu Gounden the Head of UNMISS civil affairs, Mr Alie Hassan, shared that throughout his 20 year career with the UN, he had never experienced training courses like the UNMISS CCM courses that were so tailored, needs driven and context specific, and that staff continue to talk about long after they were implemented. 11

12 TRAINING OF AFRICAN POLICE FOR PEACE OPERATIONS TfP police training courses in 2012 were geared towards pre-deployment training and training of trainers to support the UN and the AU, as well as building the capacity of the ASF through training of trainers. Increasingly TfP partners provide training of trainers. The training initiatives contributed to strengthening the capacity of these actors to carry out multi-dimensional peace operations on the African continent. POLICE TRAINING The AU UN hybrid operation in Darfur, UNAMID, has since its inception struggled with low deployment rates, especially for the police component Seeking to mitigate this problem and contribute towards providing qualified personnel to the mission, the KAIPTC has since 2010 held police pre-deployment courses tailored for West African police personnel to UNAMID. In February and June KAIPTC organized UNAMID pre-deployment training courses for police from Ghana and Burkina Faso; while in October, an AMISOM pre-deployment training course was run for 59 Ghanaian police officers in Accra, Ghana by KAIPTC. UN standard materials form the basis of the training and criteria issues like UNSCR 1325 and HIV/AIDS and prevention of sexual exploitation and abuse form part of the curricula of the training programme. A training course is being developed with the office of the UN Special representative of the Secretary General on conflict related sexual violence (CRSV) for civilians and police officers working in missions. Trained police officers are deployed to AMISOM and UNOCI. A conflict prevention course was held in 2012, mainly aimed at civilians already working in mission areas. As a result of the Malian crisis, collaborative efforts began with ECOWAS to offer training to persons selected for deployment to the African-led International support mission in Mali (AFISMA). ISS training courses aim to enhance the capacity of the member states of Southern and Eastern African regional police chief s cooperation organizations (SARPCCO and EAPCCO). Police officers are trained to give pre-deployment training for personnel in UN- and AU operations. The trainers are also utilized by the SADC standby force and the EASF to conduct pre- and in-mission peace support trainings and to assist in ASF capacity-building. In 2012, key ISS activities included 4 SARPCCO and EAPCCO training of trainers courses for 54 police officers (42% female) who will assist national police organizations in offering predeployment and ASF trainings. A special UNPOC trainer s clinic course is run annually for both regions. The clinic course is also a mechanism to certify trainers of UNPOC courses to peace operations. One UNPOC pre-deployment training course was conducted for 60 Rwandan police officers, who were UN qualified and earmarked for deployment to UNAMID, UNMISS and elsewhere. 52% of the trained officers were female. Through the support provided by the TfP programme in cooperation with the Norwegian police directorate, four UNPOC training courses were conducted by the EASFCOM in The courses were being held in different parts of the region to reach out to different countries (Kenya, Ethiopia and Rwanda). EASFCOM has for the past four years worked closely with the member states to increase their knowledge of SCR 1325 and the important role of women in peace operations. As a result, member states are increasingly nominating more women for training and deployment. The trainees go on to deployment in UN missions and AMISOM, as well as being included in the EASF database. As a result of the cooperation between the Norwegian police directorate and the Government of Ghana 100 female police officers from Ghana participated in driving and computer training in Accra in 2012.

13 Police training taking place in Accra by KAIPTC of personnel to UNAMID

14 POLICE TRAININGS 2012 Partner Title Purpose Date Cooperating partner Location Number Gender balance Deployment rate KAIPTC Predeployment to UNAMID Prepare police officers for deployment to UNAMID - Darfur February UN/DPKO and POD Ouagadougou Burkina Faso 46 15% 50% POD Training of Trainers Increase the pool of Trainers for UNPOC courses March Swedish POD Banjul Gambia N/A POD Driving course Driving course for female police officers POD Driving course Driving course for female police officers POD UNPOC course Prepare police officers for deployment to African UN missions March Ghana gov. Accra Ghana % N/A March Ghana gov. Accra Ghana % N/A April EASFCOM Nairobi Kenya N/A ISS SARPCCO UNPOC Training of Trainer s course Training of Trainer for national training and pool for ASF and deployment April SARPCCO Pretoria, South Africa 13 38% female N/A POD UNPOC course Prepare police officers for deployment to African UN missions May Swedish POD Banjul Gambia N/A EASFCOM UNPOC course Prepare police officers for deployment to African UN missions May POD Addis Abeba Ethiopia N/A KAIPTC UNAMID predeployment course Prepare police officers for deployment to UNAMID June POD Accra Ghana N/A ISS EAPCCO UNPOC Training of Trainers Course Train the trainer for national training and pool for ASF and deployment June EAPCCO Addis Abeba Ethiopia 11 18% female N/A ISS SARPCCO UNPOC Trainer Clinic Certify regional trainers for SADC training pool August SARPCCO Maseru Lesotho 15 42,9% N/A ISS UNPOC Training clinic (TOT) Certify regional trainers for EASF training pool August EAPCCO EASFCOM Addis Abeba Ethiopia % N/A EASFCOM UNPOC course Prepare police officers for deployment to African UN missions KAIPTC UNPOC course Pre-deployment course for police officers to AMISOM EASFCOM UNPOC course Prepare police officers for deployment to African UN missions September POD Nairobi Kenya N/A October POD Accra Ghana 59 15% N/A November POD Kigali Rwanda N/A ISS UNPOC pre-mission training Training of Rwandan police to UNAMID and UNMISS November Rwanda national police GI Shari Rwanda 60 52% N/A 14

15 Predeployment training of AMISOM police officers at the KAIPTC. 15

16 16 Training Workshop for Somali Armed Forces on "Improving Understanding and Compliance with International Humanitarian Law" held October 2012, Djibouti, by Accord in collaboration with AMISOM.

17 TRAININGOF CIVILIAN CAPACITY FOR PEACE OPERATIONS The training of civilians has gradually gained a greater role in the TfP programme. This type of training is mainly undertaken by ACCORD and KAIPTC. An important training initiative was undertaken by ACCORD in cooperation with the civil affairs division in UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). Three collaborative conflict management training courses were during the year conducted in-mission to enhance the skills of 76 out of the 80 national and international civil affairs officers (CAOs) in UNMISS, located in the ten states of South Sudan. The courses focus on collaborative ways to manage conflicts on the local level in South Sudan, and are a result of a curriculum development process which seeks to ensure the implementation of a training package specifically tailored to the CAOs roles and functions, mission mandate and country context. The courses were followed up by an online mentoring and training support programme, advanced training for senior mission management and team leaders, as well as an evaluation and assessment of the training package in ACCORD s activities also involved support to African training institutions, regional organizations and peace operations in terms of development and delivery of modules and courses for predeployment/induction training, and senior mission leadership courses. Support was provided to the International peace support training center (IPSTC) in Nairobi in courses on protection of civilians, gender analysis and mainstreaming, and human rights; and to the SADC Regional peacekeeping training centers on the civilian dimension of peace operations at a battalion commanders' course. ACCORD specifically seeks to ensure that trained civilians are listed on the TfP AFDEM roster as well as on the civilian rosters being established at the AU and regional levels. The conflict prevention course developed and organized by the KAIPTC is intended to provide training for African civilians who are deployed to or expected to serve in ECOWAS, AUand UN-mandated peacekeeping and peacebuilding missions. The course contributes to the operationalization of the ECOWAS standby force (ESF) and the wider ASF. One course was held in 2012 on conflict prevention for 30 participants from the ECOWAS region and peacekeeping missions. WORKSHOP TO PROMOTE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW IN SOMALIA In 2012 ACCORD supported AMISOM in conducting a training workshop on international humanitarian law (IHL) for the Somali national army in response to the recommendations of the AMISOM roundtable on international humanitarian law. The IHL workshop aimed at improving the understanding, professionalism and compliance with IHL of the Somali armed forces. It identified strategies and concrete actions the Somalian army should undertake in cooperation with AMISOM. ACCORD s contribution is linked to its work with AMISOM and the Somali transitional federal government in support of AMISOM s implementation of the mission-specific protection of civilian strategy. It is also an effort to operationalize the AU draft guidelines on protection of civilians. An important objective of this engagement is to make sure that the Somali authorities take a greater responsibility in the efforts to protect the population in the country.

18 CIVILIAN TRAININGS 2012 Partner Title Purpose Cooperating partner Location Number Gender balance Deployment ACCORD Collaborative Conflict Management Train civil affairs officers in conflict management UNMISS Juba 24 4 females In mission ACCORD Collaborative Conflict Management Train civil affairs officers in conflict management UNMISS Juba 19 4 females In mission ACCORD Collaborative Conflict Management Train civil affairs officers in conflict management ECOWAS Juba 33 9 females In mission ACCORD Protection of civilians PoC for military officers in PSOs International Peace Support Training Centre Nairobi 24 6 females In mission/predeployment ACCORD Protection of civilians PoC for military officers in PSOs International Peace Support Training Centre Nairobi 24 4 females In mission/predeployment ACCORD Human Rights in PSOs Gender analysis and Mainstreaming Enhance the understanding of impact of armed conflict on children International Peace Support Training Centre Nairobi N/A N/A In mission/ predeployment ACCORD Civilian Dimension In Peace Operations Training of military offices for POS's SADC Regional Peacekeeping Training Centre Harare 26 3 females In mission/predeployment ACCORD Gender work shop Training of Trainers AU Mombasa N/A N/A ACCORD International Humanitarian Law Amisom Training for Somali Armed Forces in IHL AMISOM/AU Djibouti 46 0 In mission KAIPTC Conflict prevention course Build ECOWAS civilian capacity in conflict prevention and peacebuilding ECOWAS ACCRA females In mission Total (41%) 18

19 LINKING TRAINING AND DEPLOYMENT Linking training and deployment of peacekeepers is crucial for making recruitment systems work in order to fulfill personnel requirements in UN and AU missions. This is especially the case for civilian personnel and administrative and technical staff. The TfP is working closely with the UN and AU and some regional organizations in Africa in support of recruitment and policies on human resources. The African civilian response capacity for peace support operations (AFDEM) is the only civilian roster in Africa that assists African civilian experts (not civilian police) in getting deployment in peacekeeping operations. AFDEM cooperate closely with the UN Department for field support and the Civilian capacity team, and is supporting the AU commission in setting up an AU roster. AFDEM links the training element which has long been the core of the TfP to the actual use of trainees in field missions, and tracks how trainees are used after they have participated in TfP courses. All trainees qualifying from TfP trainings are included in the AFDEM roster, together with trainees from other African training-institution courses. AFDEM then works actively to ensure that the trained personnel are deployed to missions, and as such completes the value chain of training, rostering and deployment. An important part of the TfP strategic initiative in the period is to assist the AU in developing a mission human resources (HR) policy as well as an AU and mission support policy. This aims at creating a coherent HR policy and process that caters for AU field missionspecific requirements, and to ensure a multi-dimensional and integrated support service for the AU. Assistance was given to an AU draft HR policy for AU peace and security operations. Assistance was also given to AMISOM to develop a manual for contingency planning on procedures undertaken in the event of a major incident that could impact on mandate implementation. The ACCORD-assisted AU draft civilian job descriptions for ASF operations were in 2012 utilized by the AU Peace support operations division (PSOD) and the Department of administration and human resource development in the AU commission in recruiting personnel for AMISOM. Further, the job descriptions have also been used by the EASFCOM to identify civilians who participated in the EASF exercises. This process is linked to the development of the AU civilian standby roster, which will be crucial for strengthening the AU s capacity to recruit, train and deploy civilians for its peace operations. While awaiting the further development of the ECOWAS regional roster, the KAIPTC database of civilian experts serves as one of the main databases used by ECOWAS. At the KAIPTC details of all civilian TfP course graduates will from 2012 be shared with AFDEM for rostering purposes. As part of this collaborative effort between TfP partners, AFDEM will participate in KAIPTC s TfP civilian courses and the organization will organize a workshop for all TfP partners in 2013 to mainstream all the rostering work by the TfP engagements, including assistance to the AU and the regional organizations. The ISS maintains databases on trained police for EAPCCO and SARPCCO for further deployment by member states. Deployments are tracked by ISS through bilateral engagements with member states and feedback from focal officers of national police organizations that have received ISS training support. In the case of standby training exercises, EAPCCO and SARPCCO track the use of regional police trainers through their own police focal points. In the same way the KAIPTC maintains a database for trained police personnel in West Africa, made available for ECOWAS. EASFCOM is the only regional ASF planning element that has established and maintains a roster for both the civilian and the police component.

20 THE TFP/AFDEM ENGAGEMENTS ARE APPRECIATED The UN Civilian-Capacity team has approached AFDEM for inclusion as a partner in the CivCap initiative and for registration at the CapMatch platform. As a partner in the UN CivCap initiative AFDEM is providing capacity for short term consultancy in various areas of expertise. At the CapMatch platform AFDEM is registered as a provider of capacity in the areas of safety and security and inclusive political processes. AFDEM has cooperated with the UN CivCap team on training and rostering and on the strengthening of partnerships for civilian capacities in the aftermath of conflict. The efforts of the organization have been recognized by the UN and the Secretary general in his report to the 67th session of the UN General Assembly; Section 60, pg. 16: «A further measure that would deepen partnerships and facilitate access to needed specialized expertise is to make standing arrangements with roster managers to mobilize expertise for specialized roles that the United Nations does not intend to recruit directly, or for specialized, short term, urgent needs. Such entities as the African Civilian Response Capacity for Peace Support Operations (AFDEM) and the Norwegian Refugee Council maintain rosters of specialized expertise that can be deployed at short notice and some capacity providers populate their rosters with experts from the North and the South.» A RECRUITMENT STORY THROUGH AFDEM TO THE MONUSCO IN D.R. CONGO I knew about AFDEM from a Zimbabwean colleague while studying in the United States of America in I was quite impressed by this initiative that aimed at building African civilian capacities that can readily be deployed to respond to humanitarian and protection emergencies during conflict or disaster. In July 2010, I was contacted by AFDEM verifying my availability and interest to deploy as a civilian observer to the UN s Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO). I was deployed to the East of Congo in Bukavu as a civilian observer in the Joint Monitoring Teams after two weeks training by MONUSCO. The Joint Monitoring Teams are a new concept in UN Peacekeeping. The Joint Monitoring Teams are made up of UN police officers and civilian experts. Our responsibilities stretch to cover the monitoring and evaluation of human rights including sexual and gender-based violence; interacting with refugees, internally displaced persons and other victims of violations; assessing human rights abuses, analysing conflict trends, reporting and making recommendations. We regularly visit detention cells and prison centres and reinforce capacities of security sector officials i.e. police, administration, penal and justice institutions and personnel on upholding international human rights standards. With the growing conflicts affecting the African continent, an organization with a civilian roster like AFDEM is worthwhile to source out Africans with human rights, capacity building and conflict transformation expertise and knowledge to give a mix in the ever demanding and varied aspects of multi-dimensional peacekeeping operations. These African experts are not only familiar with underlying causes of conflicts but they also know the cultures and would easily determine entry point strategies into peace building projects in the communities. They can serve as role models particularly if they are female civilian staff to the population in their area of deployment. The presence in a peacekeeping mission of female staff in civilian attire working alongside with uniform officers has a positive influence and easily transforms the mind frame of local authorities, rebels, victims of violence and the population in general. My contract ended on the 29th of February I have so far updated and maintained my profile in the AFDEM roster. CHIN KONGNYUY Geraldine has been an AFDEM candidate since She holds an LLM International Legal Studies and a post graduate degree in Gender and Development. 20

21 CHIN KONGNYUY GERALDINE WORKING FOR MONUSCO ON A FIELD MISSION IN DR CONGO. 21

22 CONDUCTING RESEARCH AND SUPPORTING POLICY DEVELOPMENT Research carried out within the TfP programme contributes to support and improve training and capacity building, and aims to provide policymakers with the latest knowledge and wellfounded recommendations. Research is put to active use in updating training curricula and in informing and influencing policy development at the national, regional and international levels. Important research themes in 2012 were civilian capacity, protection of civilians, women, peace and security and the transition from peacekeeping to peacebuilding. ACCORD continued its support to the UN and AU civilian capacities and dimensions reforms through policy guidance, workshops and research. ACCORD supported the UN DPKO-Best Practices Section in publishing the UN Civil Affairs Handbook that was launched in April 2012 in New York. ACCORD completed the distribution of the handbook to Civil Affairs personnel in all UN peacekeeping and political missions in Africa and internationally, and plans to translate this English version into French. Protection of civilians (PoC) was another priority area in cooperation with AU and AMISOM. Research was undertaken of the PoC policy processes of both the AU and UN, PoC context as it relates to Africa, and particular case studies on the implementation of PoC in Somalia, Cote d Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo and Libya. The special initiative of conflict management for UNMISS entailed a study on conflict management capacity in South Sudan. ISS has over the last years has a special focus on policing in the operationalization of the AU ASF, and this engagement continued in 2012 with active cooperation with the AU, in several peace operations and with regional organizations. A field research was undertaken in the UN mission in South Sudan on the implementation of Protection of Civilians according to the UNMISS mandate. Another research focused on transnational dimensions of African civil UN Photo/Paulo Filgueiras wars with case studies from Northern Uganda and South Sudan. The ISS has a special focus on UN SCR 1325, and is currently undertaking a research on the impact on female police officers of peacekeeping, and is working with the Southern African countries to promote a better understanding of the importance of female police in peace operations. An example of a short article on peacekeeping in the series of ISS Today is printed on the next two pages. KAIPTC primarily contributes research to policy debates on current issues of peace and security in West Africa. Their publications also serve either directly as training material for courses or as guidance for the development of training curricula and manuals. In 2012, KAIPTC conducted research and offered support to the AU and ECOWAS in UNSCR 1325-related issues and worked with the AU on operationalization of the police and civilian dimensions of the ASF. Research and cooperation with the AU had a special focus on current and past experiences of peace missions in Africa. KAIPTC is currently engaged in cooperation with ECOWAS, AU and UN on the situation and missions in Mali. NUPI was engaged in a broad range of areas in policy advice and guidance, review and reform processes and related research in peacekeeping and peacebuilding issues during The TfP programme in the research group on Peace Operations and Peacebuilding had its main focus on the CivCap reform, Peacekeeping/peacebuilding nexus, Protection of civilians and Women in peace and security. The leader of the Peace operations and peacebuilding research group, senior research fellow Cedric de Coning, participated in the policy review team of the AMISOM during The report was endorsed by the AU Peace and Security Council and constituted important premises for the discussions and decisions by the UN Security Council on the matter. 22

23 LOOKING CLOSER AT THE PEACEKEEPING PEACEBUILDING NEXUS IN SOUTH SUDAN The civilian capacity reform issue has highlighted the need for further cooperation between peacekeeping and peacebilding actors and how to deal with the transition between them. The UN mission in South Sudan UNMISS has been singled out as a testing ground because this mission has received the most ambitious peacebuilding mandate so far. The new state is confronted with significant capacity shortages in all sectors and parts of the country. Ramping up the capacity of the state to perform core functions and improving service provision to the population is a front and center priority for the government as well as its peacekeeping and peacebuilding partners. NUPI is currently looking closer at the most ambitious of these programmes the Inter-governmental authority on development (IGAD) initiative. The IGAD initiative provides 199 civil service support officers (CSSOs) to South Sudan where they are twinned with counterparts across many ministries and across the country to rapidly develop core government capacity in a coaching and mentoring scheme. The CSSOs come from the civil services of Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda and are seconded for two-year terms remaining on the payroll of their home countries, and funding to cover administration and other costs come from Norway. The initiative resonates well with the UN Civilian Capacity reform process and the calls for more use of regional capacity and more flexible and bottom-up approaches when supporting countries emerging from conflict. Notwithstanding many challenges, the initiative is promising as a new and potentially innovative model of triangular cooperation for capacity development. The research findings will be published in UNMISS is helping the state to extend its presence on local levels, establishing county support bases and supporting the extension of state authority through the presence of new local level government officials. This development also confronts UNMISS and other international actors with new challenges, as the government officials become part of the local political economy. The relationship between formal and traditional authority actors is constantly being renegotiated, and the UN is inevitably part of this through the support by UNMISS, UNDP and other development programmes, funds and agencies. NUPI and ACCORD is following this process closely. More research is needed to improve the transition from peacekeeping to peacebuilding, helping states to build the foundations for sustainable and lasting peace. The relations between the state and the local levels and how peace is constantly negotiated and renegotiated also after formal peace agreements are important themes. Another important issue to examine is how the new, formal government structures can interact with the traditional social structures in the building of the modern Southern Sudan and how the UN can facilitate such a cooperation.

24 WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY The implementation of the UNSC Res 1325 and subsequent resolutions has a special focus in all TfP activities. The programme promoted the Durban statement on UNSC 1325, which provides a baseline of the training of police and civilians and other TfP activities in this regard. The programme highlighted gender responsive peace building in relation to the civil capacities initiative and the responsibility to protect through research and outreach. Women s participation in peacekeeping training and deployment was enhanced through several workshops and policy meetings, to troop- and police contributing countries and to the AU and regional organizations. The TfP is working actively to promote, include and recruit female personnel to peace missions, both in uniform and civilians. The gender balance among trained and deployed personnel within the TfP programme has improved owing to the advocacy and active promotion of UN SCR 1325 by the TfP partners in regional organizations and several countries. As a result, the ISS saw an increase of female participants in training courses from 31% in 2011 to 42% in During % of police officers certified as regional trainers were female. A female police officers gender mentors and advisors course was endorsed at the annual general meeting of the Southern African regional police chiefs cooperation organization (SARPCCO) in May The establishment of the special course was a result of the active promotion and work by the ISS at the meeting (and in the Women s network sub-committee). The ISS has after the meeting conducted 2 task team meetings to design and develop the course outline. ACCORD cooperates with the AU Directorate for Women, Gender and Development (WGDD) on developing the training and awareness on gender issues in peace operations. A training of trainers (TOT) workshop that was organized to test and develop the AU Gender training manual developed by the WGDD in conjunction with the AU Peace and Security Department. An important issue is the gender-based violence in conflicts and post-conflict situations. ACCORD has been working to encourage members of the Africa peace support trainers association (APSTA) to promote the use of the manual in training courses for African troop- and police contributing countries. ACCORD has established links with the new gender adviser in AMISOM, and is cooperating with the officer to finalize and implement the AMISOM Gender action plan in accordance with the mission mandate. ACCORD has furthermore offered to assist in increasing knowledge and awareness of Somali government officials and civil society on UN SCR This work will further strengthen and supplement ACCORD s efforts to promote the understanding of protection of civilians, international humanitarian law, and conduct and discipline in AMISOM and in Somalia. At the KAIPTC in Ghana police predeployment training are based on UN training manuals and include as a standard feature issues relating to women, peace and security and UN SCR The center initiated a research in 2012 to examine the processes of recruitment, selection, training and deployment of women police personnel in West Africa to peace operations with the purpose of understanding why female representation in peace operation is so low in West Africa. The research is conducted in four West-African countries, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Liberia and Sierra Leone to identify gaps and challenges in the implementation of the SCR 1325 by individual countries. The study will be completed in The Norwegian Police directorate is supporting the TfP police training courses in Africa by providing police trainers for peace missions. 7 courses were supported in 2012, where SCR 1325 is a vital part. POD organized 2 driving courses for women police officers in ACCRA with prospects of deployment to peace operations in Africa. A total of 100 officers participated. A group of new police officers from the Norwegian police university college finished their special education in 2012 to become trainers in TfP and other courses for personnel to peace operations. 50% of the newly educated trainers are female. Photo: Sam DCruz / Shutterstock.com 24

25 MOBILIZING CIVILIAN CAPACITY The TfP programme has been supporting both the UN and AU processes to increase the civilian dimension in peace operations by interacting directly with the two organizations and by working within sub-regional and local settings to promote these agendas. These efforts have raised the awareness about the UN civilian capacity reform and AU civilian dimension initiative and have contributed to keep the issue on top of the agenda for countries, regional organizations and other interested parties. NUPI commissioned and published a policy brief on civilian capacity and the CapMatch platform that helped to launch CapMatch during the UN General assembly in The policy brief drew attention to the platform and NUPI received strong support from UN counterparts that the policy brief was timely and helped recruit users to the platform. NUPI also convened a CapMatch consultation that enabled the UN CivCap team to consult the international training and rostering community (New York, 13 June). NUPI further supported the regional consultations and outreach of the CivCap and CapMatch during 2012 and worked to build stronger links between the UN and AU initiatives in this regard. ACCORD has actively supported both the UN CivCap reform and the AU/ASF Civilian dimension initiative in ACCORD was part of the establishment of a Civilian capacity network of civil society organizations from the global South and co-hosted the Africa regional consultations with the South African Government in collaboration with the UN and AU. All of the AU members participated. ACCORD contributed to the Civilian capacity network baseline report through the development of a South African Civilian Assessment Report. The report was later used as the primary background document for the first Annual civilian capacity network Seminar, where ACCORD presented its paper on: «Training and Preparation of Civilians for Peace Operations». In its paper on: «Civilian Capacities and the Aftermath of Conflict: A Demand-Led Approach», presented at the regional consultations in South Africa, ACCORD highlights the fact that international support should be based on the needs and national priorities of post-conflict countries. The deployment of specialized civilian capacities should not be seen as replacement of local and national capacity, but rather as a mechanism which seeks to strengthen local capacities. ACCORD s support to these initiatives in 2012 has contributed towards strengthening cooperation among countries from the global South, AU member states and regional organizations, the links between the AU and UN, as well as assisting the implementation of the civilian dimension in the ASFs. 25

26 INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD The International Advisory Board (IAB) of the TfP programme held its annual meeting on November 2012 in Oslo, Norway. The board provides strategic advice to the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and partners on strategic developments and key issues related to the Programme. The IAB is composed of representatives from academia and individuals with experience from international organizations with outstanding competence in peace operations and related areas. In order to ensure that the TfP may continue to be relevant, delivering high-quality products, representatives from the UN and the AU were invited to participate in the board meetings. The focus of the Oslo meeting was to discuss the strategic direction of the TfP programme for the coming year and beyond. Participants were invited to reflect on the relevance of the Programme in light of on-going developments and trends, both in peacekeeping and on the African continent. The meeting was hosted by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in cooperation with Nupi. IAB members met together with Directors and TfP Programme Heads of the partner organizations. In addition, both the UN and the AU were invited, and were represented by the Director of the Civilian Capacities Project, DFS, Mr Chris Coleman, and the Head of the Peace Support Operations Divisions, Mr Sivuyile Bam, respectively. There was agreement that the Programme remained relevant, 17 years after its inception. In several ways the TfP was still seen to be ahead of the curve, with its focus on civilians and police in peace operations, and with activities carried out in a triangular North South South partnership. However, changes in the African conflict picture, coupled with new trends within peace operations, require continuous adjustments and adaption of the Programme s focus and way of working. Here are some of the points in the meeting: P 5($Bh< '54F.'=<.4 +;.'$ -$?) changed from inter-state to intra-state situations. New types of complex emergencies are developing with various forms of popular protest and threats to the authority and legitimacy of the state, as is seen in the «Arab Spring» and the situation in the Sahel/West Africa region. Some of the difficulties are connected to the transition phase of state building and democratization, but others are more negative. Local conflicts often spill over boarders and may have regional implications. Crime and terrorism are organized in wide networks that may operate globally. P -)<) '-$4,)< 85<) 4)@ '-$11)4,)< to peacekeeping in its classical sense. Peacekeeping has become much more complicated: Some situations call for more robust peace enforcement and protection of civilians, whereas as others need a broader multidimensional mandate. Many missions need both. The meeting argued for a stronger focus on (and more knowledge about) the transition from peacekeeping to peacebuilding. P.<<.54<h )A.= <=;$=),.)< <-5>1(.()$11B be integral parts of the mission concept from the start. Assistance to the reform and building of national police and security sector reform as a whole is therefore crucial in most missions. The TfP training programme for police should increasingly focus on the Training of Trainers to assist the local police and to work with the whole justice sector. international partners in peace missions, and the cooperation with the AU and African stakeholders have improved. Good working relations between the UN Security Council and the AU Peace and Security Council are essential. The AU is improving its capacities for planning and management of peace missions, but would need more assistance, including to the establishment of the African Standby Forces. The TfP programme is actively supporting this development. P -) '.?.1.$4 '$8$'.=B ;)+5;3.< '-$4,.4, how the UN supports countries in the aftermath of conflict. The UN wants to work in larger partnerships, especially with the global south. The UN CapMatch was launched in 2012 with assistance of the TfP programme, and is a web platform where providers and requesters can meet to mobilize relevant civilian capacities. Civilian capacities coming from outside of the governments are increasingly being accepted and used. A good example 26

27 is the IGAD-project in South Sudan, where almost 200 civil servants from Rwanda, Kenya and Uganda have been twined in with local counterparts with top-up financial assistance from abroad. Nupi will undertake a study of the project. Initial findings indicate that this is an innovative and cost-effective south-south-north initiative with a high level of ownership. P -) + 51.') <<)<<3)4= )$3 presented its concept for the review of policing component within the TfP. Focus areas: how to improve the impact on the ground and female participation, cooperation with the UN/ DPKO and AU/PSOD, recruitment and local ownership. It was underlined that the role of policing in peace missions is changing with a need for more specialized police skills, such as investigations, including crimes of sexual and gender-based violence, fighting corruption, organized crime, forensics, and building of effective and accountable police institutions. Policing in peace missions will be a strong TfP focus for the rest of this programme period to International Advisory Board Meeting of the TFP hosted by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in cooperation with Nupi in Oslo, November P -) $4( to discuss the future of the TfP Programme by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which informed the meeting about the initiation of the evaluation of the programme in 2013 and The evaluation is managed by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) and will focus on the training of police and other programme elements. The evaluation will play into the decision process of the future of TfP after The next meeting of the TfP International Advisory Board will take place in Addis Abeba in November

28 BOARD MEMBERS (AS OF NOVEMBER 2012): Gen. (rtd) Martin Luther Agwai Former Force Commander, UNAMID Dr Francis Deng Special Adviser of the UN Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide Ms Comfort Ero Africa Program Director, International Crisis Group, Nairobi Mr Jean-Marie Guéhenno Director, Centre for International Conflict Resolution Columbia University, New York Dr Monica Juma Ambassador of Kenya and Permanent Representative to the African Union Dr Funmi Olonisakin Director, Conflict, Security and Development Group, King s College, London Dr Ramesh Thakur Director, Centre for Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament, ANU Asia Pacific College of Diplomacy, Canberra REPRESENTATIVES FROM COOPERATING PARTNERS: Mr Chris Coleman Director, Civilian capacity Project, Department of Field Support (DFS), UN. Mr Sivuyile Bam Head, Peace Support Operations Division (PSOD), African Union IAB CHAIR: 28

29 A PERSPECTIVE ON 2013 The focus of the TfP programme in 2013 will build on the results achieved and the experience gained in the previous years. Partners will continue to work closely with its main stakeholders, the AU and UN peace operations communities in general, and with the regional organizations, AU PSOD and UN DPKO in particular. Priority areas have been identified based on partners context analysis and in consultation with stakeholders. The overall objective of the Programme continues to be to support the sustainable development of peace operations capacity in and for Africa through the provision of relevant and high-quality research, policy development, and training and rostering services. The TfP is working to support and be relevant to the major UN and AU peace and security engagements in Africa. UN member states and the UN Secretariat are working to implement policy developments, including the Civilian capacity reform (UN) and the UN Strategic framework for the protection of civilians (PoC). The TfP will support the work by the AU to implement Draft guidelines for the PoC and the civil dimension initiative. The TfP training activities will support the large UN and AU peace operation on the continent. In this environment the TfP will maintain its focus on strengthening the police dimension, both when it comes to the training of trainers, provision of tailored pre-deployment training as well as supporting on-going policy work. The TfP is particularly involved in the AU mission in Somalia (AMISOM) and in the UN missions in Sudan (UNAMID) and South Sudan (UNMISS). The programme will support the on-going UN process of regional consultations by the UN/DPKO to finalize a new Strategic Guidance Framework for international police in peacekeeping. The programme will also together with partners provide assistance to the UN Global Police Conferences on several themes vital to the same engagement. On the civilian side, the programme will continue to support the implementation of the Civilian capacity reforms by the UN and AU, including in some of the missions (UNMISS and AMISOM). The programme will furthermore continue its focus on the peacekeeping peacebuilding nexus, on further development of the role of civil affairs in conflict management, through training and policy development, as well as on the operationalization of PoC in peacekeeping. At the AU and REC/RM level, the process of capacity building for peace operations in the context of the ASF is expected to continue at pace. Steady progress is being made, especially in the context of the civilian dimension, but the overall structural challenges of the AU Commission and the RECs continue to hamper the degree to which these developments are linked with the AU s peace and security architecture more generally. The AU s on-going mission in Somalia will remain a major priority for the AU Commission and the member states and for the TfP (PoC, Conduct & Discipline and 1325). The TfP will also support the development of the civilian capacity in the AU commission, including the support to the establishment of an AU civilian standby roster. 29

30 PEACEKEEPING: CHANGING HORIZONS AND NEW REALITIES Annette Leijenaar, Head, Conflict Management and Peace Building Division, ISS Pretoria Peacekeeping in Africa is at a crucial juncture, and template solutions are just not good enough anymore. This was reflected in statements made during the United Nations (UN) Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations (C34), which started on 19 February Peacekeeping in Africa faces numerous emerging challenges that require a mind shift starting at the top structures in the UN Security Council (UNSC) down to the most common standard operating procedures. The Under Secretary Generals of the UN Departments for Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), Hervé Ladsous, and Field Support (DFS), Ameerah Haq, certainly need the C34 s constructive contributions and feedback to ensure that peace operations policies, mandates and force compositions are flexible and pragmatic enough to find solutions to complex emerging threats. Indeed, in-depth knowledge and understanding is needed to manage peacekeeping missions effectively. The UN is responsible for providing strategic direction to 15 DPKO-led peace operations (14 peacekeeping operations and one political mission), of which seven are in Africa and two more (Mali and Somalia) are under consideration, and which have close to personnel. Approved resources amount to US$ 7,33 billion. At the UNSC level there is a need to enhance cooperation with regional partners to ensure more timely and pragmatic consultations, which are necessary for political coherence on the fundamental objectives of peace operations. Mechanisms should be established to ensure that regular dialogue takes place with regional organizations and countries that contribute troops and/or police before the UNSC makes peace operation decisions. Joint field missions between the UNSC and regional organizations should be the norm rather than the exception. The UNSC should consider engaging regional organizations in a more structured and regular manner during crisis situations in which those regional organizations have a vested interest. Even though it might not be feasible for another decade, initial discussion on the reform of Chapter VIII of the UN Charter should also be considered. Chapter VIII of the UN Charter anticipates the need for close consultation between the UNSC and regional organizations, but the right balance has not been found yet. According to UN Deputy Secretary General Jan Eliasson, the traditional principles of neutrality/ impartiality and the non-use of force except in self-defense now give way to strong political engagement and more muscular intervention approaches such as the intervention brigades in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Mali, which are akin to peace enforcement. He raises the question of how the UN will manage to balance this approach with its need to continue humanitarian operations and uphold humanitarian principles. Early warning mechanisms, including sound analysis and integrated planning, combined with the political will of all stakeholders, are required to ensure preventative action. An important development in peace operations policy took place with the adoption of UNSC Resolution 2086 on 21 January 2013, which captures how multidimensional peacekeeping has evolved to meet the challenges of effective peacebuilding. Furthermore, the new UN Infantry Battalion manual developed by the DPKO in 2012 identifies several modern equipment and training capabilities required by peacekeepers to operate in environments that need robust peacekeeping. Smaller, highly mobile, well-trained and well-equipped forces with timely access to wellassessed intelligence are required to counter spoilers (that are often statesponsored and well-equipped). Modern equipment such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), air reconnaissance, night vision equipment, radar scanning, precision weaponry, real time command and information systems and blue force trackers, is needed to overcome the huge technological gaps in current UN peace operations. The introduction of UAVs in the eastern DRC out of Goma to undertake monitoring and surveillance tasks to protect both civilians and UN personnel is a welcome sign. Ladsous recommendation that a director for the evaluation of Field Uniformed Personnel be appointed is promising, especially because there is currently no mechanism for regularly monitoring these personnel during peacekeeping operations. The Integrated Training Service s needs assessment of civilian, military and police peacekeeping staff will hopefully result in an approach to UN training that enables the collaboration required for effective peacekeeping. Important cross-cutting issues such as the protection of civilians, security sector reform, rule of law, gender-related topics and multilingualism (especially French and Arabic) will need to be included in future training. An issue that was not addressed by the DPKO/DFS, but that requires more immediate consideration, is the establishment of an office for maritime security in the DPKO. UN peacekeeping can no longer be land focused only. The other ongoing debate that needs 30

31 attention is the requirement to finalize a mechanism for the international regulation of private military security companies. These companies provide protection to numerous UN facilities and personnel across the globe. If well regulated, the use of private military security companies will be a forcemultiplier, potentially contributing to the success of peace operations. How does this relate to the African Union s (AU) African Peace and Security Architecture in its aspiration for enhanced African autonomy, often referred to as African solutions for African problems? A better understanding of African peace operations principles is needed at the UNSC level. The AU has to ensure that it speaks with one voice and that the ambitions and activities of its regional economic communities (RECs) support overall AU objectives. The size, role and functions of the African Standby Force (ASF) need to be reconsidered. The operationalization of the ASF by 2015 will not be achieved in its current concept, which should be realigned to address the disparities between the RECs own force design, development and mission readiness. Issues concerning logistical support, deployment timelines, resource constraints and African conflict realities, if properly evaluated, will lead decisionmakers back to the multidimensional brigade-size force that was originally envisaged. The urgent requirement to appoint an AU Police Advisor and activate the Police Strategic Support Group will ensure a balance between military and police representation in AU peace operation decision-making. Hybrid peace operations through a partnership between the UN and AU are necessary for solving future conflicts in Africa. This partnership is complex and challenging in terms of the political,

32 TfP GOAL HIERARCHY Overall goal Sustainable capacity for Peace Operations in the UN, AU and REC/RMs Outcome level I 1.0 Competent peacekeeping personnel in UN, AU, REC/RMs Outcome level II 1.1 Personnel have received relevant and high quality training 1.2 Well functioning recruitment and roster systems established 2.1 Relevant policy frameworks and guidance utilised by UN, AU, REC/ RMs Outputs High quality training provided to 500 civilian peacekeepers All personnel trained that qualify are deployed or on roster Relevant policy frameworks and guidance for civilian dimension developed and used High quality training provided to 500 police peacekeepers All deployments into missions or other relevant employment are tracked Relevant policy frameworks and guidance for police dimension developed and used % of personnel trained are female Improved gender balance in personnel on roster and deployed SR 1325 mainstreamed in all policy documents SCR 1325 mainstreamed in all training activities Technical support to the development of AU and REC/RM recruitment and rosters systems provided Training conducted according to UN, AU and REC/RMs guidance and needs 32

33 Sustainable capacity for Peace Operations in the UN, AU and REC/RMs Competent peacekeeping personnel in UN, AU, REC/RMs 2.0 Functional organisational systems are in place in UN, AU, REC/RMs 2.0 Functional organisational systems are in place in UN, AU, REC/RMs 2.2 Relevant and high quality research carried out 1.1 Personnel have received relevant and high quality training High quality training provided to 500 civilian peacekeepers High quality training provided to 500 police peacekeepers 1.2 Well-functioning recruitment and roster systems established All personnel trained that qualify are deployed or on roster All deployments into missions or other relevant employment are tracked 2.1 Relevant policy frameworks and guidance utilised by UN, AU, REC/RMs Relevant policy frameworks and guidance for civilian dimension developed and used Relevant policy frameworks and guidance for police dimension developed and used 2.2 Relevant and high quality research carried out Research contributed to training Research contributed to policy development Research contributed to training % of personnel trained are female Improved gender balance in personnel on roster and deployed SR 1325 mainstreamed in all policy documents The effect of applying a gender perspective in Peace Operations studied Research contributed to policy development SCR 1325 mainstreamed in all training activities Technical support to the develop-ment of AU and REC/RM recruit-ment and rosters systems provided The effect of applying a gender perspective in Peace Operations studied Training conducted according to UN, AU and REC/RMs guidance and needs TfP will seek to strengthen the gender perspective in Peace Operations and to increase the participation of women. The gender perspective is mainstreamed in the Programme. TfP will seek to strengthen the gender perspective in Peace Operations and to increase the participation of women. The gender perspective is mainstreamed in the Programme. 33

34 APPENDIX: LIST OF SELECTED TFP-PUBLICATIONS 2012 Aning Kwesi and Festus Aubyn (2013) Ghana in Alex Bellamy & Paul Williams, Eds., Providing Peacekeepers: The Politics, Challenges and future of United Nations Contributions (Oxford: Oxford University Press) Aning Kwesi and Evelyn Avoxe (2013) Different missions; different mandates: a comparative assessment of Ghanaian Police experiences in UN Peacekeeping since 1960 (New York: New York University/Carnegie Foundation) KAIPTC paper: A Comparative Study of Ghanaian Police and Military Experiences in United Nations Peacekeeping: (Unpublished paper) Aning Kwesi and Fiifi Edu-Afful (2013) Negotiating the unintended impacts of peacekeeping economies in Africa: a comparative analysis of Liberia and Sierra Leone, International Peacekeeping, Vol. 20, No.1 Angelo, V. & McGuinness, K. (2012) Security and Stability: Reflections on the Impact of South Sudan on Regional Political Dynamics, Security in Practice 7. Oslo: NUPI. de Coning, C. et al., eds. (2012) Supporting African Peace Operations, NAI Policy Dialogue No. 8. Uppsala: The Nordic Africa Institute. Beadle, A. W. (2012) Protecting Civilians While Fighting a War in Somalia Drawing Lessons from Afghanistan, Policy Brief 10. Oslo: NUPI; Keating, P. & Wiharta, S. (2012) CIVCAP 2012: Laying Concrete Foundations, Policy brief 9. Oslo: NUPI. Felix da Costa, D. & Karlsrud, J. (2012) Contextualizing liberal peacebuilding for local circumstances? UNMISS and Local Peacebuilding in South Sudan, Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 7(3). Karlsrud, J. & Solhjell, R. (2012) Gender-sensitive protection and the Responsibility to Prevent: Lessons from Chad, Global Responsibility to Protect, 4(2) Stensland, A. & de Carvalho, G. (2012) The Protection of Civilians in Peacekeeping in Africa: Context and Evolution. Conflict Trends, Issue 2 ISS Training manual: SARPCCO HIV and Aids manual. Completed in 2012 and at printers. ISS Report: The SARPCCO Female Police Gender Advisors/Mentors Course Task Team Meeting. Date: 25 September Publication to be completed by June ISS Report: African Standby Force police roster system: proposed features, operations and processes. Date January Research paper by Tsegaye Baffa. (At printers) ISS Report: TfP Police Review. Completed on 15 January (Co-authored by ISS/NUPI/MFA). Interview: IAPTC 2012 Interview with Colonel Festus Aboagye - YouTube Aboagye, F South Africa and R2P: More State Sovereignty and Regime Security Than Human Security? In Malte Brosig (ed), The Responsibility to Protect From Evasive to Reluctant Action? The Role of Global Middle Powers. HAS/KAS/ISS/SAIIA, Johannesburg, United Litho, October (pp 12/124). 34

35 ISS Policy Brief: Aboagye, F A stitch in time would have saved nine: Operationalizing the African Standby Force. Policy Brief No 34, Pretoria, ISS, September (pp 6). Available at: < ISS Today: UN Resolution 2036 Another Attempt at Peace in Somalia. 01 March Tsegaye D. Baffa, Senior Researcher, Conflict Management and Peacebuilding Division, ISS Nairobi. Found at ISS Today: Africa Should Wake up to the Importance of an Integrated Maritime Strategy, 08 October Annette Leijenaar, Division Head Conflict Management and Peacebuilding, ISS Pretoria. Available at ISS Today: Rooting Out Somali Piracy Starts On-Shore, 09 July Annette Leijenaar, Division Head and Timothy Walker, Consultant, Conflict Management and Peacebuilding Division, ISS Pretoria Office, Available at ISS Today: The Arab Spring Turns into an Arab Nightmare in Syria, 04 September Festus Aboagye, Senior Research Fellow, Conflict Management and Peacebuilding, Available at ISS Today: South Africa and the UN Intervention Brigade in the DRC, 24 April Andre Roux, Senior Researcher, Conflict Management and Peace Building Division, ISS Pretoria, Available at ISS Today: Reshaping the Somali police to suit the new constitution, 15 November Tsegaye Baffa, Senior Researcher, Conflict Management and Peace Building Division, ISS Nairobi Office. at ISS Today: Enhanced Policing is Critical to Sustain Military Victories in Somalia. 08 June Tsegaye D. Baffa, Senior Researcher, Conflict Management and Peacebuilding Division, ISS Nairobi. At ISS Today: Kenyan police must take bold action to curb electoral violence. 19 February Tsegaye D. Baffa, Senior Researcher, Conflict Management and Peacebuilding Division, ISS Nairobi. At ACCORD: United Nations Civil Affairs Handbook. ACCORD: Conflict Trends: Special Issue on Protection of Civilians. ACCORD: Report of the South African Civilian Capacities Study. (Forthcoming in 2013) ACCORD: Report on the South African Defence Review. (Forthcoming in 2013) ACCORD: AMISOM Workshop Report on Civilian Security and Contingency Planning. (Forthcoming in 2013) Design: / mammaogpappa.no

36 Design: Mammaogpappa.no Photo: Shutterstock, AFM/NTB, UN, KAIPTEC ACCORD African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes AFDEM African Civilian Standby Roster for Humanitarian and Peace Building Missions ISS Institute for Security Studies KAIPTC Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre Norwegian Institute of International Affairs NUPI Norwegian Institute of International Affairs POD Norwegian National Police Directorate Funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs