TRAINING FºR. Consolidated Annual Progress Report 2013 for the Training for Peace Programme (TfP)

Transcription

1 TRAINING FºR PEACE IN AFRICA Consolidated Annual Progress Report 2013 for the Training for Peace Programme (TfP)

2 ISS UNPOC course in Ethiopia. 2

3 CONTENTS FOREWORD 4 WHAT ISTHE TFP? 5 TFP PARTNERS IN THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICHTHE TFP OPERATES 9 FOCUS AREAS 10 INCREASED FOCUS ON POLICING IN PEACE OPERATIONS 11 PROVIDING TRAINING 13 TRAININGOF AFRICAN POLICE FOR PEACE OPERATIONS 14 POLICE TRAINNGS MOBILIZING CIVILIAN CAPACITY 18 TRAININGOF CIVILIAN CAPACITY FOR PEACE OPERATIONS 19 SUPPORT TO AMISOM AND SOMALIA 20 WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY 23 GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN PEACEKEEPING, CONFLICT TRENDS 2013/2 24 CONDUCTING RESEARCH AND SUPPORTING POLICY DEVELOPMENT 26 INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD 28 A PERSPECTIVE ON TFP GOAL HIERARCHY APPENDIX: LISTOF SELECTED TFP PUBLICATIONS

4 Bård Glad Pedersen State Secretary Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs International peace and security featured as important issues in world affairs also in Our attention was again drawn to serious developments in Africa and the Middle East. Violent conflicts called on the United Nations and regional organizations to act in order to protect civilians and as intermediaries between combatting parties. UN peacekeeping is once more on the rise with the number of personnel involved in UN peacekeeping and political missions reaching ( in Africa alone) by the end of the year. The African Union (AU) peacekeeping deployment is at the same time at its highest. Military personnel, police and civilians are all in high demand, often more than the international community is able to deliver. The UN is therefore continuing to expand its partnership and cooperation with regional organisations and other actors and stakeholders involved in the FOREWORD management of violent conflicts that threaten regional and international peace and security. In the first half of 2013, the UN Security Council endorsed three new peace operations and political missions, which may mark a change in the UN s approach to conflict management. The Security Council approved the inclusion of an intervention brigade as part of the UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the establishment of a UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA), and the creation of a new political mission in Somalia, the UN Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM). The UN and its peacekeepers are in all of these situations entering into high-risk areas in support of governments that are involved in active combat against rebels and insurgents. These missions also cooperate with a number of parallel or supporting missions, making them multidimensional and multiorganisational initiatives. The need for coordination and clear political leadership has therefore increased. The Norwegian government will continue Norway s strong support for the international peace and security agenda. Norway will therefore continue its support to the United Nations, based on the organisation s global mandate to maintain international peace and security in addition to working through our own regional security organization: Nato. It is equally important to promote regional ownership for peace and security in Africa, by supporting the work of the African Union (AU) and African sub-regional organisations. There is now an urgent need to operationalize the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA), of which the African Standby Force (ASF) is a key element. Norway will support these efforts, especially through the Training for Peace (TfP) Programme. The TfP Programme and its partners are engaged in a broad range of activities, such as the training of African civilian peace mission personnel, civilian police, the development of recruitment and rostering systems, policy guidance, advocacy and research. The Programme, which was established in 1995, is currently in its fourth phase. Its thematic focus areas are currently the protection of civilians (POC), women, peace and security (UN SCR 1325), UN police reform (the Strategic Guidance Framework), and support to civilians engaged in peace operations in Africa. The TfP is a unique programme that works through a triangular North- South-South partnership, with strong African ownership. The TfP partners are leading actors in the areas of research, policy guidance, advocacy, training and rostering in the field of peace and security in Africa. The TfP is currently under review by an international evaluation team, headed by the Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI). The evaluation report will be completed in the autumn 2014, and its conclusions and recommendations will be crucial in the discussion and decision on the future of the programme after 2015, when the current phase ends. The Norwegian Government and the TfP partners have worked closely with the evaluation team in 2013, and have already incorporated several of its recommendations into the programme activities. I am proud to present the TfP Programme and the main results achieved in 2013 in this third edition of the TfP Consolidated Annual Progress Report. We hope that the programme also in 2013 has been able to give a solid support to African capacity to carry out peace operations, in line with Norway s approach to peace and security in Africa. Oslo, June

5 WHAT IS THE TfP? The Training for Peace programme (TfP) is an international capacity-building programme funded and coordinated by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since 1995, the programme has worked, through civil society institutions, to strengthen African civilian and police capacity for peace operations. With its focus on training, rostering, policy facilitation and applied research, the TfP has contributed actively in placing the civilian and multi-dimensional aspects of peacekeeping on the agenda, including issues related to the protection of civilians and women, peace and security. The Programme is based on a unique North South South cooperation where activities are carried out mainly by African partner institutions. Current TfP partners are the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) and the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) in South Africa, the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC) in Ghana, the African Civilian Response Capacity for Peace Support Operations (AFDEM) in Zimbabwe and the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI). In 2011 the TfP programme entered into a fourth phase, set to run until The overall goal of the programme for this period is to build sustainable African capacity for peace operations in the UN, AU and the African regional economic communities/regional mechanisms (REC/RMs). The programme will seek to contribute to this goal in two ways: through the development of competent peacekeeping personnel; and through supporting the strengthening of organizational systems in the UN, AU and REC/RMs. In order to achieve the first objective, the partners will provide tailor-made, high-quality training and at the same time contribute to the establishment and strengthening of well-functioning recruitment and roster systems. The second objective is to be achieved through supporting the development of appropriate policy frameworks and guidance utilized by the stakeholders, as well as carrying out relevant research of high quality. The annual budget of the programme is NOK 28 million. Furthermore, the TfP provides support to and collaborates closely with the Eastern Africa Standby Force Coordination Mechanism (EASFCOM), and the Norwegian Police Directorate is a supporting partner, contributing advice and instructors to the TfP s police activities. The programme s International Advisory Board consists of members from the international community with wide experiences from peacekeeping and knowledge about international politics and African affairs. UN and AU representatives participate on a regular basis in the board meetings. 5

6 TfP PARTNERS IN 2013 ACCORD The African -Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes ACCORD is a South African-based civil society organization working to bring African solutions to the challenges posed by conflict on the continent. ACCORD specializes in conflict management, analysis and prevention and intervenes in conflicts through mediation, negotiation, training, research, and conflict analysis. The TfP programme at ACCORD focuses on the civilian dimension of peace operations through the provision of training and policy support to the AU and UN. Current priorities for the TfP programme at ACCORD are developing the civilian dimension of the African Standby Force (ASF), multi-dimensional and integrated approaches to peacekeeping, including the protection of civilians, the peacekeeping peacebuilding nexus and civilian capacities processes. AFDEM The African Civilian Response Capacity for Peace Support -Operations AFDEM was established in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, in 2000 and is still the only civilian response capacity on the African continent. AFDEM is a rostering service with the overall goal of providing effective civilian response capacity in support of peace operations in Africa. AFDEM became a TfP partner in 2010 to provide the link between training, rostering and deployment. The main focus is on managing, expanding and improving civilian recruitment, and facilitating the deployment of qualified, trained and experienced civilian personnel to the UN, the AU and other international organizations. ISS The Institute for Security -Studies The Institute for Security Studies is an African organisation which aims to enhance human security on the continent. It does independent and authoritative research, provides expert policy analysis and advice, and delivers practical training and technical assistance. The ISS head office is in Pretoria, South Africa. Regional offices are located in Nairobi, Kenya; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; and Dakar, Senegal. Within the TfP programme, ISS focuses on the police dimension of peace operations, mainly by providing capacitybuilding and pre-deployment training. The training is directed towards the Southern and Eastern African regional police chiefs cooperation organizations (SARPPCO/EAPCCO) and member states, for UN and AU peace operations. 6

7 KAIPTC The Kofi Annan -International Peacekeeping Training Centre KAIPTC is an ECOWAS center of excellence for research on and training for conflict prevention, management and resolution, and for innovative thinking on integrated peace operations. KAIPTC aims to build appropriate and deployable African civilian, police and military capacities to meet the continent s current and future peacekeeping and peacebuilding needs. Within the TfP programme, the KAIPTC focuses on delivering capacity-building support to African civilian and police personnel, on conducting applied research on critical African peace and security issues, and on providing policy support to the AU, ECOWAS and national governments. NUPI The Norwegian Institute of International Affairs NUPI is one of Norway s leading independent centers for research and information on international political and economic issues, and on areas of central relevance to Norwegian foreign policy. Within the TfP, NUPI focuses on the articulated needs of the UN and the African peacekeeping community, assessing major trends and directions that are likely to influence and direct peacekeeping in the African context. Current research focuses on the civilian dimension of the African Standby Force, the peacekeeping peacebuilding nexus, policing in AU and UN peace operations, new issues in peacekeeping and monitoring and evaluation of peacekeeping and peacebuilding. POD The International Section at the Norwegian Police Directorate POD is responsible for the training and deployment of Norwegian police officers for international peace operations. Within the TfP programme, POD is a supporting partner, contributing specialist advice on the Programme s police activities. In addition, POD supports the other TfP partners with training capacity through specially educated trainers and carries out driving courses for female police officers in Malawi. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs 7

8 The security situation became much more fragile in North Africa in (Photo: istock by Getty Images, Ethiopia) 8

9 THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THE TfP OPERATES International peace operations are constantly changing as world affairs take new shapes. As demonstrated by the crises in Mali and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the nature and context for peace support operations are continuously facing new challenges and adapting to new realities. Planners are therefore facing a number of new and different situations. New missions such as the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) and the increasingly robust mandates of the Intervention Brigade in the UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), illustrate the changing operational circumstances and the need for enhanced execution of international peacekeeping. During 2013, there have been a number of developments on the African continent. In Mali, the AU deployed its African-led Support Mission to Mali (AFISMA) mainly with troops from the ECOWAS region. The mission was augmented by the French Serval forces. In July, the AU mission was replaced by a UN mission (MINUSMA). In DRC, countries from the SADC region deployed troops to form the Intervention Brigade as part of MONUSCO, and this deployment helped the DRC s forces disband the M23 rebel group. In the Central African Republic (CAR) the situation deteriorated steadily from June when the Seleka rebels overthrew the government, and assumed crisis proportions in late November and early December. The AU deployed a peace operation (MISCA) that took over from the previous ECCAS mission in December, and this force was again augmented by France, who increased its troops in CAR to try to stabilize the situations. In December 2013, a civil war broke out in South Sudan between the Nuer and Dinka factions of the SPLM/ SPLA, which resulted in the Security Council increasing the strength of the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). The UN is strengthening its cooperation with international partners and civil society networks. Most of the UN peacekeepers are deployed in Africa, and the AU and regional African organizations are taking significant steps to develop African capacities and mechanisms for such missions. The AU, has on its part, worked to strengthen its planning and management capacities for peace operations. The challenges related to the African response to the situation in Mali prompted the establishment of an African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises (ACIRC). However, ACIRC s relation to the AU Rapid deployment capability as a part of the African Standby Force (ASF) was unclear, and the AU therefore appointed an assessment team to look into improved operationalization of the ASF and how it can be harmonized with the ACIRC. Although political will amongst African member states has markedly improved to contribute to peace operations, poor equipment and lack of adequate training linked to inadequate logistical capacities and funding still hamper effective African interventions. There has also been a trend towards more UN Charter chapter 8 mandated peace operations, which relates to the role of regional organizations (RECs) in the settlement of disputes among their member states. This reflects an increasing continental and regional ownership of peace and security activities. In 2013, both ECOWAS and ECCAS coordinated peace operations amongst their neighbours. The AU has also experienced a rapid growth in the number of peace support operations (PSOs) it deploys, with missions such as the AU Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), AFISMA and MISCA. The principle of subsidiarity between the UN, the AU and the RECs on decision making for interventions and the division of labour between these organizations have been given greater attention because of this development. In 2013, the main collaborators for the TfP have been the UN, the AU and the RECs, as well as the communities engaged with these institutions. Other stakeholders of importance for the programme are AU member states, partners and support organizations, such as regional training centers and research institutes. Two peace operations received a special focus by the TfP programme in 2013: AMISOM and UNMISS. The TfP partners have also given pre-deployment training to police officers going to other UN missions in Africa during

10 FOCUS AREAS POLICING IN UN AND AU PEACE OPERATIONS The TfP report on policing in UN and AU peace operations (2013) highlighted the need to enhance the status of police officers and policing in peace missions. The report also called for increased and more effective training of police in such missions, especially pre-deployment and in-mission trainining. TfP partners therefore supported the UN police reform (Strategic Guidance Framework), supported UN missions such as UNMISS, and participated in the AU assessment team of the ASF in Both the TfP and the AU review called for increased efforts to build police capacities for peace operations in Africa. The TfP continued to build capacity of member states of the Southern African regional police chief council organization (SARPCCO) and the Eastern Africa police chiefs cooperation organization (EAPCCO) by the training of trainers for pre-deployment of African police to AU and UN peace operations. The TfP also supported training of police officers to the SADC standby force, the EASFCOM and for peacekeepers from West-African states in cooperation with ECOWAS. SUPPORT TO CIVILIANS IN PEACE OPERATIONS IN AFRICA In 2013, the TfP programme has continued its efforts to strengthen civilian capacities in UN and AU peace missions in Africa. The UN Secretary General reform on civilian capacity in peace operations was supported through several efforts by the programme: The TfP programme headed the Civilian capacity network in 2013 and in-mission training was given to severeal UN missions. The UN mission in South Sudan attracted a special attention in this regard through various types of support to its staff during the crisis in South Sudan. Furthermore, the AU has launched its civilian dimension initiative as an important guidance for future peace operations. The TfP programme and affiliated Norwegian government support have worked to strengthen AU s civilian capacities in the Peace Support Operations Division (PSOD). The TfP also supported and cooperated with the African Peace Support Trainer s Association (APSTA), through regional organizations and with AU missions such as AMISOM, to enhance needed civilian capacities. PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS (PoC) UN peace operations are ultimately judged by their ability to protect civilians. The TfP supported the UN DPKO in the development of the PoC Strategic framework, training modules and case studies in , and focused on assistance to the implementation of the PoC framework in specific missions in UN operations were assisted by the TfP programme in 2013 to adapt and implement the PoC framework in accordance with mission mandates. The needs of the AU differ from those of the UN. The AU is still working on how to adapt the PoC concept to the African context and its implications for the African peace and security architecture. In 2013, TfP provided support to AMISOM, both to implement a mission-specific PoC strategy and to train AMISOM officers and the Somali armed forces in order to sustain the efforts to protect civilians in Somalia. WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY The implementation of the UN SCR 1325 with subsequent resolutions has a special focus in all TfP activities. The programme promoted the Durban statement on UN SCR 1325, which provides a baseline for the training of police and civilians and other TfP activities. In 2013, TfP supported the implementation of the AMISOM gender strategy to mainstream gender perspectives in all aspects of its operation. The programme highlighted gender responsive peacebuilding in relation to the Civilian capacities initiative and responsibility to protect through research and outreach. Women s participation in peacekeeping training and deployment was enhanced through direct intervention to increase women participation in all training courses and cooperation with police contributing countries (PCCs). Special driving and English language courses were conducted for women police officers to increase female participation in UN and AU peace missions. Gender issues are included in all training courses as part of the standard curriculum in accordance with UN requirements. 10

11 INCREASED FOCUS ON POLI CING IN PEACE OPERATIONS The role of police and policing in peace operations has expanded vastly and become much more complex over the last 5-10 years as a result of the change in the nature of conflicts and operations. There is at the same time a need to increase the status and role of the police in such missions. Several initiatives have therefore been taken internationally to review the policing components and roles in international peace operations, spearheaded by the UN DPKO review: the Strategic Guidance Framework (SGF). The AU has also initiated a review of policing and civilian components as integral part of the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) and the African Standby Force (ASF). Several other regional bodies and countries have done the same. The International Advisory Board (IAB) of the TfP programme has discussed such changes several times over the last years and given recommendations to the programme on these issues. TfP partners also felt that the time was ripe for a review of the policing components of the programme. A review team on TfP policing was therefore appointed in 2012 and delivered its report in January The report called for several points of improvements of the police component in the programme, including better information and communication, stronger coordination and more tailor-made and relevant training courses, especially for the mid-level and top-level management. The TfP review team on policing also discussed the TfP stakeholder environment and asked for a qualitative shift in the TfP policy engagements on policing towards the UN and the AU. The report in particular pointed at the need for the AU to establish a post of Police Commissioner in the AU Commission as well as establish a pan-african police commissioner s forum similar to that of the defence chiefs. The report also underlined the need for a new police doctrine for UN operations, and called for a conclusion of the SGF process (which has been funded by Norway). The TfP programme and its partners were engaged in the follow-up of the report during 2013, and many of the recommendations have been met. Some of the TfP partners have increased their support to the SGF process, which was concluded in February 2014 with the UN endorsement of a Policy for UN police in peacekeeping operations and special missions. The new policy has been widely welcomed, and will be operationalized in new training modules and in working manuals for the different areas of policing. The TfP programme and its partners will continue to cooperate with the UN in this regard, and two of the regional SGF follow-up meetings in 2014 are being arranged and prepared by TfP partners (NUPI and ISS). The ISS has, on the request of the AU PSOD, initiated a process which has led to the approval to establish a pan- African Police Strategic Support Group (PSSG). This group will meet for the first time in 2014, and constitute the new strategic meeting forum for the African Police Commissioners to discuss peace operations in Africa. The PSSG may raise the importance and support for policing in peacekeeping operations that has traditionally been dominated by the military. The PSSG may also be the right forum for discussions on how the new UN policy for policing can be adoped by African police contingents. The TfP training courses for policing will be up-graded according to the new UN policy. New training courses are also developed for Mid-level management courses and an improved training methodology is being developed for such courses, see next page. Training has been more geared towards in-mission and tailor-made for special missions according to local demands. A separate research project was initiated by NUPI and supported by the TfP management of the Norwegian government in order to generate new knowledge about policing in peace operations. The project is called Learning from experience International Police Reform, and will seek to systematize police officers experience from training and mission deployments. The project will also follow the UN police reform and draw on similar experiences in different police contributing countries. The purpose is to give adequate recommendations for how such experiences may be collected, systematized and utilized in the future in order to improve on police trainings and the role and function of policing in peace operations. 11

12 12 New training methodologies, based on current research and specific mission needs, are developed by the TfP partners. (From a police course in Ethiopia)

13 PROVIDING TRAINING Training of peace operation personnel is the best and most cost-effective investment we can do in order for UN peace operations to succeed. I call upon all good partners to cooperate with the UN in this crucial job. Kevin Kennedy, Chief of Integrated Training Service, Policy, Evaluation and Training Division, UN, in a meeting with TfP partners at the TfP Annual General Meeting in New York, March 20, IMPROVING ON THE TFP TRAINING APPROACH The TfP programme has focussed on training African capacities for peace missions since the inception of the programme in But stand-alone training courses for possible future peace operation personnel is not necessarily the most effective way to enhance peacekeeping capacities and ensure that mission mandates are fulfilled. The TfP programme period of has therefore initiated a process to make training more effective, more tailormade to its purpose, ensure that training of personnel is more directly linked to deployment or takes place in missions and according to demand and actual needs and mandates. It is difficult to measure the impact of training, as it is individually based and takes place in many different circumstances and in various relations to actual needs on the ground. The TfP management in the Norwegian Ministry of foreign affairs has therefore initiated an evaluation of the TfP programme, which takes place in 2013 and The main focus of the evaluation is to try to measure the impact of the training given by the programme, as well as providing a review of the other programme elements. The TfP partners are now developing new training methodologies, based on current research and specific mission needs. The KAIPTC has developed an innovative approach to working out new training courses based on research conducted by the centre. The different course elements are built on main research findings within a broader set of related issues, and this is further fine-tuned into elaborate training modules through pilot courses with detailed feed-backs and further adjustments. KAIPTC courses such as Conflict prevention and Prevention of sexual and gender-based violence are developed according to this methodology and based on research undertaken by its TfP programme. The ISS has conducted a thorough assessment and evaluation of the UN police officers course (UNPOC) material being used over a number of years, and identified serious weaknesses in the standard courses. The African conflict and peace operations environment has changed vastly since the original UNPOC standards were set. The ISS programme started a process of re-designing the standard UNPOC courses in 2013 and will finalize this revision in 2014, with additional up-grading in accordance with the new UN policy for policing in peace operations. The ISS has also developed a new police course for middle-level management (MLM), based on close collaboration with UNMISS and its police contingent. The new course has been tested in a pilot course in UNMISS, and ISS has since then received several requests from other missions for similar types of courses. This engagement will continue in The Norwegian Police Directorate (POD) has in 2013 stepped up its supporting activities to the other partners in the TfP programme. POD is supporting training courses given by TfP partners, especially through mentoring, advice and direct participation. POD is also supporting the development of new training courses, especially in relation to the new UN policy on policing in peace operations. As part of its objective to increase the professionalism of UN civil affairs officers (CAOs), ACCORD has followed up on its training and mentoring of civil affairs officers in UNMISS. This engagement is based on new methods of designing and conducting courses, which was done in close cooperation with UNMISS. The courses are exploring collaborative ways and means of conflict management, and are specifically designed to give CAOs and staff in UNMISS good techniques in supporting conflict management in South Sudan. The courses were based on a tailored curriculum after a training needs assessment exercise for UNMISS and field research in South Sudan. In 2013, the courses were followed up by further training for team leaders, mentoring, and evaluation and assessment of the entire training package. The UNMISS conflict management training reflects ACCORD s shift from conducting stand-alone training activities towards conducting comprehensive training processes. 13

14 TRAINING OF AFRICAN POLICE FOR PEACE OPERATIONS TfP police training courses in 2013 were geared towards pre-deployment training and training-of-trainers (ToT) to support the UN and the AU, as well as building capacity of the ASF through ToT. The TfP partners are currently also engaged in developing inmission training, which demands new approaches and more tailor made types of training. The cooperation among partners in training efforts have increased, and other Nordic counterparts have also been brought in as mentors and co-trainers. The programme continued its special training efforts targeting female police officers with training on driving and English language skills in TfP police trainings in 2013 The AU UN hybrid operation in Darfur, UNAMID, has since its inception struggled with low deployment rates, especially for the police component. Seeking to mitigate this problem and contribute towards providing qualified personnel to the mission, the KAIPTC has since 2010 held police pre-deployment courses tailored for West African police personnel to UNAMID. KAIPTC: Two hundred and two (202) police personnel from Burkina Faso selected for peace support operations (PSOs) received pre-deployment training ahead of their deployment to missions in Mali, Darfur, Somalia and Cote d Ivoire in These included: 18 February 01 March 2013, seventy-six (76) police personnel, among whom seven were female. 25 November 6 December a hundred and twenty-four (124) out of which eleven (11) were females. A further fifty (50) police and gendarmes were trained in Mali from 4-15 November, 2013 on sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) in fragile, conflict and post-conflict situations. KAIPTC provided technical support for the conflict related sexual violence (CRSV) course and a ToT programme for police, military and gendarmerie in Cote D Ivoire in September. This ToT course was piloted as a result of a cooperation between KAIPTC and the UN Office of the Secretary General on CRSV. In 2013, the ISS program conducted two successful UNPOL pre-deployment training courses for the Rwandan National Police (RNP) and the Ugandan Police Force (UPF), nearly all reported to be UN SAAT cleared and earmarked for deployment to various ongoing UN and AU missions. In total, one hundred and twenty (120) police officers were trained. These courses developed the capacities of the RNP and the UPF to conduct training and ensure the preperation of selected police officers earmarked for deployment as UNPOL officers in UN and AU missions. The ISS police training made use of the UN standardised generic training modules. These included the Background to UN peacekeeping; peacekeeping principles and guidelines; legal framework of UN peacekeeping; democratic and ethical policing; human rights; team building; stress management; and other UN peacekeeping issues such as DDR, humanitarian assistance and civil-military coordination, media relations, negotiation and mediation, safety awareness, cultural awareness, and map reading among others. ISS training courses aim to enhance the capacity of the member states of Southern and Eastern African regional police chief s cooperation organizations (SARPCCO and EAPCCO). Police officers are trained to give predeployment training for personnel in UNand AU operations. The trainers are also utilized by the SADC standby force and the EASF to conduct pre- and in-mission peace support trainings and to assist in ASF capacity-building. The Norwegian police directorate is a supporting partner in the TfP programme, and has together with Nordic counterparts supported training courses given by the other TfP partners during POD has taken a special ownership in the continuation of training and mentoring of female police officers. A driving course and English course for female police officers in Malawi National Police was conducted in February in order to help them to pass the UN SAAT-test for PSOs. After the course, 68 female officers passed the test. These officers will be given a pre-deployment course before deployments to UN operations in Three ToT courses were given to police officers at the East African Standby Force Coordination Mechanism (EASFCOM) in A middle-level management course for UN police was conducted together with KAIPTC in Ghana. The POD instructor team consists of 24 trainers (38% female), who are engaged in international training in addition to their normal work in various police commissions in Norway. 14

15 TfP UNPOC course in Malawi. 15

16 POLICE TRAININGS 2013 Partner Title Purpose Date Cooperating partner Location Number Gender balance Deployment rate KAIPTC Police predeployment training course Deployments to missions in Mali, Darfur, Somalia and Cote d Ivore February UN/DPKO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso 76 10% female Earmarked for deployment POD Driving and English course for female police Passing of UN SAAT test for PSOs. February Malawi police Lilongwe, Malawi % female Earmarked for deployment ISS UNPOL predeployment course UN SAAT clearing and deployments to UN missions April Rwanda police Kigali Rwanda 60 50% female Earmarked for deployment ISS UNPOL predeployment course UN SAAT clearing and deployments to UN missions June Uganda police Kampala Uganda 60 33% female Earmarked for deployment POD Support and mentoring at UNPOC course Prepare police officers for deployment to African UN missions June EASFCOM Nairobi Kenya N/A N/A N/A POD Support and mentoring at UNPOC course Prepare police officers for deployment to African UN missions August EASFCOM Nairobi Kenya N/A N/A N/A POD UN Middle Management Course Prepare police officers for deployment to African UN missions August KAIPTC Accra Ghana N/A N/A N/A POD Support and mentoring at UNPOC course Prepare police officers for deployment to African UN missions September EASFCOM Kigali Rwanda N/A N/A N/A KAIPTC Conflict related sexual violence Enhance ability to identify and deal with victims of CRSV September Office of UN SG on CRSV Cote D Ivore 80 10% female N/A KAIPTC UNPOC predeployment course Prepare police officers for deployment to African UN missions November Burkina police Burkina Faso % N/A KAIPTC Sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) Training of security personnel to reduce incidence of SEA November MINUSMA Bamako Mali 45 N/A In mission POD Integrated Crisis Management Course Management of conflict and crises in mission areas December EASFCOM Addis Abeba Ethiopia N/A N/A N/A ISS UNMISS Mid-Level Management Validation Training Validate the MLM training course December UNMISS UNPOL Juba, South Sudan N/A N/A In mission 16

17 Police commissioner Bjørn Hareide (POD) cares for SARPCCO participants attending an UNPOC course in Malawi. 17

18 MOBILIZING CIVILIAN CAPACITY The TfP programme has been supporting both the UN and AU processes to increase the civilian dimension in peace operations by interacting directly with the two organizations and by working within sub-regional and local settings to promote these agendas. Such efforts have raised the awareness about the UN civilian capacity reform and AU civilian dimension initiative and have contributed to keep the issue on top of the agenda for countries, regional organizations and other interested parties. TfP support to the UN Civilian Capacity and the AU Civilian Dimension initiatives In 2013, NUPI and ACCORD supported the UN civilian capacity reform initiative via the Civilian capacity network project. The project brings together representatives from emerging powers, such as South Africa, Brazil, Turkey, Russia, Indonesia, China and India. The group is engaged in and gives advice to the UN and wider community on improving ways of providing needed civilian capacities in critical areas of technical expertise to peace operations, including post-conflict reconstruction and development. In 2013, the CivCap Network changed its name to the Peace capacities (PeaceCap) Network, as this group of countries seeks to address the broader issues of peace operations, civilian capacity and SSR. In order to improve future policy on south-south and triangular cooperation, NUPI undertook a study in 2013 on civilian capacity in South Sudan, which has been singled out as a testing ground for operationalizing civilian capacity reform by the UN Secretary-General. In South Sudan, the team looked at the IGAD-initiative, where close to 200 ministry officials from Kenya, Ethiopia and Uganda are seconded to work in tandem with their South Sudanese counterparts in Juba and on the state level. The aim of the study was to assist the UN and the civilian capacity community to better understanding how such initiatives can be used to mobilize civilian capacity. There has been significant progress regarding the development of civilian dimension of the ASF since Both the AU and African sub-regional organizations (RECs) have since then recruited civilian personnel to their planning elements; provided training to civilians in their regions; conducted multi-dimensional exercise cycles; and increasingly factored the civilian dimension and multi-dimensionality into their planning processes. The TfP programme is proud to note that several of its previous programme officers now constitute core members of the AU PSOD civilian staff, and that one TfP alumni has been employed by ECOWAS and another by the UN DPKO. TfP support to the civilian dimensions of the African Standby Force (ASF). The importance of both the civilian and the police dimensions were highlighted in the AU assessment of the ASF in 2013, which was headed by a member of the TfP Internal Advisory Board (IAB), Prof. Ibrahim Gambari, and with Dr. Cedric de Coning (NUPI, ACCORD and TfP) as its Deputy Head. The report highlighted the need to increase the work on outstanding issues in order to operationalize the ASF as a tool for APSA. The report was endorsed by the AU summit in January An important strategic goal of the TfP programme is to assist the ASF in reaching full operational capability (FOC) of the civilian dimensions within the agreed timeline of As a direct support to the FOC of the ASFs, ACCORD brought together the civilian focal points at the Fourth annual ASF civilian focal point planning meeting in The meeting provided the opportunity for the regional civilian focal points and planning personnel from the AU PSOD and the RECs to review the progress of the ASFs, identify common areas of concern, and develop joint annual work plans with key priorities for the operationalisation of the civilian dimension of the ASF within This initiative was first introduced in 2010 and has since been the main forum for those who are directly responsible for the development and daily management of the civilian dimension of their respective Regional Standby Forces (RSF). ACCORD, in collaboration with the AU, hosted the Sixth annual ASF training implementation workshop to provide training guidance for the continental and regional planning elements, as well as the RSFs for further development of the ASF. The purpose is to ensure that ASF forces are duly prepared and trained in accordance with AU training standards. The aim of the workshop was to review the progress of the ASF training plan 2012 and to finalize ASF training plan

19 TRAININGOF CIVILIAN CAPACITY FOR PEACE OPERATIONS As reflected over the years, peacekeeping as a conflict management tool continues to be refined. There has been a rapid expansion in the number of civilian experts in peacekeeping and peace support operations (PSOs). Indeed, certain substantive functions, such as human rights monitoring and reporting, the protection of civilians, gender, civil affairs and political affairs are taking a more prominent role in mandates and the conduct of operations on the ground. UNAMID alone has over 1000 international civilians and over 400 UN volunteers, and AMISOM, MISCA and MINUSMA civilian components are expected to increase as the missions are recruiting additional personnel. However, there are challenges in staffing mandate-related core functions, and deployment lead times are very short. In spite of this, the AU was for the first time able to provide a peace mission with a substantial number of civilians in 2013 (Mali AFISMA). The TfP programme has supported this development in both the AU and UN. In 2013, the UN DPKO Integrated training services (ITS) published a global training needs assessment, which sought to identify the major needs of current UN peacekeeping missions. The AU, under the supervision of the PSOD, has also commissioned the APSTA to undertake training needs assessment of AU PSOs where they deploy and operate in contexts wherein there is no peace to keep, much different from the UN. Both reviews showed that there is an overwhelming need for increased training and capacity building of civilian personnel in multiple fields to peace missions, both by the UN and AU. The training of civilians has gradually gained a greater role in the TfP programme with direct support to the UN and AU initiatives. This type of training is mainly undertaken by ACCORD and KAIPTC, but with support from the other partners. KAIPTC has a large programme of civilian courses, spanning from the areas of conflict prevention, peace support operations management, and to post conflict reconstruction. ACCORD has given in-mission support to civil affairs officers (CAOs) in UNMISS and courses on international humanitarian law and protection of civilians (PoC) in AMISOM and the Somalia national army. Both organizations have worked closely with the UN and AU to up-grade and further develop such CAO courses for peace missions. The ACCORD s collaborative conflict management training courses for 76 CAOs in UNMISS in 2012 were followed up by an advanced mediation retreat for 14 senior management CAOs as part of the larger training package. The course is utilising the collaborative conflict management tools and techniques shared during the initial training courses in The course has also been followed up through an online mentoring and training support programme directed to individual CAOs. The UNMISS training package reflects ACCORD s move from conducting training activities to training processes, which spans from training needs analysis to evaluation of the training and utilisation of training skills. It also facilitates comprehensive capacity-building of CAOs to work and collaborate with other conflict management actors in the host nation. The outcome of the evaluation is generating lessons learned, which will be useful in replicating the implementation of similar training processes in other UN and AU missions, such as UNAMID, which has requested such training. A training needs assessment exercise carried out by the KAIPTC in February 2013 led to the conduct of a pilot conflict-related sexual violence course in Cote d Ivoire and a sexual exploitation and abuse course in Mali for police and gendarmerie and in MINUSMA. KAIPTC s conflict prevention course has been developed by KAIPTC during the two last years, and has been held for ECOWAS personnel who will participate in peace missions in the region. The course also contributes to the operationalization of the ECOWAS standby force and the wider ASF. These training courses are being developed by KAIPTC as part of a new methodology, where the organization utilizes core findings in its ongoing research. The courses have been tested and finalized during 2013, and will be parts of the training package offered to international peace keeping agencies, the UN, AU and ECOWAS in 2014 and subsequent years. 19

20 SUPPORT TO AMISOM AND SOMALIA The TfP programme has also in 2013 rendered different types of support to Somalia and AMISOM, as the main ongoing peace operation managed by the AU. Both military and police officers in AMISOM and the Somalia national army (SNA) have been trained by TfP partners in 2013, especially in protection of civilians and international humanitarian law, but also in gender issues and prevention of sexual and gender based violence. Norwegian TfP support has also been given to the AU efforts to ensure improved conduct and discipline in AMISOM. International humanitarian law introduced to the Somalia national army In 2012, ACCORD supported AMISOM in conducting a training workshop on international humanitarian law (IHL) for the SNA in response to the recommendations of the AMISOM roundtable on international humanitarian law. The IHL workshop aimed at improving the understanding, professionalism and compliance with IHL of the SNA. It identified strategies and concrete actions, which the Somalian army should undertake in cooperation with AMISOM. In 2013, this support was further strengthened through another training workshop on IHL for 28 (5 females, 23 males) junior officials and middle ranked officials of the SNA. The purpose was to further ensure the mainstreaming of POC at the mission level in the joint operations. The workshop introduced the essential rules of international humanitarian law, both treaty and customary rules and other relevant norms binding on Somalia. The workshop is linked to ACCORD s support to AMISOM in the development of a mission-specific PoC strategy and implementation plan. AMISOM strategy on protection of civilians ACCORD facilitated the operationalising of the AMISOM POC strategy with a workshop on the AMISOM POC implementation plan in The purpose of the strategy is to support the mainstreaming of POC activities within its operations. The POC strategy and its attendant implementation plan contributes towards ensuring the mission protects civilians in its areas of operation, as well as providing a basis for the mission s coordination and involvement with the SNA. The development of the mission-specific POC strategy which was approved by the AU commissioner for peace and security in June 2013, is the result of the workshop on mainstreaming POC considerations into AMISOM operations in 2012, facilitated by ACCORD in collaboration with NUPI. AMISOM gender strategy With a view of operationalising gender mainstreaming in the mission, ACCORD facilitated a workshop to develop the AMISOM gender mainstreaming strategy in This includes strategic and operational interventions that can be implemented within specific, measurable and time-bound parameters. AMISOM s gender strategy will contribute towards the strengthening of the mission s efforts in gender mainstreaming in all aspects of its operation. By focusing on the specific context of Somalia, the workshop provided a platform to advance creative joint modalities (between the AU PSOD and AMISOM) on how to move forward in addressing increased insecurity and high levels of violence against women and girls in Somalia. Other considerations were the continued marginalisation of women from formal peace processes, noting that elections are due to take place in 2016 in Somalia. NUPI conducted a study on women peace and security in AMISOM, which was presented at the workshop. This gender strategy coincides with the development of the mission s strategy for the implementation, coordination and monitoring of its POC engagement and the AU gender policy and the AU draft strategy for mainstreaming gender into peace and security operations. 20

21 TfP has supported the implementation of AMISOM's strategies on protection of civilians and on gender. (Shutterstock, Somalia 2011.) 21

22 22 Wanted: More female police officers in peace operations! (Picture from Malawi.)

23 WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY The implementation of the UNSC Resolution 1325 and subsequent resolutions has a special focus in all TfP activities. The programme promoted the Durban statement on UNSC Res 1325, which provides a baseline of the training of police and civilians and other TfP activities in this regard. The TfP efforts are also guided by the AU gender architecture, which includes the AU gender policy as an integral part of the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA), as well as strategies for peace operations. and military personnel. This guide will help strengthen understanding of gender equality, women, peace and security, and gender-based violence, using international best practices. The guide will also provide concrete elements and tools for applying a gender perspective as part of day-to-day work. The information will be used to develop specific training modules in the future. The clients and partners are doing a final client review of the manual after which the manual will be prepared for printing. The AU Directorate for women, gender and development (WGDD) in conjunction with the AU Commission s peace and security department (PSD) have launched the AU gender training manual for PSOs. The draft strategy for mainstreaming gender into PSOs developed by AU PSD was validated by WGDD in February 2013, and serves as the basis for guiding the efforts by the TfP partners. ACCORD continued to work closely with the AMISOM gender officer in 2013 to implement key aspects of the AMISOM gender mainstreaming strategy. ACCORD made a special issue of the Conflict Trends magazine (2013/2) on Gender mainstreaming in peace keeping, see next pages and click into: to down load it. The gender balance among trained and deployed personnel within the TfP programme has improved owing to the advocacy and active promotion of UN SCR 1325 by the TfP partners in regional organizations and several countries. As a result, the ISS saw an increase of female participants in training courses from 31% in 2011 to 42% in 2012, with ratios varying between 33 to 50% in The number of female police trained and deployed for peace missions in Africa is still very low, and varies a lot from country to country and within regions. As a result of a deliberate gender policy in Nigeria, the number of female police officers in peace operations rose from 13% to 23%, with a further target of 30%. The TfP programme has set a target of at least 40% female participation in TfP trainings, with gender dimensions as core elements. During September 2013, the ISS facilitated the Southern Africa national defence force (SANDF) annual conference on gender mainstreaming. ISS provided guidance and direct contributions to topical gender issues of the conference. It also served as rapporteur. The support gives a better understanding of the future direction of the SANDF on gender mainstreaming within the peace and security on the African continent. This has impacted on policy changes within the SANDF. During the last quarter of 2013, ISS developed a cross-cutting gender manual for peace operations. The gender manual is based on partners requirements and contributes towards ISS s support to the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organisation (SARPCCO) and East African Police Chiefs Cooperation Organisation (EAPCCO). The material presented in the package is intended for use by civilians, police, KAIPTC has initiated a research to examine the processes of recruitment, selection, training and deployment of women police personnel in West Africa to peace operations with the purpose of understanding why female representation in peace operation is so low in West Africa. The research is conducted in four West-African countries, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Liberia and Sierra Leone to identify gaps and challenges in the implementation of the SCR Res 1325 by individual countries. NUPI has carried out a research on the implementation of the UN SCR Res 1325 in peace operations, with case studies in MONUSCO (DRC) and AMISOM. The TfP driving courses for female police officers have continued in It started in Ghana as a cooperation between the Norwegian police directorate (POD) and Ghana police directorate. POD has now taken the course to Malawi, where the Police Directorate of Malawi has embraced the course. Sixty eight (68) female police officers have been trained, and are now being followed up by POD to secure that they will pass the UN SAAT test and be earmarked by Malawi for UN peace operations. This type of targeted training will continue in the programme also in

24 CONFLICT TRENDS 2013/2 The international community has progressively realised the importance of gender perspectives in peace processes, not only because of the gendered nature of conflict which has a differential impact on women and girls, men and boys but also due to the added value of women s agency in these processes. As such, an issue that has become pivotal in peacekeeping is that of gender mainstreaming. ISSUE 2, 2013 ISSUE 2, 2013 ISSUE 2, YEARS OF CONTRIBUTING TO PEACE Gender Mainstreaming in Peacekeeping 20 YEARS OF CONTRIBUTING TO PEACE Gender Mainstreaming in Peacekeeping 20 YEARS OF CONTRIBUTING TO PEACE Gender Mainstreaming in Peacekeeping 24

25 Editorial by Vasu Gounden Founder and Executive Director of ACCORD. The international community has progressively realised the importance of gender perspectives in peace processes, not only because of the gendered nature of conflict which has a differential impact on women and girls, men and boys but also due to the added value of women s agency in these processes. As such, an issue that has become pivotal in peacekeeping is that of gender mainstreaming. Over time, normative frameworks have evolved. These aim for gender equality, and include United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 1325 and attendant resolutions of the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) Agenda. The emerging view is that the inclusion of gender perspectives in the work of peacekeeping has a central role in the continued credibility for peacekeeping operations, and in the overall achievement of sustainable peace and security. Advocacy for the improved engagement of women in peace processes has been undertaken by civil society organisations and academia. Due to socially ascribed gender roles that place them in a subordinate position in relation to males, women and girls have increased vulnerability to violence; in post-conflict situations, the most common form is sexual violence. As a result, women and armed conflict was identified as a critical issue at the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing (1995), prompting the adoption of gender-sensitive language in conflict resolution work. Progress culminated in the adoption of the landmark UNSC Resolution 1325 in With the emergence of the Windhoek Declaration and the Namibia Plan of Action on Mainstreaming a Gender Perspective in Multidimensional Peace Support Operations (2000), peace operations have become instrumental in ensuring equality in addressing the needs of women and men in the local population. Achievements by the United Nations (UN) in its peace operations include the institutionalisation of gender mainstreaming with the gender focal points and units at headquarter and field levels; an increase in the number of female personnel in line with the UN s system-wide goal of gender balance; deployment of all-female police units in countries such as Liberia, Haiti and the Democratic Republic of the Congo; gender training for military, police and civilian peacekeeping personnel; and incorporation of gender perspectives in planning and programme budgets. The African Union (AU) has also demonstrated increasing commitment to gender mainstreaming, as reflected in the AU s Constitutive Act; the AU Women and Gender Development Directorate; the AU s Gender Policy; the Gender Training Manual for peace support operations; and the salience of gender offices in the AU-UN Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the AU Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) and the African-led International Support Mission in Mali (AFISMA). Nonetheless, successful implementation of UNSC Resolution 1325 in peace operations remains limited and inconsistent. There is a need for further reflection on the central role of gender mainstreaming in peacekeeping operations in Africa to increase operational effectiveness. In particular, the opportunities for further gains in the implementation of the WPS Agenda within peace operations must be highlighted. This Training for Peace (TfP) in Africa Special Issue of Conflict Trends further contributes to this discussion. It provides a forum for reflection from academics, policymakers and practitioners on key gender issues within peacekeeping operations, going beyond an approach that presents women only as victims, to reflect women s active roles as agents in peace and security issues. Some of the articles present timely analyses of peace operations, and the practical ways in which the WPS Agenda has been implemented in Africa. Others focus on the gendered impact of conflict to encourage transformation rather than reinforcement of power structures. This Issue also embarks on a conceptual understanding of the normative and policy frameworks for gender mainstreaming in peace operations. 25

26 CONDUCTING RESEARCH AND SUPPORTING POLICY DEVELOPMENT Research carried out within the TfP programme contributes to support and improve training and capacity building, and aims at providing policy-makers with the latest knowledge and well-founded recommendations. Research is put to active use in updating training curricula and in informing and influencing policy development at the national, regional and international levels. Important research themes in 2013 were policing in peace operations, civilian capacity, women, peace and security and the peacekeeping peacebuilding nexus. The TfP programme formed a research network in 2013 in order to maximize on the TfP output and to enhance partner cooperation. The network decided to concentrate on policing in peace operations in Africa. TfP support to policy development in 2013 was concentrated on the AU ASF review, UN civ-cap and AU civ-dimension initiatives, as well as policing in peace operations (the UN Strategic Guidance Framework). See the publication list at the end of this report and on the TfP homepage: trainingforpeace.org NUPI chaired the TfP research network in 2013 with KAIPTC taking over as chair in All partners collaborated in the network in spite of the partners different emphasis on research as part of their TfP programmes. The network agreed on joint fieldwork in Somalia, Mali and Darfur for a joint report on policing in AU and UN peace operations. Initial research on policing in peace operations was done as part of the TfP police review report, launched in January The network s focus followed the recommendations by the report, as well as from the research undertaken as preparations for the Challenges Forum on the UN police reform, held in Oslo in March NUPI undertook a study in 2013 on civilian capacity in South Sudan, which has been singled out as a testing ground for operationalizing civilian capacity reform by the Secretary-General. In South Sudan, the team looked at the IGAD-initiative, where close to 200 ministry officials from Kenya, Ethiopia and Uganda are seconded to work in tandem with their South Sudanese counterparts in Juba and on the state level. The aim of the study was to assist the UN and the civilian capacity community to better understand how such initiatives can be used to mobilize civilian capacity. KAIPTC conducted research on different issues related to peace operations in West Africa in Lessons learned exercises were conducted to generate new knowledge and systematize experiences by peacekeeping officers ending their terms, especially from UNAMID (Darfur), to which KAIPTC has trained many police officers. KAIPTC cooperated with AU police and civilian exercise to draw lessons as a follow up to the AMANI exercise, which aims at testing the full operational capacity of the ASF. KAIPTC research themes in 2013 were: Challenges and opportunities for the AU peace and security council; Imballances in the implementation of the UNSCR 1325 among police personnel; The role of ECOWAS in Mali; UN peacekeeping and prospects for conflict resolution in Africa; HIV/AIDS dimensions of DDR and SSR-processes in post-conflict reconstruction; and translating political commitment into collective action in R2P in Africa. The KAIPTC publications either serve directly as training material for courses or as guidance for the development of training curricula and manuals, building in most cases on recent research. ACCORD continued its support to the UN and AU civilian capacities and dimensions reforms through policy guidance, workshops and research. ACCORD is publishing on a vide variety of issues connected to conflict prevention, peacekeeping and post-conflict reconstruction and peacebuilding. Two special editions of the magazine Conflict Trends have now focused on ACCORD s TfP programme: Protection of civilians in peacekeeping in Africa (2012/2) and Gender mainstreaming in peacekeeping (2013/2). The special editions aimed at providing a forum for reflection for academics, policy makers and practitioners in conceptualising and understanding key issues and debates on peace operations in Africa. The special edition on gender was well-received and is being utilized by both the AMISOM gender officer and the policy development unit in AU PSOD, 26

27 The TfP International Advisory Board visiting the AU Headquarters, November who use the magazine as a reference guide in their work. ( The ISS research has concentrated on policing in peace operations in Africa in ISS participated in the TfP review of policing and later in the research network on the same issues. A special field research was undertaken as a preparation for an in-mission training for police officers in UNMISS. A pilot course has been undertaken, and further trainings and interventions have been delayed because of the civil strife in South Sudan, but also adapted to these events, and will take place in Most issues of the publication ISS Today are concentrated on peacekeeping themes and related to the TfP programme. 27

28 INTERNATI ONAL ADVISORY BOARD The International Advisory Board (IAB) of the TfP programme held its annual meeting on 5 and 6 November 2013 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The board provides strategic advice to the Norwegian ministry of foreign affairs and partners on important developments and key issues related to the programme. The IAB is composed of representatives from academia and individuals with experience from international organizations with outstanding competence in peace operations and related areas. In order to ensure that the TfP may continue to be relevant, delivering high-quality products, representatives from the UN and the AU are invited to participate in the board meetings. The IAB meeting was held in Addis Ababa this year to mark the transfer of the Norwegian management of the TfP programme from Pretoria to Addis Ababa, and to connect the programme closer to the AU as the pan-african institution responsible for peace and security on the continent. The importance of partnership and cooperation between the UN, AU and the RECs and the role and contribution of the TfP to such positive developments were the major themes at the meeting. On Tuesday 5 November an external event for interested audience in Addis Abeba was cohosted by the Norwegian embassy and the ISS, where the ISS Executive Director, Jakkie Cilliers, gave a lecture on African futures, conflict trends and AU s response. The session functioned as an outreach for the TfP programme, as also the ACCORD Executive Director Vasu Gounden and the Research Director at KAIPTC, Kwesi Aning, participated in a discussion panel. Dir. Cilliers gave a rather optimistic scenario for the continent, based on Africa s huge economic growth prospects (increase 9 times within 2050) if current growth rates continue. The population on the continent could at the same time reach a total number of 2 billion and thus constitute one quarter of the world s population. Violence and fragility will continue, but very unevenly distributed on the continent. For the full report, click on to: org/futures/pub.php?id=3 The two panelists underlined the need for strong governments, good governance, wise politicians, honest partners and a robust civil society to overcome negative trends, like crime and corruption etc. Engaging the AU was on top of the agenda for this year s IAB meeting, which met with the AU Deputy Chairperson, Erasmus Mwencha, the Director of the Peace and Security Department, El-Ghasim Wane and the Chief Adviser to the Chairperson, Basu Sangqu on 6 November. The dialogue with the AU leaders provided key insights into AU s comprehensive approach to peace and security, which is interlinked with its agendas on development and good governance. The AU leaders underlined that the AU clearly acknowledges UN s global responsibility for peace and security, but is now calling for a closer partnership based on mutual respect, comparative advantages and division of labour. A closer collaboration between the two security councils is needed. The AU is calling for a recalibration of the UN charter s chapter 8 to fit the new situation, where the AU may take certain responsibilities, acknowledged by the UN SC and financed through UN assessed contributions. Enhanced partnership between the UN, AU and the RECs was highlighted in a separate meeting with Abdel-Kader Haireche, representing the UN office to the AU (UNOAU). The recent political up-grading of the UNOAU, headed by the USG Haile Menkarios, must be considered as an acknowledgement by the UN of AU s increased ambition and will to take responsibility for peace and security on its own continent. Mr. Haireche underlined the need to define the relationship between the two organizations more closely based on commonalities of goals and priorities, especially to agree on a joint methodology on how to address conflicts in Africa. The discussion also pointed to the need to cooperate with the RECs and structure the AU s own work in New York towards the UN and the Security Council. The working relations and roles between the UN, the AU and the RECs must be more structured and clearly defined based on clear responsibilities, respect and partnership. Dr. Cedric de Coning (NUPI) gave participants a highlight of the AU-sponsored review of the African Standby Forces, where he served as the Deputy Head of the review team. The Head of the team was Prof. Ibrahim Gambari, who also recently joined the IAB. The review was endorsed by the AU summit in January The ASF is an important mechanism within the wider African Peace and Security Architecture, where also the recently proposed African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises (ACIRC) is intended to be included. 28

29 The relations between the two are still to be decided. The review highlighted the challenges for the ASF to reach full operational capacity within 2015, and proposed a number of recommendations for the full operationalization of the ASF. The review also proposed that the AU establish a high-level panel to look into the African response to peace and security issues beyond Mr. Andrew Carpenter, Head of strategic policy and development section in the UN DPKO, Police Division, gave an overview of the status for the UN Strategic Guidance Framework (SGF) leading to a new policy for policing in UN peace operations. He saw a need for much more specialized policing, female police and enhanced mission-specific training in a new and changing security environment. The SGF aims at consolidating an international shared understanding of policing in peace operations, specific and detailed job descriptions, standardized training and evaluation. He also acknowledged the development of AU s increased policing capabilities and the establishment of the AU Police Strategic Support Group where African police chiefs could cooperate. He welcomed programmes like the TfP, which support African policing capacities, but reiterated that training courses should follow UN standards. The board was briefed on the status of the evaluation of the TfP by the Head of the evaluation team, Dr. Elling Tjønneland (CMI). Some improvements had been noted on partner cooperation, training being closer adapted to mission needs, gender balance and focus on results rather than activities. The last half of the time of the evaluation would be used to assess impact and results of the different TfP programme elements, especially training. Case studies would be conducted in AMISOM and UNMISS. His preliminary advice to the programme was to find International Advisory Board Meeting of the TFP visited the AU Headquarter in Addis Ababa in November the right balance between flexibility and fixation on results, stay focused on the main objectives, align with the AU and UN priorities, especially to link up to the AU through the embassy in Addis, strive for more programme coherence, and better and more cooperation among partners. Conclusions and recommendations by the IAB members: The IAB meeting changed its focus on transition and changing security environments in Africa in 2012 to this year s focus on a holistic approach to peace and security and enhanced partnerships between the UN, AU and the RECs. The AU is in transition and has an increased ambition and capability and the right comprehensive approach to peace and security. The relations between the UN, AU and the RECs are not streamlined and structured, and the lack of clarity is creating frustrations at all levels. This cooperation must be more clearly defined. The TfP could identify gaps where the programme can assist in improving on this situation. Mr. Carpenter underlined that the UN can consume much more African peacekeepers, but reiterated that training and UN standards must prevail. The AU office to the UN in New York must be strengthened, especially in relation to the cooperation with the UNSC. Another weak link is the AU-REC cooperation, and the board adviced that TfP should pay more attention to this issue. The advice from partners was therefore that the next annual general meeting (AGM) of the programme be held in Abuja to meet with ECOWAS and look closer at the situation in West Africa and the Sahel. 29

30 Board members (as of November 2013): Gen. (rtd) Martin Luther Agwai Former Force Commander, UNAMID José Victor da Silva Angelo Former UN Special Representative in Central African Republic and The Republic of Chad Dr Francis Deng Former Special Adviser of the UN Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide Ms Comfort Ero Africa Program Director, International Crisis Group, Nairobi Prof Ibrahim Gambari Chancellor, Kwara State Unniversity, Nigeria Mr Jean-Marie Guéhenno Director, Centre for International Conflict Resolution Columbia University, New York Dr Monica Juma Principal Secretary, Ministry of Defence, Kenya Dr Funmi Olonisakin Director, Conflict, Security and Development Group, King s College, London Dr Ramesh Thakur Director, Centre for Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament, ANU Asia Pacific College of Diplomacy, Canberra Representatives from cooperating partners: UN: Mr Andrew Carpenter, Head of Strategic Policy and development Section, Police Division, UN DPKO. Mr Abdel-Kader Haireche, Head, Peace Support Operations Division (PSOD), African Union AU: Mr Erasmus Mwencha, AU Deputy Chairperson, Mr El-Ghasim Wane, Director of the Peace and Security Department, Mr Basu Sangqu Head, Chief Adviser to the Chairperson IAB Chair: Ms Unni Kløvstad, Director, Section for Security Policy and North America, MFA, Norway. 30

31 A PERSPECTI VE ON 2014 TfP legacy after 20 years of engagement The TfP now enters the second last year of its fourth phase ( ), and will by 2015 have lasted for 20 years. It is therefore now time to make an assessment of its achievements and impact, especially because the programme is one of the longest lasting Norwegian development programmes. The ongoing evaluation of the TfP, headed by the Chr. Michelsen Institute, and Dr. Elling Tjønneland, will hopefully give many answers to questions about this. Based on the evaluation and other relevant considerations, the Norwegian government will take a decision in 2014 or early 2015 about the future of the programme. Both its main stakeholders, like the UN and AU, and the TfP partners will be consulted in this process. The TfP partners have at the same time decided to make their own historical account of the achievements of the programme, and will in 2014 take the initiative to write an historical overview of the TfP and its development as seen in relation to major developments of international peace and security during the same period. TfP special engagements in 2014 The TfP will maintain its strong focus on the police dimension, both in relation to training, research and policy engagements and the support to the new UN policy on policing. The TfP support to regional organizations in Africa will continue in 2014, both to the AU and RECs. Special efforts will be made to assist the operationalization of the ASF with support to regional bodies like Eastern Africa Standby Force Coordination Mechanism (EASFCOM), SADEC Standby Force and ECOWAS Standby Force. The Norwegian MFA will increase its extra support to these engagements by additional programmes outside of the programme to top up the effort. The TfP support to the civilian dimension of peacekeeping is another element, which will continue, and the support to the UN SCR 1325 is another. Two peace missions will receive a special attention by the programme: The AU mission in Somalia and the UN mission in South Sudan. The evaluation of the TfP The evaluation of the TfP is coming to a close in 2014 after nearly two years of work. The evaluation team consists of internationally reknown experts with a broad experience on evaluations, international development cooperation and other fields relevant to this evaluation. The team is headed by the CMI Senior Researcher, Dr Elling Tjønneland, who also headed the TfP evaluation in , and the team is therefore building its knowledge and experience on the previous work. The TfP management and partners have made an extra effort to accommodate and assist the team in order to secure the best possible basis for a good report and recommendations to the programme. The final report will be ready for comments by the partners in August 2014 and will be finalized and publisized in October. The report will be discussed at an open seminar during the IAB meeting in November TfP efforts to sustain results and the TfP family The TfP management in the Norwegian MFA and its partners have over the last two years initiated a process aiming at increasing the output, efficiency and outreach of the TfP programme. Several processes have therefore been set in motion: a) A stronger cooperation among partners, starting with the establishement of a TfP research network; b) stronger focus on policing in peace operations (both support to the new UN policy for policing and on training); c) improvements of information and communication internally and externally (interactive TfP home page and news letters); d) enhance the TfP joint planning in collaboration with the UN and AU and other major stakeholders; e) strengthen the integration of the various programme elements of the TfP (Training, research, policy development and advocacy, rostering and recruitment). In 2014 these initiatives will receive a very high priority by the partners and the MFA TfP management, with the added benefit of enhancing the partnership of the TfP group. Such a strong partnership may serve to carry forward this important engagement in a sustained way, irrespective of Norwegian MFA sponsorship in the future. 31

32 TfP Goal Hierarchy Overall goal Sustainable capacity for Peace Operations in the UN, AU and REC/RMs Outcome level I 1.0 Competent peacekeeping personnel in UN, AU, REC/RMs Outcome level II 1.1 Personnel have received relevant and high quality training 1.2 Well functioning recruitment and roster systems established 2.1 Relevant policy frameworks and guidance utilised by UN, AU, REC/ RMs Outputs High quality training provided to 500 civilian peacekeepers All personnel trained that qualify are deployed or on roster Relevant policy frameworks and guidance for civilian dimension developed and used High quality training provided to 500 police peacekeepers All deployments into missions or other relevant employment are tracked Relevant policy frameworks and guidance for police dimension developed and used % of personnel trained are female Improved gender balance in personnel on roster and deployed SR 1325 mainstreamed in all policy documents SCR 1325 mainstreamed in all training activities Technical support to the development of AU and REC/RM recruitment and rosters systems provided Training conducted according to UN, AU and REC/RMs guidance and needs 32

33 Sustainable capacity for Peace Operations in the UN, AU and REC/RMs Competent peacekeeping personnel in UN, AU, REC/RMs 2.0 Functional organisational systems are in place in UN, AU, REC/RMs 2.0 Functional organisational systems are in place in UN, AU, REC/RMs 2.2 Relevant and high quality research carried out 1.1 Personnel have received relevant and high quality training High quality training provided to 500 civilian peacekeepers High quality training provided to 500 police peacekeepers 1.2 Well-functioning recruitment and roster systems established All personnel trained that qualify are deployed or on roster All deployments into missions or other relevant employment are tracked 2.1 Relevant policy frameworks and guidance utilised by UN, AU, REC/RMs Relevant policy frameworks and guidance for civilian dimension developed and used Relevant policy frameworks and guidance for police dimension developed and used 2.2 Relevant and high quality research carried out Research contributed to training Research contributed to policy development Research contributed to training % of personnel trained are female Improved gender balance in personnel on roster and deployed SR 1325 mainstreamed in all policy documents The effect of applying a gender perspective in Peace Operations studied Research contributed to policy development SCR 1325 mainstreamed in all training activities Technical support to the develop-ment of AU and REC/RM recruit-ment and rosters systems provided The effect of applying a gender perspective in Peace Operations studied Training conducted according to UN, AU and REC/RMs guidance and needs TfP will seek to strengthen the gender perspective in Peace Operations and to increase the participation of women. The gender perspective is mainstreamed in the Programme. TfP will seek to strengthen the gender perspective in Peace Operations and to increase the participation of women. The gender perspective is mainstreamed in the Programme. 33

34 APPENDIX: LIST OF SELECTED TfP-PUBLICATI ONS 2013 Sara E. Davies, Zim Nwokora, Eli Stamnes, and Sarah Teitt (Ed.) (2013) The Responsibility to Protect and Women, Peace and Security. (Leiden: Brill. ) De Coning, Cedric and Walter Lotze, South Africa, in Alex J. Bellamy and Paul D. Williams (eds.) Providing Peacekeepers: The Politics, Challenges, and Future of United Nations Peacekeeping Contributions (Oxford University Press, 2013, Oxford) De Coning, Cedric, Political, Civilian and Military Dimensions of PCRD, in Neethling, Theo and Hudson, Heidi (eds.) Post-conflict Reconstruction and Development in Africa (University of Cape Town Press, 2013, Cape Town) De Coning, Cedric, Africa and International Peace Operations, in Murithi, Tim (ed.) Handbook of Africa s International Relations (Routledge, 2013, New York) De Coning, Cedric, Factors that Constrain the Comprehensive Approach, in Woyscheshin, Dave & de Graaf, Miriam (eds.) The Comprehensive Approach to Operations: International Perspectives, (Canadian Defence Academy Press, 2013, Kingston) De Coning, Cedric, Complexity Theory: Implications for Measuring Peacebuilding Progress, In Williams, Andrew; Bexfield, James; Farina, Fabrizio Fitzgerald & de Nijs, Johannes (eds.), Innovation in Operations Assessment: Recent Developments in Measuring Results in Conflict Environments (NATO, 2013, Norfolk.) Karlsrud, J. & Solhjell, R. (2013) Operationalizing the Responsibility to Prevent? Gender-sensitive protection in Chad, in Davies, S. et al. (eds.) The Responsibility to Protect: A Principle for the Women, Peace and Security Agenda Leiden: Brill, pp Schia, Niels Nagelhus (2013). Consensus Making in the United Nations Security Council How informal Processes may Enforce Inequality Between the Memberstates, in Halvard Leira og Iver B. Neumann (eds) International Diplomacy, Vol. 1 Sage Library of International Relations UK, Sage Library of International Relations. Schia, Niels Nagelhus, de Carvalho, Benjamin, (2013). Sexual and Gender-Based Violence and the Rule of Law in Liberia, In Benjamin de Carvalho and Ole Jacob Sending (eds.) The Protection of Civilians in UN Peacekeeping: Concept, Implementation and Practice Baden-Baden, Nomos De Coning, Cedric, Karlsrud, John and Breidlid, Ingrid Marie (2013) Turning to the South: Civilian Capacity in the Aftermath of Conflict in Global Governance 19 (4) De Coning, Cedric and Freear, Matthew (2013) Lessons from the African Union Mission for Somalia (AMISOM) for Peace Operations in Mali, in: Stability: International Journal of Security and Development 2 (2) De Coning, Cedric (2013) Understanding Peacebuilding as Essentially Local Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, Vol 2, No 1. Felix da Costa, D. & Karlsrud, J. (2013) Bending the rules': the space between HQ policy and local action in UN Civilian Peacekeeping, Journal of International Peacekeeping: 17(3-4), pp Annual Progress Report Training for Peace Programme (TfP) at NUPI IKarlsrud, J. (2013) Responsibility to Protect and Theorising Normative Change in International Organisations: From Weber to the Sociology of Professions, Global Responsibility to Protect, 5 (1) 2013, pp Karlsrud, J. (2013) UN as a competitive arena for linked ecologies: The case of UN peacekeeping, Political Perspectives, 7 (1): pp Karlsrud, John (2013) SRSGs as Norm Arbitrators? Understanding Bottom Up Authority in UN Peacekeeping, Global Governance, 19 (4), pp Karlsrud, J. & Felix da Costa, D. (2013) Invitation Withdrawn: Humanitarian Action, UN Peacekeeping and State Sovereignty in Chad, Disasters, 37 (4), pp Karlsrud, J. and Rosén, F. (2013), In the Eye of the Beholder? UN and the use of drones to protect civilians, Stability of Security and Development, 2 (2): pp Schia, N. N. & Karlsrud, J. (2013) Where the rubber meets the road : Everyday friction and local level peacebuilding in South Sudan, Liberia and Haiti, International Peacekeeping, 20 (2): pp Solhjell, Randi (2013) Gendered Military Operations? Military Missions in Afghanistan and The Democratic Republic of Congo, Special issue of Kvinder, Køn & Forskning entitled Gender, Conflict and Violence, 2. Caparini, Marina & Hareide, Bjørn (2013). Review of the Training for Peace in Africa (TfP) Police Dimension, Available at: 34

35 Aning, Kwesi, Challenges and opportunities for the AU s Peace and Security Council: a critical reflection from a regime analytical perspective in J.G. Porto & U.Engel, Eds., Towards an African peace and security regime; continental embededness, transnational linkages, strategic relevance. (Surrey: Ashgate Publishing) Nelson, Susan, Addressing the imbalances in the Implementation of UNSCR 1325 among police personnel in Sierra Leone KAIPTC Policy Brief Aubyn, F.& Aning, K., Managing Complex Political Dilemmas in West Africa: the Role of ECOWAS in Mali New Routes. Aning, Kwesi and Aubyn, Festus, UN Peacekeeping and prospects for conflict resolution in Africa in Ruchita Beri (ed) India and Africa: enhancing mutual engagement (New Delhi: Pentagon Press) Jaye, Thomas, HIV/AIDS dimensions of disarmament, demobilization (DDR) and security sector reform (SSR) processes in post-conflict reconstruction, International Peacekeeping, 20:4, Avoxe, Evelyn, Implementing UNSCR 1325 in the selection, training and deployment of female police personnel Case Study of Ghana, Burkina Faso, Liberia and Sierra Leone (forthcoming) Okyere, F., Aning, K. & Nelson, S., Article 4(h): Translating Political Commitment into Collective Action. In: D.Kuwali & F. Viljoen, eds. Africa and the Responsibility to Protect: Article 4(h) of the African Union Constitutive Act. London: Taylor & Francis, pp A. Baffa, African Standby Force police roster system: Proposed features, operations and processes. May 2013 A. Baffa, A standardised police roster system is critical for the African Standby Force. May 2013 H.R.Heitman, Fighting for Peace: Offensive intervention to make peace support possible. October 2013 A. Leijenaar, Peacekeeping: changing horizons and new realities. ISS Today, 14 April 2013 A. Leijenaar, UNMISS UNPOL Capacity Assessment. UN paper. November A. Roux, South Africa and the UN Intervention Brigagde in the DRC. 24 April 2013 A. Roux, New super combat brigade: creation of an African elite? ISS Today, 14 june 2013 A. Roux, New UN Force is capable of engaging M23 rebels. Business Today, 7 August 2013 Mazurana, D. (2013) The Gendered Impact of Conflict and Peacekeeping in Africa Conflict Trends, Issue 2 (2013) (ACCORD) Pp 3-8 Abiola S, and Alghali Z. (2013) An Overview of the Women, Peace and Security Agenda: Resolution 1325 Trends, Issue 2 (2013) (ACCORD) Pp 9-14 Davies, O V. (2013) Gender Mainstreaming Policies and Practice in Peacekeeping Operations Conflict Trends, Issue 2 (2013) (ACCORD) Pp Lotze, W and Kasumba, Y. (2013) Mainstreaming Gender Into African Union Peace Support Operations: Why we are getting it wrong Conflict Trends, Issue 2 (2013) (ACCORD) Pp23-29 Mutisi, M. (2013) Gender Considerations in the Protection of Civilians: Experiences from field missions Conflict Trends, Issue 2 (2013) (ACCORD) Pp30-41 Onekalit A. C. (2013) Women in Peacekeeping: The emergence of the All-Female Uniformed Units in UNMIL and MONUSCO. Conflict Trends, Issue 2 (2013) (ACCORD) Pp42-46 Nakabiito M. (2013) The Role of the UNMISS Gender Unit and Officers in Peacekeeping Operations: Conflict Trends, Issue 2 (2013) (ACCORD) Pp Davies, O V, and Manjeya, C N. (2013) AMISOM Troop-contributing Countries and Female Representation Conflict Trends, Issue 2 (2013) (ACCORD) Pp Singh, P. (2013) Ten years of the Kimberly Process Certification Scheme. Conflict Trends, Issue 2 (2013) (ACCORD) Pp ACCORD reports on TfP issues in 2013: Civilian Capacities in the Aftermath of Conflict: Towards Strengthened Partnerships with African Member States. AMISOM Protection of Civilians Strategy Implementation Plan Workshop Report South Africa Defence Review Consultation Report AMISOM Gender Mainstreaming Strategy Workshop Report South Africa Civilian Capacities Report Protection of Civilians in AU Peace Support Operations, Lessons Learned, Gaps and the Way Forward Design: / mammaogpappa.no 35

36 Design: Mammaogpappa.no Photo: Shutterstock, istockphoto, AFM/NTB, UN, KAIPTEC ACCORD African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes afdem African Civilian Standby Roster for Humanitarian and Peace Building Missions ISS Institute for Security Studies KAIPTC Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre Norwegian Institute of International Affairs NUPI Norwegian Institute of International Affairs POD Norwegian National Police Directorate Funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs