Metropolis Conference, Toronto, March 2016

Transcription

1 International Students in Ontario s Postsecondary Education System, : Changing Policies, Populations, and Labour Market Entry Processes Metropolis Conference, Toronto, March 2016 Dr. Margaret Walton-Roberts Dr. Jenna Hennebry Keegan Williams, Amy Arbuckle, Gabriel Williams. Research funding from the Higher Education Quality Council Ontario Postsecondary-Education-System aspx

2 Informing the Future of Higher Education 2

3 International Students (IS) Scope of the study: How many international students came to Ontario between 2000 and 2012? How many stayed in Ontario after their studies? What were the economic outcomes of those who became permanent residents? What policies affected entry/transition? Occupational specific case study looking at internationally-trained nurses entering as IS Informing the Future of Higher Education 3

4 What We Did Analyzed immigration and income data from Citizenship and Immigration Canada and Statistics Canada Analyzed policies affecting international student entry and retention Surveyed/interviewed international students at Conestoga College in Kitchener-Waterloo Informing the Future of Higher Education 4

5 Key Findings Informing the Future of Higher Education 5

6 Policy Context Policy Changes, Deregulation and Internationalization Deregulation of tuition costs in 1996 Federal government saw benefits of international student enrollment Internationalization becoming the focus Rapid policy changes after 2000 The Student Partners Program (2009) greatly influenced IS registration numbers in colleges Express Entry (2015) and PR transition rate Informing the Future of Higher Education 6

7 Total Entries 10,000 15,000 20,000 Entries (% of Canadian Total) 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% Ontario Matters The Most Students in Canada and More are Coming 2000q1 2003q3 2005q1 2007q3 2010q1 2012q3 Quarter Total Entries (Ontario) Entries (% of Canadian Total) Source: Citizenship and Immigration Canada (2013a). Temporary Residents Q4 Extracts. Research Data Mart. Informing the Future of Higher Education 7

8 Where they Study the GTA and Other Cities Source: Citizenship and Immigration Canada (2013a). Temporary Residents Q4 Extracts. Research Data Mart. Informing the Future of Higher Education 8

9 Total Entries (Annualized) International Student Registration College q1 2003q3 2005q1 2007q3 2010q1 2012q1 Quarter College University Trade Source: Citizenship and Immigration Canada (2013a). Temporary Residents Q4 Extracts. Research Data Mart. 9

10 Where Int l Students Originated Figure 5 here Source: Citizenship and Immigration Canada (2013a). Temporary Residents Q4 Extracts. Research Data Mart. Informing the Future of Higher Education 10

11 Growth in Int l Student Entries Figure 5 here Source: Citizenship and Immigration Canada (2013a). Temporary Residents Q4 Extracts. Research Data Mart. Informing the Future of Higher Education 11

12 India international students by gender International students from India to Canada by gender (annual flowsource: Calculations by the author based on data from Citizenship Immigration Canada (CIC), Facts and Figures, 2009). 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Male (foreign student) Total Male (student with work permit) Total Female (foreign student) Total Female (student with work permit) Total

13 Gender Parity Decline International Students Coming to Ontario 2000: 48% female 2012: 40% female Source: Citizenship and Immigration Canada (2013a). Temporary Residents Q4 Extracts. Research Data Mart. Informing the Future of Higher Education 13

14 More International Students are Staying in Canada, esp. Ontario From , 190,000 students came to study in Ontario. During the same period nearly 65,500 made a transition to another visa. We estimate that about 55% of the IS cohorts in Ontario transitioned in 2011 to temporary or permanent residence. Over ¾ of those transitioning in 2011 stayed in Ontario. Source: Citizenship and Immigration Canada (2013b). Facts and Figures 2011 Extract. Research Data Mart. Informing the Future of Higher Education 14

15 IS Post Graduate Visa routes 2011 n = 10,025 Source: Citizenship and Immigration Canada (2013b). Facts and Figures 2011 Extract. Research Data Mart. Informing the Future of Higher Education 15

16 Economic outcomes of IS who became PR We calculated the income for international students who went directly to PR between ( about 31% of all transitioning students or n~20,000) Based on the visa pathways used we estimate IS direct to -PR earn $2,850 more a year than the average PR immigrant arriving in the same year Post graduate income relevant considering average IS spends $22,000 a year to study We were unable to estimate income for students using the PGWP due to data limitations. Source: Statistics Canada (2014). Longitudinal Immigration Database. Retrieved from Informing the Future of Higher Education 16

17 Express Entry: New System, New Barriers Immigrant selection system introduced January 2015, applicants need either a labour market impact assessment (LMIA) or nomination by province (PNP) to get max points LMIA process determines if a Canadian can fill the position first; it is considered arduous for the employer and costly. IS PGWP Express Entry Federal Skilled Worker Program Federal Trade Worker Program Canadian Experience Class Provincial Nominee Program (LMIA-exempt) Permanent Residency Informing the Future of Higher Education 17

18 Conclusion IS growing component of the TFW stream Ontario is the most popular destination In Ontario IS college enrollment has increased The majority of IS are now male EE posing challenges to IS conversion to PR Higher income evident for IS converting direct to PR, but this direct route now less common Need more information about IS transition routes and income and employment outcomes Informing the Future of Higher Education 18

19 Thank you Visit us at imrc.ca Informing the Future of Higher Education 19