Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation (PRRO) Rwanda No

Transcription

1 Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation (PRRO) Rwanda No Assistance to Refugees, Recovery Support to Host Communities and the Most Vulnerable Households. Duration of project 1 January December 2011 Number of beneficiaries 179,000 (annual average) 1 WFP food tonnage 40,454 mt Cost (United States dollars) WFP food cost US$17,916,039 Total cost to WFP US$36,552,384 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Rwanda continues to face a precarious regional security situation, particularly in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). While Rwanda hosts thousands of refugees, there is a similar number of Rwandan refugees in neighbouring countries. The latest major influx of refugees was from DRC in late-2006 and almost all new refugees are from eastern DRC, where security worsened during 2008/2009. Rwanda currently hosts 54,000 refugees from DRC in three camps and two transit centres; the current population is 6 percent higher than in early Since Rwanda is not in a position to provide refugees with land, integration is unlikely and repatriation is the only durable solution. Security conditions in DRC are not expected to allow repatriation in the near future. More returnees are anticipated. Over 70,000 Rwandans are living as refugees or asylum seekers in neighbouring countries. As the political environment in Rwanda is considered to be improving, Rwandese refugees living in neighbouring countries are expected to return: 20,000 people could arrive in if the current rate of return continues. Rwanda is currently enduring a deterioration in nutritional conditions, which prompted the Government s National Emergency Plan to Fight Malnutrition in children under 5. The comprehensive nutrition survey shows national levels of stunting at 52 percent, wasting at 5 percent and underweight at 16 percent. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS is 3 percent, with 149,000 people living with HIV and AIDS; many people on anti-retroviral therapy are food insecure. This protracted relief and recovery operation (PRRO) is to address the continuing refugee and returnee situation, as well as the deterioration in nutritional conditions, particularly among vulnerable groups. The PRRO s objectives are to: (i) save lives and protect livelihoods of refugees, returnees and victims of emergencies (WFP Strategic Objective (SO)1); (ii) improve the productive capacities of refugee host communities and returnees by addressing the effects of environmental degradation (SO3); (iii) improve the nutrition status of women and children (SO1), 1 Yearly maximum is 191,000. 1

2 and people living with HIV (SO4); (iv) strengthen ownership, coordination and management of food assistance by government counterparts at the national level and in decentralized structures (SO5); and (v) contribute to increased incomes and local production through the procurement of locally- produced foods from low-income small-scale farmers under the Purchase for Progress (P4P) initiative (SO5). The PRRO draws on the 2008 WFP/UNHCR joint assessment mission, and a 2009 Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Assessment and Nutrition Survey. The PRRO strategy is aligned with the Government s Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy ( ); the National Emergency Plan to fight Malnutrition; and the One UN programme. The PRRO contributes to the Millennium Development Goals 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6, and to the United Nations Development Framework objectives. WFP will assess and support opportunities to phase down food interventions based on the context of individual activities. WFP will ensure the full involvement of communities and local authorities in all phases of implementation, as well as support for capacity development for local and national authorities, to facilitate eventual phasing down or handover. SITUATION ANALYSIS AND SCENARIO The overall context 1. Rwanda s macroeconomic performance has been good in recent years, despite major constraints. Between , growth averaged 6.8 percent 2 annually. A population of 9.8 million, 3 increasing at an annual rate of 2.2 percent, with a population density of about 321 people/km, 2 has impeded economic growth per capita: Rwanda s real gross domestic product per capita was US$343 in Rwanda remains a least developed country (LDC) and a low-income food-deficit country (LIFDC), ranked 167 out of 182 countries in the 2009 Human Development Index. 2. According to the 2007 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) Country Report, an estimated 37 percent of the population live below the poverty line. 4 There has been a modest improvement in poverty levels, with a decline in the percentage of people living below the poverty line from 60 percent in 2001 to 57 percent in 2005/2006, with female-headed households representing 60 percent of these people. 5 The Human Poverty Index decreased from 45 percent in 2004 to 33 percent in However, recent population increases have contributed to a rise, in absolute terms, in the number of Rwandans living in poverty by about 600,000 since Most refugees and asylum seekers in Rwanda have fled from the various conflicts in the Great Lakes region. The latest influx was in December 2006 when renewed fighting in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) triggered a fresh wave of refugees fleeing into Rwanda for safety. 2 Compared to a sub-saharan African average of 4.8 percent/year. 3 Perspectives et Prospectives Démographiques, Service National de Recensement, Rwanda. 4 The poverty line is US$ 0.53 per day. 5 Rwanda National Institute of Statistics Country Report, UNDP, Human Development Report

3 Concurrently, Rwandan refugees are also returning home from many years in exile, mainly in DRC; they too need assistance for reintegration and rebuilding their lives in their home country. 4. Nearly 95 percent of the 57,000 refugees in Rwanda live in camps and are dependent on international assistance. 7 Until security conditions improve, DRC refugees are reluctant to return home. With little prospect of local integration in Rwanda, mainly because of the land shortage, repatriation and resettlement are the realistic options for a long-lasting solution for refugees. 5. Rwanda currently hosts 54,000 refugees in three camps (Kiziba, Gihembe and Nyabiheke) and two transit centres (Nkamira and Nyagatare). 8 The refugees have increased by 6 percent since early Almost all new arrivals are from DRC, where security worsened in the north and south Kivu provinces during Refugee numbers are expected to continue to increase in Over 70,000 Rwandans live as refugees and asylum seekers (down from 77,000 in December 2007). Approximately 22,000 of the refugees are in DRC; 21,000 in Uganda; 7,000 in the Republic of Congo and the remainder in other African countries. 9 The rate of voluntary return is estimated at 10,000 for Should this rate of return continue, 20,000 people could return between 2010 and Refugees in Rwanda live with precarious food security, caused by their extreme poverty, poor access to land, and lack of income-earning opportunities. Many households (including the ill, unaccompanied minors, and those headed by women and the elderly) reduce meals to make food last longer. Although the rations could cover their food needs, refugees resort to trading part of their ration to meet non-food needs. These mechanisms put them at high risk of violence, indebtedness or skipping meals The presence of large refugee camps has resulted in considerable degradation of the natural environment in neighbouring communities. This has been compounded by frequent droughts and flash flooding, causing gully erosion and the depletion of available arable land. 11 This has triggered signs of resentment against the long-term presence of refugees. 9. WFP and partners plan food-for-asset activities to repair the most critical damage caused by, or attributable to, the presence of the refugees. This includes the repair of gullies, arresting further forest depletion and restoring soil fertility around the three refugee camps, with the full involvement of the host communities. There is consensus among humanitarian partners and Government officials that long-term peaceful co-existence between the refugee and host populations will largely depend on the support provided to the host community by the agencies working in the camps. 7 All refugee and returnee estimates from UNHCR Rwanda communication to WFP Rwanda and the 2008 JAM. Figures do not include >1,800 urban refugees in Kigali. 8 Camp locations: Kiziba is in Karongi district, Gihembe is in Gicumbi district, and Nyabiheke is in Gatsibo district. Transit centre locations: Nkamira is in Rubavu district and Nyagatare is in Rusizi district (see map in Annex III). 9 Source: UNHCR. 10 UNHCR/WFP JAM, report December Field discussions, JAM, March

4 The food security and nutrition situation 10. Poverty is largely rural-based since economic and food security for most of the population depends on fluctuating weather, with erratic rains, dry spells and drought. There are areas of chronically poor rainfall in the south and east, as well as recurrent plant and animal diseases. Rough terrain, erosion, climatic hazards and the lack of modern technology are serious constraints to agricultural development. Food security thus remains precarious. 11. The 2009 Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) and Nutrition Survey found an overall improvement in the food consumption score (FCS), from 35 percent of households having a poor/borderline FCS in 2006 to 22 percent in The most vulnerable livelihood groups remain small-scale farmers cultivating less than 0.1 ha (38 percent of the population), agricultural labourers (22 percent) and those engaged in marginal livelihoods 13 (3 percent). 12. Despite improvements in food security, the nutrition situation in Rwanda has deteriorated in the past few years: stunting and wasting of children aged 6-59 months have increased from 45 percent and 4 percent in 2005 to 52 percent and 5 percent respectively in 2009; 27 percent of the women and 48 percent of the children are anaemic; 14 and the goitre rate is 15 percent. 15 Exclusive breast feeding is only 38 percent. 16 The prevalent diseases are diarrhoea, 13 percent, and acute respiratory infections (ARI), 14 percent. However, Vitamin A supplementation coverage (for at least one dose) is relatively high at 89 percent. 17 The high prevalence of malnutrition is due to inadequate dietary intake, disease, and inadequate child care practices. 13. The stunting rates in the refugee camps are also high, averaging 50 percent, with the highest rate in Kizaba (57 percent) and lowest rate in Gihembe (45 percent). The global acute malnutrition (GAM) rate is 6 percent and severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is 1.7 percent. 18 The 2008 joint assessment mission (JAM) reported poor nutritional status, particularly in Nyabiheke, as a result of the influx of refugees from transit centres. The leading causes of morbidity are ARI, watery diarrhoea, intestinal worms and malaria Rwanda s maternal, neonatal and child health indicators remain very poor. Maternal mortality stands at 750 per 100,000 live births, which is an increase over pre-genocide levels: between 1985 and 1990 the figure was Under 5 and infant mortality rates are 103 and 62 respectively per 1,000 live births The prevalence of HIV/AIDS is 3 percent, with women between years the most affected (7 percent). The prevalence rates are higher in urban (7 percent) than in rural areas (2 percent) Rwanda 2009 CFSVA and Nutrition Survey. 13 Marginal livelihood groups are characterized by a limited role of agriculture and additional marginal activities including hunting, gathering, assistance, remittance, transport and unspecified other activities. 14 Rwanda Interim Demographic and Health Survey (RIDHS) and Rwanda: CFSVA and Nutrition Survey Analyse Profiles au Rwanda, ibid. 17 UNICEF Country Profile, JAM UNHCR/WFP. 19 Ibid. 20 Office National de la Population (ONAPO) [Rwanda] and ORC Macro, 2001; Enquête Démographique et de Santé, Rwanda 2005 (MOH). 21 Rwanda Interim Demographic and Health Survey (RIDHS), Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey (RDHS)

5 The total estimated number of people living with HIV and AIDS in 2008 was about 149,000 (including about 17,000 children); of whom 63,000 received anti-retroviral therapy (ART) comprising 57,000 adults and 6,000 children. 23 There are 869,000 orphans and vulnerable children, of whom 203,000 are AIDS-affected orphans. 16. In Rwanda, nutrition support is the third (44 percent) most important unmet need among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in care and treatment programmes after financial support 24 (77 percent) and home-based assistance (47 percent). 25 Malnutrition is common among HIV/AIDS patients at the time of ART initiation, increasing the mortality risk. Expected benefits from nutritional support as part of a comprehensive care package for PLHIV are: improved weight gain, improved adherence to treatment, increased CD4 count, 26 and improved ART outcomes, including survival. In Rwanda, prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV is an integral part of the national mother-and-child health and nutrition (MCHN) services. Scenarios 17. This protracted relief and recovery operation (PRRO) is based on the following most likely scenarios. Due to security conditions in DRC, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) expects an increase in refugee arrivals, reaching 60,000 by Rwandan refugees in neighbouring countries are expected to return at current rates for the next two years. Relief requirements are based on experience in recent years: adverse weather is expected to cause transient food insecurity for around 10,000 people each year. Some improvement in the nutrition situation by 2011 is expected as a result of the National Emergency Plan to Fight Malnutrition (NEPM) for children under 5. The number of people under ART is not expected to change over the next two years. POLICIES, CAPACITIES AND ACTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT AND OTHERS Policies, capacities and actions of the government 18. Rwanda hosts 57,000 refugees and asylum seekers. In 2008, the Government and the UNHCR conducted a verification and profiling exercise for camp-based and urban refugees. This is being used to develop comprehensive durable solutions for these refugees. A Tripartite Technical Working Group comprised of UNHCR and the governments of Rwanda and DRC are in discussion to reach an agreement on the repatriation of nationals for both sides. The National Refugee Council conducts Refugee Status Determination with support from UNHCR. The group refugee status of Rwandans who fled their country in the wake of the 1994 genocide is under discussion between the Government and UNHCR and could be lifted by the end of TRACnet report December TRACnet is an electronic information system for anti-retroviral treatment. 24 Financial support is needed for medical care, school fees for their children and other support to their families. 25 Uwimana J, Struthers P: Met and unmet palliative care needs of people living with HIV/AIDS in Rwanda. Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance/SAHARA, Human Sciences Research Council, 2007 May; 4 (1): The CD4 count (of a blood sample) helps understand the strength of the immune system, the stage of the HIV disease, guides treatment, and predicts the disease progression; it is used to decide when to begin treatment of HIV-infected patients. Keeping the CD4 count high can reduce complications of HIV disease and extend life. 5

6 19. Refugees have the right to buy houses and land in Rwanda. 27 However, the Government is not in a position to provide land to refugees due to the limited availability. Refugees do have the right to develop small kitchen gardens in the plots within the camp. 20. Rwanda s Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS) provides a medium-term framework for achieving the country s long-term development aspirations as embodied in the Rwanda Vision 2020 and the MDGs. The country has made remarkable progress in addressing poverty but challenges remain, particularly in addressing malnutrition and improving child education. 21. The recent nutritional emergency has led to the launching by Government in April 2009 of the NEPM. The 2 nd Health Sector Strategic Plan sets as its first strategic objective to improve the accessibility to, quality of, and demand for family planning/maternal and child health/reproductive health/nutrition services. The National Nutrition Policy (July 2007) includes the objective of reducing stunting from 45 to 30 percent by The national social protection policy (September 2005) aims to strengthen nutritional programmes to protect households, especially children. It advocates design and expansion of the labour-intensive initiatives (Haute Intensité de Main d'œuvre: HIMO) to support vulnerable households. The Government has also instituted safety net provisions for vulnerable groups combined with development activities in the Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme (VUP), piloted in the poorest and most vulnerable sectors 28 in each of the 30 districts. Policies, capacities and actions of other major actors 23. UNHCR has been unable to deliver provisions to refugees at planned levels due to funding constraints. It has now concluded a funding gap analysis on which it will base future advocacy efforts. The findings of the WFP/UNHCR 2008 JAM have been incorporated in subsequent Joint Action Plans for joint activities on refugees and returnees. 24. WFP supplementary feeding to vulnerable groups (children under 5 and pregnant/lactating women) under the current PRRO is complemented by UNICEF services such as de-worming, provision of antibiotics, vitamin A/folic acid supplements, and treatment of common diseases. 25. Major donors for HIV/AIDS include the President s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and the Global Fund. Both affirm the need for nutritional assistance to PLHIV. The World Bank is reviewing its engagement in the Multi-Country HIV Programme for Rwanda. 26. FAO provides support to the following areas: agricultural sector strategies and policies; seed systems; urban and peri-urban agriculture; improvement of food security in cross-border districts of Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda in support of agricultural modernization; prevention and control of Avian Influenza; and implementation of major investment programmes, such as the World Bank-funded Rural Sector Support Project (RSSP). The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) has five major ongoing projects focusing on agricultural production support, community development and rural infrastructure. 27 There is a reference to the international convention for refugees, ratified by Rwanda and translated into a local refugees law No 34/2001 of 5th July 2001 (article 22). 28 Sectors are Rwanda s third-level administrative sub-division: the 30 districts are divided into sectors. 6

7 27. The European Union, Department for International Development (United Kingdom) and other donors contribute to the Community Development Fund (CDF), which support the VUP and implements social protection programmes and public works under HIMO. The Swiss Technical Cooperation Agency supports community-based health services directly at district level in Karongi and Rutsiro districts and is actively involved in Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) for young people. 28. The World Bank is launching a three-year Community Living Standards Grant programme for productive safety nets (public works) and community health, nutrition and population services under the VUP. The Government of China may also support hillside irrigation systems. Coordination 29. A Disaster Management Centre (DMC) under the Rwanda National Police coordinates contingency planning, together with United Nations humanitarian organizations, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and the Rwanda Red Cross. Refugee assistance and relief response are coordinated by the Social Affairs Unit of the Ministry of Local Government, Community Development and Social Affairs (MINALOC). 30. The Repatriation Commission manages returnee movements to Rwanda. The Ministry of Health (MOH) oversees and coordinates nutrition interventions. The National AIDS Commission (Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le SIDA - CNLS) under the MOH oversees and coordinates HIV and AIDS activities. A VUP management team, centrally located within MINALOC, manages the programme under the oversight of a steering committee at ministerial level. 31. Rwanda is a pilot country for the Delivering as One initiative to promote joint United Nations programming/programmes at country level. WFP works with other United Nations agencies (UNICEF, WHO, UNAIDS, UNHCR, FAO and UNFPA) in joint planning in the areas of nutrition, HIV/AIDS and social protection. The priority areas highlighted in this PRRO are among the priorities in the United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) which include: i) Good governance and capacity strengthened for reconciliation and security; ii) Improved health for all; iii) Improved disaster preparedness and response, as well as functioning safety nets and self-sustaining mechanisms for vulnerable groups; iv) Increased equal access to, and completion of, quality basic education; and v) Sustainable and improved management of the environment, natural resources and land. OBJECTIVES OF WFP ASSISTANCE 32. The PRRO aims to achieve the following objectives: Save lives and protect livelihoods of refugees, returnees and relief victims (WFP Strategic Objective (SO) 1: save lives and protect livelihoods in emergencies ). Improve productive capacities in returnee and refugee host communities, including addressing the effects of environmental degradation (SO3: restore and rebuild lives and livelihoods in post-conflict, post disaster or transition situations ). Reduced acute malnutrition of children under 5 (SO1) 7

8 Meet the food and nutrition needs of and PLHIV (SO4: reduce chronic hunger and undernutrition ). Strengthen ownership, coordination and management of food assistance by government counterparts at national and decentralized structures. Contribute to increased incomes and local production of small-scale farmers linked to the Purchase for Progress (P4P) initiative (SO5: strengthen the capacities of countries to reduce hunger, including through handover strategies and local purchase ). 33. The PRRO is in line with WFP s 2009 gender policy in ensuring that women benefit equally from food assistance to meet their nutritional needs and that critical gender issues are addressed in the planning and design of programme activities. The PRRO contributes to MDGs 1, 3, 4, 5, and WFP RESPONSE STRATEGY Nature and effectiveness of food security-related assistance to date 34. WFP has been providing food assistance to refugees in Rwanda since PRRO Assistance to refugees and recovery operations for the most vulnerable households (105310) for was the most recent operation. WFP development project , Food assistance support for education ( ) currently assists 290,000 primary school children in 300 schools in the most food-insecure districts. 35. The 2008 JAM by WFP and UNHCR highlighted the importance of food support for direct consumption and the importance of non-food items to meet other priorities for refugees. 36. Extensive consultations with Government, partners and beneficiary groups in preparation of this PRRO highlighted a number of areas requiring attention, including: effective targeting; the importance of hand-over strategies; capacity building for counterparts, partners and community leaders; and national food purchases to support agriculture and trade. Strategy outline 37. The following activities are proposed for this PRRO: Activity 1: General food distribution for refugees/returnees/relief (SO1) 38. WFP will provide a full food basket for refugees in camps through monthly food distributions. Significant repatriations to DRC are unlikely over the next two years. For Rwandan returnees, a three-month food ration is part of an enhanced package where UNHCR provides (i) income-generating activities and (ii) assistance to reintegrate socially and economically for returnees with specific needs. 29 MDG1: eradicate extreme poverty and hunger ; MDG3: promote gender equality and empower women ; MDG4: reduce child mortality ; MDG5: improve maternal health ; MDG6: combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. 8

9 39. Relief assistance would be provided in response to new shocks to protect the most foodinsecure households if coping mechanisms were exhausted. The most likely shock would be a poor harvest due to erratic rainfall. In close cooperation with the Government, WFP interventions would prevent people from resorting to negative coping mechanisms, and favour the resumption of normal livelihoods. Activity 2: Food for assets to rehabilitate refugee/returnee-affected areas (SO3) 40. This activity will improve the productive capacities of refugee host communities, addressing environmental degradation in and around the three refugee camps and in returnee settlement areas. The activities will focus on restoring the natural resource base and reversal of the ecological damage in these areas. 41. Labour-intensive interventions (radical/progressive terracing, control of gullies, reforestation and feeder road repairs) will be carried out around camps. A watershed approach will be used for erosion control and improving agricultural production for host populations and returnees. Feeder road repair will improve rural access. 42. Programme design will include community participation to ensure that assets constructed are preferred, valued and owned by the community, and that the resulting benefits are equitably shared. The timing of activities will take account of the seasonal nature of vulnerability and avoid competition with farm activities. Work assignments and workloads will be gender sensitive. Activity 3: Selective nutrition (SO1) 43. The supplementary feeding programme (SFP) will work through the community-level outreach provided by the trained health care-givers based at district health facilities; it will reduce moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) 30 in targeted areas and increase caregivers knowledge of care and feeding practices. If the NEPM identifies more than 60,000 children with MAM at the community level, WFP will increase the number of nutrition centres receiving food assistance to 120. The centres will be identified jointly by MOH and WFP, based on food insecurity and malnutrition. 44. WFP will provide a supplementary ration for malnourished pregnant/lactating women 31 under the MCHN programme. This will target poor vulnerable women selected by medical partners as risk cases, to prevent malnutrition and attract them to clinics for training in healthcare and safe motherhood. Food-support will assist up to 17,500 pregnant or lactating women annually in the same health facilities as SFP. 45. Demonstration/kitchen gardens will continue to be established at health centres with technical support from FAO as a basis for training on agricultural techniques, nutritious plant varieties and correct food preparation. The aim is to improve household dietary diversity and build food security to reduce dependency on food assistance. Nutrition messages will be provided to parents and caregivers through participatory sessions using BCC. Linkages with the community-based approach developed under the national MCHN programme will be strengthened. 30 Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) cm. 31 MUAC < 23 cm 9

10 Activity 4: Food for ART for PLHIV (SO4) 46. Food assistance for the ART programme will support undernourished PLHIV on ART, providing nutritional support as an integral part of the care and treatment package from the MOH. This activity will be linked to partners with livelihood interventions that promote a transition to sustainable livelihoods. Activity 5: Capacity development (SO5) 47. WFP will put in place the appropriate institutional arrangements and strengthen the capacity of government institutions and counterparts at district level to enhance government and community ownership of the PRRO activities. 48. Technical assistance would place food assistance within local community-based programmes for disaster preparedness and mitigation. WFP, in collaboration with MOH, UNICEF and the National Institute of Statistics (NIS), will reinforce the National Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring System (FSNMS). 32 Capacity development will also include: in-service training to health staff; training of caretakers on nutrition education for care and support for vulnerable groups; and training of caretakers on kitchen garden development. 49. Based on existing international partnerships, WFP will work towards greater ownership of AIDS-related activities by the Government and will strengthen its capacity and that of cooperating partners (CP) in programme design and implementation at national and district levels. Handover strategy 50. WFP will phase down food-based interventions based on the success of capacity development support and assessment of needs. 51. For refugees, repatriation and resettlement are the long-lasting solutions. UNHCR will pursue durable solutions for those unable or unwilling to repatriate. For Rwandan returnees, the WFP food package is for a three-month period only, but will help the transition to sustainable livelihoods. 52. FFA activities around refugee camps will be implemented with the full involvement of local communities and local authorities in planning, implementation and management. Local communities and local authorities will be well-positioned to continue maintenance works in the future. 53. The PRRO aims to create the conditions for handing-over feeding activities and other related services to the Government through the MOH. The MCHN and ART programmes seek to stimulate a behavioural change towards informed health care attitudes and practices. Community participation and ownership are the best guarantee; partnership with Government, other United Nations agencies, NGOs and Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) will be strengthened. WFP will develop linkages for PLHIV (livestock rearing, demonstration gardens) to increase the effectiveness of the nutritional rehabilitation programme and nutrition education to stimulate 32 Activities for FSNMS are training of enumerators, data collection, entry and analysis and report writing. 10

11 continued adherence to drugs in the long-term. Similarly, for SFP activities, the community s role is crucial and will be enhanced through community sensitisation and training. 54. The transition to sustainable food security requires information systems for monitoring and to trigger timely and effective responses to setbacks such as unexpected refugee influxes, floods, drought or other natural disasters. WFP will further strengthen the FSNMS and government capacity to manage setbacks. WFP will also work with partners to develop contingency plans. This will include the national level capacity needs of the Ministry of Labour. The handover will occur when Government has the capacity to lead the information and response system. BENEFICIARIES AND TARGETING Refugees in camps and Rwandan returnees are eligible for food assistance. Targeting is based on beneficiary lists from UNHCR. 56. The FFA beneficiary planning figure is based on the number of people with poor FCS among the refugee host population in the areas surrounding the refugee camps as a proxy for food insecurity (2009 CFSVA). The PRRO will target households using the community-based selection criteria developed under the VUP, subject to availability of resources. 57. WFP will provide food to (i) malnourished pregnant/lactating women for six months before and after delivery; and (ii) malnourished children under 5 for four months. Nutrition activities will be provided through up to 120 nutrition centres. Criteria for selection of the centres are the following: the priority food-insecure strata; adequate health infrastructure; prevalence of malnutrition in the areas (health centre data); availability of qualified staff; distance between centres and community involvement. The Government, together with WFP and relevant stakeholders, will select undernourished PLHIV enrolled in ART following the criteria developed in the national nutrition guidelines for PLHIV. Intervention sites will be identified jointly with MOH and cooperating partners in the most food-insecure areas, prioritizing the health centres that provide off-site services to refugee camps. 33 All statistics in this section are from the WFP 2009 CFSVA, unless otherwise indicated. 11

12 Table 1: Total Beneficiaries by Intervention type 34 Type of Intervention Annual Male Female Total Male Female Total Average Refugees 26,000 30,000 56,000 28,000 32,000 60,000 58,000 Returnees 5,000 5,000 10,000 5,000 5,000 10,000 10,000 Relief 5,000 5,000 10,000 5,000 5,000 10,000 10,000 ART 5,000 5,000 10,000 5,000 5,000 10,000 10,000 Food for Assets 24,000 36,000 60,000 16,000 24,000 40,000 50,000 Pregnant/lactating women (MCHN) Supplementary feeding: children 6-59 months (MCHN) 20,000 20,000 15,000 15,000 17,500 12,000 13,000 25,000 10,000 12,000 22,000 23,500 Total 77, , ,000 69,000 98, , ,000 NUTRITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS AND RATIONS 58. Refugees require a full ration as there are limited opportunities for refugee self-reliance. Diet diversification is limited among the most food insecure, 35 with high consumption of tubers and low consumption of animal protein or vegetables. WFP will cover at least 60 percent of minimum daily food requirements for malnourished children and 49 percent for pregnant/lactating women in the MCHN activity, supplementing food from other sources. Food Basket and Commodity Requirements 59. The proposed rations will fulfil three main roles: (i) to provide minimum protein-energy and micronutrient requirements; (ii) to encourage appropriate changes in behaviour; and (iii) to provide an in-kind income transfer for labour-intensive asset-creation interventions. 60. ART beneficiaries will receive a ration until their nutritional status has adequately recovered. 36 Participants in FFA projects will receive a family ration with a market value comparable to wages paid in HIMO projects. Refugees and returnees will receive rations satisfying minimum protein-energy and micronutrient requirements. Refugees in camps will receive a monthly food ration. Returnees will receive a three-month resettlement ration. Table 2 shows the daily food rations by type of intervention. 34 Average household size is 5 35 CFSVA Recovery criteria: for pregnant/lactating women: MUAC>23cm; for children<5: weight-for-age>85 percent; children 5-18 years: Body Mass Index (BMI)>2 z-score or >80 percent of the median; for other adults BMI>

13 Table 2: Daily food ration by activity (g/person/day and kcal/person/day) Type of Intervention Beans CSB Maize Veg. Oil Salt Sugar Kcal Refugees ,238 Returnees ,149 Relief ,149 FFA N/A ART ,281 Pregnant/lactating women (MCHN) ,437 Supplementary feeding: children 6-59 months (MCHN) ,037 Table 3: Commodity requirements (mt) Type of Intervention Feeding days/year Beans CSB Maize Veg. Oil Salt Sugar Total Refugees 365 5,081 2,540 16,089 1, ,192 Returnees ,044 Relief ,044 FFA 90 1,800 4, ,525 ART ,044 Pregnant/ lactating women (MCHN) Supplementary feeding: children 6-59 months (MCHN) , , , ,325 Total 7,313 8,617 21,957 2, ,454 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 61. At national level, WFP s government counterparts include Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI), MINALOC, Ministry of Education (MINEDUC), Ministry of Natural Resources (MINIRENA) and MOH. 62. For refugees, food needs are determined between WFP and UNHCR. MINALOC and UNHCR are responsible for distribution in camps, with WFP oversight. Beneficiary lists provided by UNHCR are used by MINALOC and WFP. Where possible, food ration cards are issued in the names of female household representatives. WFP carries out post-distribution monitoring. 63. Relief operations will be implemented in close cooperation with the DMC and MINALOC. Emergency assessment surveys in affected districts will be undertaken jointly with the DMC. 64. In FFA, project proposals will be assessed by WFP through field visits and discussions with potential CPs, including local/international NGOs, local associations and district authorities. In 13

14 close collaboration with local communities, partners will be responsible for: the documentation of proposals; beneficiary selection (with a target of 60 percent being women); activity management; provision of technical support; food distribution; and reporting (as per field-level agreements). Local planning includes community meetings and implementation involves two committees: food distribution and asset management, each with 50 percent female representation in leadership positions. Gender issues will be mainstreamed in agreements in line with WFP s gender policy. WFP s support will include training in planning and technical standards and the provision of appropriate inputs including tools, equipment and technical support. WFP will recruit staff to provide technical support in sustainable land management activities Nutrition activities will be implemented through MOH in district health facilities offering nutrition services. Food deliveries for supplementary feeding are made every two months to the selected health facilities and the refugee camps. ART support activities will be implemented by CPs authorised by MOH to work in district health centres. CPs will provide appropriate medical treatment, counselling and training on nutrition and HIV/AIDS, as well as appropriate livelihood activities and referral to community services. 66. Markets and resources permitting, food will be procured locally or regionally. Where possible, purchases will be from low-income small-scale farmers to increase incomes of these famers and stimulate local production linked to the P4P initiative. Local purchases will be based on advance planning with selected stakeholders, market information sharing, and capacity building on activities such as post-harvest handling, grading and food storage. Limited cereals and beans purchases are possible in Rwanda but WFP will monitor the market situation. Tenders will be issued for milled commodities or the milling of cereals will be part of food procurement contracts. When local food purchases are not possible, WFP will import in-kind contributions or purchase food from international markets. WFP will procure locally-produced foods for the PRRO 67. WFP brings internationally-procured food through the Tanzanian port of Dar-es-Salam. WFP temporarily stores food at the regional warehouse at Isaka, Tanzania, while competitive overland transport is arranged. Commodities are then stocked at the Kigali central warehouse or Huye extended delivery point, pending transport to the final distribution points by the WFP fleet or commercial transporters. WFP delivers food on the basis of progress reports and operation requirements. PERFORMANCE MONITORING 68. WFP s existing monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system uses results-based management to capture and analyse performance results and disseminate them for management decision-making, corporate reporting, and use by the United Nations and the Government. The Rwanda M&E Database (RMED), will continue to produce standardized reports for measuring progress against identified targets. These reports will be used in all operations management and in reporting on results in the annual standard project report. 69. Corporate outcome indicators and supplementary feeding recovery rates and their associated output indicators will be followed closely, in part through a food and nutrition security monitoring 37 Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Natural Resources are involved in Sustainable Land Management. 14

15 system (logical framework in Annex II). A mid-term evaluation of the PRRO will be undertaken at the end of RISK ASSESSMENT AND CONTINGENCY PLANNING Risk assessment 70. The success of the operation will depend on adequate resources. Pipeline breaks would be especially serious for refugees, who are totally dependent on external food assistance. If refugee influxes or returnees exceed the planning figures, a budget revision may be necessary. 71. A volcanic eruption in eastern DRC is a potential risk. If Mount Nyiragongo erupts or if there is an earthquake, between 300,000 and 1,000,000 residents of Goma (DRC) could flee into Rubavu district, Western Province. Similarly, an earthquake in Rwanda could result in large numbers of internally-displaced persons. If natural disasters are larger than anticipated (including drought) then the relief activity of the PRRO would be scaled-up with a budget revision. Contingency Planning 72. Contingency plans for Rwanda will be updated through interagency planning and preparedness activities and in continued collaboration with the DMC to strengthen local capacity on disaster response. SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS 73. Security in Rwanda is stable with most areas in United Nations security phase 0. The border areas with DRC (Western Province) and Uganda are in security Phase 1 ( precautionary ). The WFP country office and its three sub-offices are fully compliant with Minimum Operating Security Standards (MOSS). Key WFP staff and vehicles are equipped with radios and other communication devices. The United Nations Security Plan, including evacuation procedures, is updated. APPROVAL Josette Sheeran Executive Director Date:. 15

16 ANNEX IA WFP PROJECT COST BREAKDOWN Quantity (mt) Average cost (US$) per mt Value (US $) COSTS A. Direct operational costs Cereals (Maize grain) 21, ,536,959 Pulses 7, ,839,220 Vegetable Oil 2, ,716,814 Corn Soya Blend (CSB) 8, ,644,087 Sugar ,555 Salt ,404 Total commodities 40,454 17,916,039 External transport 722,984 Landside transport 3,705,160 ITSH 2,803,889 Total LTSH 6,509,049 Other direct operational costs 2,407,970 B. Direct support costs (see table below for details) 6,605,064 Total direct operational costs 34,161,106 C. Indirect support costs (7 percent of total direct costs) 2,391,277 TOTAL WFP COSTS 36,552,384 16

17 ANNEX IB DIRECT SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS (dollars) Staff International professional staff 1,702,194 National professional officers 658,450 National general service staff 1,857,440 UNV 191,100 Temporary assistance 36,000 Overtime 20,000 Incentives - International Consultants 119,080 National Consultants - Staff duty travel 559,800 Staff training and development - Subtotal 5,144,064 Office expenses and other recurrent costs Rental of facility 114,000 Utilities (general) 64,000 Office supplies 60,000 Communication and IT services 56,000 Insurance - Equipment repair and maintenance 57,000 Vehicle maintenance and running cost 125,000 Office setup and repairs 145,000 United Nations Organizations Services - Subtotal 621,000 Equipment and other fixed costs Vehicles leasing 510,000 TC/IT equipment 210,000 Local security costs planning 120,000 Subtotal 840,000 TOTAL DIRECT SUPPORT COSTS 6,605,064 17

18 Annex II: Logical framework Results Hierarchy Performance Indicators Strategic Objective 1: Save lives and protect Livelihoods in Emergencies. Goals: To save lives in emergencies and reduce acute malnutrition caused by shocks to below emergency levels To protect livelihoods and enhance self-reliance in emergencies and early recovery To reach refugees and other vulnerable groups whose food and nutrition security has been adversely affected by shocks Outcome 1 Reduced acute malnutrition in children under 5 in targeted, emergency-affected populations (acute malnutrition among targeted beneficiaries: refugees, returnees, victims of natural disasters, malnourished women and children). Output 1.1 Food items distributed in sufficient quantity and quality to targeted women, men, girls and boys under secure conditions (refugees, returnees and victims of natural disasters malnourished women and children). 1.1 Household consumption score. 1.2 Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). 1.3 Prevalence of acute malnutrition (weight-for-height as %) among children under 5 (target <5%) Number of women, men, girls and boys receiving food items by category and as a percentage of planned figures (targets: 78,000 annual average for refugees, returnees and victims of natural disasters; 23,500 children SFP; 17,500 pregnant/lactating women) Tonnage of food distributed by type as percentage of planned distribution: quantity, quality and timeliness (target: 100%) Relapse/readmission rate in nutrition centres among malnourished <5 children reduces from 5% to 3% Number of service providers sensitized/who received training on nutrition & health (target: all 120 centres) Number of beneficiaries who participated in nutrition and hygiene awareness sessions (Target: 17,500 women/year). Assumptions The security situation in the Great Lakes Region does not worsen. Other underlying causes of malnutrition are addressed by relevant agencies, i.e., malaria epidemics, intestinal worm infestations, health services, water and sanitation. Development assistance partners, especially the Government and One UN, continue working together in a mutually supportive way. Rainfall patterns do not change significantly. No major natural disasters occur. Political will for accepting humanitarian assistance exists in Rwanda. Health care centres are available and appropriately equipped and manned with qualified medical staff. Suitably qualified government staff available and willing to be trained and to remain in government disaster management and/or response departments and/or ministries. Counterparts with capacity to implement WFP activities are available. Food pipeline remains healthy with minimum pipeline breaks Sufficient land is made available for kitchen gardens Number of kitchen gardens established around health and nutrition centres (target: 120 gardens). 18

19 Strategic Objective 3: Restore and rebuild livelihoods in post-conflict, post-disaster or transition situations Goal 3.1 To support the return of refugees and IDPs through food and nutrition assistance Goal 3.2: support the re-establishment of livelihoods and food and nutrition security of communities and families affected by shocks. Outcome 3.1 Adequate food consumption over assistance period for targeted households, communities, refugees and returnees Household food consumption score Percentage of food insecure households reduced by 5% points from 2009 CFSVA baseline Proportion of household expenditures devoted to food reduced by 5% points from 2009 CFSVA baseline. Outcome 3.2 Targeted communities have increased access to assets in fragile, transition situations Community asset score Output 3.1 Timely and sufficient quantities of food provided to targeted beneficiaries Number of beneficiaries receiving food under FFA (target: 50,000/year) Total tonnage of food distributed under FFA. (target: 6,525 mt in 2 years). Output Developed, built or restored livelihood assets by targeted communities Number of community assets created and restored by targeted communities and individuals Proportion of physical assets created/ rehabilitated as a percentage of those planned, by type (target: 100%). Output Targeted areas protected against soil erosion, deforestation and environmental degradation Area of land protected with radical terraces (target: 250 ha/year) Area of area reforested (target: 1050 ha) Number of tree seedlings (2,100,000/year) Length of road rehabilitated (target: 20 km). 19

20 Strategic Objective 4: Reduce Chronic Hunger and Undernutrition Goal: Meet the food and nutrition needs of those affected by HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and other pandemics Outcome 4.5 Increase in the percentage of adults and children living with HIV and receiving nutritional support who are still on ART 6-12 months after starting Output Food items distributed in sufficient quantity and quality to targeted women, men, girls and boys under secure conditions (including sufficient quantity of food distributed to malnourished ART clients during the first 6 months of treatment). Output Complementary activities successfully implemented at health centres and at community level Percentage of adults and children living with HIV and receiving nutritional support who are still on ART 6-12 months after starting Percentage of clients defaulting from the ART programme during the reporting period Prevalence of malnutrition among ART clients Number of women, men, girls and boys receiving food by category and as a percentage of planned figures (Number of ART clients receiving food assistance by category and as % of planned figures) Tonnage of food distributed by type as percentage of planned distribution: quantity, quality and timeliness (target: 1,044 Mt in 2 years) Number of ART sites receiving food support Number of food-for-art beneficiaries receiving counselling in HIV & nutrition (target: 100 %) demonstration gardens established around health and nutrition centres (target: 120 demonstration gardens) Number of food for ART beneficiaries successfully referred to community support services. 20