The World Bank International Conference, Poverty and Social Inclusion in the Western Balkans Brussels, December 2010

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1 The World Bank International Conference, Poverty and Social Inclusion in the Western Balkans Brussels, December 2010 Simeon Karafolas * The demand for annual workers in Greece and its influence on the entrance of Albanian workers Abstract The paper investigates the annual inflow of legal immigrants in Greece the last five years, , through the demand of the Greek state for immigrants for annual work in provenance from non EU countries. This process is determined by the new legislative framework described by the Law 3386/2005 on the entrance, accommodation and social integration of third country nationals in the Greek territory. Every year Greek authorities determine the maximum number of residence and work permits that will be given to third country immigrants. Permits concern mainly seasonal jobs, more than 80%, and basically Albanian workers. Local needs for work determine the number of immigrants on the local level. Local demand is expressed through prefectures, (Greece is divided administratively in 54 prefectures). The total of local needs determines the national demand, and therefore the annual inflow, for legal economic immigrants from non EU countries. The paper analyses the evolution of this demand and tries to explain the factors that influence this evolution; are they mainly structural or they are related to economic activity? The paper analyses the demand for legal immigrant workers by prefecture and category of work; that permits a more qualitative approach of the evolution since we can have a more specific result. It appears that some prefectures, especially at the region of Central Macedonia, concentrate the main part of the annual demand for seasonal workers from third countries, basically Albanian workers. This demand is oriented to land workers, mainly for agricultural work. Key words: Migration, Albania, Greece * Professor Department of Financial Applications Technological Educational Institute of Western Macedonia Koila Kozanis 50100, Greece Tel , Fax skarafolas@yahoo.gr

2 1. Introduction Since the decade of 1990 s, Greece has been transformed to a host country of immigrant population. Main part of this population was the consequence of illegal inflow of immigrants that was almost uncontrolled. Greek governments tried to manage this migration phenomenon and adjust the entry, residence and social integration of immigrants by voting several legislative measures. The first was the Law 1975/1991, followed by the Law 2910/2001; those laws aimed to protect country s frontier and control immigration illegal inflow. The legislative efforts became more systematic and detailed in the decade of 2000 s. The first step was the vote of the Law 3386/2005, completed by the Law 3536/2007; the target was the registration of the immigrants and refugees, the fast issuing of residence permits, the organization and link between administrative bodies related to immigration. The Law 3386/2005 is the regulatory framework of the actual Greek policy on the procedure for the invitation of third-country nationals for work. This procedure permits the entry and residence of third-country nationals to work for a specific employer, for a determined time period and for a specific kind of occupation. Immigrants work is divided into dependant and seasonal work. Seasonal occupation concerns more than 80% of invited workers. The main group of seasonal immigrant workers is the Albanian workers. Thus, the examination of the seasonal workers refers to Albanian immigrants. Greece is the principal host country of Albanian immigrants. More than Albanian immigrants were legally registered to the population census of 2001 while in the second most important host country, Italy, only were registered, (Bonifazi and Sabatino, 2003), and only some tens of thousands to all other countries, (Carletto et al., 2006). As a consequence, Greece is the main sending country for Albanian immigrant remittances. Total Albanian immigrant remittances reached, in average, 13,9% of the Albanian GDP the time period , (Karafolas and Konteos, 2010). Albanian immigrants are the largest foreign community in Greece followed by the Bulgarian community that counts approximately immigrants in Greece, (Gropas and Triantafyllidou, 2005) The paper focuses on the entrance of immigrants, on the basis of the demand for immigrants from the employers in Greece for the time period that is characterized by the new legislative framework of the Law 3386/2005. The paper analyses the evolution of the demand and tries to examine the factors that influence this evolution. Are these factors institutional or circumstantial? An explanation can be searched on the structure of demand by prefecture and category of demanded job. Therefore the paper analyses the demand for dependant and seasonal work by prefecture and kind of job (1). This examination permits to have a more qualitative approach of this movement. It appears that some prefectures, mainly in the region of Central Macedonia, concentrate the main part of the demand and that for workers of land corresponding to agricultural jobs.

3 The objectives of the paper differentiate it to all previous studies on the immigration movement in Greece even those related to employment issues. No studies examined the effects of the new legislative framework on the evolution of the immigration movement. Vaiou and Xatzimihalis, (1997), examined the role of immigrants in the Greek labor market focusing on the low labor cost. By examining the case of two prefectures, Imathia and Pella, they notice that historically the immigrant population was composed at the beginning from the Polishes and Bulgarians were replaced by Albanian immigrants from the beginning of 1990s mainly because of the lower cost. Examining the case of the prefecture of Kavala, Karasavoglou et al., (1996) conclude that 80% of foreigners have seasonal occupations and only 20% have a permanent work; most of them were employed to agriculture sector. On the decade of 2000 a study on the employment of Albanian immigrants in the town of Salonika, (the second most important town in Greece), found that Albanian immigrants work on the real estate (30,3%); 24% of them work at small industry and 9% of them work as auxiliaries. The employment at these areas grew up contrary to the decline of jobs in the agriculture of this region, (Lamprianidis and Lymperaki, 2001). In an other study, Kavounidis, 2002, found that 34% of immigrants work on the real estate, 26% of them at cleaning and domestic services and 18% at the industry as workers. Examining the employment on the agriculture area and particularly in three prefectures of the regions of Peloponnese, Crete and Epirus, Kasimis et al. 2002, observed that immigrants, Albanian on their majority, tend to replace Greek workers on heavy works. The paper is organized as follow; after the introduction, section 2 examines the procedure for the entry of thirdcountry nationals under the new legislative framework; section 3 discusses the evolution of the employers demand for those immigrants, mainly Albanians, while section 4 offers the conclusions. 2. The procedure for the invitation of immigrants through the Law 3386/ The legislative framework Previous legislation efforts of Greek governments to face the immigration problem concentrated mainly to protect the Greek frontiers and limit the illegal immigration, Law 1975/1991 and Law 2910/2001. Nevertheless the immigration phenomenon has been proved much more complex. Problems such as social integration, criteria for the entry of immigrants and collaboration of different services remained crucial problems. The Law 3386/2005 on the Entry, residence and social integration of third-countries nationals in Greece tried to resolve those problems (Journal of Government, 2005). This law was completed by a new one, the Law 3536/2007 on Special provisions relating to immigration policy, (Journal of Government, 2007), that aimed to resolve problems for the smoother integration of immigrants in the Greek society. Greek government specified the procedure on the criteria for the entry, the offer and

4 the renewal of residence permit by voting two decrees; the Decree 13703/2007 on the Setting of documents required for the issuing and renewal of residence permit and the Decree 16632/2008 on The definition of criteria for the procedure and terms relatives to employment of third-country nationals. 2.2 The definition of dependant and seasonal worker The Law 3386/2005 distinguishes the residence permits a third-country national can have in Greece. A third-country national is the individual who has not the Greek citizenship or this of any other European Union country according to the definition of the article 17, paragraph 1 of the European Community Treaty, (Journal of Government, 2005, p. 3329). The residence permit offers to its holder the access to the labor market, (Journal of Government, 2005, p ). This law distinguishes 8 categories of residence permits for work; within them the most important are Dependant work or offer of services or project and Seasonal work. For the Dependant work the duration of residence permit is valid for one year with a possibility of renewal for two more years; it can be transformed to indefinite duration if the requested conditions are accomplished. During his residence, the holder of this permit has to accomplish some conditions. His salary must be equal or superior to the salary of unskilled worker. For the renewal of the residence permit, two months before the expiration of the old one, the immigrant must accomplish his tax and insurance obligations. The holder of permit for dependant work may be insured to the Social Insurance Institution (IKA) or the Agricultural Insurance Organization (OGA) if he works in the agriculture. The holder of this permit can also work to other prefectures of the same or other region one year after the accordance of the first residence permit. Seasonal work in Greece concerns the employment for a maximum time period of six months, per calendar year. The seasonal worker is employed by a specific employer on a fixed-term employment relationship. The contract must mention the kind of occupation of the immigrant. The renewal of the residence permit is not possible. The entry, residence and the time period of seasonal work are determined by the bilateral or multilateral agreements between Greece and other countries. Greece signed bilateral agreements for dependant and seasonal work with Bulgaria, (Journal of Government, 1996, p. 1945), Albania, (Journal of Government, 1997, p. 142) and Egypt, (Journal of Government, 2005). Bulgaria joined European Union on the 1 st of January Greece asked and obtained a prolongation for two years to consider Bulgarian citizens as a third-country national, with regard the residence permit. Only since 1 st of January 2009 Bulgarian nationals have no more been submitted to any bilateral agreement with Greece and they are free to work. Since this date, bilateral agreements concern Albanian immigrants and Egyptian ones but only to fishery jobs.

5 2.3. The procedure for the invitation of a third-country national for employment a/ General aspects A third-country national can come to Greece for dependant employment with a specific employer for specific type of employment (Journal of Government, 2005, p ). The procedure may concern the invitation for dependant employment, except agriculture and fishery; it may concern the seasonal employment or dependant one in the agriculture and fishery. The Law 3386/2005 is the regulatory framework but recent circulars lead to some differentiations by updating the initial text, (Minister of Interior, 2008). By the end of September of the previous year, the employer indicates to the local municipality or community the number of immigrants he wants, the employment specialty of the immigrant, the nationality of the immigrant and the time period of the employment. For the dependent employment, the employer must have revenue of euros, if he is a physic person, or gross revenue of euros if he is a legal person or company. The specialty of the immigrant must be coherent to the company s business area. For the work in the agriculture, the employer must prove that he owns the cultivated area or the livestock where the immigrant is going to work. The local municipality or community sends the demand to the Immigration Service of the region. The region submits the demand to the local Unemployment Service, (OAED), in order to examine if the demand of the employer can be covered by Greeks or third-country residents in the local prefecture. The local OAED send the elements requested to the Immigration Service of the region. These demands concern only the dependant employment. They do not concern the employment for the agriculture, the fishery and the seasonal employment because OAED does not have those statistics, (Minister of Interior, 2008, p. 8). OAED submits his report to the Committee of the regional Immigration Service. This Committee is formed by, a/the General Secretary of the Region or the Head of the competent Service for Foreigners and Immigration, as its chairman, b/the head of the Labor Inspectorate Body, c/a representative of Prefectural Administrations of Greece, d/a representative of the OAED, e/a representative of the Employment Center of the seat of the Region, f/a representative of local Chambers and g/a representative of the General Confederation of Agricultural Unions or the Hellenic Confederation of Agricultural Unions, as regular members along with their designated respective alternates. If the report indicates that the demand does not respond to the requested criteria the demand is rejected. The criteria set are: a/the interest of the national economy, b/if the demand for a specialty is already covered the previous year and there is no need for new demand on this specialty, c/ the compliance from the employer to all the requested obligations, d/the statistic elements of the Unemployment Service with regard to the offer of labor from the local residents and Greeks on the demanded specialty.

6 The possibility of supplementary invitations up to 10% of the fixed number for emergency cases is considered. Based on the report, upon decision of the Ministries of Interior, Public Administration and Decentralization, Foreign Affairs and Employment, the maximum number of residence permits for employment is fixed. This number is issued every year for third-country nationals per prefecture, nationality, type and duration of employment. This decision is forwarded to the related regions, OAED and other competent Ministries as well as to the related Hellenic consulate authorities. b/ The procedure for the dependant employment 1. Each employer, based on the national list, submits to the municipality or the community of his place of accommodation or residence an application, in order to hire employees with a contract of dependent employment. He also submits a letter of guarantee of a bank or the Deposit and Loan Fund which corresponds to the amount equal to the income of an unskilled worker for three months; that covers the cost of living of an immigrant in Greece for three months. 2. The employer declares that he will hire the employees and will cover the necessary expenses. 3. The employer signs the labor contract for ever employee indicating the wage and the kind of occupation. The salary cannot be inferior to this of the unskilled worker. c/ The procedure for the seasonal employment 1. In this case the letter of guarantee corresponds only to the monthly salary of the unskilled worker. 2. Declaration of the employer that he will hire the employees and will cover the necessary expenses. 3. The labor contract for every employee signed by the employer indicating the wage and the kind of occupation. The salary cannot be inferior to the unskilled worker. 4. Declaration of the employer that he offers the accommodation to employee. d/ The procedure from the part of the immigrant The immigrant must have a visa for 90 days, (since his entry in Greece). During this period he has to pay a deposit of 150 euros to the municipality and present the contract signed by his employer, the medical examinations and the social security registration. Thus the immigrant can have his work permit, the tax registration and considered as self employed.

7 3. The evolution of the demand for third country nationals for dependant and seasonal work 3.1/ Methodology and sources The examination is based on the determination of maximum number of residence permits for work to third-country nationals. This kind of residence permit is fixed through bilateral agreements between Greece and other countries. The bilateral agreement concerned three countries at the beginning, Albania, Bulgaria and Egypt. The bilateral agreement with Egypt concerned only the fishery employment, (Law 1453/1984, see Journal of Government, 2005). The agreement passed in 1996 between Greece and Bulgaria for the entry of Bulgarian nationals in Greece for seasonal employment, (Journal of Government, 1996, p. 1945), expired at the end of 2008 due to Bulgaria entry in the European Union. Since the beginning of 2009 Bulgarians are no more considered as third-country nationals for Greece. The analogous bilateral agreement between Greece and Albania has been always valid since 1997, (Journal of Government, 1997, p. 142). Since 2009 the third-country nationals who come for dependant and seasonal employment in Greece have been only those from Albania, under the exception of Egyptians who come only for the fishery jobs. Demand for seasonal employment concentrates to land workers, more than 90%; the rest concern the livestock, pasture and aviculture; all these occupations remain, however, at the agriculture sector. The agriculture remains the principal demanding sector for the dependant employment as well; nevertheless some jobs are offered for the second sector, the tourism and the domestic auxiliary. The time period chosen for the investigation is from 2006 to This is the period of the application of the legislative framework for the entry and residence of third-country nationals offered by the Law 3386/2005. Thirdcountry nationals are mainly Albanians. Bulgarians, till 2009, are registered mainly in some prefectures neighboring to this country. The case of the Egyptian nationals is very limited because of their number and their orientation only to determined seaside areas. Therefore the examination concerns essentially the case of Albanian nationals in Greece either for seasonal or dependant employment. Sources for the investigation are provided by the publications on the Journal of Government. The maximum number of residence permit for dependant and seasonal employment is registered in this official journal within the first two months of the year. The official journal publishes all demands on prefecture, kind of employment and specialty. This publication offers a very detailed image for the demand for third-country nationals. Since the agriculture sector is the main host sector the investigation has also been oriented towards the evolution of the agriculture production and livestock at the main host prefectures in order to investigate if the evolution of the demand for employment is determined or influenced by the agriculture production. The comparison focused on some agriculture products characterizing the agriculture production of these prefectures and related to dependant and

8 seasonal occupation of immigrants. This investigation permits to have more qualitative results on the explanation of the demand for seasonal jobs. Source for agriculture data was provided to the author by the Ministry of Rural Development and Food. 3.2/ The total demand The evolution of the demand for third-country nationals is influenced by the calculation of Bulgarian immigrants. Employers demand is quite important the years 2006, 2007 and 2008 in some prefectures neighboring to Bulgaria, wich are the prefectures of Serres, Kavala and Drama in the region of East Macedonia, Xanthi, Rodopi and Evros in the region of Thrace, (Table, Appendix). In the other regions, and since 2009 in all Greek prefectures, the thirdcountry nationals are almost exclusively from Albania, under the exception of some Egyptians immigrants working in the fishery activities. The employers demand for third-country nationals is presented on table 1. An important decrease of the demand appears the years 2007 and 2008 in comparison to previous years. The total demand reached immigrants in 2006 against in 2010 registering a decrease of more than immigrants. Within this population, in 2010, the demand for fishery occupation, concerning Egyptians immigrants, was workers, less than 8% of the total. Since 2009 the rest of the population, more than 90%, are Albanian immigrants. During the period we can estimate that the part of Bulgarians working in the prefectures neighboring to Bulgaria approached 20% in 2006, 22% in 2007 but 12% in 2008, (Table Appendix), (2). Table 1 The evolution of the employers demand, presenting on table 2, is characterized by two important decreases, on 2007 and The first one is influenced by the application of the Law 3386/2005 that imposed for the first time some criteria for the demand of third-country nationals. The second is influenced by the end of the registration of Bulgarian immigrants as third-country nationals. Table 2 Employers ask for immigrants to work on land, livestock and aviculture. In 2010, 65% of the total demand is on this area. Seasonal occupation is the principal category of occupation demanded by Greek employers. Seasonal work is oriented especially towrds the land work. Seasonal is the main occupation; the examined time period demand is for seasonal works; they have 82% of the demand, on average, during the time period Table 3

9 Observations on the total demand permit to conclude that Greek employers mainly ask for Albanian citizens, as thirdcountry nationals, to work in Greece mainly as seasonal workers for the agriculture sector. 3.3/ Structure of the demand per prefecture Employers demand for third country-nationals is noticed to all prefectures. This demand is not homogenous within prefectures; on the contrary, a very strong concentration is noticed to some prefectures in the North of Greece. Three prefectures in the Region of Central Macedonia, Imathia, Pella and Pieria, concentrate between half and 70% of the demand the examined period, tables 4 and 5. Their part grew up considerably the years 2009 and 2010 since Bulgarian immigrants are no more registered as third-country nationals; therefore the three prefectures concentrate more than 2/3 of the entries that concern Albanian immigrants, table 5. Table 4 Table 5 At the beginning of the examined period, 2006, because of the registration of Bulgarian immigrants, the prefectures of Serres (9,9%), Kavala (3,7%) and Evrou (3,1%) had notable part of third-country nationals, (Table Appendix). But the demand on the three prefectures, Imathia, Pella and Pieria, remains the most important, more than 50%, concerning almost only Albanian immigrants. Those three prefectures, Imathia, Pella and Pieria are of the most important agricultural areas in Greece. The first two are very important producers on fruits and legumes, the third on tobaccos. The demand of third country-nationals for dependant and especially for seasonal occupation is related mainly to land works, as the harvest of fruits in Imathia, fruits and also asparagus in Pella and tobacco in Pieria. Is the employers demand in the three prefectures related to the agriculture production? The evolution during this period shows a mixed image within the three prefectures. Only for the year 2007 we observe a general reduction of the demand in comparison to 2006, (table 6). This is the consequence of the application of the new legislative framework on this issue. Employers seem to have a better idea on the real need of this manpower and their demand approaches to real need, (3). Table 6 3.4/ Employers demand and agriculture production in the main demanding prefectures The employer s demand is examined in relation to the main agricultural productions in the three prefectures, Imathia, Pella and Pieria. Those prefectures concentrate in % of the total demand, (table 5), and 85% of the seasonal demand, (Table Appendix), addressed to Albanian immigrants.

10 The annual demand in every prefecture is compared to cultivated land and production of the previous year. Any positive relation may show an influence on the employers decision taken at the end of September of this year for seasonal and dependant workers. In the case of Imathia, four main agricultural products have been considered, peaches, cherries, apples and kiwi; they constitute the basis of employers need for manpower and therefore they determine their demand for third-country nationals. Within them, peaches are the most important agriculture production of the prefecture. During this period no serious changes and problems appear for the cultivated land under the exception of cherries that is the most sensitive product between the four examined. The evolution of the cultivated land in comparison to the employers demand does not show a relation, positive or negative, between them, table 7. Table 7 Contrary to cultivated land, the agriculture production in every previous year positively related to the employer s demand of the examined. The annual observation shows a decline of the demand in 2007 in comparison with 2006, as a consequence of the application of the Law 3386/2005 and the criteria for the entry of immigrants was a good year of the production for all four products. That incited employers to ask an increased number of employees for the next year, 2009, table 8. Table 8 The decline of the production for all four products in 2009 provoked a decrease of demands for We can conclude, therefore, on an influence of the production of the previous year to the employers demand in the case of Imathia. In the case of Pella four agriculture productions have been considered as well, peaches, cherries, apples and asparagus. A less clear image appears in the case of Pella. The lack of data on the cultivated land does not permit to have very qualitative conclusions on this relation. It appears nevertheless a strong decline on employers demand in 2007 in comparison with 2006 due to application of the new Law 3386/2005, table 9. Table 9 If we consider the agricultural production, it appears that for the years 2008 and 2009, the employers demand is influenced positively by the production of asparagus (4). The growth and the decline of the production of the previous year provoked respectively a growth and a decline of the demand for employees, table 10. Table 10

11 In the case of Pella the general observation is a positive influence of the production of asparagus on the employers demand. No clear relation, positive or negative, appears for the other products, mainly the peaches that are the most important production in this prefecture. In the case of the prefecture of Pieria, five agricultural productions have been considered, tobacco, peaches, cherries, watermelon and kiwi. Pieria presents a specificity because some agriculture employers in this prefecture are also owners of tourism business such as hotels, rooms to let, cafeterias, commerce on tourism products, since Pieria is a coastal county. Therefore some immigrants are employed by the same employer to agriculture and tourism business although they are invited to work on agriculture business. The evolution of the production and this of the cultivated land seems to have an influence on employers demand for some of the examined years, tables 11 and 12. The year 2007 the decline of the demand is due to the application of the new Law 3386/2005 as in the previous cases. The decline of demand in 2009 and 2010 can be explained by the decline of the tobacco s production mainly. On the contrary the decline of the demand on 2008 did not follow the general growth of the agriculture production of the previous year, table 12. The agricultural production seems to have an influence for some years; the continuous decrease of the employers demand indicates that real need is less than this registered at the beginning of the examined period. Table 11 Table Conclusions In this paper we tried to investigate the annual evolution of the entry of Albanian immigrants in Greece. The investigation was based on the demand for those immigrants from the Greek employers. This demand has determined since 2006 the entry of immigrants of third-country and therefore can give the orientation on the evolution of the entry of them. The investigation of the demand was specified by prefecture in order to have more qualitative results. The employers demand was the result of Greek legislative measures in order to manage the illegal immigration in Greece. It was expressed mainly by the Law 3386/2005 followed by ulterior laws and decrees. The entry of thirdcountry nationals concerns mainly the seasonal immigrants. Those immigrants are mainly Albanian immigrants. Till the end of 2008 a part of them were Bulgarian immigrants, limited to some prefectures neighboring to Bulgaria; another limited part also concerns Egyptians immigrants who work only at fishery occupations. Thus, Albanian immigrants constitute the main nationality of the employers demand. This demand concerns mainly the agriculture sector and especially the land works.

12 The investigation showed a decline of this demand the examined period, The total number reached immigrants in 2010 after a continuous decline especially at the beginning of the period. It appears that the annual demand may be placed on the number of immigrants; this number seems quite near to real need of employers. This demand seems to be influenced mainly from the agriculture conditions. The economic crisis may have only a limited influence on the demand since this one concerns seasonal works, for a limited time period for specific agriculture works and where there is no local manpower available or interested to. The investigation showed that three prefectures in Central Macedonia, Imathia, Pella and Pieria are the main demanders of these immigrants for the land occupation and for specific agricultural products for some months of the year, mainly in summer and autumn. These prefectures concentrate 70% of the total demand and they almost ask only for Albanian immigrants. That permits to conclude that no major changes may be expected during the next years for the annual entry of legal Albanian immigrants as seasonal and dependant workers. Footnotes (1) Greece is divided administratively into 13 regions and 54 prefectures. Ever region has a number of prefectures. (2) Author s interview with Immigration Office of Serres. (3) Offices of these prefectures agreed to this conclusion. Interviews to author. (4) This opinion was expressed as well by the Immigration Office of Pella. Interview to the author. References 1. Bonifazi C., and D. Sabatino. (2003). Albanian migration to Italy: What official data and survey results can reveal. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 29 (6): Carletto C., Davis B., Stampini M., and M. Zezza. (2006). A country on the Move: International Migration in Post-Communist Albania. International Migration Review 40 (4): Gropas R, and A. Triantafyllidou. (2005). Migration in Greece at a glance. ELIAMEP 4. Journal of Government, (1996). Law 2407/1996, Ratification of agreement for seasonal employment of manpower between the government of Hellenic Republic and the government of the Republic of Bulgaria, 103/ A/ , (in Greek)

13 5. Journal of Government. (1997). Law 2482/1997, Ratification of agreement for seasonal employment of manpower between the government of Hellenic Republic and the government of the Republic of Albania, 73/ A/ , (in Greek) 6. Journal of Government. (2005). Law 3386/2005, Entry, Residence and Social Integration of third-country nationals in the Hellenic Territory, 212/A/ , (in Greek) 7. Journal of Government. (2006a). Decision 30053, Maximum number of residence permits for employment for third- country nationals for the year 2006, B/ 68/ , (in Greek) 8. Journal of Government. (2006b). Decision 30702, Amending and supplementing the Decision on the maximum number of residence permits for employment for third- country nationals for the year 2006, B/ 538/ , (in Greek) 9. Journal of Government. (2007). Law 3536/2007, Specific provisions on immigration policy and other issues of the Ministry of Interior, 42/A/ , (in Greek) 10. Journal of Government. (2008). Maximum number of residence permits for employment for third- country nationals for the year 2008, B/ 147/ , (in Greek) 11. Journal of Government. (2009). Maximum number of residence permits for employment for third- country nationals for the year 2009, B/ 236/ , (in Greek) 12. Journal of Government. (2010). Maximum number of residence permits for employment for third- country nationals for the year 2010, B/ 98/ , (in Greek) 13. Karafolas S. and G. Konteos. (2010). The choice of money transfer methods in the case of Albanian immigrants in Greece, Transition Studies Review, 16, Karasavoglou A., Maditinos D., Nikolaides W. and D. Katsoridas. (1996). Foreign workers in the Prefecture of Kavala. Consequences on the local economy and society. TEI Kavalas, Kavala, (in Greek) 15. Kasimis X., Nitsiakos B., Zakopoulou E. and A. Papadopoulos. (2002). The consequences of the establishment and employment of foreign manpower in the Greek countryside. University of Patras University of Ioannina, (in Greek) 16. Kavounidis T. (2002). Research for the economic and social integration of immigrants. Observatory for the Employment, Athens, (in Greek) 17. Lamprianidis L. and A. Lymperaki. (2001). Albanian immigrants in Salonika, paths of prosperity and oversights of public image. Paratiritis, Salonika, (in Greek)

14 18. Ministry of Employment and Social Protection. (2007). Common Ministerial Act, Maximum number of residence permits for employment for third- country nationals for the year 2007, Protocol number 30183, , (in Greek) 19. Ministry of Interior. (2008). Circular 34, 24/07/2008, Criteria for the procedure on the entry of third country nationals for dependant employment, (in Greek) 20. Ministry of Rural Development and Food. (2010). Agriculture production and cultivated land per product. Letter to author 4 of October 21. Vaiou N. and K. Xatzimihalis. (1997). With the sewing machine in the kitchen and the Polish in the fields towns, regions and informal work. Exantas, Athens, (in Greek)

15 Tables Table 1. The employers demand from third country nationals Occupation Seasonal Dependant Total Source: Author s calculations based on: Journal of Government, 2006a, Journal of Government, 2006b, Ministry of Employment and Social Protection, 2007, Journal of Government, 2008, Journal of Government, 2009, Journal of Government, Table 2. Evolution of the employers demand from third-country nationals, (%) Occupation 2007/ / / /09 Seasonal -31,4-14,4-25,0-6,5 Dependant -8,5 16,0-6,9-26,2 Total -28,7-9,7-22,5-9,9 Source: Table 1, author s calculations Table 3. Employers demand from third country nationals, by occupation, (%) Occupation Seasonal 87,8 84,4 80,0 77,4 80,3 Dependant 12,2 15,6 20,0 24,1 19,7 Total Source: Table 1, author s calculations Table 4. Employers demand from third-country nationals in three main applicant prefectures Prefecture Imathia Pella Pieria Total, Greece Source: Idem. Table 1, author s calculations Table 5. Employers demand from third country nationals in three main applicant prefectures, part on total, (%) Prefecture Imathia 16,2 18,2 20,4 32,2 30,5 Pella 22,3 17,3 23,4 20,8 24,4 Pieria Subtotal, three Total, Greece 17,6 56,1 100,0 13,6 49,1 100,0 Source: Table 4, author s calculations 13,8 57,6 100,0 15,6 68,6 100,0 15,1 70,0 100,0 Table 6. Evolution of the employers demand from third-country nationals in three main applicant prefectures, (%) Prefecture 2007/ / / /09 Imathia -20,0 1,0 22,4-14,5 Pella -44,8 22,3-31,1 6,0 Pieria Total, Greece -44,9-28,7-8,3-9,7 Source: Table 4, author s calculations -12,7-22,5-12,6-9,9

16 Table 7. Prefecture of Imathia: evolution of cultivated ground for important products and employers demand, (%) 2006/ / / / /09 Peaches n.a. Cherries n.a. Apples n.a. Kiwi n.a. Employers demand n.a. -20,0 1,0 22,4-14,5 Source: -Ministry of Rural Development and Food, (2010), and Table 6 n.a. not available Table 8. Prefecture of Imathia: evolution of production for important products and employers demand, (%) 2006/ / / / /09 Peaches n.a. Cherries n.a. Apples n.a. Kiwi n.a. Employers demand n.a. -20,0 1,0 22,4-14,5 Source: Idem. Table 7 Table 9. Prefecture of Pella: evolution of cultivated ground for important products and employers demand, (%) 2006/ / / / /09 Peaches -2,1-2,9-100,0 - n.a. Cherries -0,2 3,6-100,0 - n.a. Asparagus 2,3 6,9-12,1-81,2 n.a. Apples -0,7 0,8-100,0 - n.a. Employers demand n.a. -44,8 22,3-31,1 6,0 Source: Idem. Table 7 Table 10. Prefecture of Pella: evolution of production for important products and employers demand, (%) 2006/ / / / /09 Peaches -13,4% 3,5% 9,2-58,8 n.a. Cherries 21,5% 50,6% -6,5-38,1 n.a. Asparagus 17,1% 222,9% -73,7-84,0 n.a. Apples 70,5% -15,8% -86,4 500,0 n.a. Employers demand n.a. -44,8 22,3-31,1 6,0 Source: Idem. Table 7

17 Table 11. Prefecture of Pieria: evolution of cultivated ground for important products and employers demand, (%) 2006/ / / / /09 Tobacco n.a. Peaches n.a. Cherries n.a. Watermelon n.a. Kiwi n.a. Employers demand n.a. -44,9-8,3-12,7-12,6 Source: Idem. Table 7 Table 12. Prefecture of Pieria: evolution of production for important products and employers demand, (%) 2006/ / / / /09 Tobacco n.a. Peaches n.a. Cherries n.a. Watermelon n.a. Kiwi n.a. Employers demand n.a. -44,9-8,3-12,7-12,6 Source: Idem. Table 7

18 Appendix Table. Evolution of the Demand for Seasonal and Dependant work from third-country nationals, per prefecture; cumulative contribution, (%) Seasonal work Dependant work Total Prefecture Imathia 18,0 21,1 24,8 37,6 36,5 3,3 2,4 2,8 12,7 6,0 16,2 18,2 20,4 32,2 30,5 Pella 43,1 41,5 53,8 64,0 65,9 5,5 2,7 3,5 14,3 10,4 38,5 35,5 43,7 52,9 54,9 Pieria 62,5 57,6 70,8 83,9 84,6 10,0 3,1 4,6 14,8 10,9 56,1 49,1 57,5 68,5 70,0 Kastoria 63,1 58,6 73,1 86,7 87,5 10,5 3,9 6,5 15,9 11,8 56,7 50,1 59,8 70,9 72,5 Kozani 66,9 61,2 75,6 88,0 89,7 11,7 6,8 9,6 17,0 15,0 60,2 52,7 62,4 72,2 74,9 Larisa 68,1 62,9 77,5 89,4 91,7 25,8 15,7 17,5 18,6 17,5 63,0 55,6 65,5 73,7 77,0 Kavala 71,9 70,4 81,0 91,4 93,5 28,7 22,5 22,3 22,5 22,4 66,7 62,9 69,3 76,1 79,5 Florina 72,5 71,3 82,0 92,1 94,6 29,0 22,9 22,9 23,1 23,1 67,2 63,7 70,2 76,8 80,5 Grevena 74,2 72,7 83,3 93,4 95,7 29,5 23,4 24,7 24,3 24,6 68,8 65,0 71,6 78,1 81,7 Kilkis 75,4 73,8 83,9 94,0 96,6 30,2 24,4 24,8 24,8 25,7 69,9 66,1 72,0 78,8 82,6 Serres 86,2 80,9 89,6 94,8 97,5 33,0 26,4 24,8 25,8 27,2 79,8 72,4 76,6 79,5 83,6 Halkidiki 87,2 82,1 90,5 95,8 98,2 39,7 29,5 29, 31,1 32,0 81,4 73,9 78,3 80,2 85,1 Karditsa 88,1 82,2 91,5 96,6 98,0 48,6 30,6 30,5 31,3 32,9 83,3 74,1 79,2 80,9 85,8 Salonika 88,5 83,0 92,2 97,1 99,1 55,3 35,6 35,6 39,0 43,5 84,4 76,0 80,9 83,1 88,2 Drama 90,5 87,1 93,1 98,2 99,5 55,9 36,6 36,5 40,1 44,6 86,3 79,2 81,8 84,2 88,7 Evros 93,6 92,5 95,2 98,7 99,7 59,1 41,2 37,6 41,5 46,8 89,4 84,5 83,6 84,9 89,2 Magnisia 94,2 92,5 95,2 98,8 99,8 67,6 44,2 42,0 43,1 49,4 90,9 85,0 84,6 85,3 89,8 Xanthi 95,0 94,1 96,0 98,8 99,8 68,3 46,4 43,1 44,2 50,2 91,8 86,7 85,4 85,6 90,0 Etoloakarnania 95,3 94,6 96,1 98,9 99,9 69,5 47,0 43,7 44,8 51,2 92,2 87,1 85,6 85,9 90,3 Trikala 96,3 94,6 96,1 99,0 99,9 77,6 47,4 44,4 45,4 51,9 94,0 87,2 85,8 86,0 90,4 Thesprotia 96,4 94,6 96,2 99,0 99,9 78,1 47,9 45,6 46,8 53,7 94,1 87,3 86,0 86,4 90,8 Chania 96,4 95,0 96,7 99,1 100,0 79,3 51,6 49,0 48,1 54,9 94,3 88,3 87,1 86,8 91,1 Rodopi 98,0 97,5 97,6 99,2 100,0 81,6 54,0 50,1 48,6 55,3 96,0 90,7 88,1 87,0 91,2 Rest of Greece 2,0 2,5 2,4 0,8 0,0 18,4 46,0 49,9 51,4 44,7 4,0 9,3 11,9 13,0 8,8 Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 Total number Source: Idem. Table 1